Ukulinganiswa Kokuhlushwa Kwe-Tartaric Acid Ekukhiqizweni Kwewayini
Wukukhiqizwa kwe-inekuye kwabhekwa njengenhlanganisela yobuciko nesayensi.I-asidi ye-tartariciyi-asidi eyinhloko ephilayo etholakala kumagilebhisi, isici esihlukile esibala ingxenye enkulu (42.8–77%) yokuqukethwe kwe-asidi ephilayo iyonke.,i-wine acid enamandla kakhulu ngokusekelwe kuma-dissociation constants ayo (pKa).
Isici esibalulekile se-i-tartaric acidukuqina kwayo okulinganiselwe; ngokungafani namanye ama-asidi, ihlala ingagaywanga kakhulu yimvubelo futhi ayithinteki kakhulu ekuwohlokeni kwemvelo ngesikhathi sewayini.-inqubo yokwenza. Lokhu kusho ukuthiukuhlushwa kwe-tartaric acid ewayininikuyisibonakaliso esiqondile sokuba khona kwayo kokuqala emagilebhisini, okwandiswa yinoma yikuphi ukwengezwa okulandelayo. Ngakho-ke, isilinganiso esinembile ekuqaleni kweinqubo yokukhiqiza iwayiniakwanele; inselele yangempela isekuphatheni ukusebenzisana kwayo okuguquguqukayo njengoba uketshezi lushintsha kusuka ekubeni yi-grape must lube yiwayini eliqediwe.
Indlela i-Tartaric Acid Ebumba Ngayo Iphrofayili Yezinzwa Nokuzinza
Ukuba khona kwei-tartaric acidinikeza iwayini uhlamvu oluhlukile, okufaka isandla ekunambithekeni okuchazwa njengokuqinile, okuqabulayo, nokucwebezelayo. Kodwa-ke,izinzuzo ze-tartaric acidIdlula kakhulu izimfanelo ezilula zokuzwa. Kuyisihluthulelo esibalulekile se-pH yewayini, okubuye kulawule ukumelana kwayo nokonakala kanye nekhono layo lokuguga isikhathi eside.
Impiloi-tartaric acidokuqukethwe kuholela ku-pH ephansi, okudala indawo engangenisi amagciwane ayingozi. Lokhu kuzinza kwamagciwane okungokwemvelo kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba kuthonya inani elidingekayo le-sulfur dioxide (SO2).2) okungeziwe. Amanani e-pH aphansi adinga i-SO encane2ukuze kuvikelwe, inzuzo enkulu kubenzi bewayini abafuna ukunciphisa okuqukethwe yi-sulfite ukuze bavimbele ukunambitheka okungafuneki namaphunga angabangelwa ukwengezwa ngokweqile.
OutkuzaUkuhlushwa kwe-Tartaric Acid Okungaguquguquki
Okweqileukuhlushwa kwe-tartaric acid ewayininikungaholela ekwakhekeni kosawoti ongancibiliki, ngokuvamile i-potassium bitartrate (KHT) kanye ne-calcium tartrate (CaT). Lawa ma-compound angakhukhuleka, akhe amakristalu ahlala phansi kwebhodlela noma anamathele ku-cork. Nakuba la makristalu engenangozi futhi engathinti ukunambitheka kwewayini, ukuba khona kwawo kungaba yinto engakhangi abathengi, kunciphise ikhwalithi kanye nenani lomkhiqizo.
Ukuphakamaukuhlushwa kwe-tartaric acidngaphezu kwebanga elijwayelekile lika-1500 kuya ku-4000 mg/L nakho kungabangela ukunambitheka okungathandeki nokumuncu ngokweqile. Ukwakheka kwama-tartrate akuyona nje inkinga yobuhle; kungumphumela oqondile wokungazinzi kwamakhemikhali okumele kulawulwe. Ibhalansi eyinkimbinkimbi, eshintsha njalo phakathii-tartaric acidkanye namanye ama-ion kulo lonkeinqubo yokukhiqiza iwayinikwenza kube nzima ukulawula ipharamitha ngezindlela zokulinganisa zendabuko, ezingaguquki.
Izindlela Zokulinganisa Zendabuko Nezinselele Zazo
Ukulinganisa ngokunembileukuhlushwa kwe-tartaric acid ewayininisekuyisikhathi eside kuyisici esiyisisekelo, kodwa esiyinselele, sokwenza iwayini. Ukulinganiselwa kwezindlela ezikhona kugcizelela isidingo esicacile sesisombululo esisha sobuchwepheshe esinganikeza idatha yesikhathi sangempela nethembekile ngaphandle kwezingqinamba ezingokwemvelo zezinhlelo zesandla noma ezinye izindlela.
