Ukuphathwa Kokugoba Okukhonkolo kanye Nekhwalithi Yomkhiqizo Wokugcina

Ukuqina kuyimpahla eyinhloko elawula ukusebenza kwengxube yekhonkrithi entsha, ethonya yonke into kusukela emandleni ayo okupompa kuye ekumelaneni kwayo nokuhlukaniswa. Bheka ukuhlaziywa okuphelele kokuthi ukuqonda okunemininingwane kanye nokuphathwa okusebenzayo kwe-viscosity yekhonkrithi kungenza kanjani iminikelo ekusebenzeni kahle, ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wokugcina, kanye nezindleko zephrojekthi iyonke. Ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa obuqhubekayo kanye nendlela eqhutshwa idatha yokwenza lokhuinqubo yokuxuba ukhonkoloingaqinisekisa ukulingana kanye nokuvumelana ukuze kufezwe umkhiqizo wokugcina oqinile, ohlala isikhathi eside, nothembekile.

Izidingo Zokuphathwa Kwe-Viscosity Yesayensi Ekuxubeni

Isidingo semboni yokwakha sezinto zokwakha ezinezakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe, njengekhonkrithi enamandla aphezulu (i-HPC), ikhonkrithi ezizihlanganisayo (i-SCC), kanye nezingxube ezikhethekile eziqiniswe ngefayibha, siveze ukulinganiselwa kwezindlela zokulawula ikhwalithi zendabuko. Sekuphele cishe ikhulu leminyaka, ukuhlolwa kokuwa kube yindlela ejwayelekile yokuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwekhonkrithi entsha. Nakuba kulula futhi kujwayelekile, lokhu kuhlolwa kwepharamitha eyodwa akwanele ngokuphelele ekuchazeni ukuziphatha kokugeleza okuyinkimbinkimbi kwekhonkrithi yesimanje, ngokuvamile kuhlinzeka ngemiphumela edukisayo ehluleka ukubikezela ukusebenza kwangempela kwengxube endaweni.

Ukugeleza kanye nokuguquguquka kwekhonkrithi entsha, okubizwa ngokuthi i-rheology, kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwayo. Isici esiyinhloko esithonya i-rheology sisekuqineni kwekhonkrithi ekuxubeni, okuqondisa indlela ingxube yekhonkrithi eziphatha ngayo kusukela ekuxubeni kokuqala kuya ekubekweni kwayo kokugcina emsebenzini. Faka esikhundleni izivivinyo ezizimele nezingokoqobo ngobuchwepheshe bokuzwela obuqhubekayo ukuze kulinganiswe i-viscosity enembe kakhudlwana.

1. Izisekelo Ze-Rheological Zekhonkrithi

1.1 Ukuchaza Ukuqina Koketshezi Oluyinkimbinkimbi

Ukuze uqonde i-rheology yekhonkrithi entsha, kubalulekile ukuthi uqale uyiqaphele hhayi njengoketshezi olulula kodwa njengokumiswa okugxile kakhulu, okungafani kwezinhlayiya eziqinile kuketshezi oluqinile. Isigaba esiqhubekayo, noma i-matrix, kukhonkrithi ukumiswa kwezinhlayiya ezincane—kufaka phakathi izinhlamvu zesamente (ezinobubanzi obuphakathi obungaba ngu-15µm), izithasiselo zamaminerali (njenge-silica fume enobubanzi obuphakathi obungu-0.15µm), kanye nezinhlayiya zesihlabathi ezincane kuno-100µm—ezihlakazeke emanzini aqukethe ukuxubana kwamakhemikhali. Ukuziphatha kokugeleza kulawula ukuziphatha kokugeleza okuphelele ngqo kanye nokucutshungulwa kwengxube yonke yekhonkrithi.

Ngokungafani noketshezi lwe-Newtonian, olune-viscosity engaguquki kunoma yiliphi izinga lokucheba, ukhonkolo ubonisa ukuziphatha okungeyona i-Newtonian. Ukumelana kwawo nokugeleza akuyona inani elilodwa, eliqinile. Igama elithi "viscosity ebonakalayo" lichaza isilinganiso phakathi kokucindezeleka kokweba okusetshenzisiwe kanye nezinga lokucheba elivelayo. Lokhu kucheba okubonakalayo kuyashintsha njengomsebenzi wezinga lokucheba kanye nokuhlushwa kwezinhlayiya eziqinile ngaphakathi kokumiswa, kanye nezinga lokugeleza kwezinhlayiya. Ngezinjongo ezingokoqobo, izakhiwo zokugeleza kokhonkolo olusha zibonakala kangcono ngemodeli yamapharamitha amabili, enikeza incazelo ephelele newusizo kunesilinganiso senani elilodwa.

