Imicungire y'ubukana bwa beto n'ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa bya nyuma

Ubucucike ni umutungo mukuru ugenga imikorere ya sima nshya, igira ingaruka kuri byose kuva ku bushobozi bwayo bwo kuyikoresha kugeza ku kurwanya gutandukana kwayo. Reba isesengura ryimbitse ry'uburyo gusobanukirwa neza no gucunga neza ubucucike bwa sima bishobora gutanga umusanzu mu mikorere myiza, ubwiza bw'umusaruro wa nyuma, n'ikiguzi cy'umushinga muri rusange. Ikoranabuhanga rihoraho ryo gupima hamwe n'uburyo bwo gukoresha amakuru kugira ngouburyo bwo kuvanga betoishobora kwemeza ko ibintu byose bihuye kandi bihoraho kugira ngo bigere ku musaruro ukomeye, urambye kandi wizewe.

Ibikenewe mu gucunga ubukana bwa siyansi mu kuvanga

Ubusabe bw'inganda z'ubwubatsi mu bikoresho bifite imiterere ihanitse, nka beto ikomeye cyane (HPC), beto yihuza ubwayo (SCC), n'ibivange byihariye bya fibre reinforced, byagaragaje imbogamizi z'ingamba gakondo zo kugenzura ubuziranenge. Mu gihe cy'imyaka hafi ijana, ikizamini cyo kugwa cyabaye uburyo busanzwe bwo gusuzuma ubushobozi bwo gukora bwa beto nshya. Nubwo byoroshye kandi bizwi, iki kizamini cya parameter imwe ntabwo gihagije mu kugaragaza imiterere y'urusobe rw'amazi ya beto igezweho, akenshi gitanga ibisubizo biyobya bitabasha guhanura imikorere nyayo y'uruvange aho rukorerwa.

Uburyo beto nshya itembera n'uburyo ihinduka, byose hamwe byitwa rheology, ni ingenzi ku mikorere yayo. Ikintu cy'ingenzi kigira ingaruka ku bucucike bwa beto mu kuvanga, ari na cyo gitegeka uko imvange ya beto yitwara kuva ivanze bwa mbere kugeza ishyizwe mu buryo bwa nyuma. Simbuza ibizamini by’umuntu ku giti cye n’iby’ubuhanga ukoresheje ikoranabuhanga rihoraho ryo kumenya neza ubucucike kugira ngo upime ubucucike neza.

1. Ishingiro ry'iby'umwuka muri beto

1.1 Gusobanura ubukana bw'amazi mu mazi akomeye

Kugira ngo usobanukirwe imiterere ya sima nshya, ni ngombwa kubanza kuyimenya atari nk'amazi yoroshye ahubwo nk'umuyoboro mwinshi, utandukanye w'uduce duto mu mazi afite viscous. Igice gikomeza, cyangwa matrix, muri sima ni uguhagarika uduce duto—harimo uduce twa sima (dufite umurambararo wa hafi 15µm), inyongeramusaruro (nk'umuyoboro wa silica ufite umurambararo wa 0.15µm), n'uduce tw'umucanga tutari munsi ya 100µm—tujugunywa mu mazi arimo ibivange bya shimi. Imyitwarire y'umuyoboro igenzura imyitwarire y'umuyoboro rusange w'amazi n'uburyo imvange yose ya sima itunganywa.

Bitandukanye n'amazi ya Newtonian, afite ubukana buhoraho ku gipimo icyo ari cyo cyose cyo gukata, beto igaragaza imyitwarire itari iya Newtonian. Ubudahangarwa bwayo ku gutemba si agaciro kamwe kandi kadahinduka. Ijambo "ubukana bugaragara" risobanura igipimo kiri hagati y'ubukana bukoreshwa bwo gukata n'igipimo cyo gukata gikomokaho. Ubu bukana bugaragara buhinduka bitewe n'igipimo cyo gukata n'ubwinshi bw'uduce dukomeye mu gice cyo guhagarara, ndetse n'urwego rw'ubucucike bw'uduce. Mu buryo bufatika, imiterere y'amazi ya beto nshya igaragazwa neza n'icyitegererezo cy'ibipimo bibiri, gitanga ibisobanuro byuzuye kandi by'ingirakamaro kuruta igipimo cy'agaciro kamwe.

1.2 Ingero z'ingenzi z'ubuvuzi bw'imitsi: Bingham n'ibindi

Uburyo beto nshya itembera bukunze kugaragazwa cyane kandi neza na Bingham fluid model, itanga ibipimo bibiri by'ingenzi bya rheological bigaragaza imikorere yayo: umuvuduko w'umusaruro n'ubukana bwa pulasitiki. Ibi bipimo bibiri bigaragaza imiterere ibiri y'uburyo beto itemberamo.

