He mea nui te aroturukitanga pēhanga wā-tūturu i roto i ngā mīhini whakapūngao waikawa hauwai hei whakarite i te haumaru, te pono, me te whai huatanga i roto i ngā tukanga chloralkali me ngā tukanga o raro. Ko ngā pikinga pēhanga ohorere—mai i ngā raruraru rere, ngā huringa pāmahana, ngā aukati, te whakapūngao wai rānei—ka puta he pēhanga nui, he tukunga kohu waikawa, he waikura taputapu (tae atu ki te whakaekenga intergranular), me te whakapūngao kāore i oti. Ka tukuna e ngā tuku pēhanga ā-roto te kitenga tere o ngā huringa, ka taea ai te whakahohe tere i te tiaki pēhanga nui, te whakaweto aunoa, me te whakahaere tika hei pupuri i te taurite pūmau o te kohu-wai. Mā tēnei ka ārai i ngā mea kino.HClka tukuna te kohu, ka whakaiti i te ngenge o te diaphragm me te pirau o te wai whakakī, ka whakaiti i te wā kore mahi i whakaritea, ka whakaiti i te kino o te waikura, ā, ka arotau i te mahi kohu me te tiaki i ngā kaimahi me ngā rawa.
Tukanga Chloralkali
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Tirohanga Whānuio te Tukanga Chloralkali
Ko te tukanga chloralkali te tūāpapa ahumahi mō te whakaputa chlorine, te houra tunutunu (sodium hydroxide), me te hau hauwai pūhaumāota mai i te wai tote. Ko te wai tote, i hangaia mai i te wai me te konutai pūhaumāota parakore, ka uru ki te electrolyzer ka wehea e te iahiko hiko. Ko ngā putanga matua ko te hau chlorine i te anode, te hau hauwai, me te houra tunutunu i te cathode, me te hau hauwai pūhaumāota e puta ana hei hua taha.
E whakaatu ana te hoahoa tukanga chloralkali i tēnei raupapa. Ka uru ngā whāngai tote ki te pūtau; ka pakaru te pūngao hiko i te konutai pūhaumāota. Ka piki ake te hau chlorine mai i te rohe anode, ka hangaia te konutai hauwai me te hau hauwai tata ki te cathode, ka wehe atu i te pūtau mā roto i ngā hongere motuhake. Ka puta te hanga hau hauwai pūhaumāota mā te hanga tika mai i ngā hau hauwai me te chlorine, mā te mimiti rānei i te chlorine ki roto i te houra tunu hei whakaora i te HCl mā te waikawa.
Ko ngā ara whakaputa mō te hau hauwai pūhaumāota e hiahia ana kia tika te whakahaere. I roto i te hanga tika, ka tauhohe te hauwai me te haurore i te pēhanga me te pāmahana kua whakahaeretia, ka hanga he hau HCl. He mea nui te ine tika i te pēhanga ā-roto i tēnei taahiraa—ka whakanui ake te pēhanga nui i te mōrearea pahūtanga, engari ko te pēhanga iti ka whakaiti i te hua ka poke i te hua o muri. Ko te hurihanga o te hau hauwai pūhaumāota ki te waikawa hauwai me mimiti ki roto i te wai whakakore i raro i ngā āhuatanga kua whakahaeretia, me te hiahia anō kia kaha te aroturuki i te pēhanga kia kore ai e puta he kohu waikawa me ngā take tātā e whakatairanga ana i te waikura intergranular.
Ko ia wāhanga—te whakaurunga rauemi whāngai, te hikohiko, te wehenga hau, te hanga HCl, me te mimiti HCl—e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā raraunga pēhanga wā-tūturu. Ka taea e te pēhanga nui te arahi i ngā turuturu kino, i te tukunga kohu waikawa rānei, ko te pēhanga iti ia ka hanga i te kore pumau, ka whakararu i te whai huatanga o te mimiti me te parakore o te hua.
