Kasamalidwe ka Konkriti ndi Ubwino Womaliza wa Zogulitsa

Kukhuthala ndiye chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimayang'anira magwiridwe antchito a konkriti yatsopano, zomwe zimakhudza chilichonse kuyambira kuthekera kwake kupopedwa mpaka kukana kwake kugawikana. Yang'anani kusanthula kwathunthu momwe kumvetsetsa bwino komanso kuyang'anira bwino kukhuthala kwa konkriti kungathandizire pakugwira bwino ntchito, mtundu wa malonda omaliza, ndi ndalama zonse za polojekiti. Ukadaulo wopitilira muyeso woyezera ndi njira yoyendetsera detanjira yosakanizira konkritizingatsimikizire kuti zinthuzo ndi zofanana komanso zogwirizana kuti zikhale zolimba, zokhazikika, komanso zodalirika.

Zofunikira pa Kasamalidwe ka Kukhuthala kwa Sayansi mu Kusakaniza

Kufunika kwa makampani omanga zinthu zokhala ndi zinthu zapamwamba, monga konkriti wamphamvu kwambiri (HPC), konkriti yodzipangira yokha (SCC), ndi zosakaniza zapadera zolimbikitsidwa ndi ulusi, kwavumbulutsa zofooka za njira zowongolera khalidwe lachikhalidwe. Kwa pafupifupi zaka zana, mayeso ofooka akhala njira yodziwika bwino yowunikira kugwira ntchito kwa konkriti yatsopano. Ngakhale kuti ndi yosavuta komanso yodziwika bwino, mayeso a single-parameter awa ndi osakwanira kwenikweni pofotokoza momwe konkriti yamakono imagwirira ntchito, nthawi zambiri amapereka zotsatira zosokeretsa zomwe zimalephera kulosera momwe kusakaniza kumagwirira ntchito pamalopo.

Kuyenda ndi kusintha kwa konkire yatsopano, komwe kumatchedwanso kuti rheology, ndikofunikira kwambiri pakugwira ntchito kwake. Chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimayambitsa rheology chili mu kukhuthala kwa konkire pakusakaniza, komwe kumayang'anira momwe kusakaniza kwa konkire kumakhalira kuyambira kusakaniza koyamba mpaka kuyikidwa kwake komaliza mu formwork. Sinthani mayeso aumwini ndi oyeserera ndi ukadaulo wolondola wowunikira kuti muyese bwino kukhuthala.

1. Mfundo Zofunikira za Konkire

1.1 Kutanthauzira Kukhuthala mu Madzi Ovuta

Kuti mumvetse bwino momwe konkire yatsopano imagwirira ntchito, ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti si madzi osavuta koma ngati kuimitsa kwa tinthu tolimba m'madzi okhuthala kwambiri. Gawo lopitilira, kapena matrix, mu konkire ndi kuimitsa kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono—kuphatikizapo tinthu ta simenti (tokhala ndi mainchesi pafupifupi 15µm), zowonjezera mchere (monga silika fume yokhala ndi mainchesi pafupifupi 0.15µm), ndi tinthu ta mchenga tochepera 100µm—tomwe timamwazika m'madzi omwe ali ndi zosakaniza za mankhwala. Khalidwe la kayendedwe ka madzi limalamulira kayendedwe ka madzi onse mwachindunji komanso momwe kusakaniza konse kwa konkire kumagwirira ntchito.

Mosiyana ndi madzi a Newtonian, omwe amakhala ndi kukhuthala kosalekeza pamlingo uliwonse wodulidwa, konkriti imawonetsa khalidwe losakhala la Newtonian. Kukana kwake kuyenda si mtengo umodzi wokhazikika. Mawu akuti "kukhuthala koonekera" amafotokoza chiŵerengero pakati pa kupsinjika kwa kudulidwa komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kuchulukira kwa kudulidwa komwe kumachitika. Kukhuthala koonekeraku kumasintha chifukwa cha kukhuthala kwa kudulidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa tinthu tolimba mkati mwa kuyimitsidwa, komanso kuchuluka kwa kugwedezeka kwa tinthu. Pazifukwa zothandiza, mawonekedwe a kuyenda kwa konkriti yatsopano amadziwika bwino ndi chitsanzo cha magawo awiri, chomwe chimapereka kufotokozera kokwanira komanso kothandiza kuposa muyeso wa mtengo umodzi.

1.2 Zitsanzo Zofunika Kwambiri za Mafupa a M'mitsempha: Bingham ndi Pambuyo pake

Kuyenda kwa konkriti yatsopano kumafotokozedwa bwino kwambiri ndi chitsanzo cha madzi a Bingham, chomwe chimapereka magawo awiri ofunikira a rheological kuti afotokoze momwe imagwirira ntchito: kupsinjika kwa zipatso ndi kukhuthala kwa pulasitiki. Magawo awiriwa akuwonetsa momwe konkriti imayendera kawiri.