• Umuvuduko w'umusaruro (τ0): Iyi parametre igaragaza umuvuduko muto cyane ugomba gushyirwa kuri beto nshya mbere yuko itangira gutemba. Ni imbaraga zisabwa kugira ngo hameneke imigozi y'igihe gito, hagati y'uduce duto no gutangira kugenda. Uruvange rufite umuvuduko mwinshi w'umusaruro ruzakomera kandi rurinde kugenda bwa mbere, mu gihe umuvuduko muto w'umusaruro ugaragaza uruvange rushobora gutemba cyane kandi ruzakwirakwira munsi y'uburemere bwarwo.

• Ubucucike bwa pulasitiki (μp): Iki ni igipimo cy'uko ibikoresho bidashobora gukomeza gutemba iyo ubucucike bw'umusaruro bumaze kugabanuka. Bigaragazwa n'umuvuduko w'isano iri hagati y'ubucucike bw'icyuma n'umuvuduko w'icyuma. Ubucucike bwa pulasitiki bupima ubucucike bw'imbere n'ubucucike bw'icyuma mu mazi, ibi bikaba ari ingenzi mu bikorwa nko kuvoma no kurangiza.

Ku bikorwa byinshi bigezweho, nko kuvanga amazi menshi cyangwa gukata, hashobora gukoreshwa moderi zigoye cyane nka moderi ya Herschel-Bulkley. Iyi moderi ifite ibipimo bitatu bya rheological - umuvuduko w'umusaruro, coefficient y'ubudahinduka, na exponent y'ubudahinduka - bishobora gusobanura mu buryo bw'ingano umuvuduko w'umusaruro, ubukana butandukanye, n'urwego rwo gukata. Ariko, kuri beto isanzwe kandi ikora neza, moderi ya Bingham itanga urwego rukomeye kandi rufatika rwo kugenzura ubuziranenge.

Kwishingikiriza kuri ibi bipimo bibiri bigaragaza ko igenzura ry’ubuziranenge ritagenda neza. Urugero, ikizamini cyo gushonga ni igipimo cy’ingingo imwe gishingiye ku muvuduko w’umusaruro w’uruvange. Ibi bivuze ko imvange ifite gushonga bikwiye ishobora kuba ifite ubukana bwa pulasitiki butari bwo, bigatera ibibazo bikomeye aho iherereye. Urugero, uruvange rubiri rutandukanye rushobora gutanga agaciro kamwe ko gushonga ariko rukagira imiterere itandukanye yo kuvoma cyangwa kurangiza, kuko rumwe rushobora kugira ubukana buke cyane bwa pulasitiki (bigatuma bigorana kurangiza) mu gihe urundi rufite ubukana budasanzwe (bigatuma bigorana kuvoma). Bityo, ikizamini cy’ibipimo kimwe ntigihagije kuri beto igezweho, ikoresha imikorere, bikaba ngombwa ko hahindurwa uburyo bwo kugena imiterere y’uruvange rw’ibintu.

Imbonerahamwe ya 1: Ibipimo bya Réological n'akamaro kabyo mu mubiri

1.3 Ibintu by'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku kuzura kw'umubiri

Imiterere ya sima ntabwo ihinduka; irushaho kwita ku bipimo n'imiterere y'ibikoresho bigize sima. Inshingano y'ingenzi y'umuhanga mu gushushanya sima ni ukubinganya kugira ngo igere ku mbaraga n'ubushobozi bwo gukora.

• Igipimo cy'ibikoresho bivangwa n'amazi (W/Cm): Iki gishobora kuba ari cyo kintu cy'ingenzi cyane. Igipimo cya W/Cm kiri hasi, ari nacyo cy'ingenzi kugira ngo ugere ku mbaraga nyinshi zo gukanda no kuramba, nacyo cyongera cyane umuvuduko w'umusaruro n'ubukana bwa plastiki bw'uruvange. Iyi sano inyuranye ni yo ntandaro y'imiterere y'uruvange: kugera ku mbaraga nyinshi akenshi bizana ingaruka ku gukora neza, ibyo bikaba bisaba uburyo bworoshye bwo gucunga ubukana.

• Imiterere y'ibice byose: Ibiranga ibice byose n'ibice bito ni ingenzi cyane. Ubuso rusange bw'ibice byose bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku gipimo cy'umushongi ukenewe kugira ngo habeho amavuta meza. Uduce duto cyane dukenera amazi na sima menshi, bityo bikongera ubukana. Imiterere y'uduce na yo ni ingenzi cyane; utwo duce duto cyane, duto cyane dufite ubuso bwinshi kandi dutera gushwanyagurika hagati y'uduce kurusha utwo duce twometseho, bityo bigasaba umushongi mwinshi kugira ngo bigere ku buryo bumwe.

