Imboni yokukhiqiza izimonyo yanamuhla iphawuleka ngezinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezivame ukuba noketshezi olungewona ulwelwesi lwe-Newtonian. Ukuziphatha okungokwemvelo kwalezi zinto, njengokunciphisa ukusika kanye ne-thixotropy, kuletha izinselele ezinkulu ezindleleni zokukhiqiza zendabuko, okuholela ekungalingani kwe-batch-to-batch, imfucuza ephezulu yezinto zokusetshenziswa, kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kwezinqubo ezibalulekile njengokupompa nokuxuba. Izindlela zokulawula ikhwalithi ezivamile, ezithembele ekulinganisweni kwe-viscosity okusebenzayo, okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi, azanele ngokuphelele ekubambeni ukuziphatha okuguquguqukayo kwalezi ziketshezi ngaphansi kwezimo zokukhiqiza.
I. I-Rheology kanye ne-Fluid Dynamics ekukhiqizweni kwezimonyo
Ukukhiqizwa kwezimonyo kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi lapho izakhiwo zomzimba zoketshezi zibaluleke kakhulu. Ukuqonda okujulile ngalezi zakhiwo kuyimfuneko yanoma iyiphi ingxoxo enenjongo mayelana nokwenza ngcono inqubo. Ukuguquguquka koketshezi kwemikhiqizo yezimonyo akubuswa ubudlelwano obulula, okwenza kuhluke ngokuphelele koketshezi lwaseNewtonian njengamanzi.
1.1Ukuqina kanye ne-Rheology
Ukuqina komzimba kuyisilinganiso sokumelana koketshezi ekucindezelekeni okusetshenzisiwe. Kuketshezi olulula lwe-Newtonian, lesi sici sihlala njalo futhi singabonakala ngenani elilodwa. Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka kwezimonyo akuvamile ukuba lula kangaka. Ama-lotion amaningi, okhilimu, nama-shampoo ahlukaniswa njengoketshezi olungeyona i-Newtonian, olumelana nokugeleza kwalo kuyashintsha ngenani lamandla asetshenziswayo (ukugunda).
I-Rheology iwumkhakha obanzi futhi obalulekile kulo mkhakha. Iwucwaningo lokugeleza nokuguquka koketshezi, amajeli, kanye nezinto eziqinile. Iphuzu elilodwa ledatha alanele ukubikezela ukuziphatha komkhiqizo njengoba upompa, uxutshwa, futhi ugcwaliswa. Izici ze-rheological zomkhiqizo zithinta ngqo izimfanelo zawo zokuzwa, ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside ekupakishweni, kanye nokusebenza kahle. Isibonelo, i-viscosity yokhilimu inquma ukusabalala kwayo esikhumbeni, futhi ukuqina kwe-shampoo kuthinta inani umthengi alikhipha ebhodleleni.
1.2Ama-Fluid Angewona Ama-Newtonian Nezinselele Zawo Zokukhiqiza
Ubunzima bokukhiqiza izimonyo buvela ekuziphatheni okuhlukahlukene kwe-rheological koketshezi oluhilelekile. Ukuqonda lokhu kuziphatha kubalulekile ekubhekaneni nezinselele zokukhiqiza eziyisisekelo.
Ukuncibilika kwe-Pseudoplasticity (Ukunciphisa Ukugunda):Lokhu kuyisici esihlala isikhathi eside lapho ukubonakala koketshezi kuncipha khona njengoba izinga lokucheba likhuphuka. Ama-emulsion amaningi kanye nama-lotion okuhlobisa abonisa lokhu kuziphatha, okuyinto efiselekayo emikhiqizweni edinga ukuba nkulu lapho iphumula kodwa isakazeke noma igeleze lapho isetshenziswa.
I-Thixotropy:Lokhu kuyisici sokunciphisa ukucheba esincike esikhathini. Uketshezi lwe-thixotropic, njengama-gel athile kanye nama-colloidal suspensions, ancipha ukucwebezela uma eshukunyiswa noma echeba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi kuthatha isikhathi esinqunyiwe ukubuyela esimweni sawo sokuqala, esicwebezelayo lapho ukucindezeleka kususiwe. Isibonelo esivamile upende ongaconsi, oncipha ngaphansi kokucheba kwebhulashi kodwa uqine ngokushesha endaweni eqondile ukuze uvimbele ukugoba. I-yogurt kanye namanye ama-shampoo nawo abonisa lesi sici.