Te Whakakohu o te Waikawa Hauota me ōna Wero
Ko te mimiti o te waikawa hauwaiora, e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō ngā tukanga o muri mai pērā i te hanga matū, tete whakapūkara waikawa, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tuku whāngai pumau, te whakamahana whakahaere, me te whakawhiti haumaru. Ko ngā wāhanga matua ko te whakamahana i te waikawa hauwai, te mimiti i roto i te whakawhiti wera motuhake, me te tohatoha i te mamaoa. He mōrearea anō kei ia wāhanga: ko ngā piki me ngā heke o te whāngai, ko ngā taurite kore rānei o te wera ka hua ake ngā piki me ngā heke o te pēhanga, ka raru pea ngā pūnaha tiaki pēhanga nui.
He mea nui te aroturuki i te pēhanga ā-roto i ēnei pūwāhi whakahaere. Hei tauira, ka puta he pēhanga ohorere i te korenga o te mana whakahaere pāmahana, i te putanga kohu rānei kua purua. Ki te kore he aroturuki kaha, ka piki ake te pēhanga o te anga o te vaporizer, ka panaia te wai whakakī ki roto i ngā wāhi kohu—he āhuatanga ka hua ake te pānga o te vaporizer ki te wai whakakī, ā, ka nui ake ngā raruraru o te haukū o te kohu waikawa. Ka pāngia ēnei wāhanga e ēnei pānga e ngā taumahatanga o ngā wāhanga vaporizer, ka whakanui ake i te mōrearea o ngā tikanga pakaru i puta mai i te waikura me te waikura ā-roto.
I te taha miihini, ko ngā pūoko pēhanga o te diaphragm—e whakamahia ana mō ngā pānui tika i te wā tūturu—ka pāngia e te ngenge me te rerekētanga o te diaphragm. Ko ngā tohu noa ko ngā pānui pēhanga kore-raina, te rahunga katoa rānei o te pūoko, e whakauaua ana i ngā tukanga whakatikatika i te papaanga, ā, e hiahiatia ana ngā mahi tiaki pai mō te kati auau hei karo i te wā kore mahi i whakaritea.
Ki te kore e tirotirohia, ka whai wāhi ēnei āhuatanga kore pumau ki te pakaru wawe o ngā taputapu, inā koa ka uru te kohu waikawa hauwai ki roto i ngā hiri, i ngā whare pūoko rānei. Me whakahaere pai te kohu waikawa hauwai hei ārai i te urunga mai o te wai whakakī pūoko, ka hua ake ai te koroheketanga o te wai whakakī pūoko, me te korenga o te waikura mō te wā roa. Hei pupuri i te pai o te mimiti me te whakarite kia pono te tiaki i te pēhanga nui, he mea nui te tiaki pakari, me ngā whakatūpato pēhanga tonu puta noa i ia whakahaerenga.
Mā te aroturukitanga pēhanga tonu, tae atu ki ngā taputapu mai i ngā kaihanga pēnei i a Lonnmeter, ka tautoko i ngā rerengamahi chloralkali haumaru me te whai hua mā te tiaki i a rātou mai i ngā raruraru tukanga me te whakaiti i ngā mea e whakaoho ana i te rahunga i roto i ngā mahi mimiti me te hurihanga.
Kauwhata Tukanga Chloralkali
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Ngā Mōrearea Matua i roto i te Mahi Whakamahana Waikawa Hauota
Ngā Tūponotanga o te Hanga Hau Hauwai Pūhaumāota
Ko te whakaputanga hau hauwai kōhao he wāhanga matua o te tukanga chloralkali. Heoi, ko te whakahaere hē i te wā whakamomona ka puta he wero nui mō te haumaru me te mahi. Ina whakamomonahia te waikawa hauwai kōhao wai me te kore e whakahaere tika i te pāmahana me te pēhanga, ka puta he kohu waikawa. Ka taea e ēnei pata hau te whakaputa i ngā tukunga kore whakahaere, ka puta he mōrearea manawa me te waikura nui ki ngā taputapu. Ko te whakaputanga o te kohu waikawa he hua o te aueue, te kore taurite o te pēhanga, te piki me te heke o ngā tere whakamomona. Ko te whakahaere pai o te kohu waikawa kōhao ko te pupuri i ngā āhuatanga tukanga pumau me te whakamahi i ngā whakamomona pakari e whakahaere ana i te huringa āhua. Ka āwhina hoki ngā pūnaha tiaki pēhanga nui ki te whakaiti i ngā ngaru hau ohorere ka whai wāhi ki ngā huihuinga kohu waikawa.
