Ukukhiqizwa kwempuphu yobisi yesimanje kudinga ukulawulwa kwe-viscosity ngesikhathi sangempela ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokomisa kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo wokugcina.Ukulinganiswa kwe-viscosity eqondileivumela ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwemifudlana yobisi kanye nokugxila, isekela ukulungiswa kwenqubo okusheshayo. Le ndlela ithuthukisa ukuhambisana ngokuthola ukushintsha kwe-viscosity okuthinta ukusebenza kokomisa isifutho kanye nekhwalithi yempuphu. Isibonelo, ukusebenzisa ukwelashwa kwe-ultrasound noma i-thermosonication kunganciphisa i-viscosity yokudla, okuvumela ukulayisha okuphezulu kwe-solids kanye nezikhathi zokusebenza ezinde, ngokuhlanza okuncane ngenxa yokuncipha kokwakheka kwe-biofilm. Ukulawula okunjalo kuxhumanisa ngqo ukuzinza kwenqubo nokukhiqiza, impilo yeshelufu, kanye nokwamukelwa kwamakhasimende ekukhiqizweni kwempuphu yobisi.
Ukuqonda Ukukhiqizwa Kwempuphu Yobisi
1.1 Inqubo Yokukhiqizwa Kwempuphu Yobisi: Ukubuka Konke
Ukukhiqizwa kobisi oluyimpuphu kuqala ngokuthola ubisi olungavuthiwe endaweni yokucubungula. Lolu bisi olungavuthiwe luhlolwa ngokuqinile ngekhwalithi, lugxile kumapharamitha afana ne-acidity, okuqukethwe okuqinile, amafutha, kanye namaprotheni. Ubisi lube seludlula ku-pasteurization—isinyathelo sokushisa esiqeda amagciwane futhi sithuthukise ukuphepha. Ngemva kokwenziwa i-pasteurization, ukwenziwa i-homogenization kunciphisa usayizi wama-globules amafutha, kukhuthaze ingxube efanayo futhi kuthuthukiswe ukuzinza kwe-emulsion. Lezi zinyathelo eziyisisekelo zibalulekile ekuphepheni, ukuhambisana, kanye nezakhiwo ze-organoleptic zomkhiqizo wokugcina.
Inqubo Yokukhiqiza Ubisi Oluyimpuphu
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Ngemva kokuhlanganiswa, ubisi luvame ukulinganiswa ukuze kulungiswe okuqukethwe kwamafutha kanye nezinto eziqinile ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezithile zomkhiqizo. Kuma-powder athile akhethekile, amasiko amabhaktheriya angase engezwe kulesi sigaba ukuze kuvuselelwe, okuvumela ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo enezimfanelo ezikhethekile zokudla okunempilo noma zokuzwa.
Isigaba esilandelayo ukuhlushwa kobisi, okuvame ukufezwa ngokuhwamuka kwe-vacuum, okunciphisa okuqukethwe kwamanzi kube cishe ingxenye. Lolu bisi oluqoqiwe manje selulungele inqubo yokomisa ngesifutho, okubalulekile ekudaleni umkhiqizo wokugcina wempuphu. Kuzo zonke lezi zigaba, izindlela zokuhlaziya nezibalo zokulawula ikhwalithi zisetshenziselwa ukuqapha izinguquko zenqubo, ukuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa okuqhubekayo kwempuphu yobisi esezingeni eliphezulu. Lezi zilawuli zingase zihlanganise ukumodela kwe-feedforward stochastic ukunciphisa ukuhlukahluka okubangelwa inqubo nokuphatha kahle ikhwalithi kuzo zonke izigaba.
1.2 Indima Ebalulekile Yokomisa Ubisi Oluyimpuphu Ngokufutha
Ukomisa ngesifutho kuguqula ubisi olumanzi olugxilile lube yimpuphu ecolekile, eqinile eshalofini ngokuphelelwa amanzi ngokushesha. Kulesi sigaba, ukugxila kobisi kuguqulwa kube yi-spray yamaconsi bese kuvezwa emoyeni oshisayo, ngokuvamile emazingeni okushisa alawulwa ngokucophelela afinyelela ku-200°C, yize izinga lokushisa lokukhipha ngokuvamile liphansi kakhulu ukuze kulondolozwe amaprotheni nezinye izinto ezisebenzayo. Amanzi asheshe aphele emaconsi, ashiye izinhlayiya zobisi eziqinile eziqoqwe njengempuphu.
Le nqubo ibalulekile ekugcineni nasekuthuthweni kwempuphu yobisi. Ukomisa ngesifutho kunciphisa okuqukethwe komswakama kube ngaphansi kuka-5%, kunciphisa amathuba okukhula kwamagciwane kanye nokubola. Umphumela uba yimpuphu elula, ethwaleka kalula enokuncibilika okuhle kakhulu kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside eshalofini. Izimo zenqubo—njengokushisa kokungena, ukugeleza komoya, indlela yokwenza i-atomization, kanye nokucindezela kwesifutho—zithinta kakhulu izici zempuphu, kufaka phakathi umbala, ukuncibilika, ukugeleza, kanye nenani lokudla okunempilo. Ukomisa ngesifutho se-pulse (PSD), indlela esanda kuvela, ingathuthukisa izici ezithile, njengokulondolozwa kweprotheni kanye nokuncibilika, uma kuqhathaniswa nokomisa ngesifutho okuvamile.
Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwempuphu nokugcina ukusabela okungathandeki (njengokuba mdaka kweMaillard) kuvinjelwe kudinga ukulawulwa kwenqubo okunembile. Ukulungiswa kwendlela yokwenza i-atomization kanye nezimo zokomisa kusiza ukugcina amaphrofayili emizwa nawokudla okunomsoco afunwayo. Isibonelo, amasu okwenza i-electrostatic atomization anganciphisa ukunambitheka okungafanele noma ukuba mdaka okungafuneki ngokunciphisa ukusabela kobuso.
1.3 Izinhlobo Zobisi Oluyimpuphu Nezimo Zokusetshenziswa Kwalo
Impuphu yobisi iyatholakala ngezindlela eziningana ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo ezahlukene:
Ubisi Oluphelele Oluyimpuphu: Ikhiqizwa ngobisi oluphelele olujwayelekile, igcina okuqukethwe okugcwele kwamafutha. Njengoba inekhalori ephezulu kanye nenani lokudla okunomsoco, ivame ukusetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwamaswidi, ebhikawozi, kanye nasekwenzeni ushokoledi ngenxa yokunambitheka kwayo okukhilimu kanye nokuthungwa.
Ubisi Oluphuphunwe Nge-Skimmed: Yenziwe ngobisi olususwe amafutha amaningi. Ikhethwa kakhulu lapho isetshenziswa ifuna amafutha aphansi, njengezimpahla zokubhaka, iziphuzo zobisi, kanye nesisekelo sobisi oluphinde lwahlanganiswa. Amafutha ayo aphansi asiza ekwandiseni ukuqina kokugcinwa.