• Kupsinjika kwa Zokolola (τ0): Gawoli likuyimira kupsinjika kochepa komwe kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa konkriti yatsopano isanayambe kuyenda. Ndi mphamvu yofunikira kuti iswe zomangira zakanthawi, zapakati pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndikuyamba kuyenda. Kusakaniza ndi kupsinjika kwakukulu kwa zokolola kumamveka kolimba ndipo kumakana kuyenda koyambirira, pomwe kupsinjika kochepa kwa zokolola kumawonetsa kusakaniza komwe kumatha kuyenda bwino ndipo kudzafalikira pansi pa kulemera kwake.

• Kukhuthala kwa Pulasitiki (μp): Ichi ndi muyeso wa kukana kwa zinthuzo ku kuyenda kosalekeza pambuyo poti kupsinjika kwa zokolola kwatha. Kumayimiridwa ndi kutsetsereka kwa ubale wolunjika pakati pa kupsinjika kwa shear ndi kuchuluka kwa shear. Kukhuthala kwa pulasitiki kumayesa kukangana kwamkati ndi kukoka kwa viscous mkati mwa madzi, komwe ndikofunikira kwambiri pazinthu monga kupopa ndi kumaliza.

Pa ntchito zambiri zapamwamba, monga zosakaniza zoyenda bwino kapena zokhuthala, mitundu yovuta kwambiri monga chitsanzo cha Herschel-Bulkley ingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Chitsanzochi chili ndi magawo atatu a rheological—kupsinjika kwa yield, coefficient yokhazikika, ndi consistency exponent—zomwe zingafotokoze mozama kuchuluka kwa yield stress, differential viscosity, ndi mlingo wa shear-thickening. Komabe, pa konkriti yachikhalidwe komanso yapamwamba kwambiri, chitsanzo cha Bingham chimapereka dongosolo lolimba komanso lothandiza lowongolera khalidwe.

Kudalira magawo awiriwa kukuwonetsa kusakwanira kwakukulu kwa kuwongolera khalidwe lachikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, mayeso ofooka ndi muyeso wa mfundo imodzi womwe umagwira ntchito ya kupsinjika kwa zokolola za mix. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kusakaniza ndi kutsika koyenera kungakhalebe ndi kukhuthala kolakwika kwa pulasitiki, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mavuto akulu pamalopo. Mwachitsanzo, zosakaniza ziwiri zosiyana zimatha kupanga kutsika kofanana koma zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyana a kupopa kapena kumaliza, chifukwa chimodzi chingakhale ndi kukhuthala kochepa kwa pulasitiki (kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kumaliza) pomwe china chili ndi kukwera kosavomerezeka (kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kupopa). Chifukwa chake, mayeso a parameter imodzi sakwanira konkire yamakono, yoyendetsedwa ndi magwiridwe antchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a rheological.

Gome 1: Ma Parameter a Rheological ndi Kufunika Kwawo Kwathupi

1.3 Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri Zomwe Zimakhudza Kukhuthala kwa Thupi

Kapangidwe ka konkriti si konkire kokha, koma kamakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka ndi mawonekedwe a zinthu zomwe zimapanga konkire. Ntchito yayikulu ya wopanga konkire ndikulinganiza bwino zinthuzi kuti zigwire bwino ntchito komanso kuti zikhale zolimba.

• Chiŵerengero cha Zinthu Zopangidwa ndi Simenti ya Madzi (W/Cm): Ichi mwina ndicho chinthu chofunikira kwambiri. Chiŵerengero chochepa cha W/Cm, chomwe chili chofunikira kuti pakhale mphamvu yolimba komanso kulimba, chimawonjezeranso kwambiri kupsinjika kwa zokolola komanso kukhuthala kwa pulasitiki kwa zosakaniza. Ubale wotsutsana uwu ndiye chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimapangitsa kuti zosakaniza zikhale zolimba: kukwaniritsa mphamvu zambiri nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa kulephera kugwira ntchito, zomwe zimafuna njira yolunjika yoyang'anira kukhuthala.

• Kapangidwe ka Aggregate: Makhalidwe a aggregate okhwima ndi osalala ndi ofunikira kwambiri. Malo onse pamwamba pa aggregate amakhudza mwachindunji kuchuluka kwa phala lofunikira kuti mafuta azikhala oyenera. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timafuna madzi ndi simenti yambiri, motero kumawonjezera kukhuthala. Mawonekedwe a tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi ofunikiranso; aggregate ophwanyika ali ndi malo okwera pamwamba ndipo amachititsa kukangana kwakukulu pakati pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kuposa aggregate ozungulira, zomwe zimafuna phala lochuluka kuti ligwire ntchito mofanana.