Te Waikura ā-Whānui me te Roa o te Rawa
He tūponotanga tonu te waikura o ngā taputapu e whakamahia ana mō te whakamahi i te waikawa hauota nā te kaha o te hauwai hauota. Ko ngā tikanga pakaru i puta mai i te waikura, inā koa te waikura ā-ira, ka mōrearea ki ngā paipa, ki ngā takirere, me ngā taputapu ine. Ka whakaekea e tēnei momo waikura ngā rohe o te konganuku whakarewa, ka ngoikore ai ngā wāhanga mai i roto, ā, ka arahi ki te pakaru wawe.Te aroturuki i te pēhanga i te wā tūturuhe mea nui mō te aukati i te waikura ā-roto: mā te whai i ngā rerekētanga o te pēhanga mahi, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te tautuhi i ngā āhuatanga ka tere ake te waikura, pērā i te pēhanga nui tonu, te huringa rānei. Mā te kitenga wawe ka taea te wawaotanga i te wā tika, ka tautoko tika i te aukati i te rahunga waikura i roto i ngā taputapu ahumahi, ā, ka roa ake te roa o te ora o ngā rawa.
Ngā Tūraru Whakahaere me te Tiaki
Ko ngā pānga tawhito o te wai whakakī me te pānga o te mimiti o te wai whakakī he tūponotanga mahi o ia rā i roto i te ine pēhanga rerekē. I roto i te wā, ka whakaitihia ngā wai whakakī i roto i ngā tuku pēhanga e te whakaekenga matū me te huringa pāmahana, ka hua ake he rerekētanga o te mātotoru, te hanganga o te mamaoa, me te ngoikore o te pono o te tohu. Ka puta mai i tēnei hekenga te rerekētanga o te ine, ā, ka puta pea he whakaoho teka, he huna rānei i ngā huringa pēhanga tūturu. Ina puta he haukū kohu waikawa ki runga i ngā hiri mamao, i ngā hononga tukanga taputapu rānei, ka poke pea ngā roto o te tuku, ka whakaiti ake i te pono me te tika.
Ko ngā take o te piki me te heke o te pēhanga he mea e pā ana ki ngā huringa ohorere o te tukanga, te pokanga o te papu, te mahi takirere poto rānei. Ka taea e ēnei pā koi, auau te whakangoi i ngā diaphragm ngawari i roto i ngā pūoko. Ka puta pea te ngenge me te rerekētanga o te diaphragm hei pānui kore-raina, hei wā urupare puhoi rānei. Ko ngā tohu o te ngenge o te diaphragm wawe ko ngā tohu pēhanga kore pumau me ngā putanga koretake, ka haere tonu ki te ngaronga o te aro, te pakaru rānei mēnā ka warewarehia.
Hei whakarite i te pono tonu, ka tautokohia e ngā raraunga pēhanga wā-tūturu ngā tukanga whakatikatika i te papaanga mā te whakaatu i ngā au haereere i tawhiti atu i te mahi taketake. Ka taea hoki e ngā raraunga e wātea ana te whakarite i ngā mahi pai o te tiaki kati, me te aro atu ki ngā take iti me ngā take hou i mua i te piki haere. Ko te hua o tēnei he pai te whai huatanga o te mimiti, he mahi haumaru, me te whakaiti i ngā motuhanga kore i whakamaheretia puta noa i te tukanga whakaputa hau hauwai pūhaumāota.
Te Tiaki i te Pēhanga Nui me te Whakapai Ake i te Whai Huatanga
Ngā Pūnaha Parenga Pēhanga Whakauru
He mea nui te kimi tonu i te pēhanga nui mō te haumaru me te pono o te mahi i roto i ngā paheke o te waikawa hauhā. Ko ngā pikinga pēhanga—he maha ngā wā ka puta mai i ngā panonitanga tere o te rere, te pānga o te mimiti wai whakakī, ngā raruraru rānei o te haukū o te kohu waikawa—ka hua ake te ngenge me te rerekētanga o te āhua o te diaphragm. Ko ngā tohu noa o te ngenge o te diaphragm ko ngā pānui pēhanga koretake, te roa o ngā wā urupare, me te kitea o te pakaru miihini. Ki te kore e tirotirohia, ka tere te horapa o tēnei ngenge ki ngā tikanga pakaru kino ake i puta mai i te waikura, inā koa i roto i ngā pūnaha tukanga chloralkali.