Izimpuphu Ezikhethekile Zomisiwe EzifuthweLokhu kufaka phakathi uphudingi kashizi, uphudingi we-lactose, kanye nophudingi oneprotheyini yemifino eyengeziwe noma ama-probiotic. Uphudingi kashizi ubalulekile kushizi ocutshunguliwe, ukudla okulula, kanye nezinongo, kanti uphudingi we-lactose ubalulekile kokubili ekudleni kanye nasekusetshenzisweni kwemithi ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo zokugeleza kanye nokunambitheka okuthambile.
Uhlobo ngalunye lwempuphu luyahluka ngokwakheka kwamaprotheni, amafutha, kanye nama-carbohydrate, okuthonya ukusebenza kwazo ezimweni ezithile zokukhiqiza. Isibonelo, izimpuphu ezinamafutha amaningi ezifakwe amaprotheni zifanelana nokudla kwezemidlalo, kuyilapho izimpuphu ezifakwe amaprotheni amancane zandisa ukusebenza kwemikhiqizo yama-probiotic. Izici ezisebenzayo—njenge-emulsification, i-foam, i-solubility, kanye ne-viscosity—zixhunyaniswe ngqo nomlando wokucubungula futhi zingenziwa ngendlela yokwakheka kanye nokulawula inqubo.
Kunezinselele ekwenzeni ngezifiso izici zomzimba, njengokulawula ukuzwela komswakama noma ubuthakathaka, kodwa ucwaningo oluqhubekayo kubuchwepheshe bokomisa ngokufutha kanye nokwenza ngcono ukwakheka luyaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwempuphu nokwandisa amathuba okusebenzisa.
Ukuqina Kobisi: Izisekelo Nokubaluleka
2.1 Ukuchaza Ukuqina Kokucutshungulwa Kobisi
Ukuqina kobisi kuyisilinganiso sokumelana koketshezi nokugeleza kwalo. Uma kukhulunywa ngemikhiqizo yobisi ewuketshezi, kumelela ukuthi ubisi lujiyile noma luncane kangakanani njengoba luhamba ngamapayipi noma emithonjeni yokucubungula. Ukuqina kobisi akuhlali njalo—kuthintwa ukwakheka kobisi, isimo samaprotheni alo, izinga lokushisa, kanye nosayizi kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwama-globules amafutha.
Ezitshalweni zobisi, i-viscosity iyinkomba yekhwalithi kanye nesichazayo sokucubungula. Isibonelo, i-viscosity ephezulu inganciphisa ukunyakaza kobisi emapayipini, okudinga amandla engeziwe namaphampu anamandla. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-viscosity ephansi kakhulu ingabangela izinselele zokusebenza ekudaleni ama-emulsion azinzile, noma ukungezwani komzimba nomlomo okungekuhle emikhiqizweni efana nokhilimu nama-yogurt. I-viscosity ehambisanayo ibalulekile ezinhlelweni zokugcwalisa ezenzakalelayo, ukulawula ukulingana komkhiqizo, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kabusha kuwo wonke amaqoqo. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, ngesikhathi sangempelaukulinganiswa kwe-viscosity yokudlaUkusebenzisa imitha yokugoba ukudla, noma imitha yokugoba ukudla elungiselelwe ukulawula inqubo eqondile, kubalulekile ekukhiqizeni okuphumelelayo kanye nekhwalithi ehambisanayo
2.2 Indlela Ukuqina Okuthonya Ngayo Inqubo Yokukhiqiza Ubisi Oluyimpuphu
Ukuqina kuyipharamitha ebalulekile ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqizwa kwempuphu yobisi, ikakhulukazi kubuchwepheshe bokomisa ngokufutha kwempuphu yobisi. Enqubweni yokomisa ngokufutha ubisi, ubisi lufakwa kuma-atomite abe amaconsi amancane ngaphambi kokuba lomiswe ngokushesha ngomoya oshisayo. Ukuqina kokudla kobisi kuthinta ngqo isigaba sokufutha ubisi; ukuqina okuphezulu kuholela ekwakhekeni kwamaconsi amakhulu, ukusatshalaliswa okungalingani, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokomisa okuncishisiwe.
Isibonelo, ubisi lwezinkomo olunobuthi obuphezulu uma luxubile, lunganciphisa ukusebenza kwe-atomizer futhi lunciphise okuqukethwe kwezinto eziqinile ku-spray dry milk powder. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ubisi lwekamela—olunobuthi obuphansi ngokwemvelo—lungaxubile kakhulu, okuvumela ukomiswa kwe-spray okuphumelelayo kakhulu ngemikhiqizo ye-powder ephezulu.
Ubuchwepheshe obufana nokomisa nge-pulse combustion drying (PCD) buqaliswe ukuze bubekezelele ukudla okunobuthi obuphezulu, okwandisa amakhono okucubungula ngaphezu kwalokho okomisa ngokufutha okuvamile okukuvumelayo. Umgomo uhlale uwukwenza ngcono ubuthi ngaphambi kokomisa: kuphezulu kakhulu, futhi ingozi yokuvaleka kwe-nozzle, ukomisa okungalingani, kanye nokukhubazeka komkhiqizo iyanda; kuphansi kakhulu, futhi ukufana komkhiqizo kanye nekhwalithi yempuphu kungase kuthinteke.
2.3 Izici Ezithinta Ukuqina Kobisi Ngaphambi Nangesikhathi Sokomisa Isifutho
Kunezici eziningi ezinquma ubungako bobisi njengoba luqhubeka nenqubo yokukhiqiza i-milk powder:
Izinga lokushisa: Ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa ngokuvamile kunciphisa ukujiya kobisi ngokunciphisa amandla aphakathi kwama-molecule. Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lenqubo lenza kube lula ukupompa kanye nokwakheka kwe-atomization kodwa kumele kulawulwe ngokuqinile ukuze kugwenywe ukubola noma ukunambitheka okushisiwe
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Homogenization: Le nqubo yomshini iphula ama-globule amafutha, iwahlakaze ngokulinganayo, futhi iholele ekubunjweni okuzinzile. Ukuhlanganisa ubisi olufana nolwe-homogenizing ngemva kokwelashwa kokushisa kuphakamisa i-viscosity ngenxa yokusebenzisana phakathi kwamaprotheni e-whey aguquliwe kanye nama-casein micelles ku-membrane ye-globule yamafutha ehlelwe kabusha. I-homogenization ephezulu kakhulu yokucindezela (UHPH) ithuthukisa i-viscosity futhi ithuthukise ukuzinza komkhiqizo.
Ukugxila (Okuqukethwe Okuqinile): Njengoba okuqukethwe kwezinto eziqinile kukhuphuka, ne-viscosity iyanda. Ubisi oluqinile oluphezulu luyadingeka ukuze komiswe ngokufutha okungabizi, kodwa kunomkhawulo we-viscosity ephezulu osebenzayo ukuze kugwenywe izinkinga ze-atomizer. Ukwelashwa nge-ultrasound kanye ne-thermosonication kunganciphisa i-viscosity, okuvumela abaprosesa ukuthi bagxilise ubisi emazingeni aphezulu ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukugeleza noma i-atomization.
Ukufakwa Kwezithako Nezithasiselo: Izithasiselo ezifana nempuphu yobisi ekhishwe amafutha zingakhulisa ngamabomu ukugcwala kwezimpawu ezithile zomkhiqizo, njengakuma-yogurt aqinile. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukugcwala kungalawulwa ngokulungisa ukwakheka kwamaprotheni noma ukwengeza iziqinisi kanye nama-emulsifier njengoba kudingeka ngokusetshenziswa kwempuphu okuqondiwe.
