Kuyini Ukuqina Kwamafutha Kaphethiloli?
Ukuqina, okuchazwa ngokuyisisekelo njengokungqubuzana kwangaphakathi ngaphakathi kwamafutha okumelana nokugeleza, kumelela isici esisodwa esibaluleke kakhulu esilawula ukuphathwa, ukwelashwa, kanye nokusebenza kokugcina kwamafutha kaphethiloli. Ukuze kulawulwe inqubo kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi, ukuqina akukwazi ukubhekwa nje njengephuzu ledatha elibonakalayo; kuyisilinganiso esiyisisekelo esinquma ukuvikelwa kwengxenye kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla.
Ukukhiqizwa Kwamafutha Kaphethiloli kanye Nencazelo Yekhwalithi: Lapho Kuqiniswa khona Ukuqina
Izici zamafutha kaphethiloli zinqunywa ngokuyisisekelo ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sendawo yokuhluza. Ukukhiqizwa kuqala ngokuhluzwa okungahluziwe, lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwenzeka khona ngokusekelwe endaweni yokubila. Uwoyela Kaphethiloli Osindayo (i-HFO) kanye namafutha asele, yizicucu eziphansi zale nqubo, ezichazwa ukuminyana kwawo okuphezulu kanye nokuthamba okuphezulu ngaphakathi. Imisebenzi elandelayo, njengezinqubo zokuguqula, ishintsha kakhulu izakhiwo zama-molecule, okuchaza ukwehluka okukhulu kokuthamba okuboniswa yimikhiqizo yokugcina eseleyo.
Ukuhlanganisa Ngokunembile: Ubuciko Nesayensi Yokufeza Ukuqina Okuqondiwe
Njengoba i-viscosity yemikhiqizo eluhlaza eseleyo ivame ukuba phezulu kakhulu ukuze yamukelwe emakethe ngokushesha, ukuxuba kusebenza njengendlela eyinhloko yokufeza amazinga e-viscosity aqondiwe. Le nqubo ihilela ukufaka amasheya okusika alula, njenge-marine diesel, i-gasoil, noma uwoyela womjikelezo wokukhanya (LC(G)O). Impumelelo yokusebenza kokuxuba incike ngokuphelele ekulungiseni ngokuguquguqukayo isilinganiso se-HFO kuya kumasheya okusika ngokusekelwe ezicini ezishintshashintshayo zezitsha zokudla ezifakiwe kanye nokushisa kwazo.
Ubuthakathaka obukhulu bokusebenza buvela ngokuthembela ekuhlaziyweni kwelebhu okulibazisekile ukuqinisekisa isilinganiso sokuxuba esidingekayo ukuze kufinyelelwei-kinematic viscosity kawoyela kaphethiloliimigomo. Njengoba imikhawulo eqondile ye-viscosity ifinyelelwa ngezilinganiso zokuxuba ezibaliwe, isilinganiso esingalungile—esibangelwa yimpendulo ephuzile noma amaphutha okuthatha amasampula—sithwala ingozi enkulu yokwehluleka kokuncibilika. Lapho i-solvency yehluleka, ama-asphaltene azinzile kakhulu ayawa, okuholela ekungcoleni nasekungazinzini okubi kakhulu. Le ndlela yokwehluleka okungenzeka ibiza kakhulu futhi ilimaza kunokumane uphuthelwe nje incazelo ye-viscosity kancane. Ukusebenzisa i-advanced advancedithuluzi lokulinganisa i-viscosity kawoyelaKu-blending manifold inikeza isignali yempendulo esheshayo edingekayo ukulungisa amamitha okugeleza ngesikhathi sangempela, ngaleyo ndlela kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukuzinza komkhiqizo kugcinwa ngenkuthalo futhi ukwehluleka kwekhwalithi kuyavinjelwa.