• Ibikoresho Bikoresha Sima: Ubunini bwa sima n'ibindi bikoresho byiyongeraho sima (SCMs) nk'ivu ry'umukungugu n'ifu ya silica bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere ya sima. Uduce duto dufite ubuso bunini bukunda kongera ukuguru no kuzura. Ku rundi ruhande, imiterere y'uduce duto tw'ivu ry'umukungugu ishobora gukora nk'amavuta, ikagabanya ubunini bwa pulasitiki kandi ikongera ubushobozi bwo gutemba.

• Ibivange by’imiti: Ibivange by’imiti byagenewe by’umwihariko guhindura imiterere ya beto. Ibivange bigabanya amazi n’ibinyabutabire bikwirakwiza ibice bya sima, bigagabanya amazi akenewe kugira ngo bikore neza bityo bikongera imbaraga za nyuma. Ibivange bihindura ubukana bw’imitsi (VMAs) bikoreshwa kugira ngo bihaze imvange kandi bihamye nta yandi mazi yongerewemo. Ni ingenzi mu gukumira gutandukanya muri beto irimo amazi menshi no mu bikorwa byihariye nka beto iri munsi y’amazi na shotcrete.

Ikibazo cyo gushushanya imvange ni ikibazo cyo kunoza imikorere. Guhitamo kugabanya igipimo cya W/Cm kugira ngo wongere imbaraga birashoboka kugabanya ubushobozi bwo gukora binyuze mu kongera ubukana. Kongeramo superplasticizer bishobora kugarura ubushobozi bwo gukora, ariko ubu buryo bushya bwo guhindagurika bushobora kongera ibyago byo kuva amaraso no gutandukana. Kubwibyo, hakenewe uburyo bwo guhindura ubukana kugira ngo habeho ubwuzuzanye bukenewe. Uku gushingira ku buryo bugoye kandi butandukanye bigaragaza ko inzira yo kuvanga si inzira yoroshye ahubwo ni sisitemu igoye aho gucunga ubukana neza ari cyo kibazo nyamukuru. Guhitamo no gupima igice kimwe bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku bipimo bisabwa by'ibindi, bigatuma uburyo busesuye, bushingiye ku miterere y'umubiri bukenewe kugira ngo ugere ku ntsinzi.

2. Imicungire y'Ubucucike Buhindagurika

2.1 Inzitizi z'ibizamini gakondo

Ikizamini cyo gushwanyagurika gikomeje kuba ikizamini gikoreshwa cyane mu gusuzuma imiterere ya sima nshya. Ikizamini ahanini gipima uko imvange ikora ku buremere, ahanini bikaba biterwa n'umuvuduko wayo. Agaciro ko gushwanyagurika kavamo nta makuru ajyanye n'ubukana bwa pulasitiki bw'imvange. Uku kubura bivuze ko agaciro kamwe ko gushwanyagurika kadashobora guhanura neza imyitwarire y'imvange mu gihe cyo kuyipompa, kuyishyira no kuyirangiza, bishingiye cyane ku bukana bwa pulasitiki. Ku bikoresho bigezweho nka SCC, byagenewe gutembera munsi y'uburemere bwabyo, hakoreshwa ikindi gipimo, ikizamini cyo gushwanyagurika, ariko kiracyapima agaciro k'ubuhanga butari imiterere nyayo ya rheological. Ubusembwa bw'ibi bizamini bisanzwe, byerekana ko hakenewe uburyo bwa siyansi.

2.2 Iterambere mu gupima indwara z'imitsi

Kugira ngo hakemuke inenge zo mu bipimo by’ubushakashatsi, isesengura rya none rya rheological rikoresha ibikoresho bigezweho kugira ngo harebwe uburemere bw’umusaruro ndetse n’ubukana bwa pulasitiki.

• Ibipimo ngenderwaho bya Rotational Rheometers: Ibi bikoresho ni byo bipimo ngenderwaho mu bushakashatsi bwa laboratwari, bitanga umurongo wuzuye w’amazi binyuze mu gushyira shearing ikomeza ku gipimo cya beto no gupima torque ivamo. Bikora ku bumenyi butandukanye, harimo silinda za coaxial, vanes, na impellers za helical.