• Zipangizo Zopangira Simenti: Kusalala kwa simenti ndi zinthu zina zowonjezera zopangira simenti (SCMs) monga phulusa la ntchentche ndi utsi wa silica kumakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a simenti. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili ndi malo akuluakulu pamwamba pake timakonda kuwonjezera kugwedezeka ndi kukhuthala. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mawonekedwe ozungulira a tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta phulusa la ntchentche amatha kukhala ngati mafuta, kuchepetsa kukhuthala kwa pulasitiki ndikuwonjezera kuyenda bwino.

• Zosakaniza Zamankhwala: Zosakaniza zimapangidwa makamaka kuti zisinthe rheology ya konkriti. Zosakaniza zochepetsera madzi ndi superplasticizers zimafalitsa tinthu ta simenti, kuchepetsa madzi ofunikira kuti ntchito igwire bwino ndipo motero zimawonjezera mphamvu yomaliza. Zosakaniza zosinthira kukhuthala (VMAs) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zipereke kusakaniza ndi kukhazikika popanda kuwonjezera madzi owonjezera. Ndizofunikira kwambiri popewa kugawanika kwa konkriti wothira madzi ambiri komanso pa ntchito zapadera monga konkriti wapansi pamadzi ndi shotcrete.

Vuto la kapangidwe ka kusakaniza ndi vuto logwirizana bwino. Kusankha kuchepetsa chiŵerengero cha W/Cm kuti muwonjezere mphamvu n'kotheka kuchepetsa kugwira ntchito mwa kuwonjezera kukhuthala. Kuwonjezera superplasticizer kungabwezeretse kugwira ntchito, koma kusinthasintha kumeneku kungathenso kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha kutuluka magazi ndi kulekanitsa. Chifukwa chake, kusakaniza kosintha kukhuthala kumafunika kuti pakhale mgwirizano wofunikira. Kudalirana kovuta komanso kosiyanasiyana kumeneku kukuwonetsa kuti njira yosakaniza konkire si njira yosavuta yolunjika koma njira yovuta pomwe kasamalidwe kolondola ka kukhuthala ndiye vuto lalikulu. Kusankha ndi kugawa gawo limodzi kumakhudza mwachindunji kuchuluka kofunikira kwa zina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti njira yonse, yozikidwa pa rheology ikhale yofunika kwambiri kuti zinthu ziyende bwino.

2. Kuyang'anira Kukhuthala Kosinthasintha

2.1 Zofooka za Mayeso Achikhalidwe

Kuyesa kotsika kumakhalabe kuyesa komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyesa kusinthasintha kwa konkriti yatsopano. Kuyesaku kumayesa makamaka momwe konkriti imayankhira mphamvu yokoka, yomwe makamaka imadalira mphamvu yake yotulutsa. Kutsika komwe kumachitika sikupereka chidziwitso chokhudza kukhuthala kwa pulasitiki kwa konkriti. Kusowa kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti kutsika kamodzi sikungathe kulosera modalirika momwe konkriti imagwirira ntchito popompa, kuyika, ndi kumaliza, zomwe zimadalira kwambiri kukhuthala kwa pulasitiki. Pazinthu zapamwamba monga SCC, zomwe zimapangidwa kuti ziziyenda motsatira kulemera kwawo, muyeso wosiyana, mayeso othamanga pang'onopang'ono, amagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma amayesabe mtengo wowona womwe si katundu weniweni wa rheological. Kulephera kwa mayeso achikhalidwe awa, a mfundo imodzi kukuwonetsa kufunikira kwa njira yasayansi kwambiri.

2.2 Kupita Patsogolo mu Kuyeza kwa Mafupa

Pofuna kuthana ndi zofooka za mayeso oyesera, kusanthula kwamakono kwa rheological kumagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono kuti ziwerengere kupsinjika kwa zokolola komanso kukhuthala kwa pulasitiki.

• Ma Rheometer Ozungulira: Zipangizozi ndi muyezo wa kafukufuku wa m'ma laboratories, zomwe zimapereka mtsinje wonse wa madzi mwa kugwiritsa ntchito shear yopitilira ku chitsanzo cha konkireti ndikuyesa mphamvu yomwe imachokera. Zimagwira ntchito pa geometries zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ma coaxial cylinders, vanes, ndi helical impellers.