Ukuhlolwa Kwesandla Okungaqhubeki Nokusebenza Kakhulu
Indlela yendabuko evame kakhulu yokuhlola ubumuncu, kanye nokwelulwai-tartaric acid, i-titration eyenziwe ngesandla noma ezenzakalelayo.MUkulinganisa kwe-anual kuyinqubo ethatha isikhathi esiningi futhi edinga umsebenzi omningi.TheIndlela esekelwe ku-batch yenza ukuthi ingafaneleki ngokuphelele ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwezinqubo ezishintshashintshayo njengokubilisa. Ukuze kutholakale imiphumela enembile nephindaphindwayo, le ndlela idinga uchwepheshe onekhono. Ubuthakathaka obuyinhloko bale ndlela ukuthembela kwayo ekwahluleleni okucatshangelwe yingqondo.
Iphuzu lokugcina le-titration livame ukunqunywa ushintsho lombala obonakalayo, isibonelo, ukushintshela kumbala opinki one-phenolphthalein. Lokhu kuncika kokubona kuthambekele ephutheni lomqhubi, lapho abantu abahlukene bengase babize iphuzu lokugcina ngezikhathi ezahlukene, okuholela emiphumeleni engaguquki.
UkulinganiselwaIzilinganiso Ezingaqondile
Abenzi bewayini bavame ukusebenzisa i-pH njengendlela yokulinganisa i-asidi, kodwa akuyona indlela eqondile yokulinganisa i-asidi.ukuhlushwa kwe-tartaric acid. I-pH ilinganisa amandla e-asidi ngokulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwama-ion e-hydrogen amahhala (H+) esixazululweni, kuyilapho i-titratable acidity (TA) ilinganisa inani eliphelele le-asidi ehlukanisiwe ne-undissociated. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwalezi zilinganiso ezimbili abuqondile ngaso sonke isikhathi, njengoba isilinganiso sama-asidi ahlukene—njenge-malic acid kanyei-tartaric acid—kungashintsha, kuthinte i-pH ngaphandle kokushintsha okuhambisanayo ku-TA.
Iphuzu elibalulekile eligcizelela ukungalingani kwalezi zilinganiso ukuthi i-pH yejusi iyisibonakaliso esibi kakhulu se-pH yewayini. Ukuna kwe-KHT, inqubo eyenzeka ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuqala kokubilisa, kubangela ushintsho olungalindelekile nolubalulekile ku-pH. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umenzi wewayini akakwazi nje ukwenza isivivinyo sebhentshi lokubilisa ngaphambi kokubilisa futhi alindele ukuthi imiphumela izohlala kulo lonkeumugqa wokukhiqiza iwayiniLokhu kubashiya benokukhetha okunzima: ukungabi ne-asidi eyanele kanye nokubeka engcupheni ukonakala kwamagciwane, noma ukungabi ne-asidi eyanele kanye nokubeka engcupheni umkhiqizo wokugcina onezimpawu zokuzwa ezingezinhle. Lokhu kungazinzile okuguquguqukayo, okungenakwenzeka ukukulandelela ngokuhlolwa okukodwa kwe-batch, kumelela igebe elikhulu emakhonweni okulinganisa endabuko.
Unemibuzo mayelana nokwenza ngcono izinqubo zokukhiqiza？
Isixazululo Esithuthukisiwe Sokulinganisa Okusemgqeni
Imitha yokuhlushwa kwe-ultrasonic ye-Lonnmeter imelela igxathu elikhulu kwezobuchwepheshe, ihlinzeka ngesisombululo esinembile kakhulu futhi esiqinile ngokwanele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezinzima zesimanje.umugqa wokukhiqiza iwayini.
Ukuvala Igebe: Ukunemba Nokuthembeka Kwesikhathi Sangempela
Inzwa yokuhlushwa kwe-tartaric acid ye-Lonnmeter iyimitha yokuhlushwa ye-ultrasonic eyenzelwe ukulinganisa okusemgqeni, okuqhubekayo, kanye nokungabhubhisi. Ngokungafani nezindlela ezisabelayo, ezisekelwe ku-batch zokuthatha amasampula ngesandla, inikeza idatha esheshayo, evumela abenzi bewayini ukuthi balandele futhi baphendule izinguquko ezishintshayo njengoba zenzeka. Leli khono lingaphezu kokuthola inzuzo elula yokusebenza kahle; limelela ushintsho oluyisisekelo lwendlela yokusebenza. Idatha eqhubekayo, yesikhathi sangempela ingafakwa ohlelweni lokulawula oluzenzakalelayo, okuvumela inqubo evaliwe lapho ukwengezwa kwe-asidi noma amanye amapharamitha kulungiswa ngokuzenzakalelayo ngokusekelwe empendulweni eqondile. Lokhu kuguqula inqubo yokwenza iwayini kusuka kweyokusabela ezinkingeni iye kweyokuzivimbela ngokuphelele.