2.3 Kugenzura ubukana bw'ingufu mu gihe nyacyo mu gihe cyo kuvanga

Intego nyamukuru yo gucunga ubushyuhe ni uguhindura inzira yo gukora ibintu bitari umurongo w’ikoranabuhanga ikajya mu buryo bwo kugenzura ibintu mu buryo bwihuse. Ibizamini bya laboratwari bitari umurongo w’ikoranabuhanga bifite agaciro gake mu kugenzura ibikorwa kuko imiterere ya sima ihinduka uko igihe kigenda gihita bitewe n’amazi, ubushyuhe, n’amateka yo gukata. Gukurikirana ibintu mu buryo bwihuse ni bwo buryo bwonyine bwo kwemeza ko ibintu byose bihoraho mu buryo bwihuse mu gihe cy’umusaruro.

• Sisitemu zishingiye ku torque: Uburyo butaziguye kandi bufatika bwo kugenzura mu gihe nyacyo burimo gupima torque kuri moteri cyangwa umugozi w'icyuma gikurura. Torque isabwa kugira ngo icyuma gikurura ijyanye neza n'ubukana bw'icyuma gikurura. Kongera cyane torque bigaragaza ko hongeweho umutwaro mushya, kandi kumanuka bigaragaza ko icyo gikoresho gikomeje kuba gihamye. Ibi bituma abakora icyo gikoresho bashobora gukora impinduka ako kanya kugira ngo bagere ku buryo bwifuzwa mu gihe gito.

• Ikoranabuhanga Rigezweho: Ikoranabuhanga rigezwehoViscometer za LonnmeterBatanga ibipimo bidahindagurika, bitanyuranyije n'aho biherereye mu cyuma gitunganya cyangwa mu buryo bunyuranyije n'umurongo. Bakurikirana ibipimo by'ingenzi mu gihe nyacyo, bakuraho gukenera gupima intoki no guha abashoferi n'abakozi bashinzwe kugenzura ubuziranenge ibitekerezo byihuse ku bijyanye n'impinduka mu rugendo.

Kuza kwa mashini zikoresha ikoranabuhanga,gupima ubukana bw'umuvuduko mu murongobifasha guhindura imikorere y’ibanze kuva ku buryo bwo gukora ibintu bugana ku buryo bwo gucunga ubuziranenge bukora neza. Mu mikorere isanzwe, hakorwa imvange, hanyuma hagafatwa icyitegererezo kugira ngo hakosorwe isuzuma. Iyo imvange idahuye n’imiterere yayo, imvange irahindurwa cyangwa ikangwa, bigatuma igihe, ingufu n’ibikoresho bipfa ubusa. Hamwe na sisitemu ikora mu buryo bw’igihe nyacyo, amakuru ahoraho ku buryo imvange ikora neza ashobora gusubizwa muri sisitemu yo gukora isuzuma ryikora. Ibi birema sisitemu yo kugenzura ifunganye iyobora imvange ku musozo wifuzwa wa rheological, igenzura ko buri mvange yujuje ibisabwa kandi ikavanaho ibyago byo gukora amakosa cyangwa imitwaro yanzwe. Ubu buryo bugezweho bwo gutanga ibitekerezo ni ikintu cy’ingenzi gifasha mu bwiza no kunguka.

2.4 Ingaruka zo Kuvanga Ibipimo

Kuvanga si igikorwa cyo kuvanga ibintu gusa, ahubwo ni intambwe ikomeye igena imiterere y’uruvange n’imiterere y’uruvange rushya.

• Kuvanga Igihe n'Ingufu:Igihe n'ubukana bw'ivanga bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku miterere y'amaraso. Kuvanga bidahagije bituma habaho kudahuza, ibyo bikaba byangiza imiterere ya sima nshya n'iy'ikomeye. Kuvanga cyane ni ugupfusha ubusa ingufu kandi bishobora kwangiza umusaruro wa nyuma. Sima ifite ikigereranyo gito cyo kuvanga amazi, cyane cyane, isaba igihe kirekire cyo kuvanga n'ingufu nyinshi kugira ngo igere ku miterere ihuye.

• Uburyo bwo kuvanga:Uburyo ibikoresho byongerwamo mu mvange bushobora no kugira ingaruka ku miterere ya nyuma y’uruvange. Ku mvange zimwe na zimwe, kongeramo ibikoresho byiza mbere na mbere bishobora gutuma bifatana ku mpande cyangwa bigafungirwa mu mfuruka, bigira ingaruka mbi ku buryo uruvange rungana. Urukurikirane rukwiye ni ingenzi cyane cyane ku mvange nke za W/Cm, zirushaho kwitabwaho n’impinduka.

