Ukulinganiswa Kokuhlushwa kwe-Urea Ezinqubweni Zokususa I-Urea
Imithetho eqinile yekhwalithi yomoya emhlabeni wonke idinga izikhungo zezimboni ukulawula ukukhishwa kwe-nitrogen oxide (NOx). I-Urea, into ephephile futhi ezinzile, ivame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokususa i-nitration ukunciphisa i-NOx. Isihluthulelo ukulinganisela inani le-urea elifakwe namazinga e-NOx egesini yomoya ukuze kufezwe ukunciphisa i-NOx oyifunayo ngaphandle kwezinkinga.
UUkwehliswa kwe-ammonia kuyabiza, kuyingozi emvelweni, futhi kungakha usawoti onamathelayo njenge-ammonium bisulfate kanye ne-ammonium sulfate, okungcolisa imishini, kunciphisa ukusebenza kahle, futhi kubangele umonakalo.
Izinselele Zokuqapha I-Urea Ku-inthanethi
Ukungcola, Ukwakheka Kwekristalu, Nokugqwala
Ukungcolakuyinkinga eqhubekayo, ikakhulukazi lapho amanzi aqinile esetshenziswa ukuncibilikisa i-urea feedstock eqinile. Amaminerali emanzini aqinile angaphuma esixazululweni, okuholela ekukhuleni nasekuvaleni kwezingxenye ezibalulekile, kufaka phakathi ama-nozzle okujova kanye nezinzwa. Lesi simo singabangela ukulinganiswa okungalungile futhi sidinge ukulungiswa nokuhlanza okuvamile, okubizayo, okunciphisa kakhulu isikhathi sokusebenza kwesistimu.
Ukwakheka kwekristalukungenzeka ukuthi kwenzeke emazingeni okushisa aphansi okukhipha umoya (ngokuvamile ngaphansi kuka-200−250∘C) nasezindaweni lapho isisombululo se-urea sithinta khona izindonga zamapayipi, sakhe ifilimu. Ifilimu ejiyile, evame ukubangelwa ukwanda kwevolumu yokufafaza noma usayizi wamaconsi, yenza kube nzima ngama-molecule e-urea ukuhwamuka ngokuphelele, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwekristalu. Le nqubo iyimbangela eyinhloko yokuvaleka kwenzwa kanye ne-nozzle.
Theimvelo ebhubhisayoIsixazululo se-urea ngokwaso sibeka usongo olukhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezinsimbi. Ukwenziwa kwe-urea kuhilela ukwakheka kwe-ammonium carbamate, okuyindawo ebolile kakhulu engonakalisa ngokushesha izinto ezivamile, okuholela ekwehlulekeni kwemishini okubi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukukhethwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi kumele kube yinto ebaluleke kakhulu, njengoba izingxenye ezijwayelekile zingenziwa zingasebenzi futhi zidinga ukushintshwa njalo kule ndawo enolaka.
Unemibuzo mayelana nokwenza ngcono izinqubo zokukhiqiza？
Ithonya Lezimo Zenqubo Eguquguqukayo Ekulinganisweni
Izakhiwo zomzimba zoketshezi ngokwalo ziletha ubunzima bokulinganisa okunembile. Ubuningi besisombululo samanzi buzwela kakhulu kokubili ekushiseni nasekucindezelweni. Ngisho nokushintshashintsha okuncane kwezinga lokushisa kungathinta kakhulu ukuhlushwa kwe-urea nitrogen okulinganisiwe. Ukufundwa kungahamba kabanzi futhi kunikeze idatha enganembile ohlelweni lokulawula ngaphandle kokunxeshezelwa kwezinga lokushisa okufanele. Lokhu kushintsha kugqamisa isidingo esibalulekile senzwa yokuhlushwa kwe-urea ehlanganisa ukunxeshezelwa kwezinga lokushisa ngesikhathi sangempela ukuze kulungiswe lokhu kushintshashintsha kwenqubo.
Ngokufanayo, izici ezifana nesivinini sokugeleza, i-viscosity, kanye nokuba khona kwamabhamuza omoya aqeqeshwayo kungaletha ukungazinzi okukhulu kokulinganisa namaphutha, okudinga ukwakheka kwenzwa okuqinile ngokwemvelo futhi okuthembekile ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza eziguquguqukayo.