1.2 Amamodeli Abalulekile E-Rheological: i-Bingham kanye Nangaphandle Kwayo

Ukugeleza kwekhonkrithi entsha kuvame futhi kuchazwa ngempumelelo yimodeli ye-Bingham fluid, enikeza imingcele emibili eyisisekelo ye-rheological ukuchaza ukuziphatha kwayo: ukucindezeleka kwesivuno kanye ne-plastic viscosity. La mapharamitha amabili abonisa uhlobo oluphindwe kabili lokugeleza kwekhonkrithi.

• Ukucindezeleka Kokukhiqiza (τ0): Le pharamitha imelela ukucindezeleka okuncane kokusika okumele kusetshenziswe kukhonkrithi entsha ngaphambi kokuba iqale ukugeleza. Amandla adingekayo ukuphula izibopho zesikhashana, eziphakathi kwezinhlayiya bese kuqaliswa ukunyakaza. Ingxube enokucindezeleka okuphezulu kokukhiqiza izozizwa iqinile futhi imelane nokunyakaza kokuqala, kuyilapho ukucindezeleka okuncane kokukhiqiza kubonisa ingxube egeleza kakhulu futhi ezosabalala ngaphansi kwesisindo sayo.

• Ukuqina Kwepulasitiki (μp): Lesi yisilinganiso sokumelana kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo nokugeleza okuqhubekayo uma ukucindezeleka kokukhiqiza sekunqotshiwe. Kumelelwa ukuthambekela kobudlelwano obuqondile phakathi kokucindezeleka kokusika kanye nesilinganiso sokusika. Ukuqina kwepulasitiki kulinganisa ukungqubuzana kwangaphakathi kanye nokuhudula okunamandla ngaphakathi koketshezi, okubalulekile ezinqubweni ezifana nokupompa nokuqeda.

Ezinhlelweni eziningi ezithuthukisiwe, njengezingxube ezigeleza kakhulu noma ezijiyayo, kungasetshenziswa amamodeli ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu njengemodeli yeHerschel-Bulkley. Le modeli inamapharamitha amathathu e-rheological—ukucindezeleka kwe-yield, i-consistency coefficient, kanye ne-consistency exponent—engachaza ngobuningi ukucindezeleka kwe-yield, i-differential viscosity, kanye nezinga lokujiya kwe-shear. Kodwa-ke, kukhonkrithi evamile nesebenza kahle kakhulu, imodeli yeBingham inikeza uhlaka oluqinile nolusebenzayo lokulawula ikhwalithi.

Ukuthembela kulezi zinhlaka ezimbili kugqamisa ukungalingani okuyisisekelo kokulawulwa kwekhwalithi yendabuko. Ukuhlolwa kokuwa, isibonelo, kuyindlela yokulinganisa iphuzu elilodwa eliwumsebenzi wokucindezeleka kwesivuno sengxube. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ingxube enokuwa okufanele ingase ibe ne-viscosity yepulasitiki engalungile, okuholela ezinkingeni ezibalulekile endaweni. Isibonelo, izingxube ezimbili ezahlukene zingakhiqiza inani elifanayo lokuwa kodwa zibe nezici ezihlukile zokupompa noma zokuqeda, njengoba enye ingaba ne-viscosity yepulasitiki ephansi kakhulu (okwenza kube nzima ukuyiqeda) kanti enye inokuphakama okungamukeleki (okwenza kube nzima ukuyipompa). Ngakho-ke ukuhlolwa kwepharamitha eyodwa akwanele kukhonkrithi yesimanje, eqhutshwa ukusebenza, okudinga ukushintshela ekuchazeni okuphelele kwe-rheological.

Ithebula 1: Amapharamitha E-Rheological Nokubaluleka Kwawo Okubonakalayo

1.3 Izici Eziyinhloko Ezithonya Ukujiya

Izakhiwo ze-rheological zekhonkrithi aziguquki; zizwela kakhulu ukulingana nezici zezinto ezisetshenziswayo. Umsebenzi oyinhloko womklami wengxube ukulinganisela lezi zingxenye ukuze kufezwe amandla adingekayo kanye nokusebenza kahle.

• Isilinganiso Sezinto Ezisetshenziswa Ngamanzi-Usimende (W/Cm): Lokhu kungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu. Isilinganiso se-W/Cm esiphansi, esibalulekile ekufinyeleleni amandla aphezulu okucindezela nokuqina, siphinde sikhulise kakhulu ukucindezeleka kwesivuno kanye ne-plastic viscosity yengxube. Lobu budlelwano obuphambene buyimpikiswano eyinhloko yomklamo wengxube: ukufeza amandla aphezulu kuvame ukuba yingozi ekusebenzeni kahle, okudinga indlela eyinkimbinkimbi yokuphathwa kwe-viscosity.