3. Ingaruka z'ubukana ku mikorere mishya ya sima

Gucunga ubukana bw'amazi si igikorwa kidasanzwe; ni uburyo butaziguye bwo kugenzura ubushobozi n'ubudahangarwa bwa sima nshya, no kugenzura ko yitwara neza mu gihe cyo kuyishyira no kuyihuza.

3.1 Isano hagati y'ubucucike n'ubushobozi bwo gukora

Gukora neza ni ijambo ryagutse rikubiyemo uburyo bworoshye bwo gufatanya, gushyiramo no kurangiza imvange. Ni uburinganire buri hagati y'urujya n'uruza n'ubudahangarwa, kandi bugengwa rwose n'imiterere y'imitsi y'uruvange.

• Gushobora gupompa: Ubushobozi bwo kupompa beto mu ntera ndende cyangwa ndende cyane ahanini ni ubw’ubushyuhe bwa pulasitiki. Beto ifite ubushyuhe bwinshi isaba imbaraga nyinshi zo kupompa kugira ngo itsinde igihombo cyo gukurura, mu gihe ubushyuhe buke bwa pulasitiki n’umuvuduko w’umusaruro bikenewe kugira ngo amazi atemba neza kandi neza.

• Gushyira hamwe no guhuza: Ubushyuhe bukwiye butuma uruvange rushobora gushyirwaho byoroshye, rugasohoka mu buryo bugoye, kandi rugashyirwamo imbaraga nta cyuho. Uruvange ruhindura ubushyuhe rushobora kongera ubushyuhe, rugagabanya ingufu zikenewe mu guhuza no kwemeza ko uruvange rumwe rugerwaho nta mbaraga nyinshi rushyizweho.

3.2 Guha agaciro uburinganire n'ubwuzuzanye

Ubusumbane bwa sima nshya ni ikintu cy'ingenzi ku bwiza bw'umusaruro wa nyuma. Iyo sima idafite uruvange, ishobora gutandukana mu buryo bubiri bw'ingenzi: kuva amaraso no gutandukana. Ubushyuhe ni ingenzi mu kugabanya ibi bintu.

• Kuva amaraso: Uburyo bwo gutandukanya amazi ku rwego rwo hasi, kuva amaraso bibaho iyo amazi azamutse agera ku mvange nshya kuko ibintu bikomeye bidashobora kubika amazi yose avanga. Ibi biterwa n'itandukaniro ry'ubucucike n'ubwiyongere bw'ibice bikomeye.

• Gutandukanya: Uku ni ugutandukanya ibintu bikomeye n'ibirungo. Iyo ubunini bw'umushongi wa sima budahagije, ibintu byinshi, binini kurusha umushongi, bizagera hasi ku ifishi.

Ibipimo bya rheological bigenga ibi bintu mu buryo butandukanye. Umuvuduko w'umusaruro ni wo mushinga w'ibanze wo gutandukanya ibintu mu buryo butaziguye, bibaho iyo uruvange ruri mu mwanya warwo. Umuvuduko mwinshi uhagije w'umusaruro ubuza uduce kwishyira munsi y'uburemere bwatwo. Ku rundi ruhande, ubwinshi bwa pulasitiki ni bwo buryo bw'ingenzi bwo gutandukanya ibintu mu buryo buziguye, bibaho mu gihe cy'amazi cyangwa mu gutigita. Ubunini bwa pulasitiki bwinshi butanga ubushobozi bwo guhangana bukenewe kugira ngo uduce turemereye tudakwirakwira ugereranije n'umusemburo.

Kugera ku ruvange rushobora gutemba cyane mu gihe hirindwa gutandukanya ni igikorwa cyo kuringaniza ibintu. Ku bikoresho nka beto yihuza ubwayo, imvange igomba kuba ifite umuvuduko muto uhagije wo kuyungurura kugira ngo igere ku buremere bwayo ariko ifite ubukana bwinshi buhagije bwa pulasitiki kugira ngo irwanye gutandukanya ibintu mu gihe cyo kuyishyiramo kandi igakomeza kugira umuvuduko mwinshi uhagije wo kuyungurura kugira ngo irwanye gutandukanya ibintu mu buryo butaziguye nyuma yo kuyishyiramo. Iki gisabwa icyarimwe ni ikibazo gikomeye cyo kunoza ibintu gishingiye cyane ku gusobanukirwa neza rheology no gukoresha uburyo bwo guhuza ibintu nka VMA kugira ngo habeho guhuza gukenewe.

3.3 Kugera ku Musozo Uhebuje

Gucunga neza ubushyuhe ni ngombwa kugira ngo ubuso bube bwiza kandi burambye.