Ko te aroturukitanga wā-tūturu, mā te whakamahi i ngā tuku pehanga ā-roto, he mea nui ki tētahi pūnaha tiaki pehanga nui pono. Ina kitea ngā pikinga pehanga, ka taea te whakahohe aunoa i ngā kawa nekehanga haumaru, ka whakaoho i te kati me te wehe i ngā wāhanga nui i mua i te pakaru. Ehara i te mea ka ārai noa i ngā tukunga kino o te hau hauwai pūhaumāota engari ka whakaitihia hoki te tūponotanga o te waikura intergranular, he mōrearea nui i roto i te tukanga chloralkali. Mā ngā pūnaha whakauru, me te urupare pehanga tonu, ka taea ngā tukanga whakatikatika i te papaanga me te tautoko i ngā mahi pai o te tiaki kati, ka whakaitihia te wā mutu me te whakaroa i te roa o te ratonga diaphragm.
Te Whakapūmau i te Pai o te Whakapūngao
He mea nui te pupuri i te pēhanga pumau hei whakapai ake i te pai o te mimiti i roto i ngā mīhini mimiti waikawa hauwai. Ko ngā rerekētanga o te pēhanga, pērā i ngā pānga tawhito o te wai whakakī, ngā huringa tere rānei o te pāmahana, ka whakararu i te mimiti me te whakahaere i te kohu waikawa. Ko ngā hekenga ohorere, ngā pikinga rānei o te pēhanga ka arahi ki te mimiti kāore i oti, te tere o te ngaronga waikawa, me te pikinga o te hauota kohu waikawa. Ka pā tika ēnei ngaronga ki te putanga whakaputa hau hauwai hauwai, ā, ka whakararu i te aukati i te pakaru o te waikura i roto i ngā taputapu ahumahi.
Ka mahi tahi ngā tuku pehanga ā-roto me ngā mana whakahaere tukanga mō te mātotoru, te kukū, me te pāmahana. Hei tauira, he mita roamita mātotoru ā-rotoKa tukuna he urupare wā-tūturu mō te kukū waikawa, ka whakarei ake i ngā urupare porowhita whakahaere. Mā ngā raraunga kua whakaritea mai i ngā inenga pēhanga me te mātotoru ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakatikatika i ngā tere rere me te whakaurunga wera, kia mau tonu ai te tukanga mimiti i roto i ngā tawhā tino pai. Ka whakaitihia e ngā pēhanga pūnaha pumau te ngaronga waikawa, ka tautoko i te whakaora kohu tika, ā, ka whakarite kia whakamahia pai te pūngao. Mā te hono i ēnei inenga, ka pai ake te pumau o te tukanga, ka whakaitihia te hiahia mō te tiaki kore i whakaritea me te mōrearea o ngā tukunga kohu waikawa ki te wāhi mahi.
Ngā Tuku Pēhanga Ā-roto Lonnmeter me ngā Taputapu Tawhā-Maha
Ka tukuna e ngā tuku pehanga ā-roto Lonnmeter he otinga pakari mō te tukanga chloralkali, e hiahia ana kia aroturukihia tika te hanga hau hauwai pūhaumāota me te mimiti waikawa hauwai. Kua hangaia ēnei tuku kia tū atu ki ngā taiao tino waikura, e whakarato ana i ngā pānui tere me te tika e ātete ana ki ngā hapa noa i roto i ngā pūoko whānui. Ko tā rātou hoahoa pūoko matatau e aro ana ki ngā pānga koroheketanga o te wai whakakī me te ngenge me te whakarerekētanga o te diaphragm—e rua ngā tino take o te hapa i puta mai i te waikura i roto i ngā taputapu ahumahi.