Ngaphandle kokuxuba, i-viscosity ingalawulwa ngokulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa. Ukushisa uwoyela osindayo kusalokhu kuyindlela eyinhloko neyisisekelo yokwehlisa i-viscosity yayo kuze kufike lapho ingapompelwa khona futhi i-atomized. Kodwa-ke, izinga lokushisa liyi-proxy engaqondile ye-viscosity. Ngenxa yokuguquguquka okungokwemvelo kwezakhiwo ze-feedstock, ukuthembela okukhethekile ezindaweni zokubeka izinga lokushisa ezimile akwanele ukuqinisekisa i-viscosity eqhubekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izithasiselo ezithile zamakhemikhali noma ukwelashwa kwemishini okufana ne-homogenization kungasetshenziswa ukulungisa izakhiwo ze-rheological futhi kuthuthukiswe ukuzinza okuphelele kanye nokuvumelana kwamafutha osindayo.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi amafutha asele aqinile kakhulu acindezela kakhulu imishini yokupompa kanye namapayipi ngesikhathi sokucwengisisa nokudlulisa. Lapho i-viscosity ikhuphuka ngokungazelelwe—mhlawumbe ngenxa yokwehla kwezinga lokushisa noma izinguquko ze-feedstock—ukwanda komthwalo okubangelwayo kusongela ubuqotho bezimpahla ezinkulu, okungase kuholele ekugugeni okukhulu kwephampu, ukwehluleka kokuvala, noma ukuvinjelwa okukhulu kwemigqa. I-ROI ehlobene nokufaka i-onlineithuluzi lokulinganisa i-viscosity kawoyelaidlula kude kakhulu ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo; isebenza njengesendlalelo esibalulekile sokuvikela izimpahla zemishini ngaphakathi komugqa wokukhiqiza, okunciphisa kakhulu amathuba okungasebenzi kwesikhathi esingahleliwe.
Indlela Ukuzivumelanisa Okuqondile Okubusa Ngayo Ukusebenza
Ukwenziwa kwe-Atomization kanye Nokusebenza Kahle Kokushisa
Indima yokugcina neyinqamula-juqu yokusebenza kokulawula i-viscosity ithonya layo eliqondile ekufakweni kwe-fuel atomization. I-atomization efanele—inqubo yokuguqula uphethiloli omningi ube yinkungu encane, efanayo yamaconsi—iyadingeka ukuze kushe ngokushesha nangokuphelele.
Niniukulinganiswa kwe-viscosity kawoyela kaphethiloliKubonisa ukuthi uphethiloli uphakeme kakhulu (ukhulu kakhulu), uphethiloli uyamelana nokugeleza futhi wehluleka ukuqhekeka kahle ngaphakathi kwe-nozzle. Lokhu kuphumela njalo ekwakhekeni kwamaconsi amakhulu kanye nokusha okungasebenzi kahle, okungaphelele. Umphumela osheshayo uwukuchitha amandla, ukwakheka kwe-soot eningi, kanye nokubilisa, okonakalisa ama-heat exchanger kanye nezingxenye zokushisa. Izifundo ziqinisekisa ukuthi uwoyela ojiyile ongena ku-nozzle unciphisa ijubane lokujikeleza, okuholela ekoneni elinzima lobukhulu bodonga elikhulisa izinga lokugeleza (ukuchitha uphethiloli) kanye nokukhiqiza amaconsi amakhulu alwela ukuhwamuka nokuvutha.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma i-viscosity iphansi kakhulu (incane kakhulu), kuyilapho ukugeleza kulula, kuvela izinkinga ezimbili ezinkulu. Okokuqala, i-viscosity ephansi kakhulu ingonakalisa ifilimu yokuthambisa edingekayo ye-hydrodynamic evikela izingxenye zesistimu kaphethiloli njengamaphampu nama-injector, isheshise ukuguguleka futhi ibeke engcupheni yokwehluleka. Okwesibili, ukuzinza okungekuhle kokushisa kungabangelwa ukushiswa ngokweqile noma ukushiswa okungafani, okuholela ekushintsheni kokukhishwa kwamandla enjini.
Ingabe Ukuqina Kwamafutha Kuthinta Ukusetshenziswa Kwamafutha?
Umbuzo uthi,ingabe ukujiya kukawoyela kuthinta ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, ingaphendulwa ngokungangabazeki: yebo, ngokujulile, ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene kodwa ezixhumene: ukunciphisa ukungqubuzana kwemishini okubangelwa yizinambuzane kanye nokukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokushisa.