• Isura y'ubuso: Ubuso bucunzwe neza burinda kuva amaraso menshi, bishobora gutuma urwego rw'amazi rudakora neza, bigatuma imiterere y'ubuso irushaho gukomera.

• Guhunga Ibibuno by'Umwotsi: Hakenewe ubushyuhe buhagije bwa pulasitiki kugira ngo ibibuno by'umwuka byafashwe bisohoke mu gihe cyo guhuzwa, birinde imyanda no kwemeza ko ubuso bugenda neza kandi bunini. Ubushyuhe bukabije ariko, bufata ibibuno by'umwuka, bigatera inenge nko gukora ubuki.

Imbonerahamwe ya 2: Ingaruka z'ubukana ku mitungo mishya ya sima

4. Isano y'Impamvu: Kuva ku Kureshya kugeza ku Ireme ry'Igicuruzwa cya Nyuma

Kugenzura imiterere ya sima nshya binyuze mu gucunga ubushyuhe ubwabyo si intego; ni ikintu gikenewe mbere yo kugera ku mbaraga, kuramba, no kwizerwa by’umusaruro wa nyuma kandi ukomeye.

4.1 Isano hagati y'ubumwe n'imbaraga

Imiterere ya beto nshya igira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku bwiza no ku bunini bwa beto ikomeye. Igenzura ry'ikoranabuhanga ku miterere ya beto ikomeye, nk'ubukana bwo gukanda, ntacyo bivuze hatabanje kugenzurwa imiterere yayo nshya. Ubukana bw'imvange ya beto ahanini bugenwa n'ikigereranyo cy'amazi na sima. Ariko, ubukana nyabwo bw'inyubako bushingiye cyane ku buryo ibikoresho bikwirakwizwa mu mvange.

Mu ruvange rushya, iyo ubushyuhe buri hasi cyane, ibirungo biremereye bizashira, maze amazi akamanuka akagera hejuru.

Ibi birema uturere dufite ikigereranyo cya W/Cm gitandukanye: ikigereranyo kinini mu bice byo hejuru (kuva mu kuva amaraso) n'ikigereranyo gito mu bice byo hasi (kuva mu guhuza). Kubera iyo mpamvu, beto ikomeye ntabwo izaba ikintu kimwe gifite imbaraga zimwe. Ibice byo hejuru, bifite imyenge myinshi yo kuva amaraso, bizaba bike kandi bitoroshye kwinjiramo, mu gihe ibice byo hasi bishobora kuba birimo imyanda n'ubuki bivuye mu guhuza nabi no gutandukanya. Gucunga ubushyuhe mu gihe cy'ubushya bisa no "gufunga" imbaraga z'igishushanyo runaka binyuze mu kwemeza ko hari imiterere imwe no gukumira ko ibisembwa bivuka. Ni ngombwa kugira ngo ugere ku mbaraga n'uburambe byagenwe.

4.2 Ubusa, Ubucucike, no Kuramba

Gucunga neza ubushyuhe bw'inyubako ni ingamba z'ibanze zo kwirinda inenge zisanzwe zishobora kwangiza kuramba kwayo mu gihe kirekire.

• Kugabanya ubuki n'ubusa: Uruvange rufite imiterere iboneye y'ubwonko—ishobora gutemba bihagije kugira ngo yuzuze imiterere ariko ifite ubukana buke buhagije bwo gutuma umwuka upfukiranwa usohoka—ni ubwirinzi bw'ingenzi ku buki n'ubusa. Izi nenge ntizigira ingaruka gusa ku bwiza bw'inyubako ahubwo zinabangamira cyane imiterere yayo binyuze mu gukora ahantu hadakomeye hashobora kwegeranya ubushuhe.

• Ubwinshi bw'amazi n'ubucucike: Kuva amaraso no gutandukanya ibintu birema imiyoboro n'ubucucike muri sima, ibyo byongera cyane ubucucike n'ubucucike bwayo. Ubwinshi bw'amazi butuma amazi, kloride, n'izindi iyoni zangiza, bishobora gutera kwangirika kw'icyuma gikomeza imbaraga no kwangirika kw'amazi. Gukoresha ibivange bihindura ubucucike byagaragaye ko bigabanya ibi bipimo by'ubwikorezi bw'igihe kirekire binyuze mu kongera ubucucike bw'umuti w'imbobo muri sima ikomeye.

5. Inyungu z'ubukungu n'izifatika

Gucunga neza ubushyuhe bw'amazi ni uburyo bw'ingenzi bugira ingaruka ku musaruro w'umucuruzi wa beto binyuze mu kugabanya imyanda, kongera imikorere, no kugabanya ikiguzi muri rusange.