• Izakhiwo Ezihlanganisiwe: Izici zombili zama-aggregate aqinile nacolekile zibalulekile. Indawo yonke yobuso bama-aggregate ithinta ngqo inani le-paste elidingekayo ukuze kugcotshwe kahle. Izinhlayiya ezincane zidinga amanzi amaningi kanye ne-simende, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise i-viscosity. Ukuma kwezinhlayiya nakho kubalulekile; ama-aggregate a-angular, aqoshiwe anendawo ephezulu futhi abangela ukungqubuzana okukhulu phakathi kwezinhlayiya kune-aggregate eyindilinga, edinga i-paste eyengeziwe ukuze kufezwe ukusebenza okufanayo.

• Izinto Ezisebenzisa Ukhonkolo: Ukuqina kwesimende nezinto ezengeziwe ezisebenzisa ukhonkolo (ama-SCM) njengomlotha ompukane kanye nomusi we-silica kuthinta kakhulu ukusebenza kokhonkolo. Izinhlayiya ezincane ezinobuso obukhulu zivame ukwandisa ukugoba kanye nokuthamba. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuma okuyindilinga kwezinhlayiya zomlotha ompukane kungasebenza njenge-lubricant, kwehlisa ukuthamba kwepulasitiki futhi kuthuthukise ukugeleza.

• Izingxube Zamakhemikhali: Izingxube zenzelwe ngqo ukulawula i-rheology yekhonkrithi. Izingxube ezinciphisa amanzi kanye nama-superplasticizers zihlakaza izinhlayiya zekhonkrithi, zinciphise amanzi adingekayo ukuze kusebenzeke kahle futhi ngaleyo ndlela zandise amandla okugcina. Izingxube eziguqula i-viscosity (ama-VMA) zisetshenziselwa ukunikeza ingxube ukuhlangana nokuqina ngaphandle kokwengeza amanzi engeziwe. Zibalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukuhlukaniswa kukhonkrithi ewuketshezi oluningi kanye nezinhlelo ezikhethekile ezifana nekhonkrithi engaphansi kwamanzi kanye ne-shotcrete.

Inselele yokwakheka kwengxube iyinkinga yokwenza ngcono exhumene. Ukukhetha ukwehlisa isilinganiso se-W/Cm ukuze kwandiswe amandla kungenzeka kunciphise ukusebenza ngokwandisa i-viscosity. Ukwengezwa kwe-superplasticizer kungabuyisela ukusebenza kahle, kodwa lokhu kuguquguquka okusha kungandisa ingozi yokopha nokuhlukaniswa. Ngakho-ke, kudingeka ingxube eguqula i-viscosity ukuze kuhlinzekwe ukuhlangana okudingekayo. Lokhu kuncika okuyinkimbinkimbi nokuguquguqukayo okuningi kubonisa ukuthi inqubo yokuxuba ukhonkolo akuyona inqubo elula eqondile kodwa uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lapho ukuphathwa kwe-viscosity okunembile kuyinselele eyinhloko. Ukukhethwa nokulinganisa ingxenye eyodwa kuthonya ngqo izilinganiso ezidingekayo zezinye, okwenza indlela ephelele, esekelwe ku-rheology ibaluleke kakhulu empumelelweni.

2. Ukuphathwa Kokugoba Okuguquguqukayo

2.1 Imikhawulo Yezivivinyo Zendabuko

Ukuhlolwa kokuwa kuseyisona sivivinyo esisetshenziswa kakhulu ensimini sokuhlola ukuhambisana kwekhonkrithi entsha. Ukuhlolwa ngokuyinhloko kulinganisa impendulo yengxube ekudonseleni phansi, okuwumsebenzi oyinhloko wokucindezeleka kwayo kwesivuno. Inani lokuwa elivelayo alinikezi ulwazi mayelana nokuwa kwepulasitiki kwengxube. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inani lokuwa elilodwa alikwazi ukubikezela ngokuthembekile ukuziphatha kwengxube ngesikhathi sokupompa, ukubeka, kanye nokuqeda, okuncike kakhulu ekuwa kwepulasitiki. Kwezinto ezithuthukisiwe ezifana ne-SCC, ezenzelwe ukugeleza ngaphansi kwesisindo sazo, kusetshenziswa i-metric ehlukile, ukuhlolwa kokuwa kokuwa, kodwa kusalinganisa inani elibonakalayo elingeyona impahla yangempela ye-rheological. Ukungalingani kwalezi zivivinyo zendabuko, zephuzu elilodwa kugcizelela isidingo sendlela yesayensi kakhulu.

2.2 Intuthuko Ekulinganisweni Kwe-Rheological

Ukuze kunqotshwe ukushiyeka kokuhlolwa okubonakalayo, ukuhlaziywa kwe-rheological yesimanje kusebenzisa amadivayisi ayinkimbinkimbi ukuze kulinganiswe kokubili ukucindezeleka kwesivuno kanye nokuthambekela kwepulasitiki.