Uketshezi Lokucindezeleka Kwesivuno:Lezi zinto zisebenza njengezinto eziqinile lapho ziphumule futhi ziqala ukugeleza kuphela ngemva kokuba ukucindezeleka kokusika okusetshenzisiwe kudlule inani elibalulekile, okwaziwa ngokuthi iphuzu lokuvuna noma ukucindezeleka kokuvuna. I-Ketchup iyisibonelo esivamile. Ezimonyweni, imikhiqizo enephuzu lokuvuna eliphezulu ibonwa ngabathengi njengenomthamo "ongaphezulu" kanye nomuzwa wekhwalithi ephezulu.
1.3 Umthelela Oqondile Ekusebenzeni Kahle Kwenqubo
Ukuziphatha okungahambisani nomugqa kwalezi zinhlayiya kunomthelela ojulile futhi ovame ukuba yingozi emisebenzini yokukhiqiza ejwayelekile.
1.3.1 Imisebenzi Yokupompa:
Ukusebenza kwamaphampu e-centrifugal, atholakala yonke indawo ekukhiqizweni, kuthinteka kakhulu yi-viscosity yoketshezi. Ikhanda lephampu kanye nokukhishwa kwe-volumetric kungancishiswa kakhulu lapho kupompa uketshezi olune-viscosity ephezulu, olungeyona i-Newtonian. Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi ukwanda kokuqukethwe okuqinile engxubeni kungaholela ekunciphiseni kwekhanda kanye nokusebenza kahle okufika ku-60% kanye no-25%, ngokulandelana, kwezingxube ezihlanganisiwe. Lokhu kuncishiswa akuhlali njalo; izinga eliphezulu lokucheba ngaphakathi kwephampu lingashintsha i-viscosity ebonakalayo yoketshezi, okuholela ekusebenzeni kwephampu okungalindelekile kanye nokuntuleka kokugeleza okuqhubekayo. Ukumelana okuphezulu koketshezi olune-viscous nakho kubeka umthwalo omkhulu we-radial kuma-bearings futhi kubangela izinkinga ngezimbobo zemishini, okwandisa ingozi yokwehluleka kwemishini kanye nokugcinwa kwayo.
1.3.2 Ukuxuba Nokukhungatheka:
Ethangini lokuxuba, ukuthambekela okuphezulu koketshezi lwezimonyo kunganciphisa kakhulu ukugeleza okuvela ku-impeller yokuxuba, kugxilise isenzo sokucheba nokuxuba endaweni encane ezungeze i-impeller ngokushesha. Lokhu kuholela ekuchithweni kwamandla okukhulu futhi kuvimbele lonke iqembu ekufinyeleleni ukufana. Kuketshezi olunciphisa ukucheba, lo mphumela uba mubi kakhulu, njengoba uketshezi olukude ne-impeller lubhekana namazinga aphansi okucheba futhi luhlala ku-viscosity ephezulu, okudala "iziqhingi ezixuba kancane" noma "imigodi engamanga" engalingani kahle. Umphumela uba ukusatshalaliswa okungalingani kwezingxenye kanye nomkhiqizo wokugcina ongaguquki.
Indlela yendabuko yokulinganisa i-viscosity ngesandla, ngaphandle komugqa ayanele ngokuphelele ekuphatheni lezi zinkimbinkimbi. I-viscosity yoketshezi olungeyona i-Newtonian akuyona inani elilodwa kodwa iwumsebenzi wesilinganiso sokusika futhi, kwezinye izimo, ubude bokusika. Izimo lapho isampula yelebhu ilinganiswa khona (isb., ebhekheni ngesivinini esithile se-spindle kanye nokushisa) azibonisi izimo zokusika eziguquguqukayo ngaphakathi kwepayipi noma ethangini lokuxuba. Ngenxa yalokho, isilinganiso esithathwe ngesilinganiso sokusika esinqunyiwe kanye nokushisa cishe asihlobene nokuziphatha koketshezi ngesikhathi senqubo eguquguqukayo. Lapho ithimba lokukhiqiza lithembele ekuhlolweni ngesandla kwamahora amabili, abagcini nje ngokuba bephuza kakhulu ukusabela ekushintsheni kwenqubo ngesikhathi sangempela kodwa futhi basekela izinqumo zabo enanini elingase lingameli ngokunembile isimo senqubo yoketshezi. Lokhu kuncika kudatha enephutha, ephendulayo kudala iluphu yezimbangela zokulawula okubi kanye nokuguquguquka okuphezulu kokusebenza, okungenakwenzeka ukuphuka ngaphandle kwendlela entsha, esebenzayo.
