Ukulinganisa ubuningi besisombululo se-zinc okunembile kubalulekile ekulawuleni ikhwalithi yebhavu. Kuqinisa ukuqapha kwebhavu le-zinc ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nokwenza ngcono inqubo eqhubekayo. Amasu okulinganisa endaweni ethile—kufaka phakathi amamitha obuningi be-ultrasonic ebhavu le-zinc, njenge-Lonnmeter—avumela opharetha ukuthi baqaphe ubuningi njengoba kwenzeka i-plating, balungise okufakwayo futhi bavimbele amaphutha ngaphambi kokuba aphazamise imiphumela yokumboza. Le ndlela isekela kokubili ukwenza ngcono inqubo yebhavu le-galvanized kanye nokuhambisana nomthetho, ukunciphisa imfucuza kanye nokunciphisa izingxenye ezinqatshiwe.
Ukubaluleka Kobuningi Besixazululo Se-Zinc Ekugayweni Kwebhati Le-Electrolytic
Ubuningi besixazululo ebhavini le-zinc elisebenzisa i-galvanizing bubumba ngqo imiphumela ebalulekile yenqubo ye-zinc plating, okuthinta ukufana kwe-plating, ukunamathela, kanye nokumelana nokugqwala. I-electrolytic bath galvanizing incike ku-electrolyte ewuketshezi ecebile ngama-zinc ion. Ukuhlushwa—noma ubuningi—kwala ma-ion kunquma ukuthi i-zinc ifakwa kanjani ezindaweni zensimbi futhi, ekugcineni, ikhwalithi yokuvikelwa efinyelelwayo.
Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ubuningi bebhavu obufanele buvumela ukujiya kokugqoka okuhambisanayo kanye nokufana kobuso. Isibonelo, ukwandisa ukugcwala kwe-zinc ion kungakhiqiza izendlalelo ezijiyile uma isikhathi sokufaka kanye nobuningi bamanje kuphathwa ngokucophelela. Kodwa-ke, ubuningi besisombululo esiningi bukhulisa ukujiya, kunciphisa ukuhamba kwe-ion kanye nokuthuthwa kwesisindo. Lokhu kunganciphisa ukufakwa kwe-zinc futhi kukhuthaze ukwakheka kwe-zinc okunezimbobo, okungajwayelekile—imiphumela elimaza kokubili ukunamathela kanye nokumelana nokugqwala. Izifundo ngamabhavu e-zinc sulfate ane-acid zithole ukuthi ubuningi obuphezulu kakhulu, ikakhulukazi obuhlanganiswe nobuningi bamanje, bubangela ukusabela okungekuhle njengokuvela kwe-hydrogen kanye nokulingana okungekuhle. Umphumela: ukwehla kobuqotho bemishini kanye nokwehla kwezakhiwo zokuvikela zebhavu.
Ibhati le-Zinc elicwebezelayo
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Ukugcina ubuningi be-zinc bath obufanele kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwenqubo kanye nekhwalithi yokubeka. Ukwakheka kwe-electrolyte okulawulwa kahle kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwamanje okuphezulu—ukulinganisa ukuthi amandla kagesi angakanani empeleni aguqulwa abe ukufakwa kwe-zinc okuwusizo uma kuqhathaniswa namandla alahleka ngenxa yokusabela okungekuhle. Ubuningi obukhulu bungase bubonakale buwusizo ngokombono, njengoba buthatha indawo yama-ion amaningi e-zinc ukuze kubekwe. Nokho, empeleni, ubuningi obukhulu buvame ukwethula ukungasebenzi kahle okubangelwa yi-viscosity kanye nokungazinzi kwenqubo. Njengoba ubuningi bamanje bukhula, ukusebenza kahle kokubeka kungase kuthuthuke ekuqaleni kodwa ekugcineni kuzoncipha noma kwehle uma ubuningi besisombululo buphezulu kakhulu.
Ngamafuphi, ukulinganiswa kobuningi besisombululo se-zinc kuyisisekelo sokuphathwa kwebhavu lokugeza elisebenzisa i-electrolytic galvanizing. Kuqhuba ukufana, ukunamathela, kanye nokumelana nokugqwala, okuthinta cishe zonke izici zekhwalithi kanye nokusebenza kahle kwebhavu lokugeza elisebenzisa i-zinc. Kuphela ngokuqapha ngokucophelela nangokunembile kanye nokulawula ubuningi bebhavu lapho izakhiwo zokuvikela ezifiselekayo nezemishini ze-galvaning coating zingafinyelelwa khona ngokuthembekile.
Imiqondo Eyinhloko Yokulinganisa Esimweni Esimweni Esimweni Sokugaywa Kwebhati Le-Zinc
Ukulinganiswa kwendawo lapho kukhulunywa nge-zinc bath galvanizing kubhekisela ekunqunyweni okuqondile nokuqhubekayo kwezimo zokugeza—njengobuningi besisombululo se-zinc—ngaphandle kwesidingo sokukhishwa kwesampula noma ukuhlaziywa kwelabhorethri. Le ndlela isebenza enhliziyweni yenqubo yokufaka i-zinc, inikeza ukuqonda okubukhoma nokunembile endaweni yokufaka i-zinc bath galvanizing, ngisho naphakathi kwemingcele yokusebenza edingekayo ejwayelekile yomugqa we-electrolytic bath galvanizing.
Umehluko Ekuhlolweni Kwesampula Okuvamile kanye Nokuhlaziywa Kwelabhorethri
Izindlela zendabuko zokulawula ikhwalithi yebhavu yokumboza nge-zinc zihilela ukukhipha amasampula okugeza njalo bese uwahlaziya emalabhorethri angekho ku-inthanethi. Le ndlela inemikhawulo ebalulekile:
- Ukuthatha amasampula kungaphazamisa izimo zokugeza futhi kufake ingozi yokungcola.
- Ukuhlaziywa kwelebhu kuhamba kancane, ngokuvamile kudinga amahora ukuze kutholakale imiphumela, okubambezela ukulungiswa kwenqubo.
- Izikhawu zokulinganisa ezingavamile zingavumela ukuzulazula kwekhwalithi phakathi kwamasampula.
- Ukulungiswa kwezinga lokushisa kanye namaphutha abantu kuyinkinga eqhubekayo.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, amasu okulinganisa ubuningi besisombululo se-zinc esiku-situ—njenge-ultrasonic density meter ye-zinc bath kanye nokulinganisa kwe-ultrasonic kwama-plating baths—kuqeda ukubambezeleka kokuthatha amasampula kanye nesidingo sokulungiswa kwezinga lokushisa. Idatha iqoqwa njalo, ngqo ebhavini le-zinc elisebenzisa i-galvanizing, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukunemba kokulinganisa kuhambisana nezimo zebhafini zesikhathi sangempela. Lo mehluko uhumusha ushintsho lwesinyathelo ekuphenduleni nasekumeleleni kwebhafini, ukugwema izingibe zezindlela ezisekelwe elabhorethri.
Izinzuzo Zokulinganisa Esimweni Esithile
Ukuqapha ibhavu le-zinc ngesikhathi sangempela kuthuthukisa ukwenziwa ngcono kwenqubo yokugeza ngokuletha idatha esebenzisekayo ngaphandle kokulibala. Abasebenzi bangalandelela ngokushesha ukuhlushwa kwe-zinc, amazinga okungcola, noma ukungcola kuyo yonke inqubo yokufaka i-zinc. Ukuqina kwebhavu lokugeza nge-galvanizing kuthuthuka kakhulu ngenxa yezici ezilandelayo:
- Ukuhlonza ngokushesha izimo ezingacacisiwe kwenza kube nokulungiswa kwenqubo okusheshayo—ukuvimbela ukumbozwa okunephutha kanye nokungcola okweqile.