I-Physics Eyisisekelo Yokulinganisa Ukuhlushwa Kwe-Ultrasonic
Ukuhlushwa kwe-Lonnmeter tartaric acidmi-eterisebenza ngesimiso esiyisisekelo somzimba sokulinganisa ijubane legagasi lomsindo njengoba lisakazeka ngokusebenzisa indawo yoketshezi. Inzwa yakhiwe nge-transmitter kanye ne-receiver ezibekwe ebangeni elinqunyiwe nelaziwayo ukusuka komunye nomunye (d). Ngokulinganisa isikhathi esiqondile esithathayo ukuze isignali ye-ultrasonic ihambe isuka ku-transmitter iye ku-receiver (t), ijubane lomsindo (v) lingabalwa kusetshenziswa ifomula elula: v=d/t.
Isici esibonakalayo esiyisisekelo esenza lokhu kube yindlela yokulinganisa esebenzayo ukuhlangana okuqondile phakathiukuhlushwa kwe-tartaric acid ewayininikanye nesivinini somsindo soketshezi. Ijubane legagasi lomsindo kuketshezi lithonywa yizakhiwo zalo zomzimba, ikakhulukazi ubuningi balo kanye ne-bulk modulus. Lapho okuqinile, njengokuthii-tartaric acid, uma incibilikiswa oketshezini, ishintsha lezi zakhiwo, idale ubudlelwano obuqondile nobungabalwa phakathi kokuhlushwa kanye nesivinini somsindo.
Isici esibalulekile sale ndlela isidingo sokunciphisa izinga lokushisa. Ijubane lomsindo nalo libucayi kakhulu ekushiseni; ushintsho lwe-1°C kuphela lungabangela ushintsho olukhulu ekushiseni. Ukuze kunqotshwe lokhu, ukuhlushwa kwe-tartaric acid ye-Lonnmeterimithaifakwe inzwa yokushisa yangaphakathi eqinile elinganisa izinga lokushisa loketshezi kanyekanye nesivinini somsindo. Uhlelo bese lusebenzisa lo mfudlana wedatha ombaxambili ukulungisa imiphumela yokushisa, luhlukanise i-concentration variable futhi luqinisekise ukulinganisa okunembile kakhulu. Ikhono le-inumugqaukugxilisa ingqondoimithaukuhlinzeka ngemiphumela eminingi ngesikhathi esisodwa—ukugxila, ijubane lomsindo, kanye nokushisa—kuyisici esibalulekile kule nqubo yokubuyisela eyinkimbinkimbi.
Ukuqina Okungokwemvelo Kokuphazamiseka Okuvamile Kokwenza Iwayini
Idizayini yenzwa eqinile nevaliwe yeLonnmeter inikeza ukuqina okungokwemvelo ezimweni ezihlukile nezivame ukuba nezinkinga zendawo yokwenza iwayini. Idivayisi iklanyelwe ngokusobala ukuthi ingathinteki ukudlidliza, umsindo, ukugeleza, umbala, igwebu, noma izinto eziqinile ezilengayo.
Ukuguquguquka nombala:Ngokungafani nezindlela zokulinganisa ze-optical noma ze-colorimetric, eziphazamiseka ngenxa yokungacaci kahle kanye nokushintsha kombala we-grape must kanye newayini elibomvu, isimiso se-acoustic se-Lonnmeter sisebenza ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Lokhu kuxazulula ngqo inkinga ende embonini.
Igwebu kanye negesi:Ngesikhathi senqubo yokubilisa, kukhona inani elikhulu le-foam kanye ne-carbon dioxide encibilikisiwe (CO2), okungaphazamisa ezinye izinhlobo zezinzwa, njengemitha yokugeleza kobuningi. Ubuchwepheshe be-Lonnmeter obukhethekile obusebenzisa imvamisa ephezulu buklanywe ngokukhethekile ukuze bunikeze izilinganiso ezinokwethenjelwa ngisho nasezimweni ze-foam enomoya ophezulu.