Ukuxuba Nokuhlanganisa Ubuhle
II. Ukukhethwa Kwezinzwa Nokusetshenziswa Kwehadiwe Ezindaweni Ezinzima
Ukudlulela ngale kwezindlela ezenziwe ngesandla kudinga ukukhethwa kwama-viscometer aku-inthanethi aqinile nathembekile akwazi ukuhlinzeka ngedatha eqhubekayo, yesikhathi sangempela ngaphakathi kwenqubo.
2.1I-Viscometry eku-inthanethi
Ama-viscometer aku-inthanethi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ifakwe ngqo emgqeni wenqubo (emugqeni) noma ku-bypass loop, ihlinzeka ngezilinganiso ze-viscosity zesikhathi sangempela amahora angu-24 ngosuku, izinsuku eziyi-7 ngesonto, okuvumela ukuqapha nokulawula inqubo njalo. Lokhu kuhluke kakhulu ezindleleni zelebhu ezingaphandle komugqa, ezisabela ngokwemvelo futhi ezinganikeza isithombe-skrini sesimo senqubo ngezikhathi ezihlukene. Ikhono lokuthola idatha ethembekile, eqhubekayo kusuka emgqeni wokukhiqiza liyimfuneko yokusebenzisa uhlelo lokulawula oluzenzakalelayo, oluvaliwe.
2.2 Izidingo Ezibalulekile Ze-Viscometer
Ukukhethwa kwe-viscometer yokukhiqiza izimonyo kumele kuqondiswe yimingcele eyingqayizivele yemvelo kanye nokusebenza kwemboni.
Izithiyo Zemvelo Nokuqina:
Izinga Lokushisa Eliphezulu Nokucindezela:Izinhlobo zobuhle zivame ukudinga ukufudumeza kufike ezingeni lokushisa elithile ukuqinisekisa ukuxubana okufanele kanye nokuxutshwa. Inzwa ekhethiwe kumele ikwazi ukusebenza ngokuthembekile emazingeni okushisa afinyelela ku-300 °C kanye nokucindezela okufika ku-500 bar.
Ukumelana Nokugqwala:Izithako eziningi zobuhle, okuhlanganisa ama-surfactant kanye nezinye izithako ezahlukahlukene, zingaba zimbi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izingxenye ezimanzi zenzwa kumele zakhiwe ngezinto eziqinile kakhulu, ezingagqwali. Insimbi Engagqwali engu-316L iyisinqumo esijwayelekile sokuqina kwayo ezindaweni ezinjalo.
Ukungavikeleki Ekudlidlizeni:Izindawo zokukhiqiza zinomsindo kakhulu, lapho amaphampu, ama-agitator, kanye neminye imishini ikhiqiza ukudlidliza okubonakalayo okuzungezile. Isimiso sokulinganisa senzwa kumele sivikeleke ngokwemvelo kulokhu kudlidliza ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho bedatha.
2.3 Ukuhlaziywa kobuchwepheshe be-Viscometer bokuhlanganiswa kwezinqubo
Ukuze kuhlanganiswe kahle ku-inthanethi, ubuchwepheshe obuthile bufaneleka kakhulu kunezinye.
Ama-Viscometer Adlidlizayo/Aphendulayo: Lobu buchwepheshe busebenza ngokulinganisa umphumela wokudambisa koketshezi entweni edlidlizayo, njengefoloko noma i-resonator, ukuze kunqunywe i-viscosity. Lesi simiso sinikeza izinzuzo eziningana ezibalulekile zokusetshenziswa kwezimonyo. Lezi zinzwa azinazo izingxenye ezihambayo, okunciphisa isidingo sokugcinwa futhi kunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza zizonke. Umklamo oklanywe kahle, njenge-resonator ye-coaxial elinganiselayo, ukhansela ngenkuthalo ama-response torques futhi ngenxa yalokho awuzweli nhlobo ezimweni zokufaka kanye nokudlidliza kwangaphandle. Lokhu kuzivikela komsindo ozungezile kuqinisekisa ukulinganisa okuzinzile, okuphindaphindwayo, nokuphindaphindwayo, ngisho nasekugelezeni okuguquguqukayo noma ngaphansi kwezimo eziphakeme zokucheba. Lezi zinzwa zingalinganisa i-viscosity ebangeni elibanzi kakhulu, kusukela kuketshezi lwe-viscosity oluphansi kakhulu kuya koluphezulu kakhulu, okwenza zibe nezimo eziningi kakhulu zephothifoliyo yomkhiqizo eyahlukahlukene.