Isixazululo seLonnmeter: Imitha Yokuhlushwa kwe-Urea
Isimiso Sokusebenza Senzwa Yokuhlushwa kwe-Urea
Imitha yokuhlushwa kwe-urea esetshenziswayo iyinzwa eqondile esetshenziswa ekulinganisweni okuqhubekayo kokuhlushwa noma kobuningi bezinto eziwuketshezi ezimbili emapayipini, emathangini nakwezinye izitsha. Imvamisa yokuhlushwa kwefoloko yokuthunga edlidlizayo ishintsha ngokulingana okuqondile nobukhulu nobuningi boketshezi oluzungezile. Inzwa yakhiwe ifoloko elinobunjwa buka-U eliqhutshwa ngogesi ukuze lidlidlize ngemvamisa eqondile yokuhlushwa. Uma le foko icwiliswa oketshezini, ubunzima boketshezi bunezela ebunzini obusebenzayo befoloko, okwenza imvamisa yayo yokudlidliza yehle. Ama-elekthronikhi athuthukisiwe enzwa ahlala eqapha lokhu kushintsha kwemvamisa. Ngokuhlobanisa lokhu kushintsha kwemvamisa nejika lokulinganisa elihleliwe ngaphambilini, ithuluzi linganikeza isilinganiso esinembile nesiphindaphindayo sobuningi boketshezi.
Ukuqamba okusha kwangempela kusekuguqulweni kusuka ekufundeni okuyisisekelo kobuningi kuya enanini lokuhlushwa okusebenzayo. I-Lonnmeter ifinyelela lokhu ngokufaka inzwa yokushisa enembile kakhulu ngqo ku-probe. Le sensor inikeza idatha yokushisa yesikhathi sangempela kuyunithi yokucubungula yangaphakathi, bese isebenzisa i-algorithm eyinkimbinkimbi yokunciphisa izinga lokushisa. Le nqubo ilungisa ukufundwa kobuningi emuva ekushiseni okujwayelekile okubhekiselwe kukho, inciphisa imiphumela yokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa kwenqubo. Leli nani lokunciphisa elilungisiwe libe seliguqulwa libe ukuhlushwa okuthile, njengephesenti ngesisindo. Le nqubo enezinyathelo ezimbili—ukulinganisa impahla ebonakalayo (ubuningi) elandelwa ukuguqulwa ngejika lokulinganisa kanye nokuhlushwa kwezinga lokushisa—kuyisihluthulelo sokunikeza isilinganiso sokuhlushwa kwe-urea esinembile nesithembekile.
Umklamo ongokwemvelo we-tuning fork sensor unikeza inzuzo enkulu endaweni enzima yokususa i-nitration. Njengoba ingenazo izimbobo ezincane, iziteshi ezincane, noma ama-diaphragm abucayi, i-sensor imelana ngokwemvelo nokungcola kanye nokukristala okuhlasela ezinye ubuchwepheshe. Isakhiwo sayo esiqinile nesivulekile sivumela uketshezi ukuthi lugeleze ngokukhululeka eduze kwe-vibrating tines, okunciphisa ithuba lokuthi ama-mineral deposits noma ama-urea crystals aqoqeke futhi anciphise ukulinganiswa.
Yenzelwe Indawo Yokudiliza
Iqaphela izimo ezimbi kakhulu zesitshalo sokukhipha i-nitration, iLonnmeter iklame izinzwa zayo ngesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo phambili. Izingxenye eziyinhloko ezimanzi zale thuluzi zakhiwe ngezinto eziqinile njengensimbi engagqwali engu-316, enikeza izinga eliphezulu lokumelana nokugqwala kwamakhemikhali, ikakhulukazi ezintweni ezinolaka kakhulu njenge-ammonium carbamate. Izinto ezingamelana nokugqwala zandisa isikhathi sokuphila sethuluzi lokulinganisa ukuhlushwa, izikhawu zokugcinwa, kanye nokunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi esingahleliwe.
Inzwa yokushisa ehlanganisiwe kanye nama-algorithms ayinkimbinkimbi akhokhela ukushintshashintsha kokushisa, okuqinisekisa ukufundwa okuzinzile nokuthembekile kungakhathaliseki ukuguquguquka koketshezi lwenqubo.
Ukuhlanganiswa Okungenamthungo Nokuxhumana
Ukukhishwa kwe-loop yamanje ye-Lonnmeter engu-4-20mA kuhlangana kalula nezinhlelo ze-PLC noma ze-DCS ngoba:
- Ukuxhuma okulula:Njengomshini wokudlulisa izintambo ezimbili, usebenzisa izintambo ezimbili kokubili ukudlulisa amandla kanye nesignali, okunciphisa ubunzima.
- Isignali Ethembekile:Isignali engu-4-20mA ayithinteki ekwehleni kwamandla kagesi emabangeni amade futhi imelana nomsindo kagesi kanye nokuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic.