• Ama-Rheometer Ajikelezayo: Lawa madivayisi ayindinganiso yocwaningo lwelabhorethri, ahlinzeka ngejika eligcwele lokugeleza ngokusebenzisa i-continuous shear kusampula yekhonkrithi kanye nokulinganisa i-torque ephumayo. Asebenza kumajiyometri ahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi amasilinda e-coaxial, ama-vanes, kanye nama-helical impellers.

2.3 Ukulawulwa Kokugoba Kwesikhathi Sangempela Ngesikhathi Sokuxuba

Umgomo wokugcina wokuphathwa kwe-viscosity ukushintsha kusuka enkambisweni esabelayo, engaphandle komugqa uye ohlelweni lokulawula olusebenzayo, lwesikhathi sangempela. Ukuhlolwa kwelebhu okungaphandle komugqa kunenani elilinganiselwe lokulawula inqubo ngoba izakhiwo zekhonkrithi ziyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yomswakama, izinga lokushisa, kanye nomlando wokucheba. Ukuqapha okusemugqeni, ngesikhathi sangempela kuyindlela kuphela yokuqinisekisa ukuhambisana kweqembu ngalinye endaweni yokukhiqiza enamandla.

• Izinhlelo Ezisekelwe Ku-Torque: Indlela eqondile nesebenzayo yokuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela ihilela ukulinganisa i-torque ku-motor noma ku-shaft ye-mixer. I-torque edingekayo ukuze kujikeleziswe i-mixer ilingana ngqo ne-viscosity yengxube. Ukwanda okukhulu kwe-torque kubonisa ukwengezwa komthwalo omusha, futhi ukwehla kusho ukuthi ingxube iya ngokuya ihambisana. Lokhu kuvumela opharetha ukuthi benze ukulungisa khona manjalo ukuze bafinyelele ukuvumelana okufiselekayo ngesikhathi esifushane.

• Ubuchwepheshe Obusha: Ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiweAma-viscometer e-Lonnmeterbahlinzeka ngezilinganiso eziqhubekayo, ezingathintani ngqo ngaphakathi kwe-mixer noma ku-inthanethi. Balandelela amapharamitha abalulekile ngesikhathi sangempela, besusa isidingo sokuthatha amasampula ngesandla futhi banikeze abashayeli nabasebenzi bokulawula ikhwalithi impendulo esheshayo yokulungiswa ohambweni.

Ukufika kwe-othomathikhi,ukulinganisa i-viscosity emugqenikwenza kube noshintsho oluyisisekelo kusuka ku-reactive kuya ku-proactive quality management paradigm. Ekuhambeni komsebenzi wendabuko, ingxube iyahlanganiswa, bese kuthathwa isampula ukuze kuhlolwe ukwehla. Uma ingxube ingacacisiwe, ingxube iyalungiswa noma yenqatshwa, okuholela ekuchithekeni kwesikhathi, amandla, kanye nezinto ezibonakalayo. Ngesistimu yesikhathi sangempela, esemgqeni, ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kwedatha ngokuhambisana kwengxube kungabuyiselwa ohlelweni lokulinganisa oluzenzakalelayo. Lokhu kudala uhlelo lokulawula oluvaliwe oluqondisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ingxube endaweni yokugcina ye-rheological efiselekayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke ingxube ihlangabezana nezimfuneko futhi isuse cishe ingozi yamaphutha abantu noma imithwalo enqatshiwe. Le ndlela yokuphendula eyinkimbinkimbi iyindlela ebalulekile yokunikeza kokubili ikhwalithi kanye nenzuzo.

2.4 Ithonya Lokuxuba Amapharamitha

Ukuxuba akuyona nje inqubo yokuxuba izithako; kuyisigaba esibalulekile esibumba ngokuyisisekelo i-rheology kanye nesakhiwo esincane sengxube entsha.

• Ukuxuba Isikhathi Namandla:Ubude kanye nokuqina kokuxuba kunomthelela omkhulu ezimpahleni ze-rheological. Ukuxuba okungaphelele kuholela ekungahambelani kahle, okuphazamisa kokubili izakhiwo zekhonkrithi ezintsha neziqinile. Ukuxuba ngokweqile kuwukuchitha amandla futhi kungaba yingozi kumkhiqizo wokugcina. Ikhonkrithi enesilinganiso esiphansi sokubopha amanzi, ikakhulukazi, idinga isikhathi eside sokuxuba kanye namandla aphezulu ukuze kufezwe ukuhlangana kahle.

• Ukulandelana Kokuxuba:Indlela izinto ezifakwa ngayo ku-mixer ingathinta ne-rheology yokugcina. Kwabanye abaxubi, ukwengeza izinto ezincane kuqala kungabangela ukuthi zinamathele ezinsikeni noma zivalelwe emakhoneni, okuthikameza kabi ukufana kwengxube. Ukulandelana okufanele kubaluleke kakhulu ezingxubeni ze-W/Cm eziphansi, ezizwela kakhulu ekushintsheni.