Ubuchwepheshe Bokujikeleza Nobunye:Nakuba ama-viscometer ajikelezayo esebenza kahle kakhulu endaweni yelabhorethri yokukhiqiza ama-curve okugeleza okugcwele, ubunzima bawo kanye nokuba khona kwezingxenye ezihambayo kungenza kube nzima ukuzigcina zisebenza ezimbonini ezingaphakathi. Ezinye izinhlobo, njenge-falling element noma uhlobo lwe-capillary, zingase zifanelekele ukusetshenziswa okuthile kodwa zivame ukubhekana nemikhawulo ekulinganiseni uketshezi olungewona ulwe-Newtonian noma zisengozini yokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa kanye nokugeleza.
Ukuthembeka kohlelo lokulawula oluzenzakalelayo kuhambisana ngqo nokuthembeka kokufakwa kwenzwa yalo. Ngakho-ke, ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside kanye nezidingo zokulinganisa okuncane ze-viscometer akuzona nje izici ezilula; ziyizidingo eziyisisekelo zohlelo lokulawula olusebenzayo nolungadingi ukulungiswa okuningi. Izindleko zenzwa kumele zibhekwe hhayi nje njengezindleko zokuqala zemali kodwa njengezindleko zayo zonke zobunikazi (TCO), okuhlanganisa isikhathi somsebenzi kanye nesikhathi sokungasebenzi esihlobene nokugcinwa kanye nokulinganiswa. Idatha evela kumathuluzi afana nalawaama-viscometer e-capillarykukhombisa ukuthi ngokuphathwa kahle nokuhlanza, ukulinganiswa kwazo kungahlala kuzinzile iminyaka eyishumi noma ngaphezulu, okubonisa ukuthi ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside kuyisici esingafinyeleleka nesibalulekile sezinto zokusebenza zenqubo. Inzwa engagcina ukulinganiswa kwayo isikhathi eside isusa kakhulu ingozi yephrojekthi yokuzenzakalela ngokususa umthombo omkhulu wokushintshashintsha kwenqubo okungenzeka futhi ivumele uhlelo ukuthi lusebenze ngokuzimela ngaphandle kokungenelela okuncane kwabantu.
| Ubuchwepheshe | Isimiso Sokusebenza | Ukufaneleka Kwamanzi Angewona Awe-Newtonian | Amandla Okushisa Okuphezulu/Ukucindezela | Ukumelana Nokugqwala | Ukungavikeleki Kokudlidliza | Ukulungiswa/Ukulinganiswa |
| Ukudlidliza/ Umsindo | Ilinganisa ukuncibilika koketshezi entweni edlidlizayo (ifoloko, i-resonator). | Kuhle kakhulu (ukufunda okunokwethenjelwa, okuphindaphindwayo). | Okuphezulu (kufika ku-300°C, amabha angu-500). | Kuhle kakhulu (zonke izingxenye ezimanzi ezingama-316L SS). | Kuhle kakhulu (umklamo we-resonator olinganiselayo). | Okuphansi (akukho izingxenye ezinyakazayo, ukungcola okuncane). |
| Ukujikeleza | Ilinganisa i-torque edingekayo ukuze kujikelezwe i-spindle oketshezini. | Kuhle kakhulu (kunikeza umugqa ogcwele wokugeleza endaweni yeseshini yelebhu). | Okumaphakathi kuya Okuphezulu (kuyahlukahluka ngokwemodeli). | Kuhle (kudinga izinto ezithile zokuphotha). | Kubi (kuzwela kakhulu ekudlidlizeni kwangaphandle). | Okuphezulu (ukuhlanza njalo, izingxenye ezihambayo). |
| Ingcindezi ye-Capillary/Differential | Ilinganisa ukwehla kwengcindezi epayipini eliqinile ngesivinini sokugeleza esingaguquki. | Kunqunyelwe (kuveza isilinganiso esisodwa se-viscosity ye-Newtonian). | Okumaphakathi kuya Kokuphezulu (kudinga ukuqina kwezinga lokushisa). | Kuhle (kuncike ezintweni ze-capillary). | Okumaphakathi (kuncike ekugelezeni, kudinga ukugeleza okuzinzile). | Okuphezulu (kudinga ukuhlanzwa, kusengozini yokuvaleka). |
| Isici Esiwayo | Ilinganisa isikhathi sokuba into ethile iwele oketshezini. | Kunqunyelwe (kuveza isilinganiso esisodwa se-viscosity ye-Newtonian). | Okumaphakathi kuya Kokuphezulu (kuya ngezinto zokwakha). | Kuhle (kuncike ezintweni ezisetshenziswayo). | Okumaphakathi (okungathinteka ekudlidlizeni). | Izingxenye ezimaphakathi (ezinyakazayo, zidinga ukulinganiswa kabusha). |