Izinto Eziqinile Ezimisiwe Nokukala:Imitha yokulinganisa utshwala iLonnmeter ayinazo izingxenye ezihambayo kanye nomklamo ovalwe ngokuphelele. Lokhu kuyenza imelane kakhulu nokuguguleka okuvela ezintweni eziqinile ezilengisiwe kanye nokuqongelela okuvela ekulinganisweni, okuyizinkinga ezivamile ekwenzeni iwayini ezibeka engcupheni obunye ubuchwepheshe. Umphumela uba izindleko zokulungisa ezincishisiwe kakhulu kanye nokunemba kokulinganisa okuqhubekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Izinzuzo Zokusebenza Nezomnotho Kuyo Yonke Inqubo Yokukhiqiza Iwayini
Ukuhlanganiswa kwenzwa yokuhlushwa kwe-asidi ye-Lonnmeter emgqeni wokukhiqiza iwayini akuyona nje intuthuko yobuchwepheshe; kuwukutshalwa kwezimali okunecebo okuletha izinzuzo ezinkulu zokusebenza kanye nezomnotho.
| Isiteji sokwenza iwayini | Inzuzo Yokusebenza | Inzuzo Yezomnotho | Inzuzo Yekhwalithi |
| Ukucutshungulwa Kwejusi Yamagilebhisi | Iqeda ukuqagela ekufakweni kwe-asidi; inikeza idatha yokulinganisa okunembile | Izindleko zamakhemikhali ezincishisiwe; ukulahleka komkhiqizo okuncishisiwe ngenxa yokonakala | Iphrofayili yezinzwa ethuthukisiwe; ukuqina kwamagciwane okuqinisekisiwe |
| Ukubilisa | Ivumela ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwezinguquko zamakhemikhali ashukumisayo | Kunciphisa isidingo sokwengeza amakhemikhali esigabeni sokugcina | Kugcina ukunambitheka kwemvelo kanye nephunga; kuvimbela ukubiliswa okungapheli |
| Ukuguga Nokuzinza Kwe-Tartrate | Kuthuthukisa isikhathi sokuzinza kokushisa; kuqinisekisa ukuna kwemvula okuphelele | Ukonga amandla okukhulu; abasebenzi abancishisiwe | Kuvimbela ukubola kanye nokulahlekelwa yiphunga; kuqinisekisa ukuzinza kokubona |
| Ukuhlanganisa Nokufaka Amabhodlela Ngaphambi Kokuqala | Kuqinisekisa ukuvumelana phakathi kwezindawo zokuthengisa; kwenza kube lula ukuhambisana nemithethonqubo | Ukulahlekelwa komkhiqizo okuncishisiwe okuvela kumaqoqo angacacisiwe | Ukuqina komkhiqizo wokugcina okuqinisekisiwe ebhodleleni |
Inzwa yokuhlushwa kwe-asidi ye-Lonnmeter iwukutshalwa kwezimali okunesu okunikeza imbuyiselo ecacile nebalulekile ekutshalweni kwezimali. Ngokunciphisa izindleko zabasebenzi, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngokuqiniswa okubandayo, kanye nokunciphisa ukulahleka komkhiqizo ngenxa yokonakala kanye ne-asidi eningi, ubuchwepheshe buthinta ngqo inzuzo yefektri yewayini. Ukwakheka kwayo okungeyona eyenuzi, izingxenye ezingashukumi kanye nezidingo zokunakekelwa okuphansi nakho kunegalelo ezindlekweni eziphansi zobunikazi phakathi nesikhathi sayo sokuphila.
Ihlukile kubuchwepheshe bendabuko nobezinye izindlela ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuqhubekayo, okusemgqeni kanye nokuqina kwayo okungokwemvelo ezicini ezihlukile zewayini, njengombala wayo, ukungcoliswa, kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-foam. Amandla ayo okuxhumana kwedijithali, okuhlanganisa i-Modbus ne-Profibus, avumela ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo endaweni yesimanje, "yefektri yewayini ehlakaniphile" ezenzakalelayo.
Ukushintshela kumodeli eqhutshwa idatha, enikwe amandla yinzwa efana ne-Lonnmeter acid concentration meter, akukhona nje ukusebenza kahle; kuyisinyathelo esihlakaniphile sokunciphisa ubungozi, ukuvikelwa komkhiqizo, kanye nenzuzo yokuncintisana emakethe yomhlaba wonke eyinkimbinkimbi. Xhumana nathi manje ukuze uthuthukise imigqa yakho yokukhiqiza iwayini.