3. Ithonya Lokuqina Kokubumbana Ekusebenzeni Okusha Kokhonkolo

Ukuphathwa kokuqina akuyona into engaqondakali; kuyindlela eqondile yokulawula ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuqina kwekhonkrithi entsha, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iziphatha ngendlela ebikezelwayo ngesikhathi sokubekwa nokuhlanganiswa.

3.1 Ubudlelwano Bokuqina Nokusebenza Kahle

Ukusebenziseka kalula igama elibanzi elihlanganisa ukulula kokuphathwa kwengxube, ukufakwa, nokuqedwa kwayo. Kuyibhalansi ebucayi phakathi kokugeleza nokuzinza, futhi ilawulwa ngokuphelele yiphrofayili ye-rheological yengxube.

• Ukumpompa: Ikhono lokupompa ukhonkolo emabangeni amade noma ezindaweni eziphakeme ngokuyinhloko liwumsebenzi we-viscosity yepulasitiki. Ukhonkolo oqinile udinga ukucindezela okukhulu kokupompa ukuze unqobe ukulahlekelwa ukungqubuzana, kuyilapho kudingeka i-viscosity yepulasitiki ephansi kanye nokucindezeleka kokukhiqiza ukuze kugeleze kahle futhi kusebenze kahle.

• Ukubekwa Nokuhlanganiswa: Ukuqina okufanele kuqinisekisa ukuthi ingxube ingafakwa kalula, igeleze ibe yifomu eliyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ihlanganise ukuqinisa ngaphandle kwezikhala. Ukuxubana okuguqula ukuqina kungandisa ukuthambisa, kunciphise amandla adingekayo ekuhlanganisweni futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ingxube efanayo ifinyelelwa ngomzamo omncane.

3.2 Ukuqinisekisa Ukufana Nokuzinza

Ukufana kwekhonkrithi entsha kuyisici esibalulekile sekhwalithi yokugcina yomkhiqizo. Ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa okuhlangene, ikhonkrithi ithambekele ezinhlotsheni ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuhlukana: ukopha kanye nokuhlukaniswa. Ukuqina kuyisici esiyinhloko sokunciphisa lezi zimo.

• Ukopha: Uhlobo lokuhlukaniswa ezingeni elincane, ukopha kwenzeka lapho amanzi ekhuphukela phezulu kwengxube entsha ngoba izinto eziqinile azikwazi ukubamba wonke amanzi axubayo. Lokhu kubangelwa umehluko wobuningi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinhlayiya eziqinile ngokwesisindo.

• Ukuhlukaniswa: Lokhu ukuhlukaniswa kwama-aggregate amakhulu nodaka. Uma i-viscosity ye-samente paste inganele, ama-aggregate, aminyene kune-paste, azohlala phansi kwefomu.

Amapharamitha e-rheological alawula lezi zimo ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ukucindezeleka kwesivuno kuyindlela eyinhloko yokulawula ukuhlukaniswa okungaguquki, okwenzeka lapho ingxube iphumula. Ukucindezeleka kwesivuno okuphezulu ngokwanele kuvimbela izinhlayiya ukuthi zingahlali ngaphansi kwesisindo sazo. I-viscosity yepulasitiki, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iyindlela eyinhloko yokulawula ukuhlukaniswa okuguquguqukayo, okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokugeleza noma ukudlidliza. I-viscosity ephezulu yepulasitiki inikeza ukumelana okuhlangene okudingekayo ukuvimbela izinhlayiya ezisindayo ukuthi zingahambi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-paste.

Ukufeza ingxube egeleza kakhulu ngenkathi kuvimbela ukuhlukaniswa kuyisenzo sokulinganisela esibucayi. Ngezinto ezifana nokhonkolo oluzihlanganisayo, ingxube kumele ibe nokucindezeleka okuphansi okwanele kokukhiqizwa ukuze igeleze ngaphansi kwesisindo sayo kodwa i-viscosity ephezulu ngokwanele yepulasitiki ukuze imelane nokuhlukaniswa okuguquguqukayo ngesikhathi sokubekwa futhi isenokucindezeleka okwanele kokukhiqizwa ukuze imelane nokuhlukaniswa okungaguquki ngemva kokubekwa. Lesi sidingo ngesikhathi esisodwa siyinkinga yokwenza ngcono eyinkimbinkimbi encike kakhulu ekuqondeni okunembile kwe-rheology kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezingxube zamasu ezifana ne-VMA ukuze kuhlinzekwe ukuhlangana okudingekayo.

3.3 Ukufeza Ukuqeda Okuhle Kakhulu

Ukuphathwa kahle kwe-viscosity kuyimfuneko yokuqeda ubuso obusezingeni eliphezulu nokuqina.