2.4 Ukubekwa Kwenzwa Okuhle Kakhulu Kwedatha Enembile
Ukubekwa ngokomzimba kwe-viscometer kubaluleke kakhulu njengobuchwepheshe uqobo. Ukubekwa kahle kuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha eqoqwe imele isimo senqubo. Imikhuba emihle inquma ukuthi inzwa ibekwe endaweni lapho uketshezi lufana khona futhi lapho isici sokuzwa sicwiliswa khona ngokuphelele ngaso sonke isikhathi. Amaphuzu aphezulu epayipini lapho amabhamuza omoya angaqongelela khona kufanele agwenywe, njengoba umoya ohlanganisiwe ungaphazamisa izilinganiso, ikakhulukaziama-viscometer adlidlizayoNgokufanayo, ukufakwa "ezindaweni zokuma" lapho uketshezi lungahambi khona njalo kufanele kugwenywe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukwakheka kwezinto ezikhona ku-sensor. Isu elihle ukubeka i-sensor engxenyeni yepayipi lapho ukugeleza kuzinzile futhi kuvumelana khona, njengesikhuphukeli esiqondile noma indawo enesilinganiso sokugeleza esivumelanayo, ukuze kuhlinzekwe idatha ethembekile kakhulu yesistimu yokulawula.
III.Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-PLC/DCS okungenamthungo nge-RS485
Ukuqaliswa ngempumelelo kwe-i-viscometer eku-inthanethiithembele ekuhlanganisweni kwayo okungenamthungo engqalasizinda yokulawula izitshalo ekhona. Ukukhetha iphrothokholi yokuxhumana kanye nesendlalelo esibonakalayo kuyisinqumo esinobuqhinga esilinganisa ukuthembeka, izindleko, kanye nokuhambisana nezinhlelo ezindala.
3.1 Ukubuka Konke Kokwakhiwa Kwesistimu
Ukwakhiwa okujwayelekile kokulawula izimboni kwalolu hlelo lokusebenza ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-master-slave. I-PLC noma i-DCS ephakathi yesitshalo isebenza njenge-"master," iqala ukuxhumana ne-viscometer, esebenza njengedivayisi "yesigqila". Idivayisi yesigqila ihlala "ithule" ize ibuzwe yi-master, lapho iphendula khona ngedatha eceliwe. Le modeli yokuxhumana yomuntu ngamunye ivimbela ukushayisana kwedatha futhi yenza kube lula ukuphathwa kwenethiwekhi.
3.2 I-RS485 Communication Interface
I-interface yokuxhumana ye-RS485 iyindinganiso eqinile neyamukelwa kabanzi yokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela kwezimboni, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezidinga ukuxhumana okude, okunezindawo eziningi.
Izimfanelo Zobuchwepheshe:
Ibanga Elide kanye Nokwehla Okuningi: I-RS485 isekela ukudluliswa kwedatha ebangeni elifinyelela kumamitha angu-2000, okwenza kube kuhle kakhulu ezindaweni ezinkulu zezimboni. Ibhasi elilodwa lingaxhuma amadivayisi afinyelela kwangu-30, inani elingandiswa libe amahora angu-24 ngosuku, izinsuku eziyi-7 ngesonto ngokusebenzisa ama-repeater, okunciphisa kakhulu izindleko kanye nobunzima bengqalasizinda yezintambo.
Ukungavikeleki Komsindo:I-RS485 isebenzisa indlela yokubonisana elinganiselayo nehlukile phezu kwekhebula elisontekile. Lo mklamo unikeza ukungavikeleki okungavamile ekuphazamisekeni kwe-electromagnetic (EMI) kanye neminye imisindo kagesi, okuyinkinga evamile endaweni yesitshalo enezinjini ezinkulu nama-drive.
3.3 Ukuvala Igebe le-PLC/DCS
I-RS485 akuyona nje into ethandwayo kwezobuchwepheshe; iyisinqumo sebhizinisi esinobuhlakani esehlisa kakhulu isithiyo sokungenela ukwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela. Ikhono layo lokuhamba amabanga amade nokumelana nomsindo lenza ifaneleke kahle ezindaweni zezimboni lapho lezi zinto zibaluleke kakhulu kunesivinini sokuxhumana esingavuthiwe.