2.3 Kulamulira Kukhuthala kwa Nthawi Yeniyeni Panthawi Yosakaniza

Cholinga chachikulu cha kasamalidwe ka kukhuthala kwa ma viscosity ndikusintha kuchoka pa njira yogwira ntchito, yopanda intaneti kupita ku njira yowongolera nthawi yeniyeni. Mayeso a labu opanda intaneti ndi ochepa pakuwongolera njira chifukwa mawonekedwe a konkriti amasintha pakapita nthawi chifukwa cha madzi, kutentha, ndi mbiri yodula. Kuwunika nthawi yeniyeni ndi njira yokhayo yotsimikizira kuti zinthu zonse zikugwirizana m'malo opanga zinthu mosinthasintha.

• Machitidwe Ozikidwa pa Torque: Njira yolunjika komanso yothandiza yowunikira nthawi yeniyeni imaphatikizapo kuyeza mphamvu ya injini kapena shaft yosakaniza. Mphamvu yomwe imafunika kuti chosakaniza chizungulire imagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kukhuthala kwa chosakaniza. Kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mphamvu ya chosakaniza kumasonyeza kuwonjezera katundu watsopano, ndipo kutsika kumasonyeza kuti chosakanizacho chikukhala chogwirizana kwambiri. Izi zimathandiza ogwiritsa ntchito kusintha nthawi yomweyo kuti akwaniritse kukhazikika komwe kukufunika munthawi yochepa kwambiri.

• Ukadaulo Watsopano: Ukadaulo wapamwambaMa viscometer a Lonnmeteramapereka miyeso yosalekeza, yosakhudzana mwachindunji mkati mwa chosakanizira kapena pa intaneti. Amatsata magawo ofunikira nthawi yeniyeni, kuchotsa kufunikira kopereka zitsanzo pamanja ndikupatsa oyendetsa ndi ogwira ntchito yowongolera khalidwe mayankho mwachangu kuti asinthe momwe akufunira.

Kubwera kwa makina odziyimira pawokha,muyeso wa kukhuthala kwa mzerezimathandiza kusintha kwakukulu kuchoka pa njira yosinthira zinthu kupita ku njira yoyendetsera khalidwe yoyendetsera bwino. Mu njira yachikhalidwe yogwirira ntchito, kusakaniza kumagawidwa, ndipo chitsanzo chimatengedwa kuti chiyesedwe. Ngati kusakaniza sikuli koyenera, gululo limasinthidwa kapena kukanidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nthawi, mphamvu, ndi zinthu ziwonongeke. Ndi dongosolo la nthawi yeniyeni, lomwe lili mkati mwa intaneti, mtsinje wopitilira wa deta yokhudzana ndi kusinthasintha kwa kusakanizako ukhoza kubwezeretsedwanso mu dongosolo lodzipangira lokha. Izi zimapanga dongosolo lolamulira lotsekedwa lomwe limatsogolera kusakanizako ku mapeto ofunikira a rheological, kuonetsetsa kuti gulu lililonse likukwaniritsa zofunikira ndikuchotsa chiopsezo cha zolakwa za anthu kapena katundu wokanidwa. Njira yotsogola iyi yowunikira ndi yofunikira kwambiri pakuthandiza ubwino ndi phindu.

2.4 Mphamvu ya Kusakaniza Ma Parameters

Kusakaniza si njira yongosakaniza zosakaniza zokha; ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri lomwe limapanga maziko a rheology ndi microstructure ya kusakaniza kwatsopano.

• Kusakaniza Nthawi ndi Mphamvu:Kutalika ndi mphamvu ya kusakaniza zimakhudza kwambiri makhalidwe a rheological. Kusakaniza kosakwanira kumabweretsa kusafanana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makhalidwe a konkire watsopano komanso wolimba akhale ofooka. Kusakaniza mopitirira muyeso ndi kutaya mphamvu ndipo kungakhale kovulaza chinthu chomaliza. Konkire yocheperako yokhala ndi chiŵerengero chochepa cha madzi, makamaka, imafuna nthawi yayitali yosakaniza ndi mphamvu zambiri kuti igwirizane.

• Kusakaniza Mndandanda:Ndondomeko yomwe zinthu zimawonjezedwa ku chosakanizira ingakhudzenso rheology yomaliza. Kwa osakaniza ena, kuwonjezera zinthu zazing'ono poyamba kungapangitse kuti zimamatire ku masamba kapena kuzitsekera m'makona, zomwe zingakhudze kufanana kwa chosakaniziracho. Kutsatana koyenera ndikofunikira kwambiri pa zosakaniza zochepa za W/Cm, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kusintha.

3. Mphamvu ya Kukhuthala kwa Konkriti Yatsopano

Kuyang'anira kukhuthala si ntchito yosamveka bwino; ndi njira yolunjika yowongolera kugwira ntchito ndi kukhazikika kwa konkriti yatsopano, kuonetsetsa kuti ikugwira ntchito moyenera panthawi yoyika ndi kuphatikiza.