• Ukubukeka Komphezulu: Ukuthambekela okuphethwe kahle kuvimbela ukopha ngokweqile, okungadala ungqimba olubuthakathaka, olunamanzi (i-laitance) ebusweni olubeka engcupheni ukuqina kanye nobuhle.

• Ukuphunyuka Kwebhamuza Lomoya: Kudingeka i-viscosity yepulasitiki eyanele ukuze kuvunyelwe amabhamuza omoya abambekile ukuba aphume ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa, kuvinjelwe izikhala futhi kuqinisekiswe indawo ebushelelezi neqinile. Nokho, i-viscosity ephezulu kakhulu izobamba amabhamuza omoya, okuholela ezifweni ezifana nokubhaka ama-honeycomb.

Ithebula 2: Umthelela Wokuqina Kwezakhiwo Ezintsha Zekhonkrithi

4. Isixhumanisi Sembangela: Kusukela Ekuqineni Kuya Ekhwalithini Yomkhiqizo Wokugcina

Ukulawulwa kwezakhiwo zekhonkrithi ezintsha ngokuphathwa kwe-viscosity akuyona into eyinhloko; kuyisidingo esidingekayo sokufeza amandla aklanyelwe, ukuqina, kanye nokuthembeka komkhiqizo wokugcina oqinisiwe.

4.1 Ukuxhumana Okufanayo Namandla

Izakhiwo zekhonkrithi entsha zithinta ngqo ikhwalithi namandla ekhonkrithi eqinile. Ukulawulwa kobuchwepheshe kwezakhiwo zekhonkrithi eqinile, njengokuqina kokucindezela, akunamsebenzi ngaphandle kokulawula isimo esisha kuqala. Amandla enkolelo-mbono yengxube yekhonkrithi anqunywa kakhulu yisilinganiso sayo samanzi nosimende. Kodwa-ke, amandla angempela, aqashelwayo esakhiwo ancike kakhulu ekutheni izinto zisatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo kangakanani ngaphakathi kwengxube.

Engxubeni entsha, uma i-viscosity iphansi kakhulu, ama-aggregate asindayo azohlala, bese amanzi ephuma aye phezulu.

Lokhu kudala izindawo ezinezilinganiso ze-W/Cm ezihlukene: isilinganiso esiphezulu ezingqimbeni eziphezulu (ezivela ekuphumeni kwegazi) kanye nesilinganiso esiphansi ezingqimbeni ezingezansi (ezivela ekuhlanganisweni okuhlanganisiwe). Ngenxa yalokho, ukhonkolo oqinile ngeke ube yinto efanayo enamandla afanayo. Izingqimba eziphezulu, ezinezimbobo eziphezulu ezivela ekuphumeni kwegazi, zizoba buthakathaka futhi zingene kalula, kuyilapho izingqimba ezingezansi zingase zibe nezimbobo kanye nokubumba uju kusukela ekuhlanganisweni okubi kanye nokuhlukaniswa. Ukuphatha i-viscosity esimweni esisha kufana "nokukhiya" amandla amandla omklamo ohlanganisiwe onikeziwe ngokuqinisekisa ukulingana nokuvimbela la maphutha ukuthi akheke. Kuyimfuneko edingekayo yokufeza amandla aklanyelwe kanye nokuqina.

4.2 Izikhala, Ubuningi, kanye Nokuqina

Ukuphathwa kwe-viscosity okuphumelelayo kuyindlela eyinhloko yokuvimbela amaphutha avamile abeka engcupheni ukuqina kwesikhathi eside kwesakhiwo.

• Ukunciphisa Ukuhlanganisa Uju kanye Nokugoba: Ingxube enephrofayili elinganiselayo ye-rheological—ekwazi ukugeleza ngokwanele ukugcwalisa amafomu kodwa enobuthi obuphansi ngokwanele ukuvumela umoya obambekile ukuba uphume—iyisivikelo esibalulekile ekuhlanganiseni uju kanye nokugoba. Lokhu kukhubazeka akugcini nje ngokuphazamisa ubuhle besakhiwo kodwa futhi kubeka engcupheni ubuqotho besakhiwo saso ngokudala izindawo ezibuthakathaka ezingaqoqa umswakama.

• Ukuvuleka Nokugqwala: Ukopha nokuhlukaniswa kudala iziteshi kanye nezikhala ngaphakathi kwe-matrix yekhonkrithi, okwandisa kakhulu ukuvuleka kwayo kanye nokugqwala. Ukuvuleka okwandisiwe kuvumela ukungena kwamanzi, ama-chloride, kanye namanye ama-ion ayingozi, okungaholela ekugqwaleni kwensimbi eqinisayo kanye nomonakalo wokuncibilikisa. Ukusetshenziswa kwezingxube eziguqula i-viscosity kuye kwabonakala kunciphisa la ma-coefficients okuthutha isikhathi eside ngokwandisa i-viscosity yesisombululo se-pore kukhonkrithi eqinile.