IV. Ukutholwa Kwemfundiso Yokulawula Okuzivumelanisa Nesimo Esisekelwe Kumodeli
Lesi sigaba sinikeza isisekelo esiqinile sobuhlakani sesu lokulawula elikwazi ukusingatha ukuguquguquka okuyinkimbinkimbi, okungekhona okuqondile koketshezi lwezimonyo.
4.1 Isidingo Sokulawula Okuthuthukisiwe
Abalawuli bendabuko be-Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) basekelwe kumamodeli aqondile enqubo futhi abahlomele kahle ukuphatha ukuziphatha okungekho emgqeni, okuncike esikhathini, kanye nempahla eguquguqukayo ye-non-Newtonian fluids. Isilawuli se-PID siyasabela; silinda ukuthi kwenzeke ukuphambuka endaweni ebekwe kuyo ngaphambi kokuba siqale ukuthatha isinyathelo sokulungisa. Ngenqubo ene-dynamics yokuphendula isikhathi eside, njengethangi elikhulu lokuxuba noma i-thickener, lokhu kungaholela ekulungisweni kwamaphutha okuhamba kancane, ukushukuma, noma ukuqhuma ngokweqile kwe-viscosity okuqondiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphazamiseka kwangaphandle, njengokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa noma ukuhlukahluka kokwakheka kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingenayo, kungadinga ukulungiswa kabusha njalo ngesandla kwesilawuli se-PID, okuholela ekungazinzini kwenqubo kanye nokungasebenzi kahle.
4.2 Ukumodela Kwe-Rheological Kokulawula
Isisekelo sesu lokulawula eliphumelelayo lama-fluid angewona ama-Newtonian yisibonelo esinembile nesibikezelayo sezibalo sokuziphatha kwawo.
4.2.1 Ukumodela Okuyisisekelo (Izimiso Zokuqala):
Imodeli yeHerschel-Bulkley iyi-equation enamandla esetshenziswa ukuchaza ukuziphatha kwe-rheological koketshezi olubonisa kokubili ukucindezeleka kwesivuno kanye nezici zokunciphisa ukusika noma ukuqinisa ukusika. Imodeli ihlobanisa ukucindezeleka kokusika (τ) nesilinganiso sokugunda (γ˙) kusetshenziswa amapharamitha amathathu ayisihluthulelo:
τ=τγ+K(γ˙)n
τγ (Isivuno Sokucindezeleka): Ukucindezeleka okuncane kakhulu okumele kudlule ukuze uketshezi luqale ukugeleza.
K (Inkomba Yokuhambisana): Ipharamitha efana ne-viscosity, emele ukumelana koketshezi nokugeleza.
n (Inkomba Yokuziphatha Kokugeleza): Ipharamitha ebalulekile echaza ukuziphatha koketshezi: n<1 yokunciphisa ukucheba (i-pseudoplastic), n>1 yokuqinisa ukucheba (ukwanda), kanye n=1 yepulasitiki yaseBingham.
Lo modeli unikeza uhlaka lwezibalo ukuze isilawuli sibikezele ukuthi i-viscosity ebonakalayo yoketshezi izoshintsha kanjani ngaphansi kwamazinga ahlukahlukene okucheba ngaphakathi kwenqubo, kusukela esifundeni sokuxuba esinoboya obuphansi kuya endaweni enoboya obuphezulu bepompo.
4.2.2 Ukumodela Okuqhutshwa Yidatha:
Ngaphezu kwamamodeli ezimiso zokuqala, indlela eqhutshwa idatha ingasetshenziswa ukwakha imodeli yenqubo efunda kudatha yesikhathi sangempela enikezwa yi-viscometer eku-inthanethi. Lokhu kuwusizo ikakhulukazi ekwakhiweni okuyinkimbinkimbi lapho imodeli yezimiso zokuqala enembile kunzima ukuyithola. Imodeli eqhutshwa idatha ingalungisa futhi ilungiselele amapharamitha enzwa ngesikhathi sangempela ukuze icabangele izici zangaphandle njengokushintsha kokwakheka kwamafutha noma ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa. Le ndlela iboniswe ukuthi ilawula ngempumelelo iphutha eliphelele elimaphakathi lokulinganisa i-viscosity ngaphakathi kobubanzi obuncane, okubonisa ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu nokuthembeka.