- Izindlela zokuphendula ezizenzakalelayo zigcina ukulawulwa kwamakhemikhali; isibonelo, okubonisa ngqo ukuthi umjikelezo wokuhlanza uphela nini ngokusekelwe ezimpawini zokuguqulwa kokungcola.
- Ukuqapha njalo kuqinisekisa ukuthi ubuningi besisombululo se-zinc bugcinwa ngaphakathi kwemingcele efanele, kuncishiswe i-reagent kanye nokulahlwa kwamandla futhi kukhuthaze ukusebenza okusimeme.
Ama-analyzer ahlanganisiwe kanye namasu okulinganisa ubuningi be-in situ anciphisa isidingo sokungenelela komqhubi. Lokhu kuzenzakalela kusekela umkhiqizo oqhubekayo, ukuphepha okuphezulu, kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi okuqinile endaweni yokugeza ye-zinc egayiwe.
Ukuqhubekela ekulinganisweni kwesikhathi sangempela, okuzenzakalelayo endaweni ethile—okuyisisekelo sokulawulwa kwekhwalithi yebhavu yesimanje yokugaya igesi—kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukugcina ikhwalithi ephezulu yokumboza, ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa komkhiqizo, kanye nokwenza lula ukuphathwa kwamakhemikhali okugeza—izinzuzo ezingatholakali ngezinqubo ezijwayelekile zokuthatha amasampula kanye nokuhlaziya zelebhu.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi anjengeLonnmeter kuyisibonelo salolu shintsho, okuvumela ukulinganiswa okuqondile nokuthembekile kwe-ultrasonic density kwama-plating baths ngenkathi kulethwa idatha ebalulekile yokwenza ngcono inqubo yokugeza ye-zinc ubusuku nemini.
Ukwakheka Kwebhati Lokugoqa Izinki kanye Neziguquguquko Zenqubo
Amabhati okufaka i-zinc plating akhiwe phezu kwamakhemikhali amathathu ayinhloko: i-acidic (njenge-zinc sulfate noma i-chloride), i-alkaline (izinhlelo ze-zincate ezingenayo i-cyanide), kanye nezixazululo ezisekelwe ku-cyanide. I-chemistry ngayinye inezinzuzo ezihlukile kanye nezinselele zokusebenza.
Amabhati e-Acid Zinc
Amabhati ane-asidi, ikakhulukazi asekelwe ku-sulfate noma ku-chloride, aletha ukusebenza kahle kwamanje okuphezulu kanye nama-deposit amahle, acwebezelayo. Ahamba phambili ezindaweni ezizenzakalelayo, ezikhipha amandla amaningi, akhiqiza ukugqoka okufanayo ezindaweni zensimbi. Noma kunjalo, ukulawula ngokuqinile ukugcwala kwe-zinc kanye ne-asidi kubalulekile; i-zinc enganele iholela ekugqokeni okuqinile, okunezimbobo, kuyilapho amazinga aphezulu ephuza ukufakwa, okonakalisa ukuma kokusanhlamvu, futhi onakalise ukumelana nokugqwala. Izithasiselo—kufaka phakathi ama-brighteners nama-levelers—zibalulekile lapha ekugcineni ukucwebezela kanye nokuma kwendawo. Ukuvela kwe-hydrogen okusheshayo kuyiphutha, kudinga ukushukunyiswa ngokucophelela kanye nokuphathwa kokushisa.
Amabhati e-Alkaline Zinc (Awanayo i-Cyanide)
Izixazululo ze-alkaline zincate zinikeza ama-deposit amaningi athambile futhi anamathelayo. Lawa ma-bath ayaziswa ngenxa yemvelo yawo yokuthethelela mayelana nokungcola kwe-substrate kanye namandla awo aphezulu okuphonsa—okubalulekile lapho kufakwa ama-geometri ayinkimbinkimbi. Ukukhanya kanye nokuhluzwa kokusanhlamvu kuncike ezithasiselweni eziphilayo ezihlelwe ngokucophelela: abathwali, ama-booster, ama-brighteners, nama-leveler asebenza ngokubambisana ekuqedeni okufana nesibuko. Ama-booster concentrations aphansi aveza ama-deposits akhanyayo kakhulu, kuyilapho ibhalansi engafanele ingabangela izendlalelo ezibuthakathaka, ezingalingani. Ukushintsha kwezemvelo kanye nokulawula kwenza ama-bath alkaline angenayo i-cyanide abe yindinganiso, kodwa adinga ukulawulwa okuqaphile kokuhlushwa okungeziwe kanye ne-pH.
Amabhati eZinc Asekelwe ku-Cyanide
Naphezu kokuthandwa nokuphumelela emlandweni ezindaweni eziqinile, amabhati e-cyanide ashintshwa ngokushesha ngenxa yobuthi obukhulu kanye nokukhathazeka ngokulawula. Lawa mabhati akhiqiza ukugqoka okufanayo, okunamathelayo futhi ahamba phambili ekumbozeni izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa izingozi ezinkulu zempilo kanye nokuthobela imithetho zinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwawo. Ucwaningo lwanamuhla kanye nemikhuba yezimboni ziya ngokuya zikhetha izinhlelo ze-asidi noma ze-alkaline ezinobunjiniyela obuthuthukisiwe bokwengeza.
Izinguquko Zenqubo Ebucayi
Ukuthola imiphumela emihle kakhulu enkambisweni yokufakwa kwe-zinc kuncike ekulawulweni okuqinile kwezinguquko eziningana ezibalulekile zenqubo:
- Ukugxila:Ukuhlushwa kwe-ion ye-zinc kuthinta ngqo ukujiya kwengubo, isimo sayo, kanye nokunamathela. Emabhafini ane-asidi, ukuhlushwa okungafanele kungaletha ubulukhuni noma amazinga okwehlisa ukufakwa. Ezinhlelweni ze-alkaline, ukuhlushwa kuthinta kokubili ukufana kanye nokukhanya. Ukulinganiswa kobuningi besisombululo se-zinc ngesikhathi sangempela kusetshenziswa amamitha obuningi be-ultrasonic—njenge-Lonnmeter—kunikeza ukuqapha ibhavu endaweni yokugcina ukuhlushwa okuqondiwe kanye nekhwalithi yebhavu. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukubona ukuphambuka okusheshayo futhi kuthuthukise ukuphindaphindeka kwenqubo.
- Izinga lokushisa:Ukusebenza ngaphakathi kwamazinga okushisa angu-40–50°C kuletha ukumbozwa okubushelelezi, okulinganayo; amazinga okushisa aphezulu asheshisa ukukhula kwezinhlamvu kodwa abeka engcupheni ama-deposit aqinile, aqhekekayo kanye nokumelana nokugqwala okunciphile. Ukusebenza kahle kwe-electroplating kuhlala ngaphezu kuka-95% kububanzi obujwayelekile, kodwa ikhwalithi yobuso iyashintsha kakhulu ngokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa.