5.1 Kugabanya Ikiguzi Gishoboka

• Kugabanya imyanda n'ibyanzwe: Gukurikirana ubushyuhe mu gihe nyacyo bituma abakora bamenya neza kandi neza "aho bavangira", birinda kuvanga cyane kandi bakareba ko buri gice cyujuje ibisabwa. Ibi bigabanya cyane imyanda y'ibikoresho n'umubare w'imitwaro yanzwe, ari byo soko ikomeye y'ikiguzi n'inshingano.

• Kuzigama Ingufu n'Igihe: Gutunganya inzira yo kuvanga binyuze mu kugenzura ubushyuhe bizigama igihe n'ingufu. Amakuru aboneka mu gihe nyacyo ashobora gukumira kuvanga cyane, ari ugupfusha ubusa igihe n'amashanyarazi, kandi bishobora kubona ko kuvanga bidahagije, bikarinda ko hakenerwa ivugurura rihenze.

5.2 Kongera imikorere myiza

• Umusaruro woroshye: Gukurikirana ubushyuhe mu buryo bwikora kandi mu buryo bwihuse byoroshya inzira yose yo gukora, bigabanya igihe cyo gupima no gupima hakoreshejwe intoki. Ibi bituma abakozi bashinzwe kugenzura ubuziranenge bashobora gucunga neza amakipe yabo n'imirimo bakora, ndetse no mu turere twa kure.

• Ibisabwa ku kazi gake: Gukoresha imiti ikoreshwa mu kuvura indwara za rheology, cyane cyane SCC, bishobora kugabanya cyane cyangwa gukuraho gukenera gutigita no guhuza intoki. Ibi bituma habaho itsinda rito rishinzwe gushyira abakozi mu myanya, bigatuma abakozi bazigama amafaranga menshi.

• Kugabanya ibirego n'imyenda by'abakiriya: Gukora amashami ahoraho kandi meza bigabanya ibirego by'abakiriya kandi bigabanya ibyago byo kugira imyenda ihenze n'imanza zikomoka ku nenge z'imiterere cyangwa gutsindwa kw'ibikorwa.

5.3 Ikiguzi cy'ibikoresho n'imikorere

• Ubundi buryo buhendutse: Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko gukoresha amabuye y'agaciro nk'ivu ry'umukungugu cyangwa sima ya slag nk'uburyo bwo gusimbuza sima bishobora kugera ku miterere y'indwara z'imitsi mu gihe bihendutse cyane (hari ubwo kuzigama 30-40% by'amafaranga).

• Imikoreshereze ya VMA mu buryo bw’ingamba: Nubwo ibivange bihindura ubushyuhe mu bucuruzi bishobora guhenda, guteza imbere ibivange bishya kandi bihendutse hamwe n’ubushobozi bwo kubikoresha mu bipimo nyabyo bishingiye ku makuru aboneka mu gihe nyacyo bitanga inyungu ku musaruro uhendutse.

6. Inama zishobora gukurikizwa mu gushyira mu bikorwa inganda

Kugira ngo abakora sima n'ibigo by'ubwubatsi bagere ku nyungu zo gucunga neza ubuziranenge bw'ibintu, hakenewe impinduka mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga ndetse no mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga.

6.1 Guhindura Imiterere y'Imvange mu Kugenzura Ubucucike

Intego yo gushushanya uruvange ni ukugereranya imbaraga, kuramba, no gukora neza. Mu kugenzura ibipimo bikurikira, abakora bashobora gucunga ubukana bw'ibimera mu buryo bufatika.

• Genzura Igipimo cy'amazi na sima: Igipimo cya W/Cm ni cyo gipimo cy'ingenzi cy'imbaraga kandi gishyiraho umwimerere w'ubushyuhe bw'uruvange. Igipimo cya W/Cm cya 0.45-0.6 gikunze gufatwa nk'icyiza mu gukora neza muri rusange, ariko ibi bishobora kugabanuka iyo hakoreshejwe imbaraga nyinshi hakoreshejwe ibintu bigabanya amazi.

• Ongera intera hagati y’ibice: Koresha intera hagati y’ibice byashyizwe mu byiciro byiza kugira ngo ugabanye ikiguzi cyo gusya no kunoza ubushobozi bwo gukora. Jya ugerageza intera hagati y’ibice byashyizwemo amazi, ubuto n’imiterere kugira ngo urebe ko bingana kuva ku gipimo kimwe kugeza ku kindi.