5. Izinzuzo Zezomnotho Nezisebenzayo

Ukuphathwa kwe-viscosity okunembile kuyindlela eqondile ethinta ngqo inzuzo yomkhiqizi wekhonkrithi ngokunciphisa imfucuza, ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokunciphisa izindleko zizonke.

5.1 Ukwehliswa Kwezindleko Ezingalinganiswa

• Ukunciphisa Udoti Nokwenqatshwa: Ukuqapha i-viscosity ngesikhathi sangempela kuvumela abakhiqizi ukuthi babone ngokunembile nangokuthembekile "indawo yokugcina" yenqubo yokuxuba, kuvimbele ukuxuba ngokweqile futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi yonke inqwaba ihlangabezana nezimfuneko. Lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu ukungcola kwezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nenani lemithwalo enqatshiwe, okuwumthombo omkhulu wezindleko kanye nesibopho.

• Ukonga Amandla Nesikhathi: Ukwenza ngcono inqubo yokuxuba ngokulawula i-viscosity konga isikhathi namandla. Idatha yesikhathi sangempela ingavimbela ukuxuba ngokweqile, okuwukuchitha isikhathi kanye nogesi, futhi ingabona ukuxuba okungaphelele, ivimbele isidingo sokulungisa kabusha okubizayo.

5.2 Ukukhulisa Ukusebenza Kahle Kokusebenza

• Ukukhiqizwa Okulula: Ukuqapha i-viscosity okuzenzakalelayo, ngesikhathi sangempela kwenza inqubo yokukhiqiza ibe lula, kunciphisa isidingo sokuthatha isikhathi eside ukusampula nokuhlola ngesandla. Lokhu kuvumela abasebenzi bokulawula ikhwalithi ukuphatha amaqembu abo kanye nemithwalo yemisebenzi ngempumelelo, ngisho nasezindaweni ezikude.

• Izidingo Eziphansi Zomsebenzi: Ukusetshenziswa kwezingxube ezilawulwa yi-rheology, ikakhulukazi i-SCC, kunganciphisa noma kuqede kakhulu isidingo sokudlidliza nokuhlanganiswa ngesandla. Lokhu kuhumushela kumaqembu amancane okubeka, okuholela ekongeni okukhulu kwezindleko zabasebenzi.

• Izikhalazo Nezikweletu Ezincane Zamakhasimende: Ukukhiqiza amaqoqo aqinile ahambisanayo, asezingeni eliphezulu kunciphisa izikhalazo zamakhasimende futhi kunciphisa ingozi yezikweletu ezibizayo kanye necala elivela ezifweni noma ukwehluleka kwesakhiwo.

5.3 Izindleko Zokusebenza Nokusebenza Okubalulekile

• Ezinye Izindlela Ezingabizi Kakhulu: Izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi ukusebenzisa izingxube zamaminerali ezifana nomlotha wempukane noma usimende we-slag njengokufaka esikhundleni sesimende kungafeza izakhiwo ezifiselekayo ze-rheological ngenkathi konga kakhulu (ukonga izindleko okungu-30-40% kwezinye izimo).

• Ukusetshenziswa kwe-VMA Enesu: Nakuba ukuxubana okuguqula i-viscosity kwezentengiselwano kungabiza kakhulu, ukuthuthukiswa kokuxubana okusha, okungabizi kakhulu kanye nekhono lokukusebenzisa ngezilinganiso eziqondile ngokusekelwe kudatha yesikhathi sangempela kuvumela izinzuzo zokusebenza ezingabizi kakhulu.

6. Izincomo Ezingasebenza Zokusetshenziswa Kwemboni

Ukuze abakhiqizi bekhonkrithi nezinkampani zokwakha baqaphele ngokugcwele izinzuzo zokuphathwa kwe-viscosity, kudingeka ushintsho oluhlelekile kokubili endleleni kanye nobuchwepheshe.

6.1 Ukulungiswa Komklamo Ohlanganisiwe Wokulawula Ukugoba

Umgomo womklamo wokuxuba ukulinganisela amandla, ukuqina, kanye nokusebenza kahle. Ngokulawula ngenkuthalo lezi zinhlaka ezilandelayo, abakhiqizi bangaphatha i-viscosity ngendlela ephumelelayo.

• Lawula Isilinganiso Samanzi Nesimende: Isilinganiso se-W/Cm siyisisekelo samandla futhi sibeka isisekelo se-viscosity yengxube. I-W/Cm eqondiwe engu-0.45-0.6 ivame ukubhekwa njengefanele ukusebenza kahle, kodwa lokhu kungancishiswa uma kusetshenziswa amandla aphezulu ngokusebenzisa izingxube ezinciphisa amanzi.