- Ukukhathazeka:Ukushukunyiswa kwebhati kuqinisekisa ukufana kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwama-ion okuhambisanayo. Ukushukunyiswa okuphumelelayo kuvimbela ukuthambekela okungabangela amaphutha noma ukungalingani kwama-deposit.
- Izithasiselo:Ingxube kanye nesilinganiso sezithako eziphilayo—izithwali, izikhuthazi, izibani, ama-leveler—kuyinto ebalulekile ekufezeni isakhiwo sokusanhlamvu esifiselekayo, ukunamathela, kanye nezindawo ezicwebezelayo. Amasu afana nokuhlaziywa kwe-voltammetric avumela ukulinganiswa okunembile kwamazinga okwengezwa endaweni, okusekela ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yokugeza okune-galvanizing kanye nemiphumela elungiselelwe.
Ithonya Lokwakheka Kwe-Electrolyte Ezicini Zokumboza
Ukwakheka kwe-electrolyte kunquma ngokuyisisekelo ukujiya kwesembozo, ukulingana kobuso, ukunamathela, kanye nekhwalithi enqubweni ye-zinc plating. Amabhati ane-asidi akhiqiza izendlalelo ezicwebezelayo nezicwebezelayo lapho ukuhlushwa kanye nezengezo kulinganiswa. Amabhati ane-alkaline anikeza izembozo eziqinile nezithambile, ngokusabalalisa ukujiya okuphezulu ezimeni ezingezona ezijwayelekile. Amabhati e-Cyanide—nakuba manje engavamile—anikeza ukunamathela okuphezulu kanye nokumbozwa, ikakhulukazi kumajiyometri ayinselele.
Izinhlelo zokwengeza ezenzelwe ikhemistri yokugeza zilawula usayizi wezinhlamvu kanye nokukhanya kwediphozithi. Isibonelo, ezindlini zokugeza ezine-alkaline, ukulungisa ukubambisana kwe-carrier-booster kuqondisa isakhiwo sezinhlamvu kanye nokukhanya kwendawo. Izindlini zokugeza ezigxilile kakhulu noma izithasiselo ezingaphathwanga kahle zingaholela ekumbozweni okuminyene kodwa okubuthakathaka noma okungalingani, okunciphisa ukumelana nokugqwala futhi kubeke engcupheni izakhiwo zemishini.
Ukuhambisana Kobuningi Nokwakheka Kwebhavu Nemiphumela Yokugoqa
Ubuningi bebhavu le-zinc plating bubonisa kokubili ukuhlushwa kwe-electrolyte kanye nokuqukethwe okungeziwe. Ubuningi bebhavu budlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni izici zomzimba nezisebenzayo ze-zinc coatings egciniwe. Ubukhulu bebhavu buvela njengoba ubuningi bebhavu bukhula, kodwa ubuningi obukhulu bunganciphisa ukulingana kobuso futhi bubangele amaphutha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuqapha ibhavu le-zinc ngesikhathi sangempela—ikakhulukazi kusetshenziswa ukulinganisa kwe-ultrasonic kwamabhavu e-plating—kusekela ukulungiswa kwenqubo okusheshayo, kugcina ubuningi bebhavu bungaphakathi kwebanga elifanele lobukhulu be-coat target kanye nokunamathela.
Izifundo zokuhlola zibonisa ukuthi ubukhulu bokumboza okulinganisiwe buvame ukwedlula amamodeli emfundiso, okubonisa ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi kokumboza okungabonakali ngokugcwele yizibalo zendabuko. Ukuhlolwa kokuklama kwe-factorial kuqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili ubuningi kanye nokuhlanganiswa (isb., okuqukethwe kwe-nickel) kuphakamisa kakhulu ukusebenza kokumboza, ukuqina, kanye nezimfanelo zobuhle. Ukuzivumelanisa namasu okulinganisa endaweni, njengalawo anikezwe yi-Lonnmeter, kuqinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kanye nokwenza ngcono inqubo ekuphathweni kwe-galvanizing zinc bath.
Izindlela Zokulinganisa Ubuningi Bendawo
Ukulinganisa ngqo ubuningi besisombululo se-zinc ngaphakathi kwebhavu le-zinc elisebenzisa i-galvanizing kubalulekile ekulawuleni inqubo yesikhathi sangempela, okuvumela ikhemistri yokugeza engcono kakhulu kanye nokulawula ikhwalithi yokugeza elisebenzisa i-galvanizing. Amasu okulinganisa asendaweni ayathandwa ukuze kuqashwe njalo futhi kuphendulwe ngokushesha ezinguqukweni zesimo sokugeza ngesikhathi senqubo yokufaka i-zinc.
Imitha Yobuningi be-Ultrasonic ye-Lonnmeter: Izimiso, Ukusebenza, kanye Nokunemba
Imitha yobuningi be-ultrasonic ye-Lonnmeter ilinganisa ubuningi bebhavu le-zinc ngokudlulisa amagagasi e-ultrasonic kulo lonke ikhambi. Isikhathi sokundiza kanye nokuncipha kwala ma-pulse kuhlobene nobuningi boketshezi. Ukulinganiswa kwe-Ultrasonic kwamabhavu okufaka i-plating kuncike ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwejubane lomsindo kanye nobuningi obuphakathi, okuvumela ukufundwa okunembile, okungangenisi.
Ukusebenza kuhilela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-transducer okufakwe ngqo ebhavini, kuthathwe isampula njalo yesisombululo se-zinc. Ama-algorithms athuthukisiwe emitha ahumusha izilinganiso ze-ultrasonic pulse zibe amanani obuningi. Incazelo yezilinganiso ze-in situ idinga ukuqoqwa kwedatha ngesikhathi sangempela endaweni ngaphandle kokususa amasampula. Amadivayisi e-Lonnmeter anikeza:
- Ukuqapha i-zinc bath ngesikhathi sangempela, okunikeza impendulo eqhubekayo yokwenza ngcono inqubo.
- Amakhono okuphendula ngokushesha; ukufundwa kobuningi kubuyekezwa ngemizuzwana.
- Ukunemba ngokuvamile kungaphakathi kuka-±0.001 g/cm³ kwezixazululo ze-zinc, yize ukunemba kokugcina kuncike ekulinganisweni kanye nezimo zokugeza.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela ezenziwe ngesandla, imitha yobuningi be-ultrasonic yokugeza i-zinc inciphisa umsebenzi kanye nengozi yokungcola noma iphutha lesampula, isekela imiphumela eqhubekayo ye-electrolytic bath galvanizing.
Ukuqhathanisa Nezindlela Ezingaqondile: I-Hydrometer, Ukuhoxiswa Kwesampula, I-Titration
Ukulinganisa ubuningi besisombululo se-zinc esingaqondile sendabuko kuhilela ukusampula ngokomzimba kanye nokuhlaziywa kwelebhu okulandelayo. Imikhuba evamile ihlanganisa:
- I-Hydrometer: Isebenzisa izimiso zokuntanta ukuze ilinganisele ubuningi. Ukuzwela kunqunyelwe ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa kanye nokungcola kwebhavu. Ukufundwa akuqhubeki futhi kungase kushiyeke ngemuva kwezinguquko zangempela zebhavu.
- Ukuhoxiswa kwesampula: Kuhilela ukukhipha uketshezi lokugeza, ngokuvamile kulandelwa ukuhlaziywa kwesisindo noma ivolumu. Ingozi isampula ukungcola futhi ingathinteka ukuhlukaniswa kwe-zinc bath galvanizing tank.