• Imikoreshereze y’Amafaranga mu buryo bunoze: Ongera ingano y’amafaranga (urugero, hamwe n’ivu ry’ibihumyo, sima ifunze, cyangwa ifu ya silica) kugira ngo wongere ubushobozi bwo gutembera no kugumana imbaraga udashyizeho andi mazi. Imiterere y’uduce tw’ivu ry’ibihumyo, cyane cyane, yongera ubushyuhe kandi ishobora kugabanya gukenera VMA zihenze cyane.

Imbonerahamwe ya 3: Impinduka mu buryo bufatika mu miterere y'imitsi yo mu bwoko bwa Rheology Control

6.2 Imikoreshereze y'ingamba z'ibivange

Ibikoresho byo gukurura ibintu bivanze ni byo bikoresho by'ingenzi byo gutunganya neza imiterere ya beto kandi bigomba gukoreshwa mu buryo bw'ingamba kugira ngo bigere ku ntego zihariye z'umusaruro.

• Superplasticizers: Ku bivange aho bisaba ubushobozi bwo gutemba no gukomera, koresha utumashini dugabanya amazi two mu bwoko bwa "high-range" kugira ngo ugere ku buryo wifuza bwo gukora ku gipimo gito cya W/Cm.

• Uruvange ruhindura ubukana (VMA): Koresha VMA mu bivange bisaba uburinzi bwinshi bwo gutandukanya ibintu, nka SCC, beto yo munsi y'amazi, n'amazi maremare asurwa mu kirere. Ni ingenzi mu gutanga ihuriro no kugabanya ingaruka z'ibivange bikomeye cyangwa bifite icyuho.

• Imvange z'igerageza ni ingenzi: Imikorere y'imvange ishobora kugira ingaruka ku bushyuhe n'ibindi bice by'imvange. Buri gihe kora imvange z'igerageza kugira ngo umenye ingano nziza y'imiterere y'ahantu runaka.

6.3 Gahunda igezweho yo kugenzura ubuziranenge

Guhinduka kuva ku buryo bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge bukoreshwa mu buryo bufatika (reactivity) ukajya ku buryo bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge (proactive quality control framework) ni intambwe ya nyuma mu ngamba nziza zo gucunga ubuziranenge.

• Guhindura kuva kuri Slump ujya kuri Rheology: Ku bivange bigezweho, hindura urebe ikizamini cyo gushwanyagurika kugira ngo ushyiremo isuzuma rihambaye rya rheology, nka rheometer zizunguruka muri laboratwari cyangwa ibizamini byahinduwe byo gushwanyagurika mu murima bipima uburebure bwo gushwanyagurika n'igihe cyo gushwanyagurika.

• Emera Gukurikirana Ibikoresho Bikorerwa Muri Umurongo: Shyira imari mu bikoresho bikoresha ikoranabuhanga mu gihe nyacyo, bikozwe muri umurongo n'ibikoresho bikoresha amashanyarazi kugira ngo urebe ko ibicuruzwa bihora bihuzwa neza. Ubu ni bwo buryo bwiza bwo kwemeza ko ibicuruzwa bihuye, kugabanya imyanda, no kunoza imikorere y'ibicuruzwa.

• Tegura urutonde rwuzuye rwa QC: Shyiraho amahame arenze ibizamini bisanzwe byo kugwa no gukomera. Genzura ibipimo by'ingenzi nko guhumeka kw'amazi, ubushyuhe bwo kuvanga, n'igihe cyo kuvanga nk'igice cya gahunda yo kugenzura ubuziranenge.

Gucunga ubukana bw'amazi ntibikiri ikibazo cy'inyongera; ni ubushobozi bw'ingenzi ku bakora sima ba none n'ibigo by'ubwubatsi. Guhindura uburyo kuva ku buryo gakondo, bw'ubuhanga, ukajya ku buryo bwa siyansi bushingiye ku miterere y'amazi bitanga inzira isobanutse yo guhanga udushya, gukora neza, no gukoresha uburyo bushya bw'ubuziranenge mu nganda za sima. Binyuze mu gukoresha amakuru aboneka mu gihe nyacyo, gusobanukirwa uburyo ibintu bivanze bihuzwa, no gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda ikomeye yo kugenzura ubuziranenge, ibigo bishobora kwemeza ko habaho uruvange rwa sima nshya rungana kandi rudafite inenge. Ubu buryo bwo kugenzura bukora nk'ikintu cy'ingenzi kugira ngo ibicuruzwa bikomeye bigerweho kandi birambe. Mu kubikora, bituma habaho inyungu nyinshi no guteganya ko ibintu bizagerwaho, amaherezo bigatanga inyungu mu irushanwa ku isoko rihora risaba imbaraga nyinshi kandi rigenda rihinduka.