Mā ngā diaphragm me ngā rauemi motuhake i roto i ngā tuku Lonnmeter ka ārai i te pānga o te mimiti wai whakakī me te pakaru o ngā wāhanga o roto, e whakarite ana i te mahi pumau ahakoa i roto i ngā take nui o te pikinga o te pēhanga, i ngā take rānei o te haukū o te kohu waikawa. Hei tauira, ina hangaia e te HCl mimiti he taiao wero, ka mahi ngā tuku pehanga Lonnmeter hei pūnaha whakatūpato wawe mō ngā pūnaha tiaki pēhanga nui. Ehara i te mea ka kitea noa e rātou te pikinga o te pēhanga ka arahi pea ki ngā āhuatanga ārai waikura intergranular engari ka tere te urupare ki ngā hekenga rerekē, ki ngā pikinga rānei, he maha ngā wā ka whakatūpato i ngā kaiwhakahaere i mua i te puta o ngā pakaru kino.
Mā te whakauru i ngā tuku pehanga ā-roto Lonnmeter me ngā tuku kukū ā-roto, te matotoru, te matotoru, te taumata, me te pāmahana ka hangaia he whatunga taputapu maha-tawhā. Mā tēnei huarahi whānui ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te aroturuki i te pānga o te mimiti wai whakakī me ngā take mimiti kohu waikawa, he mea nui ēnei e rua mō te pupuri i te arotautanga o te pai o te mimiti. Ko ngā mita matotoru me te matotoru ā-roto, i hangaia hoki e Lonnmeter, e tautoko ana i te whakahaere tukanga taipitopito, e āhei ai te whakatikatika me te whakarerekē i mua i te hekenga o te tukanga, te tiaki kati rānei.
Mā te aroturuki i ngā tawhā maha—te pēhanga, te pāmahana, te kukū, te mātotoru, te matotoru, me te taumata—ka homai e ngā raraunga wā-tūturu he māramatanga ki ngā pūtake o ngā tohu o te ngenge o te diaphragm, ā, ka āwhina i te whakatinana i ngā mahi pai rawa atu mō te tiaki kati. He mea nui tēnei aroturuki whatunga mō ngā tukanga whakatikatika tere i te papaanga, hei whakapai ake i te pakari me te tika o te tukanga katoa.
Mā ngā otinga a Lonnmeter ka roa ake te ora o ngā pūoko me ngā taputapu tukatuka, ka tautoko tika i te aukati i te pakaru o te waikura i roto i ngā taputapu ahumahi, me te whakaiti i te wā kore mahi i puta mai i ngā hapa o te pūoko. I roto i te hoahoa tukanga chloralkali, ka āwhina te whakamahinga o ngā pūnaha maha-tawhā ki te aro atu ki ngā wero e pā ana ki te hanga hau hauwai pūhaumāota, te whakapai ake i te whakahaere kohu waikawa hauwai me te whakatairanga i te pono o te pūnaha mō te wā roa.
Aratohu Tāutanga me te Uara Ine
Ngā Taunakitanga Whakatakotoranga Tino Pai
Mō te tino pono o te tukanga i roto i te tukanga chloralkali, tāutahia ngā tuku pēhanga ki ngā tomokanga me ngā putanga o te vaporizer. Mā tēnei huarahi takirua-ira ka kitea wawetia ngā take o te piki me te heke o te pēhanga, ā, ka whakaatuhia ngā mōrearea pēhanga nui e pā ana ki te whakaputanga hau hauwai pūhaumāota me te whakahaere kohu waikawa hauwai. Me whakanoho ētahi atu pūoko ki ngā wāhi e kitea ana ngā hekenga pēhanga ohorere, pērā i ngā wāhi pītiti paipa, i ngā takirere kati whakahaere me te haumaru rānei, ina taea ai te tohu tere i ngā huringa kāore e hiahiatia te ārai wawe i ngā tikanga rahunga i puta mai i te waikura.