- Ukulinganisa: Ilinganisa ukugcwala kwe-zinc ion kodwa ayivezi ngqo ubuningi besisombululo. Idinga ama-reagent amakhemikhali, opharetha abanekhono, kanye nokuthatha amasampula njalo. Isikhathi esibekiwe singathinta ukulawulwa kwenqubo.
Izindlela ezingaqondile zidinga ukungenelela ngesandla, ukwandisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi kanye nokunciphisa ukuphendula ekushintsheni kokwakheka kwebhavu. Amasu okulinganisa ubuningi besikhathi sangempela, endaweni efana namamitha e-ultrasonic e-Lonnmeter anqoba le mikhawulo, anikeza impendulo eqhubekayo neqondile yokwenza ngcono inqubo yokugeza.
Ukufakwa Nokuhlanganiswa Kokuhlaziywa Kokugeza Okuqhubekayo
Ukufakwa okufanele kubalulekile ekulinganisweni okuthembekile kwe-ultrasonic kwama-plate bath. Izinyathelo ezibalulekile kanye nokucatshangelwa zifaka:
- Beka izinzwa zeLonnmeter kude namabhamuza omoya kanye nokuxokozela. Gwema izindawo eziphakeme noma ukufakwa ngokushesha ngemva kokungena/ukuphuma, njengoba lokhu kuphazamisa ukufundwa okunembile.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi amapayipi aqondile ngokwanele kokubili phezulu naphansi komfula ukuze kube namaphrofayili okugeleza azinzile lapho kufakwe khona imitha.
- Amapayipi noma izindawo zokugezela ezihlanzekile nezibushelelezi zinciphisa ukulahleka kwesiginali. Gwema izindawo ezinezikali noma ukugqwala.
- Qondanisa ama-transducer usebenzisa ukucushwa kwe-“V” noma “Z” ukuze kusabalale kahle amagagasi. Beka izinzwa ohlangothini lwamapayipi avundlile ukuze unciphise amaphutha avela kumabhamuza noma inhlabathi.
- Sebenzisa isisekelo esiqinile kanye nesivikelo se-transducer kanye ne-electronics, ikakhulukazi ekufakweni kwensimbi, ukuvimbela umsindo kagesi ukuthi ungaphazamisi ukulinganiswa kwe-ultrasonic pulse.
- Lungiselela izilungiselelo zenzwa ngamapharamitha afanele okugeza kanye nemikhumbi, okuhlanganisa ububanzi, ukujiya kodonga, kanye nezakhiwo zezinto.
- Sebenzisa ukuhlola okwakhelwe ngaphakathi ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yokufaka, ukuhlonza ukulahleka kwesiginali, amakhodi amaphutha, noma ukufundwa okungajwayelekile.
Ukuhlanganiswa okuqhubekayo kwamamitha okuqina kwe-ultrasonic e-Lonnmeter kwenza kube lula ukwenza ngcono inqubo yokugeza ye-zinc engaphazanyiswa kanye nokulawula ikhwalithi yokugeza nge-galvanizing, kusetshenziswa amasu okulinganisa endaweni ukuze kube nemiphumela emihle kakhulu.
Inqubo Yokubumba I-Galvanizing
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Ukusetshenziswa Okusebenzayo Kwezilinganiso Ezikhona Esimweni Ekulawulweni Kwenqubo
Amasu okulinganisa ngesikhathi sangempela, endaweni ethile—ikakhulukazi amamitha okuminyana kwe-ultrasonic—aguqula inqubo yokufaka i-zinc. Ukuqapha ukuminyana kwe-zinc bath galvanizing njalo kuvumela ukulungiswa kwenqubo okuguquguqukayo, okubalulekile emiphumeleni esezingeni eliphezulu kanye nokusebenza kahle.
Ukulungiswa Kwebhafu Kwesikhathi Sangempela Ukuze Kugcinwe Ubuningi Obufanele
Besebenzisa ukulinganisa kwe-insitu ekugayweni kwe-galvanizing, opharetha bangalandelela ukuguquguquka kobuningi ebhavini le-zinc eligaywayo ngempendulo eqondile neqhubekayo. Imitha yobuningi be-Ultrasonic yokufakwa kwebhavini le-zinc, njengaleyo evela eLonnmeter, inika opharetha amandla okulungisa ukwakheka kwebhavini ngokushesha, igcine ubuningi obufanele bokumboza okufanayo. Isibonelo, ukufundwa kobuningi obubukhoma kungabangela ukwengezwa okuzenzakalelayo kwe-zinc noma i-aluminium ebhavini, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhambi lihlala ngaphakathi kwezidingo eziqondiwe futhi livimbele ukusebenza komkhiqizo ongekho ku-spec.
Ukutholwa Kwasekuqaleni Nokuvimbela Ukuphambuka Kwenqubo
Incazelo yokulinganisa okuqhubekayo endaweni ifaka phakathi ukubamba ukuphambuka njengokwakheka kwendle kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwesisombululo ngaphambi kokuba kuthinte ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Indle, noma ukwakheka kwe-intermetallic (ikakhulukazi i-η-Fe2Al5), kubonakala njengokungalingani kobuningi ngaphakathi kwebhavu. Amasu okulinganisa ubuningi endaweni akhomba ukuqongelela kwendle yendawo kusenesikhathi, ikakhulukazi eduze kwezindawo zemishini kanye nemisele yokugoqa, exhunywe kumaphutha emikhiqizweni yensimbi eqediwe. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlukaniswa kwesisombululo—ukubekwa kwezingqimba okubangelwa amazinga okushisa noma ama-gradients okwakheka—kushintsha amaphrofayili obuningi bebhavu ngendlela ebonakala ngayo, okubonisa isidingo sokuxuba noma ukulungiswa kwebhavu ukuze kubuyiselwe ukulingana. Ukuhlanganiswa nokuqapha inqubo kusekela izexwayiso zesikhathi sangempela kanye nokunciphisa, kunciphisa kakhulu amazinga okukhubazeka kanye nesikhathi sokungasebenzi.
Ukuthuthukisa Ukulawulwa Kwekhwalithi Ngokuphendula Okusheshayo
Isivinini sokuqaphela nokuphendula izinguquko zobuningi sisekela ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo yokugeza i-zinc. Lapho nje ukuqapha i-zinc bath ngesikhathi sangempela kuthola ukugeleza kobuningi, opharetha noma izinhlelo ezenzakalelayo zingangenelela, zigcine ukujiya kokumboza kanye nekhwalithi yobuso. Emigqeni yokukhiqiza ephezulu kakhulu—ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni kwezimoto—lokhu kulungiswa okusheshayo kuqinisekisa ukuvumelana futhi kunciphisa umkhiqizo owenqatshiwe. Ukulinganiswa okuqhubekayo kwe-ultrasonic kwama-plating baths kuthuthukisa ukulandeleka futhi kwenza kube lula ukuqinisekiswa okusheshayo kwesimo se-zinc plating bath, okubalulekile ekuhlangabezaneni nezindinganiso zekhwalithi eziqinile.