- Ukulinganisa Okuqondile:Kububanzi bokuhlushwa obungu-0-100%, i-4mA ihambelana no-0% kanye no-20mA kuya ku-100%, okuvumela ukukala okuqondile ohlelweni lokulawula.
- Kuphephile Futhi Kuzinzile:Ukufakwa kahle kwesisekelo senzwa kuqinisekisa ukunemba kwesignali kanye nokuphepha kukagesi, okuthuthukisa ukuhambisana nezinhlelo zezimboni.
Izindawo Ezinhle Kakhulu Nezinzuzo Ezisebenzayo
Ukusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kwenzwa yokuhlushwa kwe-urea kungaphezu nje kokulinganisa okunembile; kumayelana nokubekwa ngendlela efanele ukuze kwandiswe inzuzo yokusebenza.
Isigaba Sokulungiselela Nokugcina Isixazululo se-Urea
Iphuzu lokuqala nelinengqondo kakhulu lokufakwa kwenzwa lisekuqaleni kwenqubo yokukhipha i-urea: ukulungiswa kwesisombululo se-urea kanye namathangi okugcina. Inzwa efakwe kulesi sigaba inikeza ukuzivikela okubalulekile komugqa wokuqala wokulawula ikhwalithi, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhambi elilungiselelwe lisezingeni elifanele ngaphambi kokuba lithunyelwe ohlelweni lokulinganisa. Lokhu kulinganisa okusebenzayo kungabona ngokushesha amaphutha avela ekuxubeni okungalungile ngesandla, ukuhlukahluka kokudla kwe-urea okuqinile, noma ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi angcolile, okuvimbela lezi zinkinga ukuthi zingasabalali phansi futhi zibeke engcupheni yonke inqubo. Ukuqapha ukugcwala ethangini lokugcina kunikeza nethuluzi lokuphatha impahla elibalulekile, ukuqinisekisa ukuhlinzekwa okuqhubekayo nokulungile kwe-reagent eklanywe kahle.
Ukuqapha Imigqa Yokujova Nokulinganisa
Ukuze kusebenze ukulawula kwe-closed-loop yangempela, imitha yokuhlushwa kwe-urea kufanele ifakwe emgqeni wokujova ocindezela kakhulu noma wokulinganisa ngaphambi nje kokufaka ama-nozzle okujova. Lokhu kubekwa kunikeza isilinganiso esiqondile nesinembile kakhulu se-reagent engena ohlelweni ngesikhathi sangempela. Le datha ebukhoma iyisisekelo samasu okulawula athuthukile alungisa njalo izinga lokujova ngokusekelwe emazingeni e-flue gas NOx alinganisiwe, izinga lokushisa le-catalyst, kanye neminye imingcele yokusebenza.
Nakuba ezinye izinhlelo zokulawula zinquma izinkinga ezivela ekushintsheni kwengcindezi emgqeni wokulinganisa, ukulinganisa ukuhlushwa okuqondile nokuqhubekayo kunikeza isignali eqinile nethembekile. Ingabona amaphutha epompo ngokuqhubekayo, ukuvinjelwa okuyingxenye, noma isimo sokulinganisa ngokweqile/okungaphansi, okuvumela impendulo esheshayo, ezenzakalelayo ngaphambi kokuba ukusebenza kokunciphisa kwe-NOx kohlelo kube sengozini. Le ndlela isusa isitshalo kusuka kumodeli yokulungisa esabelayo iye kwesebenzayo, ebikezelayo.
Ubudlelwano ne-Ammonia Slip
Inani lenzwa yokuhlushwa kwe-urea lidlula kude iphuzu elilodwa ledatha. Ngokuhlinzeka ngomfudlana wedatha ozinzile nothembekile, inzwa ivumela uhlelo lokulawula ukuphatha ngokunembile izinga lokujova kwe-reagent, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isilinganiso se-stoichiometric esifanele siyagcinwa. Lokhu kunemba kuhlobene ngqo nokunciphisa ukushelela kwe-ammonia. Isenzakalo somthamo oweqile singavinjelwa ngesikhathi sangempela, kuncishiswe kokubili imfucuza ye-reagent kanye nomthelela wemvelo wokukhishwa kwe-ammonia okungaphenduliwe.
Inani Kumakhasimende
- Ukunciphisa Nokuthobela Imithetho ye-NOx Okuthuthukisiwe;
- Ukwehliswa Kokusetshenziswa Kwe-Reagent kanye Nezindleko Zokusebenza
- Ukukhulisa Isikhathi Sokusebenza Nokunciphisa Imithwalo Yokulungisa