3.1 Ubale wa Kukhuthala ndi Kugwira Ntchito

Kugwira ntchito bwino ndi mawu ambiri okhudza kusavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, kuyika, ndi kumaliza. Ndi mgwirizano wosavuta pakati pa kuyenda ndi kukhazikika, ndipo umayendetsedwa kwathunthu ndi mbiri ya rheological ya chosakanizacho.

• Kupopa Konkire: Kuthekera kopopa konkire pa mtunda wautali kapena kutalika kwakukulu makamaka kumadalira kukhuthala kwa pulasitiki. Konkire yokhala ndi kukhuthala kwakukulu imafuna kupanikizika kwakukulu kwa kupopa kuti ithane ndi kutayika kwa kukangana, pomwe kukhuthala kochepa kwa pulasitiki ndi kupsinjika kwa zipatso zimafunika kuti kuyenda bwino komanso kogwira mtima kuyende.

• Kukhazikika ndi Kuphatikiza: Kukhuthala koyenera kumatsimikizira kuti kusakaniza kumatha kuyikidwa mosavuta, kuyenda mu mawonekedwe ovuta, ndikuyikamo mphamvu popanda mabowo. Zosakaniza zosintha kukhuthala zimatha kuwonjezera mafuta, kuchepetsa mphamvu yofunikira pakulimbitsa ndikuwonetsetsa kuti kusakaniza kofanana kumachitika popanda khama lalikulu.

3.2 Kuonetsetsa Kuti Kuli Kofanana Ndi Kukhazikika

Kugwirizana kwa konkriti yatsopano ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa khalidwe la chinthucho. Popanda kusakaniza kogwirizana, konkriti imakhala ndi mitundu iwiri yayikulu yolekanitsa: kutuluka magazi ndi kulekanitsa. Kukhuthala ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chochepetsera izi.

• Kutuluka magazi: Mtundu wa kulekanitsa pamlingo waung'ono, kutuluka magazi kumachitika pamene madzi akukwera pamwamba pa chisakanizo chatsopano chifukwa zinthu zolimba sizingathe kusunga madzi onse osakaniza. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi kuphatikizika kwa tinthu tolimba tokha.

• Kusiyanitsa: Uku ndiko kulekanitsa kwa zinthu zosakaniza ndi matope. Ngati kukhuthala kwa phala la simenti sikukwanira, zinthu zosakaniza, zomwe zimakhala zokhuthala kuposa phala, zimakhazikika pansi pa fomuyo.

Ma rheological parameters amalamulira zochitikazi m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Kupsinjika kwa zokolola ndiye njira yoyamba yolamulira kugawikana kwa zinthu mosasunthika, komwe kumachitika pamene kusakaniza kuli pamalo opumulira. Kupsinjika kwakukulu kwa zokolola kumaletsa tinthu kuti tisakhazikike pansi pa kulemera kwawo. Kumbali ina, kukhuthala kwa pulasitiki ndiye njira yofunika kwambiri yolamulira kugawa kwa zinthu mosinthasintha, komwe kumachitika panthawi yoyenda kapena kugwedezeka. Kukhuthala kwakukulu kwa pulasitiki kumapereka kukana kogwirizana komwe kumafunika kuti tinthu tolemera tisasunthike poyerekeza ndi phala.

Kupeza kusakaniza koyenda bwino pamene mukuletsa kusiyanitsa ndi njira yovuta yolinganiza. Pa zinthu monga konkriti yodzigwirizanitsa yokha, kusakaniza kuyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yotsika yokwanira yopezera phindu kuti iyende pansi pa kulemera kwake koma kukhuthala kwa pulasitiki kokwanira kuti kupewe kusiyanitsa kwamphamvu panthawi yoyika ndipo kumakhalabe ndi mphamvu yokwanira yopezera phindu kuti kupewe kusiyanitsa kwa static pambuyo poyika. Kufunikira kumeneku nthawi imodzi ndi vuto lovuta kwambiri lomwe limadalira kwambiri kumvetsetsa bwino kwa rheology ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zosakaniza zanzeru monga ma VMA kuti apereke mgwirizano wofunikira.

3.3 Kukwaniritsa Mapeto Abwino Kwambiri

Kusamalira bwino kukhuthala kwa nkhope ndikofunikira kuti pamwamba pake pakhale pabwino komanso lolimba.

• Mawonekedwe a Pamwamba: Kukhuthala koyendetsedwa bwino kumaletsa kutuluka magazi kwambiri, zomwe zingapangitse kuti pamwamba pakhale madzi ochepa (laitance) omwe amawononga kulimba ndi kukongola.