Amafutha e-viscosity aphansi ajikeleza futhi ageleza kalula, okunciphisa kakhulu ukulahlekelwa kwemishini okudingekayo ukuze kupompe uketshezi ohlelweni. Lokhu kwehla kwesidingo samandla abangelwa yizinambuzane kuhumushela ngqo ekuthuthukisweni komnotho kaphethiloli okulinganiselwe. Kuma-fleet asebenzisa amafutha e-lubricant alungiselelwe, ukushintshela kumafutha enjini anzima angaphansi kwe-viscosity (HDEO) kuboniswe ukuthi kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli phakathi kuka-0.9% no-2.2% ngonyaka. Inhloso iwukuthola ukulingana okufanele njalo: uwoyela kumele ube mncane ngokwanele ukunciphisa ukumelana nokuvumela amandla enjini asebenzisa uphethiloli, kodwa ube mncane ngokwanele ukugcina ifilimu yoketshezi oluvikelayo olubalulekile (ukuhlukaniswa kwengqimba yomngcele) phakathi kwezingxenye ezibalulekile ezihambayo. Ukukhetha uwoyela omncane kakhulu kunciphisa ukuqina nokuvikelwa kwenjini, ukuvumelana okubhekwa njengokungamukeleki uma kubhekwa izindleko eziphezulu zokuguguleka kwenjini kanye nokunciphisa impilo yezingxenye.
Indima ye-Viscosity ekuLawuleni Ukukhishwa Kwegesi kanye Nempilo Yenjini
Ukuqina okuthuthukisiwe kubalulekile ekufezeni ukusebenza okuhlanzekile nokunciphisa ukukhishwa okuyingozi. Ukwehlukaniswa okuthuthukisiwe kwesifutho ezindaweni eziphansi noma izingqimba zomngcele ezizinzile ezindaweni eziphakeme kuthuthukisa ingxube kaphethiloli nomoya, okubangela ukwehla kokukhishwa kwe-hydrocarbon engashiswanga (HC). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulawula ngokucophelela ukuqina kubalulekile ekunciphiseni ukwakheka kwe-Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), njengoba ukwanda kwe-viscosity ngokweqile kungabangela ngqo ekukhiqizweni kokungcola.
Kuphethiloli osindayo oketshezi (njenge-mazut noma i-HFO ene-viscosity ephezulu), ukufudumala kusengaphambili kuyisinyathelo esiyimpoqo sokunciphisa i-viscosity nokuthuthukisa ukugeleza ngaphambi kokusha. Isu elithile le-atomization elisetshenziswayo—kusukela kubashisi be-pressure-jet bamafutha ane-viscosity ephansi kuya kubashisi be-cup abasizwa ngomusi noma abajikelezayo bamafutha ane-viscosity ephezulu (>100 cSt)—linqunywa yi-viscosity elinganisiwe yamafutha.
Ikhono lama-burners lokusebenza kahle lincike ekutholeni uphethiloli ngaphakathi kwebhendi elincane le-viscosity. Njengoba izitsha zokudla ziya ngokuya zishintsha ngenxa yokuxuba kanye nokwethulwa kwezinhlobo ezintsha zikaphethiloli wasolwandle, ukuthembela ezilinganisweni zokushisa zangaphambi kwe-heater ezimile kuba umthombo oqhubekayo wokungasebenzi kahle. Inkinga ukuthi izinga lokushisa elidingekayo ukuze kufezwe i-atomization viscosity edingekayo (isb., 10–20 cSt) lishintsha kakhulu kuye ngezici eziyisisekelo zebhendi kaphethiloli. Uma umqhubi ethembele endaweni endala yebhendi entsha, eguquguqukayo, i-viscosity elethwa ku-nozzle izoba ngaphansi, iqinisekise ukusha okungaphelele, ukukhishwa okukhulu, kanye nezindleko zokusebenza eziphezulu. Okuqondile, okuqhubekayoukulinganiswa kwe-viscosity kawoyela kaphethilolikuqeda lobu buthakathaka obungokwemvelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphatha i-viscosity kahle kunciphisa amandla asizayo adingekayo ukudlulisa nokupompa uphethiloli ohlelweni. Uma i-viscosity ivunyelwe ukushintshashintsha kakhulu, umthwalo kagesi noma we-steam kumaphampu okudlulisa kanye nezinhlelo zokushisa uyakhuphuka. Ngokugcina i-viscosity efanele ngesikhathi sangempela nge-automatic control loop, uhlelo lunciphisa ukucindezeleka komshini kumaphampu futhi lunciphisa amandla asetshenziswa izinhlelo zokushisa uwoyela wokudlulisa, okunikeza i-ROI ebalulekile nengabalwayo ngaphezu kokuthuthukiswa kokushisa nje.