Mā te ine i ngā kukū me ngā pēhanga wā-tūturu e tata ana ki ngā rohe e pāngia ana e te pānga o te mimiti wai whakakī me ngā take whakatōtō kohu waikawa ka puta he whakatūpato wawe mō te aukati i te waikura intergranular. Whakauruhia ngā tuku kiato ā-roto me te pāmahana huri noa i ēnei wāhi nui—ina koa ko te arotautanga o te whai huatanga o te mimiti—kia kitea ai ngā huringa āhua e pā ana ki ngā pānga tawhito o te wai whakakī me te whakaoho i te hanganga kohu waikawa. He tino whai hua ngā taputapu a Lonnmeter ina whakakotahihia i tēnei ara, nā te mea ka taea e ā rātou pānui kiato ā-roto tika te whakarerekētanga tere mō te pupuri i ngā rere tukanga pumau me te ārai i ngā mahi pai o te tiaki kati kei whakararuraruhia.
Uara mō te Whai Hua me te Whakaiti Utu
Mā te aroturukitanga pēhanga tonu, ā-wā tonu, ka tino whakaitihia te auau o ngā mahi tiaki kati kore i whakamaheretia, ā, ka whakaitihia ngā utu mahi tika me te ngaronga o te hua. Mā te kite i ngā tikanga pakaru i puta mai i te waikura i mua i te pikinga ake, ka roa ake te roa o te oranga o ngā whare i te vaporizer me ngā paipa e pā ana—he painga nui mō ngā mahi tukanga chloralkali hou e whai ana ki te aukati i te pakaru o te waikura i roto i ngā taputapu ahumahi.
Mā te hōhonutanga o ngā raraunga kua kohia mai i ngā inenga ā-roto ka tautoko i ngā tikanga whakatikatika whai hua i te papaanga, ka taea te tautuhi wawe i ngā tohu o te ngenge o te diaphragm me te whakarerekētanga o te āhua, ā, ka whakaratohia he wāhi whakaoho mō ngā wawaotanga kua whakaritea i mua i te whakararuraru i te pono o te pūnaha. Mā te aroturukitanga auau i ēnei wāhi wera ka āwhina i te matapae i te ngenge o te diaphragm, ā, ka whakarite kia tautokona ngā raraunga e ngā wawaotanga, ka whakaiti i te wā kore mahi i whakaritea.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, mā te whakauru i ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto a Lonnmeter me ngā tuku pehanga ka puta he māramatanga mahi e kore e whakapai ake i te whakamahinga pūngao mā te arotau tika i te whai huatanga o te mimiti, engari ka whakaitihia hoki te moumou matū nā te nui rawa o te whāngai, te turuturu rānei—e whai wāhi tika ana ki te whakaiti i te mōrearea whakahaere me te whakarite kia tere te hokinga mai o te haumitanga.
Ko te whakahaere pai ake i te pēhanga me te mātotoru matū ka hua ake he pai ake te tutuki i ngā here tukunga ahumahi, me te tautoko anō hoki i ngā paerewa whakahaere kohu waikawa hauwai kaha. Ka whakawhirinaki ngā whare ki ēnei raraunga tonu hei whakatikatika i ngā tukunga, hei ārai i te pānga o te mimiti wai whakakī, me te whakatau i ngā take whakatōtō kohu waikawa i mua i te takahi i ngā ture—e whakaatu ana i te uara ine mō te hua me te piri ki ngā ture.
Te Ārai i ngā Mōrearea Whānui me ngā Mahi Pai rawa atu
He mea nui te whakatū i tētahi wātaka pakari mō te tiaki kati me te whakatikatika ā-papa i ia wā, kia mau tonu ai te pono o ngā taputapu i roto i ngā pūnaha whakapūngao waikawa hauwai. Me rite ngā wā tiaki ki ngā taunakitanga a te kaihanga me ngā whakaritenga tukanga kia kitea ai ngā tohu o te ngenge o te diaphragm me te ārai i ngā tikanga rahunga e puta mai ana i te waikura. Me uru ki ngā tukanga whakatikatika ā-papa te manatoko i te tika o te tuku pēhanga me te tirotiro i ngā mita matotoru me te matotoru o roto mai i Lonnmeter mō ngā huringa e tohu ana i te nekeneke o te taputapu, i ngā pānga tawhito rānei o te wai whakakī.