Ukulungiswa kwe-pH: Ukwehlisa i-pH, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kokushisa noma ukuhlushwa, kwandisa ukusebenzisana kwamaprotheni kanye nokuhlangana kwawo, okuphakamisa ukujiya. Lesi sici sibalulekile emikhiqizweni yobisi ebilisiwe (njenge-yogurt) futhi sithinta ukuthambekela kokungcola kuma-evaporator kanye nemishini yokomisa.
Ukuqapha njalo nokulawula okunembile kwalezi ziguquguquko—ngokuvamile kusetshenziswaubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa i-viscosity emugqeni—zibalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo, kuncishiswe ukungcola kanye nokuchitha, futhi kuqinisekiswe izakhiwo zokusebenza ezifiselekayo zempuphu yobisi eyomisiwe efuthwayo kanye nemikhiqizo ehlobene nayo.
Amapharamitha Abalulekile Enqubweni Yokomisa Isifutho Sobisi
Izindlela Zokomisa Isifutho kanye Nezigaba Zenqubo
Inqubo yokomisa ubisi ngempuphu yobisi iguqula ubisi oluwuketshezi lube yimpuphu eyomile ngokuhwamuka okulawulwayo kanye nokwakheka kwezinhlayiya. Izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko zichaza lolu shintsho:
Ukwenziwa kwe-atomization:Ukudla kobisi oluwuketshezi kuhlukaniswa kube amaconsi amancane kusetshenziswa amadivayisi anjengezimbobo zokufutha ezijikelezayo ezisebenzisa umfutho, ama-atomizer ediski ejikelezayo, noma imishini yokufutha nge-pulse. Izimbobo zokufutha ezijikelezayo zidala ububanzi obukhulu bamaconsi, kuyilapho ama-disk ajikelezayo enikeza ukulawula okuqinile futhi afanelekela ukukhiqizwa okukhulu. Ukomisa nge-pulse spray kusebenzisa amandla ajikelezisiwe, kukhiqiza amaconsi anokusatshalaliswa kosayizi omncane kanye nokwenza ngcono ukuncibilika kwempuphu.
Ukusebenza Kwegumbi Lokomisa:Amaconsi afakwe i-atom angena ekamelweni elifudumele elinomoya olawulwayo. Ukudluliselwa kokushisa okusheshayo kubangela ukuthi amanzi aphele kusuka kuconsi ngalinye, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwezinhlayiya ezomile. Izinga lokushisa lomoya wokungena, izinga lokushisa lokudla, kanye nezinga lokugeleza kulawula amazinga okomisa, ukususwa komswakama, kanye nezici zempuphu iyonke.
Ukuqoqwa Kwempuphu:Izinhlayiya ezomile eziphuma emoyeni ziphuma ekamelweni, lapho iziphepho noma izihlungi zihlukanisa khona i-powder emoyeni wokukhipha umoya. Ukuhlukaniswa okusebenzayo kulondoloza isivuno kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo, kuqinisekisa ukugeleza kwe-powder futhi kunciphisa ukulahleka.
Ubuchwepheshe besimanje bokomisa ngokufutha buvumela ukulungiswa kwalezi zigaba ukukhiqiza impuphu enezimfanelo eziqondiwe—usayizi wezinhlayiya, ukwakheka kobuso, kanye nokuqukethwe komswakama—okubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni okuphansi kanye nokuqina kokugcina.
Umthelela Wokuqina Kokudla Ekubunjweni Kwamaconsi kanye Ne-Kinetics Yokomisa
Ukuqina kobisi, okunqunywa kakhulu yizinto eziqinile kanye nokuhlushwa kwamaprotheni, kuyisici esibalulekile ekomiseni isifutho. Kuthinta i-atomization, usayizi wezinhlayiya, kanye nesakhiwo sempuphu:
Ukwakheka Kwamaconsi:Ukudla okuphezulu kwe-viscosity—okuvame ukutholakala ngokwandisa i-sodium caseinate noma i-total solids—kukhiqiza amaconsi amancane ngesikhathi se-atomization. Lokhu, nakho, kuphumela ezinhlayiyeni zempuphu ezicolekile. I-viscosity yokudla ithinta nokusebenzisana kwamaconsi namaconsi, okulawula ukuhlangana ngokusebenzisa amandla okushayisana.
I-Kinetics Yokomisa:Ukuqina okuphezulu kunciphisa ukuhwamuka kwamanzi, kushintsha amazinga okomisa kanye nokudluliselwa kokushisa ngaphakathi kwamaconsi. Ngenkathi kugcina amafutha amaningi akhululekile, ukuqina ngokweqile kungaphazamisa ukoma okuphumelelayo futhi kwandise ingozi yokukhubazeka kwempuphu njengokuhlangana noma ukuqhekeka kwezinhlayiya emazingeni okushisa angafanele. Isibonelo, ukomisa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kakhulu okungena ngokudla okuqinile kungabangela ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi okuholela ezinhlayiyeni eziqhekekile kanye nesakhiwo esibucayi.
Isakhiwo sempuphu:Ukulawulwa kokuqina kubalulekile ekufezeni isimo sempuphu esifiselekayo. Amaconsi amancane athanda impuphu ezincane nezifanayo; noma kunjalo, ukuqina ngokweqile kungabangela ubunzima bokucubungula, okuthinta ukugeleza kanye nokusebenza kabusha. Ukulinganisela okuqukethwe kwezinto eziqinile ukulawula ukuqina ngakho-ke kubalulekile enkambisweni yokukhiqiza impuphu yobisi.
Ukunemba kokunamathela kokudla, okufezwa kusetshenziswa amamitha okunamathela kokudla noma ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa ukunamathela okuqondile, kuholela osayizi bamaconsi ahambisanayo kanye nezakhiwo zempuphu ezinokwethenjelwa. Ukulinganiswa kokunamathela emikhiqizweni yobisi kwenza kube lula ukulawula inqubo ngesikhathi sangempela, kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.
Izinga Lokushisa, Izinga Lokugeleza, kanye Nemiphumela Yokubola Komkhiqizo Wokugcina
Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinga lokushisa, izinga lokugeleza kokudla, kanye nemingcele ye-atomization kubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono ikhwalithi yempuphu yobisi:
Izinga Lokushisa Lomoya Lokungena:Amazinga okushisa aphezulu asheshisa ukoma futhi anciphise umswakama wokugcina, kodwa angakha uqweqwe oluqinile ezinhlayiyeni ezinciphisa ukuhlakazeka. Ukuhlakazeka okukhulu kwempuphu kuvame ukutholakala emazingeni okushisa aphakathi nendawo okungena kuwo (isb., 110 °C). Amazinga okushisa aphezulu abeka engcupheni ukusatshalaliswa kabusha kwamafutha noma ukuwohloka kwezakhamzimba.
Izinga Lokushisa Lokuphakelayo:Ukufudumala kokudla kuthinta ukusebenza kahle kwe-viscosity kanye ne-atomization. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu okuphakelayo ngokuvamile anciphisa i-viscosity, okwenza kube lula i-atomization, okungathuthukisa ukufana kwempuphu.