• Kuthawa kwa Mpweya: Kukhuthala kokwanira kwa pulasitiki kumafunika kuti thovu la mpweya lomwe latsekeredwa lituluke panthawi yolumikizana, kupewa malo opanda kanthu ndikutsimikizira kuti pamwamba pake pali posalala komanso lolimba. Komabe, kukhuthala kokwera kwambiri kumatseka thovu la mpweya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zolakwika monga kukumba uchi.

Gome 2: Kukhudzika kwa Kukhuthala kwa Malo Atsopano a Konkriti

4. Ulalo wa Choyambitsa: Kuchokera ku Kukhuthala mpaka ku Ubwino wa Chogulitsa Chomaliza

Kulamulira mphamvu za konkriti watsopano kudzera mu kasamalidwe ka kukhuthala si cholinga chokha; ndi chinthu chofunikira kuti zinthu zomalizidwa zikhale zolimba, zolimba komanso zodalirika.

4.1 Kugwirizana kwa Mphamvu ndi Umodzi

Kapangidwe ka konkriti yatsopano kumakhudza mwachindunji ubwino ndi mphamvu ya konkriti yolimba. Kulamulira kwaukadaulo kwa kagwiridwe kake ka konkriti yolimba, monga mphamvu yokakamiza, sikuli kopanda tanthauzo popanda kulamulira kaye momwe imakhalira yatsopano. Mphamvu ya chiphunzitso cha konkriti yosakaniza imatsimikiziridwa kwambiri ndi chiŵerengero chake cha madzi ndi simenti. Komabe, mphamvu yeniyeni, yodziwika bwino ya kapangidwe imadalira kwambiri momwe zipangizo zimagawidwira mofanana mkati mwa konkriti.

Mu chisakanizo chatsopano, ngati kukhuthala kuli kochepa kwambiri, zinthu zolemera kwambiri zidzakhazikika, ndipo madzi adzatuluka pamwamba.

Izi zimapanga madera okhala ndi ma W/Cm osiyanasiyana: chiŵerengero chapamwamba m'magawo apamwamba (kuchokera ku kutuluka kwa magazi) ndi chiŵerengero chotsika m'magawo apansi (kuchokera ku malo okhazikika). Zotsatira zake, konkire yolimba sidzakhala chinthu chofanana chokhala ndi mphamvu yofanana. Magawo apamwamba, okhala ndi ma porosity ambiri chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa magazi, adzakhala ofooka komanso olowa madzi ambiri, pomwe magawo apansi angakhale ndi mabowo ndi uchi chifukwa cha kuphatikizana kosauka ndi kulekanitsidwa. Kusamalira kukhuthala mu mkhalidwe watsopano kuli ngati "kutseka" mphamvu ya kapangidwe ka kusakaniza komwe kwapatsidwa poonetsetsa kuti kufanana ndikuletsa zolakwika izi kuti zisapangidwe. Ndi chofunikira chofunikira kuti mupeze mphamvu ndi kulimba komwe kwapangidwa.

4.2 Malo opanda kanthu, Kuchuluka, ndi Kukhalitsa

Kusamalira bwino kukhuthala kwa nyumba ndi njira yofunikira yopewera zolakwika zomwe zimawononga kulimba kwa nyumbayo kwa nthawi yayitali.

• Kuchepetsa Kusenda Uchi ndi Kusagwira Ntchito: Kusakaniza ndi mawonekedwe abwino a rheological—omwe amatha kuyenda mokwanira kudzaza mawonekedwe koma okhala ndi kukhuthala kochepa kokwanira kuti mpweya wotsekeka utuluke—ndi chitetezo chofunikira kwambiri ku kusagwira ntchito kwa uchi ndi kusagwira ntchito. Zolakwika izi sizimangokhudza kukongola kwa nyumbayo komanso zimawononga kwambiri kapangidwe kake mwa kupanga malo ofooka omwe amatha kusonkhanitsa chinyezi.

• Kubowola ndi Kuthira: Kutuluka magazi ndi kugawikana kumapanga njira ndi mabowo mkati mwa konkriti, zomwe zimawonjezera kwambiri kubowola ndi kuthira kwake. Kuchuluka kwa kuthira madzi kumalola kulowa kwa madzi, ma chloride, ndi ma ayoni ena owononga, zomwe zingayambitse dzimbiri la chitsulo cholimbitsa ndi kuwonongeka kwa kuzizira. Kugwiritsa ntchito zosakaniza zosinthira kukhuthala kwawonetsedwa kuti kumachepetsa ma coefficients oyendera nthawi yayitali powonjezera kukhuthala kwa yankho la pore mu konkriti yolimba.