Ithebula: Imiphumela Yokusebenza Yokuphambuka Kokugoba
| Isimo Sokugoba | Umthelela Ekugelezeni/Ekupompeni | Umthelela Ekushiseni/Ekuvuthweni | Umthelela Ekusebenzeni Kahle Nezingxenye |
| Okuphakeme Kakhulu (Okukhulu) | Amandla okupompa akhuphukile, ijubane lokujikeleza elincishisiwe kuma-nozzles. Ingozi yokuvaleka kwamapayipi. | Ukwakheka kwe-atom okungekuhle, amaconsi amakhulu aholela ekushiseni okungaphelele. | Uphethiloli ochithwayo, ukwanda kwe-soot/coking, ukukhishwa okuphezulu kwe-HC/NOx. Kudingeka ukushisa kwangaphambili ngokweqile. |
| Kuphansi Kakhulu (Kuncane) | Ukuhlukaniswa kwengqimba yomngcele okunganele, amandla amancane efilimu kumaphampu. | Ingozi yokwenziwa kwe-atom ngokweqile noma ilangabi elingazinzile, ukulahlekelwa ukufana kokusha. | Ukuguguleka okusheshayo kanye nokwehluleka kwezingxenye ezibalulekile zesistimu kaphethiloli (amaphampu, ama-injector). Ukuvikelwa okuncishisiwe ekungqubuzaneni komshini. |
I-Real TimeUkulawulwa Kokugoba Kwamafutha Kaphethiloli
Ubuthakathaka Obungokwemvelo Bokusampula Kwelabhorethri Okungaqhubeki
Ukuthembela ekuhlolweni kwelebhu okuvamile, okwenziwa njalo ngezikhathi ezithile noma ekuthathweni kwesampula kwanyanga zonke kuletha isikhathi esibucayi sokulibaziseka phakathi kokungalingani kwe-viscosity kanye nesenzo sokulungisa. Ezinqubweni eziguquguqukayo, kungaba ekuxubeni kwefektri noma ezinhlelweni zenjini ezisheshayo, ikhwalithi kawoyela ingashintsha ngokushesha ngenxa yezici ezifana ne-oxidation, ukuxutshwa negesi yenqubo, noma ukungcola. Ezisetshenzisweni ezibalulekile, njenge-gas screw compressors, ukwehla okusheshayo kwe-lube oil viscosity kungaholela ekwehlulekeni kwamabhere, isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba umbiko webhulebhu oqinisekisa inkinga utholwe. Indlela yamanje yokuhlola ilebhu ngaphandle kwendawo ayilungile futhi ibiza kakhulu ngenxa yezithiyo zezokuthutha kanye nokubambezeleka kwesikhathi okungamukeleki ekutholeni ulwazi olusebenzayo.
Ukuguqula Ukuqapha Okusabelayo Kube Ukuphathwa Okusebenzayo
Isixazululo sisekusebenziseni ukulawula okuvaliwe, lapho isignali yempendulo isetshenziswa njalo ukugcina isimo esifiselekayo, okwenzauhlelo lokulawula ukujiya kwamafutha kaphethiloliukuzithiba ngokugcwele.
Ukusetshenziswa okubaluleke kakhulu kwalolu buchwepheshe kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-viscosity elinganisiwe ilawula ngqo izinga lokushisa elidingekayo langaphambi kwe-heater, okushintsha ngokuyisisekelo ukwakheka kokulawula. Le ndlela iqeda ukuthembela kwangaphambilini ekushiseni njengendlela engaqondile ye-viscosity, esikhundleni salokho ihlinzeka ngokuzenzakalelayo okungaguquki.ukulinganiswa kwe-viscosity kawoyela kaphethiloliendaweni yokusetshenziswa (isb., i-tip yesishisi). Lokhu kuqeda ukuguquguquka kwe-viscosity okwenzeka lapho kushintshwa phakathi kwemithwalo kaphethiloli ehlukene noma amaqoqo.