Ukuthuthukisa Ukugcwalisa I-Electrolyte Nokusetshenziswa Kwamandla
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi be-in situ kunikeza igalelo elibalulekile lamasu okugcwalisa kabusha ama-electrolyte afanele, abalulekile ekusebenzeni okuzinzile kwe-zinc plating bath. Idatha yobuningi iqondisa ukungezwa okunembile kwama-electrolyte nokulawulwa kwezithasiselo, kunciphisa izingozi zokwakheka kwe-dendrite kanye nokuvela kwe-hydrogen, okonakalisa ukuzinza kwe-interface. Isibonelo, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kuvumela ukukala okunembile kwezinto ezifana ne-Gly-Gly, okuqinisa ukuzinza kwe-bath futhi kwandise imijikelezo yokusebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokugcina ubuningi buhlala busezingeni elifanele, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kuyancishiswa, njengoba i-interface ye-electrochemical ihlala isebenza kahle futhi ifana. Lokhu kuholela ezindleleni zokusebenza eziphansi kanye nokusimama okuthuthukisiwe komugqa we-galvanizing wezimboni.
Ukuhlanganiswa: Amamitha Obuningi be-Ultrasonic e-Lonnmeter
Izinzwa ze-ceramic ze-ultrasonic ezithuthukisiwe ezivela eLonnmeter zimelela isilinganiso sokulinganisa i-in situ ekugayweni kwe-galvanizing. Ukufundwa kwazo kobuningi besikhathi sangempela kunika amandla izinhlelo zokulawula ezenzakalelayo ukwenza ukulungiswa kwenqubo eguquguqukayo. Lezi zinzwa zisebenza ngokumelana okukhulu nokuguguleka kanye nokukhukhuleka kwamakhemikhali, ziqinisekisa ukusebenza okuqhubekayo ngisho nasezindaweni zezimboni ezinzima. Zifakwe ngqo esixazululweni se-zinc, amathuluzi e-Lonnmeter ondla idatha yobuningi ezinhlelweni zokulawula izitshalo, ezilawula ngokuzenzakalelayo isilinganiso samakhemikhali, izinga lokushisa, noma amazinga okuxuba. Ukuhlanganiswa okunjalo kusekela ngokwethembeka ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yokugeza kwe-galvanizing futhi kunciphisa kakhulu ingozi yamaphutha esandla, okufaka isandla ekuphathweni kwenqubo ye-zinc plating ethambile neqinile.
Ukuxazulula Izinkinga Zokugeza Ngokulinganisa Okunembile Kobuningi
Ukungazinzi kokugeza, ukumbozwa kwe-zinc okungalingani, kanye nokungcola okweqile kuyinselele eqhubekayo ezinqubweni zokufaka i-zinc. Ukulinganiswa okunembile kobuningi besisombululo se-zinc—ikakhulukazi ngamasu okulinganisa ubuningi be-in situ—kuvumela ukuxilongwa nokulungiswa ngesikhathi sangempela.
Ukungazinzi kwebhavu kumabhavu e-zinc asebenzisa i-galvanizing kuvame ukubonakala njengekhwalithi yokugqoka eguquguqukayo, ukusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kwesengezo, noma ukukhula okungavamile kwebhavu. Izimbangela zifaka phakathi ukugcwala kwe-zinc okungalawulwa, ukuncibilika kwe-anode okungalingani, ukuhlanza okubi, kanye nokungcoliswa yinsimbi noma okunye ukungcola. Ukuthembela ngokweqile endaweni engaphezulu kwe-anode, kunokulinganisa ubuningi besisombululo se-zinc ngqo, kuvame ukuholela ekwakhekeni kwensimbi ye-zinc, okudinga izenzo zokulungisa ezibizayo kanye nokubeka engcupheni ukukhubazeka kwenkungu noma ukulahla. Besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bemitha yobuningi be-ultrasonic, njenge-Lonnmeter, opharetha bathola ukulinganiswa okunembile, endaweni lapho besebenzisa i-galvanizing, okuvumela impendulo esheshayo kanye nokungenelela kokulungisa.
Izembozo ze-zinc ezingalingani zihlobene kakhulu nokwehluka kokwakheka kwe-zinc bath galvanizing. Lapho ubuningi behla ngaphansi kokufanele, insimu kagesi kanye ne-ion concentration gradients zingase zikhule, okuholela ezingqimbeni ezinamabala noma eziqinile. Ukuqapha i-zinc bath ngesikhathi sangempela kulinganisa ubuningi bebhathi lendawo, kusiza ukuhlanganisa izinkinga zokufana nokwehluka kwesisombululo. Isibonelo, ukuhlanganisa incazelo yokulinganisa endaweni kanye nokuhlaziywa kwebhathi le-electrochemical kuveza ukuthi ukwehla kobuningi kuvela yini ekunciphiseni okungeziwe, ukudonswa okuvela ekuhlanzeni, noma izinguquko zesakhiwo. Ngokuqinisa izilawuli zenqubo ngokulinganisa kwe-ultrasonic kwebhathi lokufaka iplati, ukuthuthukiswa kokushelela kanye nobukhulu bokumboza kungafinyelelwa, ikakhulukazi uma kuhlanganiswa nezithasiselo ezifana nosawoti we-quaternary ammonium noma i-nano-SiO2 yokulungiswa kokusanhlamvu.
Ukwakheka kokungcola okweqile, okuyinkinga enkulu ekulawuleni ikhwalithi yebhavu, kuvame ukubangelwa ukuminyana okuqhutshwa yi-zinc-iron-aluminium intermetallic compounds. Lapho ubuningi bebhavu bungalawulwa ngokwanele—ikakhulukazi ebuchwephesheni bokucwilisa ngokushisa—i-gradients yobuningi bendawo ingakheka eduze kwemishini ebalulekile, isheshise ukwakheka kokungcola futhi ibangele ukuphazamiseka kokusebenza. Imitha yobuningi be-Ultrasonic yokufundwa kokugeza kwe-zinc iqokomisa izindawo zokuguqulwa kobuningi, ngokuvamile ehlobene nezindawo zokuqina koketshezi noma ukuphathwa okwanele kokushisa. Ngokuqapha ubuningi besisombululo se-zinc kanye nokushisa kanye nokugxila, kungenzeka ukwenza ngcono ibhavu ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhiqizwa kokungcola. Amamodeli enqubo yakamuva asebenzisa idatha yobuningi obuhlanganisiwe kanye nokuguquguquka koketshezi aqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhulisa ukugcwala kwe-aluminium kunganciphisa kakhulu ukungcola—okubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono inqubo yokugeza.
Ukuhlanganisa idatha yobuningi bamabhati nezinye izilawuli zenqubo kuguqula ukuxazulula izinkinga zendabuko. Ngokuvumelanisa ubuningi bamabhati e-zinc, izinga lokushisa, kanye nokwakheka kwe-electrolytic bath galvanizing, izinhlelo zibona izimbangela zokungazinzi kusenesikhathi. Isibonelo, ukuhlanganisa ukufundwa kwe-ultrasonic okuvela ku-Lonnmeter nokuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali okuqondile kanye namaphrofayili okushisa kudala ideshibhodi yokuqapha ephelele. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kusekela ukulungiswa okusheshayo kwama-wetting agents, ama-evaporator, kanye namapharamitha kagesi, okuholela ekugqokeni okuzinzile, kwekhwalithi ephezulu ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kokungeziwe. Ezinqubweni zokufaka amakhemikhali ebhati, lokhu kubambisana kuqinisekisa ukukhula okuhle kwefilimu encane kanye nokumelana nokugqwala, njengoba kusekelwa yizilingo zezimboni zokuhlanganiswa okuqhutshwa yimodeli.