5. Ubwino Wachuma Ndi Wothandiza

Kusamalira bwino kukhuthala kwa konkriti ndi njira yothandiza yomwe imakhudza mwachindunji phindu la wopanga konkriti mwa kuchepetsa zinyalala, kuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito, ndikuchepetsa ndalama zonse.

5.1 Kuchepetsa Mtengo Woyezedwa

• Kuchepetsa Zinyalala ndi Kukana: Kuwunika kukhuthala kwa zinthu nthawi yeniyeni kumathandiza opanga kuzindikira molondola komanso modalirika "mapeto" a njira yosakaniza, kupewa kusakaniza mopitirira muyeso ndikuwonetsetsa kuti gulu lililonse likwaniritsa zofunikira. Izi zimachepetsa kwambiri zinyalala za zinthu ndi kuchuluka kwa katundu wokanidwa, zomwe ndi gwero lalikulu la ndalama ndi udindo.

• Kusunga Mphamvu ndi Nthawi: Kukonza njira yosakaniza pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zoyezera kukhuthala kumasunga nthawi ndi mphamvu. Deta yeniyeni imatha kupewa kusakaniza mopitirira muyeso, zomwe zimawononga nthawi ndi magetsi, ndipo imatha kuzindikira kusakaniza kosakwanira, zomwe zimalepheretsa kufunikira kokonzanso kokwera mtengo.

5.2 Kukulitsa Kugwira Ntchito Bwino Kwambiri

• Kupanga Kosavuta: Kuwunika kukhuthala kwa makina nthawi yeniyeni kumathandiza kuti ntchito yonse yopangira ikhale yosavuta, kuchepetsa kufunika koyesa ndi kusandutsa zitsanzo pamanja nthawi yayitali. Izi zimathandiza ogwira ntchito yoyang'anira khalidwe kuti aziyang'anira magulu awo ndi ntchito zawo bwino, ngakhale ali kutali.

• Zofunikira Zochepa Pantchito: Kugwiritsa ntchito zosakaniza zoyendetsedwa ndi rheology, makamaka SCC, kungachepetse kwambiri kapena kuthetsa kufunikira kwa kugwedezeka ndi kuphatikizana kwa manja. Izi zikutanthauza kuti magulu ochepa oika anthu pamalo amodzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ndalama zambiri za ogwira ntchito zisungidwe.

• Madandaulo ndi Ngongole Zochepa za Makasitomala: Kupanga magulu a konkriti abwino komanso okhazikika kumachepetsa madandaulo a makasitomala ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo cha zovuta zokwera mtengo komanso milandu yomwe imabwera chifukwa cha zolakwika za kapangidwe kake kapena kulephera.

5.3 Mtengo ndi Magwiridwe Antchito a Zinthu

• Njira Zina Zotsika Mtengo: Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosakaniza mchere monga phulusa la ntchentche kapena simenti ya slag ngati njira zina zosinthira simenti kungathandize kukwaniritsa zofunikira za rheological pomwe kumakhala kotsika mtengo kwambiri (nthawi zina kumapulumutsa ndalama 30-40%).

• Kugwiritsa Ntchito VMA Mwanzeru: Ngakhale kuti zosakaniza zosinthira kukhuthala kwa malonda zitha kukhala zodula, kupanga zosakaniza zatsopano komanso zotsika mtengo komanso kuthekera kozigwiritsa ntchito mu mlingo wolondola kutengera deta yeniyeni kumalola kuti magwiridwe antchito azikhala otsika mtengo.

6. Malangizo Oyenera Kugwira Ntchito Pokhazikitsa Makampani

Kuti opanga konkriti ndi makampani omanga azindikire bwino ubwino wa kasamalidwe ka kukhuthala, kusintha kwa njira ndi ukadaulo ndikofunikira.

6.1 Kusintha kwa Kapangidwe Kosakanikirana kwa Kulamulira Kukhuthala

Cholinga cha kapangidwe ka zosakaniza ndikulinganiza mphamvu, kulimba, komanso kugwira ntchito bwino. Mwa kuwongolera mosamala magawo otsatirawa, opanga amatha kuyang'anira kukhuthala kwa zinthu.

• Yang'anirani Chiŵerengero cha Madzi ndi Simenti: Chiŵerengero cha W/Cm ndicho chimayambitsa mphamvu ndipo chimayika maziko a kukhuthala kwa chosakanizacho. W/Cm yofunikira ya 0.45-0.6 nthawi zambiri imaonedwa kuti ndi yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino, koma izi zitha kuchepetsedwa pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito zosakaniza zochepetsa madzi.