Izinzuzo zokushintshela ekuqapheni okuqhubekayo ngesikhathi sangempela zinkulu kakhulu: impendulo esheshayo ivumela ukwenziwa ngcono kwenqubo okuqhubekayo, iqhubekisela phambili ukuhambisana komkhiqizo ngenkathi inciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwemfucuza engacacisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwenza okuzenzakalelayo kuqeda ukuqapha ngesandla okuqhubekayo nokukhathazayo okudingekayo kwabasebenzi abanekhono futhi kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kohlelo lokudlulisa uwoyela ngokuvimbela ukushisa ngokweqile.
Ukuze idatha yesikhathi sangempela isebenze ngempela embonini elawulwayo, ikakhulukazi maqondana nokudluliselwa kwelungelo lokugcina noma ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zasolwandle, i-inthanethiithuluzi lokulinganisa i-viscosity kawoyelakumele ibe nokunemba okuqinisekiswayo. Ngoba imininingwane yezentengiselwano ivame ukudinga ukubikai-kinematic viscosity kawoyela kaphethiloliekushiseni okujwayelekile (isb., 50°C), uhlelo lwe-closed-loop akumele lunikeze idatha ye-viscosity esheshayo kodwa futhi luhlanganise izilinganiso zobuningi ukuze kubalwe ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi kubikwe inani le-kinematic elidingekayo, ngaleyo ndlela kugcinwe umkhondo wokuhlola oqinile nongaqinisekiswa wokulawula ikhwalithi.
Kubalulekile ukuthi abaphathi bezitshalo baqonde ukuthi ukusebenzisa ngempumelelo uhlelo olusebenzayouhlelo lokulawula ukujiya kwamafutha kaphethilolikudinga indlela yobunjiniyela obuphelele, hhayi nje ukufaka inzwa. Ubuqotho bokulinganisa buxhomeke ekhwalithini yesampula etholwe yinzwa. Izinselele ezivame ukusethwa kwezimboni—njengemigqa yokudlulisa amasampula emide kakhulu, ukugeleza okunganele, ukushintshashintsha kwengcindezi, noma ama-deadleg angadingekile—kungaphazamisa kakhulu ukulinganisa. Impumelelo yesistimu ye-closed-loop incike ekwenzeni ngcono amapharamitha e-fluidic kanye ne-thermal azungeze i-ithuluzi lokulinganisa i-viscosity kawoyelaukuqinisekisa ukulethwa kwesampula emele.
Funda Ngamamitha Obuningi Engeziwe
Amamitha Ezinqubo Engeziwe Ku-inthanethi
Inzuzo yeLonnmeter: Ithuluzi Lokulinganisa Ukujiya Kwamafutha Okuqinile Kwemigqa Ebalulekile
Isimo esidinga umzamo wokukhiqizwa kukawoyela kaphethiloli—esihilela ukucindezela okuphezulu, amazinga okushisa aphezulu, kanye nezinselele ezingokwemvelo zokuphatha uwoyela osindayo nongcolisayo—sidingaithuluzi lokulinganisa i-viscosity kawoyelaYakhelwe ukuqina okukhulu nokunemba. I-Lonnmeter Viscometer, eyakhiwe kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe be-vibrating rod noma i-acoustic wave (AW), inikeza ukuthembeka okudingekayo kulezi zindlela ezibalulekile zenqubo.
Ukuphakama Kobuchwepheshe: Indlela Yokulinganisa yaseLonnmeter
Amandla ayinhloko eLonnmeter atholakala ekwakhiweni kwayo okuqinile, okuzwa isimo esiqinile, okuvame ukusebenzisa induku edlidlizwa ngogesi. Le ndlela engeyona eyemishini isusa ubuthakathaka obungokwemvelo bama-viscometer endabuko, iqinisekisa ukulungiswa okuncane futhi inikeze ukumelana okuphezulu kokungcola okukhulu kanye nokungcola okuvamile kwisevisi ye-HFO.