Ngamafuphi, inqubo yokufaka i-zinc plating izuza ekuqapheni okuqinile, ngesikhathi sangempela kwamapharamitha okugeza. Amathuluzi afana nokulinganisa ubuningi be-in situ, izinzwa ze-ultrasonic, kanye nedatha yenqubo ehlanganisiwe anikeza ukuqonda okusebenzayo kokuxazulula amadiphozithi angalingani, ukunciphisa ukungcola, kanye nokugcina amabhati e-zinc azinzile futhi asebenzayo.
Ukuqinisekiswa Kwekhwalithi Enqubweni Yokufaka I-Zinc
Ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi ephezulu enqubweni yokufaka i-zinc plating kuncike ekulawulweni okunembile nasekuqinisekisweni kobuningi be-zinc bath. Le pharamitha ithinta ngqo ukujiya kwe-coating, ukunamathela, futhi ekugcineni, ukuvikelwa kokugqwala kwesikhathi eside okulethwa ungqimba lwe-galvanized.
Amasu Okuqinisekisa Imiphumela Yenqubo Ehlobene Nobuningi Bebhati
Ukulinganisa okunembile kobuningi bebhavu kusetshenziswa amasu okulinganisa ubuningi be-in situ kubalulekile ekhwalithini yenqubo. Ukuqapha ibhavu le-zinc ngesikhathi sangempela—okuvame ukwenziwa yi-ultrasonic density meter yebhavu le-zinc noma i-inline X-ray fluorescence (XRF)—kunikeza idatha ebalulekile ngokuhambisana kwesisombululo kuyo yonke imisebenzi yokubeka i-plating. Lobu buchwepheshe buvumela opharetha ukuthi bahlobanise ukwakheka kwebhavu nemingcele ebalulekile yomkhiqizo:
- Ubukhulu Bokumboza:Izindlela zokulinganisa ezifana ne-microscopy kanye ne-XRF zilinganisa ungqimba lwe-zinc olusetshenziswa kuma-substrates. Ubuningi besisombululo se-zinc esilungiselelwe kahle buqinisekisa ukuthi ukujiya kwengubo okufiswayo kuyafinyelelwa, kunciphisa amaphutha ahlobene nokumbozwa okungaphansi noma okungaphezulu. Isibonelo, ukugcwala kwe-zinc ion ebhavini kuye kwabonakala kukhiqiza njalo izendlalelo eziqinile nezifanayo zokuvikela lapho izinga lokushisa nesikhathi sokufaka iplati kulawulwa ngokuqinile.
- Ukunamathela:Ukuqinisekisa ukunamathela kwe-coating kusebenzisa ukugoba okujwayelekile, i-tepi (ASTM D3359), kanye nokuhlolwa kokuklwebha, okuhlola ukubopha phakathi kwe-zinc coating nensimbi engaphansi. Ama-deposit aminyene, afanayo—ajwayelekile ebhavini elilawulwa kahle le-zinc plating—abonisa ukunamathela okuqinile futhi ahlangabezana nezilinganiso eziqinile zezimboni. Ukulawulwa okungekuhle kobuningi bebhavini kungaholela ekugqokeni okuqinile, okubuthakathaka okunamathela okuphazamisekile, okutholakale ngokuthembekile kusetshenziswa lezi zindlela.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwedatha Yobuningi Kumadokhumenti Ekhwalithi Nokuhlolwa Kwezinqubo
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi besisombululo se-zinc kwakha umgogodla wamarekhodi enqubo adingekayo ekulawulweni kwekhwalithi yebhavu lokugeza nge-galvanizing. Idatha eqoqwe kusukela ekulinganisweni kwendawo lapho kusetshenziswa i-galvanizing ivumela ukubhalwa okuphelele kweqoqo ngalinye lokukhiqiza. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:
- Ukubhalisa Okuvamile:Ukuqoshwa okuhlelekile kwamanani obuningi bebhavu eceleni kwamapharamitha enqubo (izinga lokushisa, ubuningi bamanje, izengezo zokuhlanganisa).
- Ukulandelelwa:La marekhodi asekela ukulandelelwa—okuyisihluthulelo semininingwane yamakhasimende, ukuthobela imithetho, kanye nokuhlolwa kwangaphakathi. Amathuluzi athembekile njengeLonnmeter aqinisekisa ukunemba nobuqotho bedatha.
- Ukulungela Ukuhlolwa:Ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi kusebenzisa imibhalo yobuningi bamanzi okugeza ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana kwenqubo, ukuqinisekisa izakhiwo zokumboza, nokuqinisekisa ukunamathela ezindinganisweni ezimisiwe. Ukungahambisani kungalandelelwa ekuphambukeni kobuningi obuthile, okwenza kube lula ukwenza ukulungisa.
Ukuxhumanisa Ubuningi Besixazululo Nokumelana Nokugqwala Kwesikhathi Eside Nokusebenza Kokumboza
Inqubo yokugaya i-zinc bath incike ekubunjweni kwebhavu okulungiselelwe ngokucophelela ukuqinisekisa ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nokusebenza kokumboza okuphelele. Izifundo eziqanjiwe zixhumanisa ukubunjwa kwebhavu okwenyukile—okulawulwa ngokuhlushwa kwe-zinc ion okulawulwayo kanye nezithasiselo—ku:
- Ukuvikelwa Kokugqwala Okuthuthukisiwe:Izendlalelo ze-zinc ezijiyile neziqinile zibonisa ukumelana okuphezulu ekuhlolweni kokuchayeka okusheshayo. Kodwa-ke, ukuminyana ngokweqile kungabangela izindawo ezimahhadlahhadla, ngakho-ke ukulawula okufanele kubalulekile.
- Ukuthembeka Kwemishini:Izembozo ezifanayo, ezikhiqizwa ngokulungiswa kokugeza ngesikhathi sangempela, ziyamelana nokuqhekeka nokuxebuka, zigcina isivikelo ezindaweni ezidinga kakhulu.
- Ukuthuthukisa Inqubo:Ukulungiswa kobuningi be-electrolytic bath galvanizing, okuthathwe ngencazelo yokulinganisa endaweni, kuhlobene ngqo nokuthuthukiswa kokuphila isikhathi eside kokumboza kanye nokumelana nokuhlaselwa ngamakhemikhali. Izinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe (isb., i-zinc-nickel) zithuthukisa ukuqina lapho ukwakheka kwebhati kulawulwa kahle.
Ngamafuphi, ukulinganiswa kobuningi besisombululo se-zinc, kuhlanganiswe nemikhuba eqinile yokuqinisekisa kanye neyokubhala imibhalo, kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kokumboza kwensimbi ehlanganisiwe futhi kuqinisekisa impumelelo ekulawulweni kwekhwalithi kanye nokuhlolwa kwenqubo.
Amathuluzi Nobuchwepheshe Bokulinganisa Ubuningi Besixazululo Se-Zinc
Ukugaya nge-zinc bath yesimanje kudinga ukulinganiswa okunembile kobuningi besisombululo se-zinc ukuze kulondolozwe imingcele yenqubo efanele futhi kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi yokumboza. Kusetshenziswa amathuluzi amaningana namasu ezinzwa, ngalinye linezimiso zokusebenza ezihlukile, amandla, kanye nemikhawulo.