Izinga Lokugeleza Kokudla:Amazinga aphezulu okugeleza akhiqiza amaconsi amakhulu futhi andise usayizi wezinhlayiya; amazinga aphansi okugeleza akhiqiza impuphu ezincane nezomile. Lobu budlelwano bubalulekile ekulawuleni ubuningi kanye nokuncibilika. Amamodeli asebenzayo abonisa ukuthi izinga eliphansi lokugeleza elihlanganiswe nokushisa okuphezulu kokungena lihlinzeka njalo impuphu enokuqukethwe okuncishisiwe komswakama kanye nesakhiwo sezinhlayiya ezincane.
Imiphumela ye-Atomization:Ukukhethwa kwe-nozzle noma i-atomizer kanye nemingcele yokusebenza (ingcindezi, ukuhamba komoya, usayizi we-orifice) kunquma ukusatshalaliswa kosayizi wamaconsi, okuthinta ngqo isimo sempuphu kanye nokuziphatha kokwakhiwa kabusha. Isibonelo, ama-atomizer e-rotary disk agcina ukulawula usayizi okuqinile, okuthuthukisa ukuncibilika kanye nokugeleza komkhiqizo wokugcina.
Ukusebenzisana kwepharamitha:
- Ukunciphisa i-viscosity ngokushisa okuphezulu kokudla, noma ukukhetha i-atomizer efanele amazinga athile e-viscosity, kuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwamaconsi kanye nokuvumelana kwempuphu.
- Ukulungisa izinga lokugeleza kanye nengcindezi ye-atomization ngokuvumelana nezilungiselelo zokushisa kuvumela ikhwalithi yempuphu yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethekile, njengempuphu yobisi ene-phenylalanine ephansi noma eqinisiwe.
Ukuthuthukisa amapharamitha kusetshenziswa indlela yokuphendula ebusweni kanye nomodeli wezibalo kwenza abakhiqizi bakwazi ukulungisa inqubo yokomisa i-milk powder. Ukuqapha okuqondile—kusetshenziswa amamitha okuthambekela kokudla noma izinzwa ezithuthukisiwe—kwenza ukulungiswa kwesikhathi sangempela kube nokwenzeka, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi i-milk powders esezingeni eliphezulu, egeleza ngokukhululekile ifanele izidingo ezahlukene zemakethe.
Funda Ngamamitha Obuningi Engeziwe
Amamitha Ezinqubo Engeziwe Ku-inthanethi
Ukuhlanganisa Ukulinganiswa Kokunamathela Okuqondile Enqubweni Yokukhiqizwa Kobisi Oluyimpuphu
4.1Izinzuzo Zokulinganisa Okuqondile (Okuqhubekayo) Uma kuqhathaniswa Nokungaxhunyiwe Ku-inthanethi (Iqembu)
Ukulinganisa i-inline viscosity kunikeza izikhathi zokuphendula ezisheshayo kunezindlela zendabuko ezingaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi noma zelebhu. Lokhu kufundwa kwesikhathi sangempela kuvumela ukulungiswa okusheshayo kwamapharamitha enqubo, njengokuhlushwa kokudla noma izinga lokushisa, okubalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwempuphu yobisi. Ukuzwa i-inline kunciphisa ukusampula ngesandla, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa amaphutha omuntu kanye nengozi yokungcola. Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kubamba kangcono ukuhlukahluka kwenqubo yesikhashana okuvame ukuphuthelwa ukusampula kwe-batch, okuholela ekuqondeni okuthuthukisiwe kwenqubo kanye nokulawula okuthuthukisiwe phezu komswakama womkhiqizo, ukuthungwa, kanye nokuvumelana.
Izinzuzo ezengeziwe zifaka:
- Ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo okuthuthukisiwe: Izikhathi zokulinda ezincishisiwe zemiphumela yelabhorethri zisho ukuthi imiphumela iphezulu.
- Ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo engcono: Impendulo esheshayo igcina ubisi olufakwe ubisi olufakwe esifuthweni lungaphakathi kobubanzi obufunayo.
- Ukungenelela komqhubi okuncishisiwe: Ukuzenzakalela kunciphisa ukuthembela ekuhlolweni kanye nokungenelela okwenziwa ngesandla.
- Iphutha lokusampula elincishisiwe: Amadivayisi angaphakathi aqopha inqubo yangempela, hhayi nje isithombe esisodwa sebhetshi.
4.2Ubuchwepheshe Bokuzwa Okuvamile: Ukukhetha Imitha Yokugoba Kokudla
Ubuchwepheshe obuthathu obuyinhloko bokulinganisa i-viscosity obungaphakathi buvame kakhulu ekucutshungulweni kobisi lwanamuhla:
Amamitha Okugoba Okujikelezayo: Sebenzisa izingxenye ezijikelezayo ukuze unqume ukumelana noketshezi. Kuyasebenza kodwa kusengozini yokungcola futhi kudinga ukulungiswa njalo, ikakhulukazi ngobisi oluqinile oluqukethe uketshezi oluningi.
UkudlidlizaAmamitha Okugoba: Linganisa izinguquko ze-viscosity ngokuqapha umphumela wokudambisa koketshezi lwenqubo kwisakhi esidlidlizayo. I-viscometer yokudla ye-Lonnmeter, isibonelo, inikeza ukuzwela okuphezulu—izimfanelo ezibalulekile zenqubo yokukhiqiza i-milk powder.
Izinzwa Ezisekelwe Kumsindo/Kumsindo: Lawa madivayisi angathintani adlulisa amaza e-ultrasonic ngokusebenzisa uketshezi lwenqubo futhi alinganisa ukuthi i-viscosity ithonya kanjani ukusabalala kwamaza. Ahlinzeka ngedatha yesikhathi sangempela, awathambekele kakhulu ekungcoleni, futhi afaneleka kakhulu ekusebenzeni kokuhlanza endaweni (CIP) kanye nokuhlanza endaweni (SIP).
Izici ezibalulekile zemitha yokukala ukuchama kokudla okuhle ekukhiqizeni i-milk powder:
- Umklamo ohlanzekile: 316 insimbi engagqwali kanye nezinto zokuhlanza ukuvimbela ukungcola.
- Amandla e-CIP/SIP: Isekela ukuhlanza noma ukubulala amagciwane okuqinile ngaphandle kokususwa kwenzwa.
- Ukuqina: Imelana nemifudlana enamandla okujiya, umsindo wezitshalo, ukudlidliza, izinhlayiya ezithambile, amabhamuza, kanye namakhemikhali okuhlanza.
- Izingxenye ezincane ezihambayo: Kunciphisa ukulungiswa, kuthuthukisa ukuthembeka, futhi kunciphisa ukuzulazula kokulinganisa.
- Ubudlelwano obuqinile nemiphumela yelebhu: Kuqinisekisa ukuzethemba ekulawulweni kwenqubo kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi yempuphu yobisi.
4.3Izindlela Ezinhle Zokufaka Nokugcina Amamitha Okugoba Okungaphakathi
Ukufakwa
- Beka izinzwa ezindaweni ezixubene kahle zomugqa wenqubo, kude nezindawo ezifile noma izindawo ezinegwebu eliphezulu.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi imitha iyatholakala ukuze ihlolwe kodwa ivikelwe ekulimaleni okubonakalayo.