4.3 Ukutholwa Komthetho Wokulawula Ozivumelanisa Nezimo
Ingqikithi yesistimu yokulawula eguquguqukayo esekelwe kumodeli yikhono layo lokufunda njalo nokuzivumelanisa nezimo zenqubo ezishintshayo. Isilawuli asinciki kumapharamitha aqinile kodwa sivuselela ngokuguquguqukayo imodeli yaso yangaphakathi yenqubo.
Isimiso Esiyinhloko:Isilawuli esizivumelanisa nezimo sihlala silinganisa noma sibuyekeza amapharamitha emodeli yaso yangaphakathi ngesikhathi sangempela ngokusekelwe kudatha yenzwa engenayo. Lokhu kuvumela isilawuli ukuthi "sifunde" futhi sibuyisele ukuhlukahluka kwenqubo okubangelwa izinguquko zezinto zokusetshenziswa, ukuguguleka kwemishini, noma ukushintsha kwemvelo.
Ukwakhiwa Komthetho Wokulawula:
Isilinganiso Sepharamitha Yemodeli: Isikali sepharamitha, esivame ukusekelwe ku-algorithm ye-recursive least squares (RLS) ene-adaptive forgetting factor, sisebenzisa idatha yesensa yesikhathi sangempela (i-viscosity, izinga lokushisa, izinga lokugunda) ukuze silungise njalo amapharamitha emodeli, njengenani lika-K no-n lemodeli ye-Herschel-Bulkley. Lena ingxenye "eguquguqukayo".
I-Algorithm Yokulawula Okubikezelayo:Imodeli yenqubo ebuyekeziwe isetshenziswa ukubikezela ukuziphatha kwesikhathi esizayo koketshezi. I-algorithm ye-Model Predictive Control (MPC) iyisu elifanele lolu hlelo lokusebenza. I-MPC ingaphatha iziguquguquki eziningi eziguquliwe (isb., izinga lokwengeza i-thickener kanye nesivinini sephampu) ngasikhathi sinye ukulawula iziguquguquki eziningi zokukhipha (isb., i-viscosity kanye nokushisa). Isimo sokubikezela se-MPC siyivumela ukubala ukulungiswa okunembile okudingekayo ukugcina inqubo isendleleni, ngisho nokubambezeleka kwesikhathi eside, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uketshezi luhlala ngaphakathi "kwefasitela" lalo elihle kakhulu le-rheological ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Ukuguquka kusuka ekulawulweni okulula kwempendulo kuya ekulawulweni okuguquguqukayo okusekelwe kumodeli kumelela ushintsho oluyisisekelo kusuka ekuphathweni kwenqubo ephendulayo kuya ekuphathweni kwenqubo ephendulayo. Isilawuli se-PID sendabuko sisabela ngokwemvelo, silinde iphutha ukuthi lenzeke ngaphambi kokuthatha isinyathelo. Ngenqubo enokulibaziseka kwesikhathi okukhulu, lokhu kusabela kuvame ukuba sekwephuzile kakhulu, okuholela ekuqhumeni okukhulu nasekunyakazeni. Isilawuli esiphendulayo, ngokufunda njalo imodeli yenqubo, singabikezela ukuthi ushintsho oluphezulu—njengokwehluka kokwakheka kwezinto zokusetshenziswa—luzothinta kanjani ukujiya komkhiqizo wokugcina ngaphambi kokuba ukuphambuka kube okubalulekile. Lokhu kuvumela uhlelo ukuthi lwenze ukulungiswa okusebenzayo, okubalwa, luqinisekise ukuthi umkhiqizo uhlala ekucacisweni futhi lunciphise imfucuza kanye nokuguquguquka. Lesi yisona sizathu esiyinhloko sokunciphisa okukhulu kokuhlukahluka kweqembu kanye nemfucuza yezinto ezibhalwe ekusetshenzisweni okuphumelelayo.
V. Ukuqaliswa Okusebenzayo, Ukuqinisekiswa, kanye Namasu Okusebenza
Isigaba sokugcina sephrojekthi ukuqaliswa ngempumelelo kanye nokuphathwa kwesikhathi eside kohlelo oluhlanganisiwe. Lokhu kudinga ukuhlela ngokucophelela kanye nokunamathela emikhubeni emihle yokusebenza.