Izinsimbi Ezithuthukisiwe Zokulinganisa Ubuningi Besisombululo Se-Zinc
Imitha Yobuningi be-Ultrasonic ye-Lonnmeter
Imitha yobuningi be-ultrasonic ye-Lonnmeter yenzelwe ukulinganisa i-in situ ekugayweni kwe-galvanizing. Isebenzisa amagagasi e-ultrasonic, ilinganisa ijubane lawo kanye nokuncipha njengoba edlula ebhavinini le-zinc. Ithuluzi lihlinzeka ngokuqapha okuqhubekayo, kwesikhathi sangempela kwebhavini le-zinc, okwenza lifaneleke ezindaweni zenqubo ezenzakalelayo. Alihlaseli, okusho ukuthi akukho ukuxhumana okuqondile nesixazululo okudingekayo, okunciphisa ingozi yokungcola noma ukuguguleka. Idivayisi yakhelwe ukusebenza ngokuthembekile ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nezimo zokugqwala ezitholakala ekugayweni kwe-electrolytic bath.
Ezinye Ubuchwepheshe Bezinzwa Ezitholakalayo
- Izinzwa Zokusebenza:Linganisa izinguquko ku-capacitance ngokuphendula ubuningi besisombululo kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-ionic. Lezi zinzwa zincane, zingafakwa emgqeni, futhi zinikeze impendulo esheshayo. Ngokuvamile zisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokulinganisa ubuningi be-hybrid ukuze kube nokunemba okukhulu.
- Ama-Hydrometer:Amadivayisi enziwe ngesandla asebenzisa ukubutha ukuze kulinganiswe ubuningi. Ama-hydrometer adinga ukukhishwa kwesampula kanye nokufunda ngesandla, okwenza angafaneleki kangako ezinhlelweni zesikhathi sangempela noma ezizenzakalelayo.
- Izindlela Zokubala I-Titration:Ukuhlaziywa okusekelwe elabhorethri kobuningi bebhathi lokumboza i-zinc ngokusebenzisa ukulinganiswa kokusabela kwamakhemikhali. Ukunemba okuphezulu, kodwa kudinga umsebenzi omningi futhi akufaneleki ukwenza ngcono inqubo noma ukulungiswa kwesikhathi sangempela.
Izinzuzo kanye Nobubi Bezindlela Zokulinganisa Ubuningi
Ukulinganisa kwe-Ultrasonic (isb., i-Lonnmeter):
- Izinzuzo:
- Ivumela amasu okulinganisa ubuningi besikhathi sangempela, endaweni ethile.
- Iyahambisana nezinhlelo ze-SCADA zokulawula ikhwalithi yokugeza ezenzakalelayo.
- Iphatha amazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nezindawo ezigqwalisayo.
- Akukho zingozi zemisebe; ukusebenza ngaphandle kokuthintana kunciphisa ingozi yokungcola noma umonakalo.
- Ukunemba kungafinyelela ekungaqinisekini kwehle kufike ku-1% noma ngaphezulu, ngamamodeli e-hybrid anikeza ukunemba okufika ku-0.1% ezimweni zokuthuthukisa inqubo yokugeza ye-zinc.
- Ububi:
- Izindleko zokuqala zokufaka ziphakeme kunezinzwa zendabuko.
- Izwela izinguquko zesigaba sokugeza (isb., ukuxokozela okukhulu noma amabhamuza egesi kungathinta ukufundwa).
- Kudinga ukulinganiswa ngezikhathi ezithile kanye nokuhlanzwa ngokuphelele.
Izinzwa Zokusebenza:
- Izinzuzo:
- Kuhle ekulinganisweni okusheshayo kwezixazululo ze-ionic.
- Ifomethi encane, ingakhuliswa kumanethiwekhi ezinzwa ezisatshalalisiwe.
- Isebenza kahle ekuqapheni ukuhlushwa okusheshayo.
- Ububi:
- Kungaba lula ukungcoliswa yi-electrode, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokugeza ezingcoliswe kakhulu noma eziguquguqukayo.
- Kudinga ukulinganiswa kabusha kwesisekelo njalo ukuze kulondolozwe ukunemba.
Izindlela ze-Hydrometer kanye ne-Titration:
- Izinzuzo (Ama-Hydrometer):
- Ukwakhiwa okulula, okutholakala kalula ukuze kuhlolwe elebhu.
- Ububi (Ama-Hydrometer):
- Ukusebenza ngesandla kuphela; akufaneleki ukwenza ngcono inqubo yokugeza nge-zinc.
- Ithinteka ngamaphutha abantu kanye nokushintshashintsha kwemvelo.
- Izinzuzo (Ukulinganisa):
- Ukucaciswa okuphezulu kwamakhemikhali kanye nokunemba kokuqinisekiswa kwelebhu.
- Ububi (I-Titration):
- Kudingeka ukukhipha isampula.
- Ihamba kancane, ifuna umsebenzi omningi—ayifanele ukulawulwa kwe-zinc bath galvanizing ngesikhathi sangempela.
Ukukhetha Ubuchwepheshe Bokulinganisa Ubuningi Obufanele
Ukukhetha indlela yokulinganisa ubuningi benqubo yokufaka i-zinc kufanele kubhekele izici eziningana:
I-Chemistry Yokugeza:
Izindawo zokugeza ze-electrolytic ezine-acidic kakhulu noma i-alkaline zidinga izinzwa ezakhiwe ngama-alloy amelana nokugqwala noma ama-polymer aklanywe ngendlela ethuthukisiwe. Isibonelo, ama-probe e-ultrasonic anezimbozo ezisebenza nge-plasma ahlala isikhathi eside ezixazululweni ezinamandla.
Indawo Yokusebenza:
Incazelo yokulinganisa endaweni ethile incike ekhonweni lezinzwa lokuhlala zisebenza ngaphakathi komfudlana wenqubo. Amamitha e-ultrasonic angahlaseli njenge-Lonnmeter anciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi kanye nokungcola. Kumasethingi okugeza amaningi, izinzwa ezikwazi ukuthwala amandla zinikeza ukuguquguquka kokufakwa kodwa zingadinga izindawo zokuvikela.
Ukunemba Okudingekayo:
Ukuze kulawulwe ikhwalithi yebhavu yokugeza ezenzakalelayo, yesikhathi sangempela, imitha yokuminyana kwe-ultrasonic yebhavu yokugeza ye-zinc isebenza kangcono kunezindlela ze-hydrometer kanye ne-titration. Izinhlelo ze-hybrid ezisebenzisa izinzwa ze-ultrasonic kanye ne-capacitive zinikeza ukunemba okuphezulu kanye nokuqina kokukhukhuleka. Izindlela zokulinganisa ngesandla zihlala ziwusizo ekuqinisekisweni kwelabhorethri, ekuxazululeni izinkinga, noma ekulinganisweni okuvamile.
Isibonelo Sesimo:
Kumugqa we-zinc bath galvanizing oqhubekayo osebenzisa ukuqapha kwe-zinc bath okusekelwe ku-SCADA-real-time, imitha yobuningi be-ultrasonic ye-Lonnmeter ehlanganisiwe iyathandwa ngenxa yokunemba kwayo, ukuhambisana kokuzenzakalela, kanye nokwakhiwa okumelana nokugqwala. Ngokuphambene nalokho, inqubo yokubeka i-batch-based plating enezinguquko ezivamile zesisombululo ingasebenzisa ama-hydrometer ukuhlola ngezikhathi ezithile, ukusekela kodwa hhayi ukufaka esikhundleni ukuzenzakalela okunikwe amandla yizinzwa ezithuthukisiwe.