Ubuchwepheshe beLonnmeter buklanyelwe ngqo ukucwiliswa ngokuphelele futhi buhlinzeka ngokulinganisa okuthembekile, okunembile kakhulu ngisho nangaphansi kwemingcele yokusebenza enzima, kufaka phakathi ukucindezela okufika ku-10,000 psi (700 bar) kanye namazinga okushisa afinyelela ku-180 °C. Inzuzo ebalulekile yokusebenza ekulawuleni inqubo ukuqina kwethuluzi ngokumelene nokuphazamiseka kwemigqa evamile: inzwa yalo enamandla aphezulu ilinganisa i-viscosity ngenkathi ingathinteki ukudlidliza okuphawulekayo kanye nokuguquguquka kwesilinganiso sokugeleza okujwayelekile kwemishini yokuhlanza noma amakamelo enjini yasolwandle. Lokhu kuhlangana kokuqina kanye nokunemba okuphezulu kwenza ukulandelelwa kwezinguquko ezincane kuukulinganiswa kwe-viscosity kawoyela kaphethilolingekhwalithi yedatha evelele, enikeza ukunemba okuphezulu (isb., 3% RM) kanye nokuphindaphindeka okuvelele (isb., ).
Ukuhlanganiswa Nokuthembeka: Ukunciphisa Ukuphazamiseka Kokusebenza
Ama-viscometer e-Lonnmeter ahlinzeka ngokusakazwa kwedatha okusheshayo, okuvumela impendulo yangempela yesikhathi sangempela ebalulekile ekulawulweni okuqhubekayo kwenqubo ekuxubeni, ekufudumaleni kwangaphambilini, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuqapha isimo sempahla. Ukuxhumeka kwabo okujwayelekile kwe-plug-and-play kwenza kube lula ukuhlanganiswa ne-Industrial Control Systems (ICS) ekhona ngemiphumela yedijithali noma ye-analog (4-20mA), okuvumela ukufakwa kabusha okulula nokungabizi kakhulu kuma-heater okudlulisa uwoyela akhona kanye nezinhlelo zokuxuba.
Ngaphandle kokuqapha ikhwalithi kaphethiloli, ubuchwepheshe bubalulekile ekuvikeleni izimpahla zangaphakathi. Izinhlelo ze-Lonnmeter zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuqapheni impilo yokugcoba emishinini ebalulekile, njenge-gas screw compressors, lapho ukwehla okusheshayo kwe-viscosity okubangelwa ukuxutshwa kwegesi noma i-oxidation kungalimaza ngokushesha ama-rotary noma ama-thrust bearings. Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, okuku-inthanethi kusebenza njengohlelo lokuxwayisa kwasekuqaleni, ukuvimbela ukwehluleka okubiza kakhulu kanye nesikhathi sokungasebenzi kwesitshalo.
Ithebula: I-Lonnmeter (Ubuchwepheshe Benduku Edlidlizayo Yomnikazi) Imininingwane Ye-Viscometer Ekwi-inthanethi
| Isici/Isilinganiso | Izinga Lokusebenza Elijwayelekile | Inzuzo Yokusebenza Ekuphathweni Kwamafutha Kaphethiloli |
| Uhlobo Lokulinganisa | Ukuqina Okuguquguqukayo (Pa·s noma cP) | Inikeza isilinganiso esiqondile sokumelana noketshezi okudingekayo ukuze kuhlanganiswe kahle futhi kulawulwe ngaphambi kokushisa. |
| Izinga Lokushisa Lokusebenza | Kufika ku-180 °C | Ukulinganisa okungaphazanyiswa ngaphansi kokucwengisiswa ngokweqile noma izimo zokushisa zangaphambi kokushisa ezinomfutho ophezulu. |
| Ingcindezi Yokusebenza | Kufika ku-10,000 psi (ibha engu-700) | Ivumela ukufakwa ngqo emigqeni yokucindezela okuphezulu ngaphandle kokuguqulwa, okunciphisa ubunzima besistimu. |
| Ukuqina Nokuklama | Izingxenye Ezingahambi, Inzwa Enamandla Aphezulu (isb., Insimbi Engagqwali engu-316L) | Ukunakekelwa okuncane, ukungangenwa ukungcola ngokomzimba, ukudlidliza, kanye nokushintshashintsha kokugeleza. |
| Ukuphindaphinda | Kuhle kakhulu (isb., ) | Inikeza okokufaka okuthembekile okubalulekile ezinhlelweni ezizilawulayo ezivaliwe. |
| Umphumela/Ukuxhumana | 4-20mA / Idijithali / I-Plug-and-Play Ejwayelekile | Ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo kulokho okukhonauhlelo lokulawula ukujiya kwamafutha kaphethiloliingqalasizinda. |
CELA UKUXHUMANA: Lungiselela inqubo yakho yokuxuba namuhla.