Mā te aroturuki tonu mō ngā tohu wawe o te pānga o te mimiti wai whakakī me te rerekētanga o te diaphragm ka pai ake te pono o te pūnaha. Me tirotiro ngā kaiwhakahaere mō ngā huringa o te wā urupare, ngā pānui pēhanga kore-raina, ngā tohu ahotea kitea rānei i runga i ngā diaphragm. Ka taea e ēnei tohu te mua i te wā whakatā kore i whakamaheretia, ā, he maha ngā wā e hono ana ki ngā āhuatanga mahi kino e puta ana i te wā e whakaputa ana i te hau hauwai hauota me ngā take whakapūngao kohu waikawa. Me tātarihia ngā rārangi taputapu i ia wā mō ngā take o te pikinga o te pēhanga - pērā i ngā ngaru papu, ngā mahi takirere, ngā huringa tere rānei o te rere - hei tautuhi i ngā au rerekē i mua i te piki haere.
Ko te ārai i te pakaru o te waikura i roto i ngā taputapu ahumahi me whakauru ngā tohu pēhanga me ngā tohu maha-taumata. Ngā mita mātotoru me te matotoru ā-roto mai iMita RonaKa tukuna he urupare wā-tūturu e tautuhi ana i ngā panonitanga ngawari o ngā āhuatanga wai i puta mai i te waikura intergranular, i te whakaekenga waikawa rānei. Ko ngā raraunga mai i ēnei mita, me ngā mōhiohio pāmahana me te rere, ka taea te whakamahere tiaki matapae me te arotau i te whai huatanga o te mimiti. Me arotahi ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te pupuri i ngā pūnaha tiaki pēhanga nui hei karo i ngā kino i puta mai i te ahotea mai i ngā pikinga ohorere.
Me whai huarahi pūnaha hei whakatau i ngā take o te piki me te heke o te pēhanga me ngā take whakapūpūtanga o te kohu waikawa. Me whiriwhiri, me tāuta hoki ngā taputapu hei ātete i ngā kohu waikura, hei ārai hoki i te whakatakotoranga waikawa. Ko te tiaki auau i ngā mahanga me ngā waikeri, me ngā taputapu wehewehe tika, ka āwhina i te tango i te kohu waikawa hauwaiora mai i ngā raina tukanga. Mā ngā whakamātao pēhanga me ngā whakaritenga paipa ngāwari ka whakau ake i ngā kōtaha pēhanga, ka whakaiti i te ngenge me te whakarerekētanga o te diaphragm i roto i te wā.
Mā te whakamahi i ēnei tikanga pai ka noho haumaru, ka whai hua hoki te whakahaere o ngā pūnaha mimiti e uru ana ki te tukanga chloralkali. Mā te aroturukitanga auau, ngā wawaotanga kua whakaritea, me ngā rautaki ārai ka whakaitihia ngā mōrearea me te whakaroa i te roa o te ratonga o ngā taputapu.
Ngā Pātai Auau
Me pēhea te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te mimiti i roto i te tukanga chloralkali mā te ine pēhanga ā-roto i te wā tūturu?
Mā te aroturukitanga pēhanga ā-roto-tūturu ka whakau i ngā tautuhinga mahi matua i roto i ngā mīhini whakapūhau waikawa hauwai. Ina kitea tonutia ngā huringa pēhanga, ka taea te whakamahi i te mana urupare pakari hei pupuri i te rohe taurite o te kohu/wai, hei ārai i ngā āhuatanga whakapūhau iti, whakapūhau nui rānei. Mā tēnei urupare tika ka whakaitihia ngā raruraru tukanga mai i ngā take whakapūhautanga kohu waikawa, i ngā take rerekētanga o te pēhanga rānei, ka hua ake he whakaputanga hau hauwai pūhaumāota ōrite. Mā te tuku i ngā whakatikatika tukanga i mua i te puta o te rerekētanga nui, ka āwhina ngā tuku pēhanga ā-roto ki te whakatutuki i te arotautanga o te whai huatanga o te whakapūhau me te whakaiti i ngā para matū.
He aha te mahi a te aroturukitanga pēhanga i roto i te whakahaere i te kohu waikawa hauwai me te tiaki i te pēhanga nui?