- Beka izinzwa eziqondile emifudlaneni emele ukuze kulinganiswe kahle ukuchacha kobisi.
Imijikelezo Yokuhlanza
- Khetha amamitha ahambisana ngokugcwele nezinhlelo ze-CIP/SIP ezenzakalelayo, njengoba imikhiqizo yobisi eqinile ivame ukwakheka ebusweni.
- Hlela ukuhlolwa kanye nokuhlanza njalo kwendawo yezinzwa, ikakhulukazi kubuchwepheshe bokomisa ngokufutha ubisi oluyimpuphu.
Amashejuli Okulinganisa
- Landela izinqubo zokulinganisa zasefekthri futhi ugcine izitifiketi zokulinganisa ezinemininingwane.
- Qinisekisa ukulinganiswa ensimini njengoba kunconywa—amanye amadivayisi asekela ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kusetshenziswa amazinga alandelekayo e-NIST, noma avumele ukukala okusenqubo.
- Sebenzisa ukubuyekezwa njalo kokusebenza kwemitha uma kuqhathaniswa nokulinganiswa kwe-viscosity yelabhorethri emikhiqizweni yobisi ukuqinisekisa ukunemba okuqhubekayo.
Ukugcinwa Okuvamile
- Khetha ukwakhiwa okuqinile, okuhlanganisiwe ukuze kumelane nokuhlanzwa okunzima nokusebenza okuqhubekayo.
- Hlola njalo ukuthi kukhona yini ukwakheka, ukungcola, noma ukuguguleka komshini.
- Sebenzisa izinhlelo zokuxilonga ezakhelwe ngaphakathi noma zokuxhuma ngokushesha, lapho zitholakala khona, ukuze kube lula ukulungisa ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kokukhiqiza.
Izitshalo ezilandela le mikhuba emihle kakhulu zithola isikhathi esiphezulu sokusebenza, ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo eqhubekayo, kanye nokungenelela okuncishisiwe ngesandla kuyo yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza i-milk powder.
Ukuthuthukisa Ikhwalithi Yomkhiqizo Ngokusebenzisa Ukuphathwa Kokugoba
Ithonya Lokuqina Kwezakhiwo Zempuphu: Usayizi Wezinhlayiya, Ukugeleza, kanye Nokuncibilika
Ukuqina komzimba kubumba ngqo izici zomzimba zobisi oluyimpuphu ngesikhathi sokomiswa ngesifutho. Ukuqina okuphezulu kokudla kuholela ekwakhekeni kwezinhlayiya ezinkulu. Isibonelo, ukwanda kwamazinga e-sucrose ekudleni kobisi kuholela kusayizi wezinhlayiya ezinkulu kanye nobuningi bezinhlayiya eziphezulu, lapho ama-agglomerate amakhulu kakhulu akheka lapho i-sucrose ifinyelela ku-10% w/w. Lokhu kudala ukusatshalaliswa kosayizi wezinhlayiya okuvamile, okungathinta ukuphathwa kanye nokufaneleka kokusetshenziswa komthengi.
Ukugeleza kwamanzi kuncike kakhulu kusayizi wezinhlayiya kanye nokuthamba kokuphakelayo. Njengoba ukuthamba kokuphakelayo kukhuphuka, nosayizi wezinhlayiya ojwayelekile uyakhula, okwandisa ukuthamba kokuphakelayo. Izinto ezithuthukisa ukugeleza kwamanzi ezihlanzekile njengempuphu yobisi ethambile kakhulu zithembele ekuthamba kokuphakelayo okulawulwayo ukuze zithuthukise izici zokugeleza, ezibalulekile ekupakisheni nasekucutshungulweni okungezansi.
Ukuncibilika kuyahlukahluka ngemigomo yenqubo efana nokushisa komoya wokungena, okuthonywa yi-viscosity yokudla. Izimpushana zobisi ezicutshungulwa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu (isb., 200°C vs 150°C) zibonisa amanani okuncibilika afinyelela ku-99.98%. Ukuphathwa kahle kwe-viscosity yokudla, kuhlanganiswe nokulawulwa kwepharamitha yokomisa ngokufutha, kuveza i-milk powder encibilika kahle futhi igcine izimfanelo zomzimba ezifiselekayo.
Ubudlelwano Phakathi Kokufundwa Kokugoba kanye Nezimfanelo Zokuzwa/Zokudla
Ukulinganiswa okunembile kwe-viscosity kuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpushana zobisi zihlangabezana njalo nezindinganiso zekhwalithi yezinzwa nezokudla okunempilo. I-viscosity yokudla, enqunywa amazinga amaprotheni, amafutha, kanye nesitashi noma eguquliwe yizithako ezengeziwe, ithinta umuzwa womlomo, ukunambitheka, kanye nokugcinwa kwezakhamzimba kuyo yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza i-milk powder.
Ukwehla kokuthamba kokudla, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kubangelwa ukonakala noma ushintsho lokwakheka, kungaholela ekuzizweni komlomo okungakhangi kahle kanye nokwehla kwenani lokudla okunomsoco. Isibonelo, ukugcinwa kweziphuzo ezisekelwe kubisi emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kunciphisa ukuthamba, okuholela ekuzizweni komlomo okungekhilimu kangako kanye nokuncipha kokwamukelwa kwabathengi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukwenza ngcono izinhlelo zokudla zezinkomo ezincelisayo (isib., ezinceliswa emadlelweni) kushintsha amaphrofayili e-fatty acid yobisi futhi kugcina ukuthamba okuphezulu, okuqinisa impilo yokugcina kanye nokunambitheka.
Ubisi olungewona olwenkomo njengobisi lwekamela ludinga ukuphathwa kwe-viscosity okulungiselelwe ngesikhathi sokomiswa nge-spray ukuze kube ne-atomization engcono kakhulu. Ukwanda kwe-total solids kuphakamisa i-viscosity, kukhuthaza ukwakheka okungcono kwe-powder nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhiwo zokuzwa nezondlo zigcinwa ukuze zisetshenziswe ngendlela ekhethekile.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi enqubweni yokukhiqiza i-milk powder kuvela ekulinganisweni kwe-viscosity okunembile nokufika ngesikhathi. Ukusetshenziswa kwamamitha e-viscosity angaphakathi kwe-Lonnmeter ekudleni kuholela ekuthuthukisweni komuzwa womlomo kanye nokugcinwa okuphezulu kokudla ngokunika amandla ukulungiswa kwesikhathi sangempela ngesikhathi sokomiswa kwe-spray.
Ukuqinisekisa Ukungaguquguquki Kobisi Olomisiwe Olufuthwe Ngokusebenzisa Ukulawula Inqubo
Izinhlelo zokulawula inqubo yezibalo (i-SPC) ezihlanganiswe nokulinganisa okuqhubekayo kwe-viscosity ziyisihluthulelo sokufinyelela ukuhambisana kwempuphu yobisi eyomisiwe efuthwayo. I-Instruments acoustic flowmeter kanye nama-viscometer angaphakathi ahlinzeka ngedatha ye-viscosity yesikhathi sangempela, okuvumela ukulungiswa kwenqubo ngokushesha.