Ithebula Elifingqiwe Lezindlela Zokukhetha Izinzwa:
| Ubuchwepheshe | Ukuhambisana kwebhavu | Ukunemba | Ukufaneleka Kokuzenzakalelayo | Izidingo Zokulungisa |
| I-Ultrasonic (i-Lonnmeter) | Kuhle kakhulu | Phezulu | Yebo | Okumaphakathi |
| I-Capacitive | Kuhle | Okuphakathi-Okuphezulu | Yebo | Phezulu |
| I-Hydrometer | Okuhle | Phansi | No | Phansi |
| Ukulinganisa | Okuguquguqukayo | Phezulu | No | Phezulu |
Ukukhethwa kwenzwa eqinile kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo kusekela ukulinganiswa kobuningi besisombululo se-zinc okuthembekile futhi kusekela ukusebenza kwenqubo okuqhubekayo kwebhavu lokumboza i-zinc kanye nokusebenza kwebhavu lokumboza i-zinc eligayiwe.
imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
Kuyini ukulinganiswa kwendawo lapho kukhulunywa ngamabhati okufaka i-zinc plating?
Ukulinganisa endaweni kusho ukuqapha izakhiwo zebhavu lokumboza i-zinc, njengobuningi besisombululo, ngqo ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza—akudingeki ukususwa kwesampula. Abasebenzi balandelela futhi balawule izici zebhavu ngesikhathi sangempela, bagcina ukunemba ngaphandle kokuphazamisa inqubo yokumboza i-zinc. Le ndlela eqondile ivumela ukulungiswa okusheshayo, ukusekela ukwenziwa ngcono kwenqubo yokumboza i-zinc kanye nokuthuthukisa ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yokumboza nge-galvanizing. Amasu okulinganisa endaweni—kufaka phakathi ukuhlolwa kwe-ultrasonic kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-XRF eku-inthanethi—athandwa kakhulu ngesivinini esiphezulu kanye nokuthembeka uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zelebhu zendabuko, ezingaphandle kwendawo. Isibonelo, izinzwa zokucwilisa nge-ultrasonic zibonise ukulinganiswa okuqhubekayo, kwe-sub-micron resolution, zibamba izinguquko eziguquguqukayo ezakhiweni zokumboza kanye ne-plating kinetics ngesikhathi sokusebenza.
Kungani ubuningi besisombululo bubalulekile ekwakhiweni kwe-zinc bath galvanizing?
Ubuningi besisombululo obufanele ebhavini le-zinc elisebenzisa i-galvanizing bubalulekile ukuze kuphumelele imiphumela yenqubo yokufaka i-zinc. Ubuningi bulawula ukwakheka kwe-electrolyte, futhi, buthinta indlela uqweqwe lwe-zinc olwakheka ngayo ku-substrate yensimbi. Lapho ubuningi besisombululo buphathwa kahle:
- Ubukhulu bengubo buhlala bufana kuyo yonke imikhiqizo.
- Ikhwalithi yokunamathela iyahambisana, igwema izinkinga ezivamile zokunamathela.
- Ukumelana nokugqwala kuhlangabezana nezidingo ezijwayelekile zezicelo zezimboni.
Uma ubuningi besisombululo buphuma emananini afanele, kungase kube nezinkinga ezifana nokwakheka kokungcola, ukunamathela okubi, kanye nobukhulu obungajwayelekile bokumboza. Ukugcina ubuningi bebhavu obufanele nakho kwenza ukukala kwamakhemikhali kanye nokuhlanganisa (nezithasiselo ezifana ne-aluminium) kube ngcono, kuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-zinc kanye nokunciphisa imfucuza ngokusebenzisa i-electrolytic bath galvanizing. Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo nokulungiswa okusheshayo kobuningi kusiza ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nokuqina kwebhavu.
Imitha yobuningi be-ultrasonic ye-Lonnmeter isebenza kanjani ekulinganisweni kobuningi besisombululo se-zinc?
Imitha yobuningi be-ultrasonic ye-Lonnmeter ilinganisa ngokunembile ubuningi besisombululo se-zinc isebenzisa isimiso sokusabalala kwamagagasi omsindo. Idivayisi ikhipha ama-pulse e-ultrasonic ngebhavu le-zinc elisebenzisa i-galvanizing; ijubane kanye nokuncipha kwala magagasi kuncike ekuxineni kwensiza. Ngokuhlaziya izinguquko ekuziphatheni kwamagagasi omsindo, ithuluzi libala ubuningi besisombululo esiqondile ngesikhathi sangempela. Lokhu kuqapha ibhavu le-zinc ngesikhathi sangempela kusiza ukulawula ikhwalithi okuzenzakalelayo kanye nokulungiswa kwenqubo ngokushesha. Ukulinganiswa okunjalo kwe-ultrasonic kwamabhavu okufaka i-plating kunikeza ukuphindaphindeka okuphezulu, futhi kulungiselelwe kokubili imisebenzi eqhubekayo kanye ne-batch zinc bath galvanizing.
Ingabe ukulinganisa endaweni ethile kungavimbela izinkinga ezivamile zokufaka i-plating?
Yebo—ukufaka amasu okulinganisa ubuningi be-in situ kuvumela ukuhlonza nokulungisa ngokushesha ukuphambuka kwepharamitha yokugeza okubangela amaphutha e-plating. Abasebenzi basabela ngesikhathi sangempela ekushintsheni kobuningi, okuvimbela izinkinga ezifana nalezi:
- Ukwakheka kwendle okubangelwa ukungcola okuncibilikile ngokweqile.
- Ukwembozwa okungalingani okuvela ekwakhekeni kwesisombululo okungalingani.
- Ukungazinzi ebhavini ngenxa yokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa noma kwamakhemikhali.
Abahlaziyi bezinqubo ezifana namamitha okuqina kwe-ultrasonic kanye namadivayisi e-XRF aku-inthanethi avumela leli zinga lokulawula, athuthukise ukuthembeka kwebhavu le-zinc kanye nekhwalithi yokuvikela ukugqoka. Izifundo zamacala emikhakheni yezimoto neyasolwandle ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kunciphisa ukwenzeka kwamaphutha okufaka amaplanga, kukhulisa ukumelana nokugqwala, futhi kunciphisa ukulungiswa kabusha okubizayo.
Kufanele kuqashwe kangaki ubuningi bebhavu lokugeza elinophahla lwezinki?
Ekukhiqizeni okuphezulu noma okubucayi, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kobuningi endaweni kusetshenziswa amadivayisi afana ne-Lonnmeter ultrasonic density meter kulungile. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi konke ukuguquguquka kuyatholwa futhi kulungiswe ngokushesha. Lapho ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kungenzeki, kunconywa izikhawu zokulinganisa ezijwayelekile—kungaba ngesandla noma ngokuzenzakalelayo—. Imvamisa kufanele ifane nobukhulu bokukhiqiza, usayizi webhavu, kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo edingekayo. Izinhlelo zokulinganisa ezizenzakalelayo ezihlanganiswe nezilawuli zezitshalo zingaphatha ukuhlolwa okuvamile, kuyilapho ukuhlolwa okwenziwa ngesandla okuvamile kunganele emisebenzini emincane, uma nje izilawuli zihlala ziqinile ukuze kugcinwe ukuqina kwebhavu nomkhiqizo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba-03-2025