• Konzani Kugawa kwa Aggregate: Gwiritsani ntchito ma aggregate okonzedwa bwino kuti muchepetse kufunikira kwa phala ndikuwonjezera kugwira ntchito. Yesani ma aggregate nthawi zonse kuti muwone ngati ali ndi chinyezi, kusalala, ndi mawonekedwe kuti muwonetsetse kuti ali ofanana kuchokera pa batch kupita pa batch.

• Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ziphuphu Mwanzeru: Wonjezerani kuchuluka kwa ziphuphu (monga, ndi phulusa la ntchentche, simenti ya slag, kapena fume ya silika) kuti muwongolere kuyenda bwino komanso kukhazikika popanda kuwonjezera madzi owonjezera. Mawonekedwe ozungulira a tinthu ta phulusa la ntchentche, makamaka, amawonjezera kukhuthala ndipo amatha kuchepetsa kufunikira kwa ma VMA okwera mtengo.

Gome 3: Kusintha Kothandiza kwa Kapangidwe ka Kusakaniza kwa Rheology Control

6.2 Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zosakaniza Mwanzeru

Zosakaniza ndi zida zazikulu zokonzera bwino rheology ya konkriti ndipo ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwanzeru kuti zikwaniritse zolinga zinazake zogwirira ntchito.

• Superplasticizers: Pa zosakaniza zomwe zimafunika kuyenda bwino komanso mphamvu zambiri, gwiritsani ntchito zochepetsera madzi zapamwamba kuti mugwire ntchito bwino pa chiŵerengero chochepa cha W/Cm.

• Zosakaniza Zosintha Kukhuthala (VMAs): Gwiritsani ntchito ma VMA pa zosakaniza zomwe zimafuna kukana kwambiri kusiyanitsa, monga SCC, konkire ya pansi pa madzi, ndi kuthira koyima kwapamwamba. Ndikofunikira popereka mgwirizano komanso kuchepetsa zotsatira za ma aggregates ovuta kapena osagwirizana.

• Zosakaniza Zoyesera Ndi Zofunika Kwambiri: Kugwira ntchito kwa zosakaniza kungakhudzidwe ndi kutentha ndi zinthu zina zosakaniza. Nthawi zonse chitani zosakaniza zoyesera kuti mudziwe mlingo woyenera wa momwe zinthu zilili pamalo enaake.

6.3 Ndondomeko Yamakono Yowongolera Ubwino

Kusintha kuchoka pa njira yowongolera khalidwe kupita ku njira yowongolera khalidwe ndi gawo lomaliza la njira yopambana yoyendetsera bwino kukhuthala.

• Kusintha kuchoka pa Slump kupita ku Rheology: Pa zosakaniza zamakono, pitirirani mayeso a slump kuti muphatikizepo kuwunika kwa rheological kwapamwamba kwambiri, monga rotational rheometers mu labu kapena mayeso osinthidwa a slump m'munda omwe amayesa kutalika kwa slump ndi nthawi ya slump flow.

• Landirani Kuyang'anira Pamzere: Gwiritsani ntchito nthawi yeniyeni, kukhuthala kwa mkati ndi masensa a torque kuti muwone kusinthasintha kwa kusakaniza. Iyi ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri yotsimikizira kufanana kwa zinthu, kuchepetsa kutayika, ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito opanga.

• Pangani Mndandanda Wathunthu wa QC: Khazikitsani miyezo yomwe imapitirira mayeso achikhalidwe ogwa ndi mphamvu. Yang'anirani magawo ofunikira monga kuchuluka kwa chinyezi, kutentha kosakanikirana, ndi nthawi yosakaniza ngati gawo la njira yonse yowongolera khalidwe.

Kuyang'anira kukhuthala sikulinso vuto lowonjezera; ndi luso lalikulu kwa opanga konkriti amakono ndi makampani omanga. Kusintha kuchoka ku njira zachikhalidwe, zoyeserera kupita ku njira yasayansi, yozikidwa pa rheology kumapereka njira yomveka bwino yopangira zatsopano, magwiridwe antchito, komanso muyezo watsopano waubwino mumakampani a konkriti. Pogwiritsa ntchito deta yeniyeni, kumvetsetsa momwe zinthu zosakanikirana zimagwirizanirana, ndikukhazikitsa njira yolimba yowongolera khalidwe, makampani amatha kutsimikizira kusakaniza konkriti watsopano kofanana, kopanda chilema. Kuwongolera koyambirira kumeneku kumagwira ntchito ngati chofunikira kwambiri kuti zinthu zolimba zikhale zolimba komanso zolimba. Pochita izi, zimathandiza kuti pakhale phindu lalikulu komanso lodziwikiratu, pamapeto pake kupereka mwayi wopikisana pamsika wovuta komanso wosintha.