Amathuluzi e-SPC afana namashadi okulawula kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-Pareto asebenzisa le datha ye-viscosity ukuhlonza amaphutha, ukuzinzisa inqubo yokomisa i-milk powder, kanye nokwandisa umthamo. Isibonelo, ukuqapha i-viscosity kanye nokuqukethwe kwezinto eziqinile ku-concentrate yamaprotheni obisi kuqinisekisa ukulawulwa okunembile kokomisa i-spray, okuholela ekunciphiseni amaphutha kanye nokufana komkhiqizo okuthuthukisiwe.
Izinhlaka zokulawula ikhwalithi yobisi lwempuphu yobisi zanamuhla (isb., i-HACCP) ziya ngokuya zifaka i-SPC eqhutshwa ukufundwa kwe-viscosity okuqondile ukuze kugcinwe amazinga omkhiqizo kuyo yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza impuphu yobisi. Le ndlela eqhutshwa idatha iqinisekisa ukuthi ukugeleza, ukuncibilika, kanye nezimpawu zokuzwa zihlala ngaphakathi kwezidingo eziqondiwe, zivikele ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ekukhiqizweni kobisi olunomthamo omkhulu.
Ukuxazulula Izinkinga Nokwenza Inqubo Isebenze Ngokusebenzisa Idatha Yokugoba
Izinselele Ezivamile Ezihlobene Nokuqina Kwe-Milk Spray Enqubweni Yokomisa
Ukuqina kuyisisekelo sokulawula inqubo yokukhiqiza i-milk powder. Ukuqina okuphezulu kokudla kuphazamisa ukwakheka kwe-atomization, okwenza kube nzima ukukhiqiza amaconsi anobukhulu obufanayo. Lokhu kungaholela ezinkingeni eziningana zenqubo:
Ukuvaleka kwama-Nozzles:Uma i-viscosity iphakama ngaphezu kwenhloso, ukudla kuyahluleka ukudlula kuma-nozzle okufutha. Lokhu kuphumela ekuvinjweni okuvamile, okunciphisa ukusebenza kahle futhi kwandise isikhathi sokungasebenzi. Ukufaka izihlungi zokususa izinhlayiya ezinkulu nokusebenzisa ama-nozzle anezindlela ezinkulu ezikhululekile kusiza ukunciphisa ingozi yokuvaleka. Izinqubo zokuhlanza nokulungisa njalo ziyadingeka, ikakhulukazi lapho kucutshungulwa ukudla okugxilile noma lokho okuntuleka kwe-homogenization efanele noma ama-emulsifying agents.
Ikhwalithi Yempuphu Engaguquguquki:Ukwehluka kokuthamba kokudla kushintsha ukwakheka kwamaconsi ngesikhathi se-atomization. Ukuthamba okuphezulu kuvame ukukhiqiza izinhlayiya ezinkulu zempuphu—lezi zingabonisa umbala omnyama kanye nokuhlakazeka okungasebenzi kahle. Ngenkathi izinhlayiya ezinkulu zingathuthukisa ukugeleza kanye nokumanzi, ukuhlangana ngokweqile kungathinta ukuncibilika kanye nokubukeka kwempuphu.
Ukwenziwa Kabi Kwe-Atomization:Ukwakheka kwe-atom okuzinzile kudinga ukuthi i-viscosity ihlale ngaphakathi kwemingcele efanele. Ukuphambuka kungabangela ubukhulu bamaconsi angalingani, kunciphisa isivuno sempuphu yobisi eyomisiwe efuthwayo efanayo. Ukucindezela kwe-atomization kanye nokwakheka kwe-nozzle kuthinta ngqo ikhono lokuphatha le miphumela.
Izinkinga Zokuncibilika:Ukuchachamba kokudla kuthonya indlela okuqinile kobisi okuhlangana ngayo ngesikhathi sokomiswa. Ubisi olungafakwanga atom ngokwanele lungaholela ekuncibilikeni kabi kwempuphu, okuthinta ukusebenza komkhiqizo wokugcina, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusetshenziswe ubisi ngokushesha noma kuhlanganiswe kabusha.
Ukusebenzisa Idatha Ephakathi Kokulungiswa Kwenqubo Esheshayo
Ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela ngokusebenzisa amamitha okuthambekela angaphakathi kuguqula ukuxazulula izinkinga ekomiseni ubisi oluyimpuphu. Ama-viscometer angaphakathi, njenge-Hydramotion XL7 kanye nama-acoustic flowmeter, anikeza ukufundwa kwe-viscometer yokudla okuqhubekayo nokunembile njengoba ubisi lugeleza emgqeni wokukhiqiza. Lokhu kwenza opharetha bakwazi ukwenza ngokushesha uma i-viscometer idlula ngale kwemingcele ebekiwe.
Ukungenelela Okusebenzayo:Ukufundwa okuqondile kunikeza impendulo esheshayo. Uma kutholakala i-anomaly—ake sithi, ukwanda kwe-viscosity okungase kuqale ngaphambi kokuvalwa kwe-nozzle—abaqhubi bangalungisa ingcindezi ye-atomization noma bashintshe ukwakheka kokudla ngaphambi kokuba inkinga ikhule. Amapulatifomu okulawula azenzakalelayo asebenzisa lokhu kufundwa ukulungisa iziguquguquko zokusebenza ngaphandle kokungenelela ngesandla, ukunciphisa iphutha lomuntu nokwandisa isivuno.
Ukuthuthukisa Inqubo:Idatha eqhubekayo ivumela ukulawulwa okunamandla kokuhlushwa kokudla, ukuhlanganiswa, kanye nokushisa, okuqinisekisa ikhwalithi kanye nokusebenza kahle. Isibonelo, uma kutholakala ukwenyuka kwe-viscosity ngemuva kokucebisa amaprotheni, izimo zenqubo zingashintshwa ukuze kubuyiselwe ikhwalithi ye-atomization futhi kuqinisekiswe izakhiwo ezihambisanayo zempuphu yobisi eyomisiwe.
Ukulahlekelwa kanye nokuncishiswa kwesikhathi sokuphumula:Ukulungiswa okusheshayo okusekelwa idatha eqondile kuholela ekuhlulekeni okuncane kweqoqo, ukumosheka okuncane, kanye nemijikelezo yokuhlanza emifushane. Izinhlelo eziqondile nazo zisekela ukuqinisekiswa kwenqubo ejwayelekile, inzuzo yokuthobela imithetho kanye nezidingo zokuphepha kokudla.
Izincomo Zokuhamba Komsebenzi Zokukhiqizwa Kwempuphu Yobisi Ephumelelayo
Ukuhlanganiswa okuphumelelayo kwedatha ye-viscosity enkambisweni yokukhiqizwa kwempuphu yobisi kudinga ukwakheka komsebenzi ohambisanayo. Izincomo ezibalulekile zifaka:
Ukuhlanganiswa Kwedatha Okuzenzakalelayo:Amamitha okugoba kokudla kufanele axhumane ngqo nezinhlelo zokulawula ezisatshalaliswa (i-DCS) kanye namadeshibhodi omqhubi. Isibonelo, izitshalo ezisebenzisa ama-viscometer e-Hydramotion online noma ama-FLOWave acoustic flowmeters zithola ukuqapha inqubo okungenamthungo, ngesikhathi sangempela, ziqala ngokuzenzakalelayo izenzo zokulungisa lapho imingcele idlula.