• Lungiselela Ukuhlelwa Okuhlanganisiwe: Sebenzisa ama-aggregate ahlelwe kahle ukuze unciphise isidingo sokunamathisela futhi uthuthukise ukusebenza kahle. Hlola njalo ama-aggregate ukuze uthole umswakama, ubuncane, kanye nesimo ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana kusuka ku-batch kuya ku-batch.

• Ukusetshenziswa Okuhlelekile Kwezinhlawulo: Khulisa okuqukethwe kwezinhlawulo (isb., ngomlotha wezimpukane, usimende we-slag, noma i-silica fume) ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukugeleza kanye nokuqina ngaphandle kokwengeza amanzi engeziwe. Ukuma okuyindilinga kwezinhlayiya zomlotha wezimpukane, ikakhulukazi, kuthuthukisa ukuthambisa futhi kunganciphisa isidingo sama-VMA abizayo.

Ithebula 3: Ukulungiswa Kokwakheka Okuxubile Okusebenzayo Kokulawulwa Kwe-Rheology

6.2 Ukusetshenziswa Okuhlelekile Kwezingxube

Izingxube ziyithuluzi eliyinhloko lokulungisa kahle i-rheology yekhonkrithi futhi kufanele zisetshenziswe ngendlela efanele ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nemigomo ethile yokusebenza.

• Ama-Superplasticizer: Uma ufuna ukuxuba lapho kudingeka khona ukugeleza okuphezulu namandla, sebenzisa ama-water reducers aphezulu ukuze ufeze ukusebenza okufiselekayo ngesilinganiso esiphansi se-W/Cm.

• Ukuxubana Okuguquguqukayo Kokunamathela (ama-VMA): Sebenzisa ama-VMA ezingxubeni ezidinga ukumelana okukhulu kokuhlukaniswa, njenge-SCC, ukhonkolo ongaphansi kwamanzi, kanye nokuthulula okuphezulu okuqondile. Zibalulekile ekuhlinzekeni ukuhlangana kanye nokunciphisa imiphumela yama-aggregates aqinile noma ahlukaniswe ngegebe.

• Izingxube Zokuhlola Zibalulekile: Ukusebenza kwezingxube kungathinteka yizinga lokushisa nezinye izingxenye zokuxuba. Njalo yenza izingxube zokuhlola ukuze unqume imithamo efanele yezimo ezithile zendawo.

6.3 Uhlaka Lwesimanje Lokulawula Ikhwalithi

Ukushintsha kusuka kuhlaka lokulawula ikhwalithi olusebenzayo kuya kolusebenzayo kuyisinyathelo sokugcina sesu lokuphatha i-viscosity eliphumelelayo.

• Shintsha kusuka ku-Slump uye ku-Rheology: Kuma-mixes anamuhla, dlulela ngale kokuhlolwa kokuwa ukuze ufake ukuhlolwa kwe-rheological okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, njenge-rheometers ejikelezayo elebhu noma ukuhlolwa kokuwa okuguquliwe ensimini okulinganisa kokubili ukuphakama kokuwa kanye nesikhathi sokuwa kokuwa.

• Yamukela Ukuqapha Okungaphakathi Komugqa: Tshala imali kuzinzwa ze-viscosity zangempela, ezingaphakathi komugqa kanye ne-torque ukuze uqaphe ukuhambisana kwengxube. Lena yindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuqinisekisa ukufana komkhiqizo, ukunciphisa imfucuza, kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.

• Yakha Uhlu Lokuhlola Oluphelele lwe-QC: Misa amazinga adlula ukuhlolwa kwendabuko kokwehla kanye namandla. Qapha amapharamitha abalulekile njengokuqukethwe komswakama okuhlanganisiwe, izinga lokushisa lokuxuba, kanye nesikhathi sokuxuba njengengxenye yephrothokholi yokulawula ikhwalithi ephelele.

Ukuphathwa kwe-viscosity akuseyona inkinga ehambisanayo; kuyikhono eliyinhloko labakhiqizi bekhonkrithi banamuhla kanye nezinkampani zokwakha. Ukuguquka kusuka ezindleleni zendabuko, ezingokoqobo kuya endleleni yesayensi, esekelwe ku-rheology kunikeza indlela ecacile yokusungula izinto ezintsha, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nezinga elisha lekhwalithi embonini yekhonkrithi. Ngokusebenzisa idatha yesikhathi sangempela, ukuqonda ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezingxenye ezixubile, kanye nokusebenzisa uhlaka oluqinile lokulawula ikhwalithi, izinkampani zingaqinisekisa ingxube yekhonkrithi entsha efanayo, engenamaphutha. Lokhu kulawula okusebenzayo kusebenza njengemfuneko ebalulekile yokufeza amandla aklanyelwe kanye nokuqina komkhiqizo oqinile. Ngokwenza kanjalo, kuvumela inzuzo enkulu kanye nokubikezela, ekugcineni kuhlinzeke ngenzuzo yokuncintisana emakethe edingayo futhi eguqukayo.