He paparanga nui te aroturuki pēhanga tonu hei parepare i ngā āhuatanga kino i roto i te tukanga chloralkali. Ka tukuna e ngā tuku pēhanga ā-roto pērā i ērā mai i Lonnmeter he whakamōhiotanga tonu mō ngā pikinga, ngā hekenga rānei o te pēhanga rerekē, he maha ngā wā ka puta he kohu waikawa hauwaiora. Ka hono tika ēnei tohu wā-tūturu ki ngā pūnaha tiaki pēhanga nui, ka tukuna ki ngā kaiwhakahaere ngā raraunga mahi e hiahiatia ana mō te wawaotanga tere rawa atu. Ko te tikanga o te tirohanga pai ake ka tīmata wawe ngā raka haumaru, ka ārai i te tukunga ohorere o te hau waikura me ngā rahunga pupuri tuarua.
Me pēhea te āwhina a ngā tuku whakawhiti ā-roto ki te aukati i te pakaru i puta mai i te waikura?
He mea nui ngā pānui pēhanga ōrite me te tika mō te tautuhi i ngā whakawhiti pēhanga e hono ana ki ngā tikanga rahunga i puta mai i te waikura i roto i ngā taputapu mimiti. Ko ngā tuku whakawhiti ā-roto o te mita mita, i hangaia mai i ngā rauemi ātete-waikura, ka tukuna he inenga pono ahakoa i roto i ngā taiao tino kaha. Ko te kōtaha pēhanga pumau e tohu ana i te kaha o te tukanga; ko tetahi kore pumau kua kitea ka tohu pea i te waikura intergranular, i te pānga mimiti wai whakakī rānei e pā ana ki te pumau o te tukanga. Mā te whai i ēnei au, ka taea e ngā tipu te whakatinana i ngā tikanga pai o te tiaki kati i mua i te pakaru o ngā taputapu, e tutuki ai te whakaritenga matua mō te aukati i te rahunga waikura i roto i ngā taputapu ahumahi.
He aha ngā tohu matua o te ngenge me te rerekētanga o te āhua o te diaphragm, ā, me pēhea te kite i aua tohu?
Ko ngā pānui pēhanga pōturi, ngā urupare puhoi o te pūoko, me te nekenekehanga o te turanga e tohu ana i ngā tohu o te ngenge o te diaphragm. Ka puta ake ēnei raruraru i te ahotea ā-ringa maha, ngā pānga tawhito o te wai whakakī, ngā huihuinga pēhanga roa rānei. Ehara i te mea ka kitea noa e ngā pūnaha aroturuki ā-roto matatau ngā pekatanga wawe mai i te mahi noa, engari ka whakaoho hoki i ngā whakatūpato kaupapa mō ngā tukanga whakatikatika i te papaanga. Mā te kitenga wawe ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakarite i ngā tirotiro kua whakaritea, te whakakapinga wāhanga, me te arotake haumaru i mua noa atu i te pānga o te huringa nui o te diaphragm ki te haumaru o raro, ki te hua tukanga rānei.
Ko ēhea atu taputapu ā-roto he mea nui i roto i te tukanga whānui, ā, he aha ai?
Ehara i te raraunga pēhanga anake te mea e hiahiatia ana hei whakahaere whai hua i te tukanga chloralkali.Ngā mita kukū ā-roto, ko ngā mita mātotoru mai i te mita Lonn, ngā mita matotoru, ngā tuku taumata, me ngā tuku pāmahana ka whai wāhi katoa ki te haumaru me te whai huatanga o te tukanga. Ka aro turuki ngātahi ēnei taputapu i ngā taurangi pēnei i te pānga o te mimiti wai whakakī, te mātotoru ranunga, me te nekehanga pāmahana. Mā te whakauru i ēnei pānui ki ngā inenga pēhanga ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te kite me te whakaiti i ngā take mimiti kohu waikawa, te whakarite i te aukati tika i te waikura intergranular, me te whakaiti i te wā whakatā kore i whakaritea puta noa i te huringa mimiti katoa.
Wā tuku: Hanuere-15-2026