5.1 Izindlela Ezinhle Zokusebenzisa Ukusabalalisa
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-viscometry eku-inthanethi kanye nokulawula okuguquguqukayo kuwumsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi okufanele uphathiswe abahlanganisi bezinhlelo abanolwazi. Umklamo ochazwe kahle wangaphambili ubalulekile, njengoba izinkinga zephrojekthi ezingafika ku-80% zingalandelelwa emuva kulesi sigaba. Lapho kulungiswa kabusha izinhlelo zokulawula ezindala, umhlanganisi ofanelekayo anganikeza ubuchwepheshe obudingekayo ukuvala izikhala zokuxhumana nokuqinisekisa ukufuduka okungenamthungo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubekwa kwenzwa okufanele kubaluleke kakhulu. I-viscometer kumele ifakwe endaweni engenamabhamuza omoya, izindawo zokuma, kanye nezinhlayiya ezinkulu ezingaphazamisa ukulinganisa.
5.2 Ukuqinisekiswa Kwedatha Nokubuyisana
Ukuze uhlelo lokulawula luthembeke, idatha oluthembele kuyo kumele iqinisekiswe futhi ivumelane. Izinzwa zezimboni ezindaweni ezinzima zisengozini yomsindo, ukuzulazula, namaphutha. Iluphu yokulawula ethembela ngokungazi idatha yezinzwa eluhlaza iyaphuka futhi ithambekele ekwenzeni amaphutha abizayo.
Ukuqinisekiswa Kwedatha:Le nqubo ihilela ukuphatha idatha yezinzwa eluhlaza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amanani anencazelo futhi angaphakathi kobubanzi obulindelekile. Izindlela ezilula zifaka phakathi ukuhlunga izinto ezingaphandle kanye nokuthatha isilinganiso sezilinganiso eziningana esikhathini esibekiwe ukuze kuncishiswe umsindo.
Ukutholwa Kwephutha Eliphelele:Ukuhlolwa kwezibalo, njengokuhlolwa kwe-chi-square, kungasetshenziswa ukuthola amaphutha abalulekile noma ukwehluleka kwenzwa ngokuqhathanisa inani lomsebenzi wenhloso nenani elibalulekile.
Ukuhlanganiswa Kwedatha:Lena yindlela ethuthuke kakhulu esebenzisa idatha yezinzwa engafuneki kanye namamodeli enqubo (isb., ukulondolozwa kwenqwaba) ukukhiqiza isethi eyodwa yedatha eqinisekisiwe ngokwezibalo. Le nqubo yandisa ukuzethemba ohlelweni futhi inikeza ungqimba oluzaziyo lokuqina ezimeni ezincane zezinzwa ezingavamile kanye nokwehluleka.
Ukusetshenziswa kwesendlalelo sokuqinisekisa idatha akuyona into ongayikhetha; kuyisici esibalulekile sobuhlakani esenza lonke uhlelo lokulawula luqine futhi luthembeke lapho kubhekene nokungahambisani kwangempela. Lolu sendlalelo luguqula uhlelo lusuke ethuluzini elilula lokuzenzakalela lube yinto ehlakaniphile ngempela, eziqaphayo engagcina ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ngaphandle kokuqondiswa njalo ngumuntu.
5.3 Ukugcinwa Kwesikhathi Eside Nokuzinza
Impumelelo yesikhathi eside yesistimu ye-viscometry eku-inthanethi incike esu lokulungisa elichazwe kahle.
Ukulungiswa Kwezinzwa: Ukusetshenziswa kwemiklamo ye-viscometer eqinile engenazo izingxenye ezihambayo nezinto ezingagqwali, njenge-316L Stainless Steel, kunganciphisa kakhulu izinselele zokungcola futhi kube lula ngezinqubo zokulungisa.
Ukulinganiswa Kwesistimu Nokuqinisekiswa:Ukulinganisa okuvamile kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukunemba kwesikhathi eside kwe-viscometer. Ekusetshenzisweni okunembe kakhulu, ukulinganisa okunezindinganiso ze-viscometer eziqinisekisiwe kufanele kwenziwe ngokuhleliwe, kodwa imvamisa ingancishiswa ekusetshenzisweni okungabalulekile kangako. Njengoba kufakazelwa izifundo zokuzinza kwesikhathi eside, ezinye izinhlobo ze-viscometer, njenge-glass capillary noma i-vibration vibration vibration, zingagcina ukulinganisa kwazo iminyaka eminingi, okunciphisa kakhulu imvamisa yemicimbi yokulinganisa ebizayo.
AIsixazululo esisebenzayo singaletha izinzuzo ezibonakalayo: ukwehla okukhulu kokuguquguquka kwe-batch-to-batch kanye nokungcola kwezinto ezibonakalayo, kanye nendlela eya ekukhiqizeni okuzimele ngokuphelele nokuhlakaniphile.I-Start your opisikhathiizati-ionby i-coni-tact I-Loni-nmeter.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-09-2025