Amadeshibhodi Omqhubi:Amadeshibhodi asebenziseka kalula abonisa ukulinganiswa kwamanje kwe-viscosity emikhiqizweni yobisi kanye nezinye izinto ezibalulekile eziguquguqukayo zenqubo (izinto eziqinile zokudla, izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi ye-atomization). Lokhu kuvumela ukuhumusha okusheshayo nokungenelela lapho kuvela izinkinga, kusekela ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo yokukhiqiza i-milk powder.
Izinqubo Zokusebenza Ezijwayelekile (ama-SOP):Ama-SOP kumele achaze ngokucacile ukuhlolwa kwe-viscosity ekucutshungulweni kobisi, ahlanganise ukulinganiswa, ukugcinwa, kanye nezinqubo zokuphendula zokulungisa. Imibhalo kufanele ichaze indlela yokulinganisa i-viscosity ekudleni okuqondile, ububanzi obufanele bobuchwepheshe obuhlukene bokomisa ngokufutha kobisi oluyimpuphu, kanye nezinhlelo zokuphendula zokuphambuka. Ukuhlanganiswa namarekhodi e-batch kagesi kuqinisekisa ukulandelelwa nokuqinisekiswa kwenqubo.
Amapulatifomu Okuzenzakalela Kwenqubo:Izinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe (njenge-SpiraTec) zisebenzisa idatha ye-viscosity ukuze zithuthukise ukomiswa kwempuphu yobisi. Amapulatifomu okwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela ahlinzeka ngokukhiqiza okuqhubekayo, andise isivuno, futhi alondoloze ikhwalithi ngokungenelela okuncane komqhubi. Ama-algorithms okulawula inqubo yesikhathi sangempela alungisa izinga lokuphakelwa, izinga lokushisa lomshini wokomisa, kanye nezilungiselelo ze-atomizer ngokusekelwe ku-viscosity yokufundwa kobisi.
Ukuhlolwa Kwekhwalithi Okuqhubekayo:Ukulinganisa i-viscosity emikhiqizweni yobisi kusiza ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yempuphu yobisi, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke inqwaba ihlangabezana nemininingwane yomkhiqizo ngobukhulu bezinhlayiya, ukuncibilika, kanye nokugeleza. Izexwayiso ezizenzakalelayo kanye nezinhlelo zokubika zenza kube lula ukuxazulula izinkinga futhi kuvimbele ukwehliswa kwentengo ebizayo yomkhiqizo.
Ngamafuphi, ukuhlanganisa idatha ye-viscosity evela kumamitha e-viscosity yokudla kanye nezinzwa eziqondile ekusebenzeni kwenqubo kanye nokusebenza komsebenzi kubalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwempuphu yobisi eyomisiwe efuthwayo ephumelelayo nesezingeni eliphezulu. Le ndlela isekela ukutholakala kwezinselele kusenesikhathi, impendulo esheshayo, kanye nokwenza ngcono inqubo okuqhubekayo kuyo yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza impuphu yobisi.
Ukuqinisekiswa Kwekhwalithi Nokucatshangelwa Kokuphepha Kokudla
7.1 Indima Yokuqapha Ukugoba Ekuhambisaneni Nemithetho
Ukuqapha i-inline viscosity kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlangabezaneni nemithethonqubo yokuphepha kokudla kuyo yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza i-milk powder. Ngokuhlanganisa amamitha e-discosity okudla ngqo ekusebenzeni okuqhubekayo njengobuchwepheshe bokomisa ngokufutha i-milk powder, abakhiqizi bathola izilinganiso ezizenzakalelayo, ezithembekile, nezilandelekayo zamapharamitha afana ne-viscosity yobisi, izinto eziqinile eziphelele, kanye nokuqukethwe kwamaprotheni. Ubuchwepheshe besimanje bokuhlaziya izinqubo (i-PAT), kufaka phakathi ama-flowmeter e-inline acoustic, buvumela ukubhalwa kwamadokhumenti ngesikhathi sangempela kuwo wonke amaqoqo okukhiqiza, okuhlinzeka ngomzila wedijithali olungele ukuhlolwa oxhumene nezimo zenqubo nezinqumo.
Izinzuzo ezibalulekile zokuthobela imithetho zifaka:
- Ukutholwa ngokushesha kokuphambuka kwenqubo, okusekela isinyathelo sokulungisa ngaphambi kokuba kukhiqizwe umkhiqizo ongahambisani nemithetho.
- Ukufakwa kwedatha okuzenzakalelayo kokulinganiswa kwe-viscosity emikhiqizweni yobisi, okwanelisa izidingo zamadokhumenti zemithetho efana ne-HACCP kanye ne-FSMA.
- Ukulandelela okuthuthukisiwe, okuvumela abakhiqizi ukuthi balandelele futhi baqinisekise ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yobisi oluyimpuphu emuva esikhathini kanye nesimo esithile sokwenziwa.
Ngokuvumela ukuhlaziywa kwedatha ngokweqoqo, ukuqapha i-viscosity okuqondile kwenza kube lula ukuphendula ekuphambukeni kwekhwalithi futhi kusekela ukuhlonza imbangela yenkinga ngokushesha, kuthuthukisa ukuthobela imithetho kanye nokuphathwa kokukhumbula.
7.2 Ukuhlanza, Ukulinganisa, kanye Nokuhlanzeka Kwamamitha Okugoba Kokudla
Amamitha okunamathela angaphakathi asetshenziswa enqubweni yokukhiqizwa kobisi oluyimpuphu adinga ukuhlanzwa nokulinganiswa okuqinile ukuze kuvikelwe ukuthembeka kokulinganisa kanye nokuphepha komkhiqizo. Izinqubo zokuhlanza endaweni (CIP) zijwayelekile: imishini ihlanzwa ngaphandle kokuyiqaqa, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa imijikelezo ezenzakalelayo ehlanganisa ukuhlanza kusengaphambili, ukuhlanza insipho, amanzi ashisayo kanye nokuhlanza nge-asidi, kanye nokuhlanza kokugcina emazingeni okushisa athile kanye namazinga okugeleza.
Izindlela ezinhle kakhulu ze-CIP kubisi zifaka:
- Ukuhlela imijikelezo yokuhlanza ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni kwezingozi okubhalwe phansi kanye neziqondiso zomkhiqizi, ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa okuhlanganisiwe phakathi kwamaqoqo enqubo yokomisa ubisi.
- Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlanza ngokusebenzisa amasampula e-microbiological njalo, ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zokuphepha kokudla njenge-3-A Sanitary Standards.
Ukulinganisa kubaluleke ngokulinganayo. Amamitha okunonga ukudla athembekile adinga ukulinganisa okuvamile, okubhalwe phansi ngokuhambisana nezindinganiso zemboni:
- Ukulinganisa kufanele kwenziwe ngezikhathi ezibekiwe kanye nangemva kwezinguquko zenqubo ukuze kugcinwe ukunemba kokuhlolwa kwe-viscosity ekucutshungulweni kobisi.
- Imiklamo yezinzwa zokuhlanzeka, emfushane futhi ehlanzwa kalula, isiza ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuhlanzekile kanye nokulinganiswa okufanele.
- Amarekhodi okulinganisa kumele agcinwe futhi atholakale ukuze kuhlolwe imithetho ukuze kuboniswe ukuthobela imithetho okuqhubekayo.
Imijikelezo yokulungisa ejwayelekile kufanele ihlanganise nokuhlolwa nokufakwa esikhundleni kwezivalo nama-gasket, ukuvimbela ukwakheka okungathinta ukufundwa kwe-viscosity noma ukwethula izifo. Ukuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo zokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela kunganikeza ukutholwa kwamaphutha kanye nesaziso esisheshayo sokungahambi kahle, kusize ukuphathwa kwengozi yenqubo yokukhiqiza i-milk powder. Ukuhlanganiswa kokuhlanza okuhleliwe, ukulinganiswa, kanye nomklamo ohlanzekile kuyisisekelo sokukhiqizwa kwe-spray powder yobisi ehambisanayo nehambisanayo kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-spray powder yobisi eyomisiwe esezingeni eliphezulu.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa)
1. Kubaluleke ngani ukuba khona kwe-viscosity enqubweni yokukhiqiza i-milk powder?
Ukuqina kulawula indlela ubisi oluziphatha ngayo phakathi nezinyathelo ezibalulekile njengokuhwamuka kanye nokomisa ngesifutho. Kunquma ukuthi ubisi lugeleza kalula kangakanani futhi lu-atomize, okuthonya ngqo usayizi wezinhlayiya, ukuncibilika, kanye nokuhlakazeka kwempuphu yokugcina. Ukulawulwa okungekuhle kwe-viscosity kungabangela izici zempuphu ezingalingani, isivuno esinciphile, kanye nekhwalithi engaguquki. Isibonelo, i-viscosity ephezulu yandisa ukuhlangana kwama-spray dryers, okuthinta isakhiwo sempuphu kanye nokuncibilika. Ukuphathwa kwe-viscosity okufanele kuholela ezimfanelweni ezithembekile zokuzwa nezokudla okunempilo kumpuphu yobisi oyomisiwe ngesifutho.
2. Imitha yokukala ubungako bokudla iyithuthukisa kanjani inqubo yokomisa ubisi olufuthwayo?
Imitha yokuthambeka kokudla efana nemitha yokuthambeka kwe-acoustic eqondile noma i-viscometer ejikelezayo inikeza ukulinganiswa okuqhubekayo, kwesikhathi sangempela kwe-viscometer ekusakazweni kwenqubo. Lokhu kwenza impendulo esheshayo kanye nokulungiswa okuzenzakalelayo kokwakheka kokudla noma izilungiselelo zenqubo. Uma i-viscosite yobisi ihluka kusuka kokufanele, uhlelo lungalungisa ngokushesha ukuhlushwa kwezinto eziqinile noma izinga lokushisa, lugcine izakhiwo zempuphu ezihambisanayo futhi lunciphise imfucuza yezinto ezibonakalayo. Izifundo zezitshalo ezibukhoma zibonisa ukuthi amadivayisi anjalo anciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwesivuno futhi athuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwamandla ngesikhathi sokomiswa kwesifutho sempuphu yobisi.
3. Yiziphi izinto ezithinta ukujiya kobisi ngaphambi kokomiswa ngesifutho?
Izici eziningana zibumba ubuthi bokudla kobisi:
- Izinga lokushisa:Amazinga okushisa aphezulu obisi anciphisa ukujiya; izimo zokwenziwa kwe-pasteurization zithinta isakhiwo samaprotheni kanye nokuqina.
- Amaprotheni kanye nokuhlushwa kwamafutha:Amaprotheni aphezulu kanye nokuqukethwe okuphelele kwezinto eziqinile kwandisa i-viscosity, okuholela ezicini ze-emulsion ezivelele kakhulu.
- Izinga Lokubumbana:Ukuhlanganiswa okunamandla kakhulu kunciphisa usayizi wama-globule amafutha, kuzinzisa ama-emulsion futhi kwehlise i-viscosity.
- Izithako ezengeziwe:Izinto eziqinisayo, ushukela, noma amaminerali ezengeziwe zingashintsha i-viscosity kanye nokuziphatha kwe-emulsion.
Ukulawula lezi ziguquguquko kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukudla kobisi kuyageleza futhi ku-atomizes ngendlela ebikezelwayo ku-spray dryer, kusekela ukwakheka kwempuphu ezinzile ngezimfanelo zomzimba ezifunwayo.
4. Yiziphi izinhlobo zamamitha okugoba angaphakathi afaneleka kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kobisi?
Amamitha e-viscosity angaphakathi afanele kakhulu ekukhiqizeni i-milk powder yile:
- Ama-Viscometer ajikelezayo:Kala ngqo ukumelana nokujikeleza; okuqinile, okufanelekela amazinga ahlukahlukene obisi. Kumelwe kube ngokwezinga lokudla futhi kuhambisana nezinqubo zokuhlanza endaweni (CIP) noma zokuhlanza endaweni (SIP).
- Ama-Viscometer Ashukumisayo (Acoustic):Sebenzisa amaza okudlidliza noma omsindo ukuze uthole izinguquko ze-viscosity; kusebenza kahle ekulandeleni uketshezi olungeyona i-Newtonian njengokugxila kwamaprotheni obisi.
- Ama-flowmeter e-Coriolis:Thola i-viscosity kusuka kudatha yokuguquguquka nokugeleza; kuboniswe ukuthi kunikeza izilinganiso ezithembekile neziqhubekayo emifudlaneni yobisi.
Ama-viscometer aku-inthanethi asezingeni lezimboni aklanyelwe ukumelana ne-CIP/SIP futhi akhelwe ukumelana nokungcola kobisi abalulekile ekusetshenzisweni okunembile nokulungele ukulungiswa ezinqubweni zokomisa ubisi oluyimpuphu.
5. Kungani ukulinganisa i-inline viscosity kungcono kunezindlela ezingaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi zokukhiqiza i-milk powder?
Ukulinganisa i-viscosity eqondile kunikeza ukuqapha okungaphazanyiswa, ngesikhathi sangempela, kuyilapho izindlela ezingaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi zincike ekuhlolweni kwesampula okwenziwa ngesandla njalo kanye nokuhlaziywa kwelebhu. Indlela yesikhathi sangempela ivumela impendulo esheshayo ekushintsheni kwenqubo, iqinisekisa ikhwalithi eqhubekayo futhi ivimbele ukwakheka kwamaqoqo angahambisani. Iphinde inciphise isikhathi sokungasebenzi, inciphise imfucuza yezinsiza, futhi isekele ukulawulwa kwenqubo okuhle kakhulu—izinzuzo ezibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kokukhiqiza i-milk powder kanye nokuhambisana nayo. Izindlela ze-inline zihambisana nokunemba kwelabhorethri kodwa ziletha inani eliphakeme lezimboni, ikakhulukazi ezinqubweni eziqhubekayo njengokomisa nge-spray.
