Izembozo ezingashisi ezisekelwe emanzini zakhiwe njengesendlalelo sokuvikela izakhiwo zensimbi, ezihlanganisa ukuphepha kwemvelo nokumelana nomlilo okuthembekile. Izici zazo eziphawulekayo zifaka phakathi ukukhishwa kwe-low volatile organic compound (VOC), ukungabikho kwama-halogens, kanye nokwakheka okubeka phambili ukuphepha kwabasebenzisi kanye nemvelo. Lezi zembozo zibaluleke kakhulu emikhakheni lapho ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-toxic kanye nokunamathela emikhubeni eqhubekayo kubalulekile, njengezakhiwo eziphakeme zezentengiselwano kanye namaphrojekthi engqalasizinda.
Inzuzo eyinhloko yezembozo ezingashisi ezisekelwe emanzini ukwakheka kwazo okungenazo i-halogen. Ngokususa i-chlorine, i-bromine, kanye namakhemikhali ahlobene nayo, lezi zembozo zinciphisa ingozi yokukhishwa kwegesi enobuthi ngesikhathi somlilo. Lokhu kubhekana ngqo nokukhathazeka mayelana nokukhishwa kwama-dioxin nama-furan ekushiseni, kuphendula ezindinganisweni eziqinile zezembozo ezingashisi futhi kuthuthukiswe ukuphepha kwendawo kokubili kwabahlala kanye nabasabelayo.
Okubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwalezi zingubo ukusebenzisana phakathi kwesistimu yokubopha kanye nezigcwalisi eziqinile. Izigcwalisi ezingaphili njenge-magnesium carbonate (MgCO₃), i-magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂), kanye ne-aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)₃) zisetshenziswa kabanzi ngendima yazo njengezithiyo zokushisa. Zisebenza imisebenzi eminingana: zicindezela intuthu, zimunca ukushisa ngokubola kwe-endothermic, zikhipha umhwamuko wamanzi ukuze zipholise i-substrate, futhi zithuthukise ubuqotho bomshini wefilimu. Isibonelo, i-magnesium hydroxide ikhipha umhwamuko wamanzi uma ivezwa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, okusiza ekunciphiseni ukusabalala komlilo.
Isimbozo Esimelana Nomlilo Sesakhiwo Sensimbi
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Ukusatshalaliswa okufanayo kanye nesimo sezinhlayiya zalezi zigcwalisi kuthonya kakhuluukulinganiswa kobuningi bengubo evimbela umlilo, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokungaguquguquki. Ukusabalala okufanele kuqinisekisa ukuthi uqweqwe lwakha isivikelo sokushisa esiqhubekayo ngesikhathi somlilo. Kodwa-ke, ukulayisha ngokweqile kokugcwalisa kungalimaza ukuzinza kwenqubo, okwenza amasu okuvikela umlilo noma ukusebenzisa ibhulashi abe nzima kakhulu. Kukhona ibhalansi edingekayo: ukugcwalisa okwanele ukuze kubambezeleke kahle umlilo, kodwa hhayi kakhulu kangangokuthi kunciphisa ukunamathela noma ukuguquguquka.
Kanye nezingxenye ezingaphili, ama-polymer emvelo ahlanganisa izingxenye ndawonye futhi anegalelo ekuguquguqukeni kwefilimu. Uma ithuthukiswa yizigcwalisi ezikhethwe kahle, uqweqwe oluhlanganisiwe oluvelayo lufinyelela ukuzinza okuphezulu kokushisa, lunciphisa isivinini sokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa futhi luthuthukise ifasitela elivikelayo ngesikhathi somlilo. Uma isetshenziswa esigabeni sokuxuba ukukhiqizwa koqweqwe olungashi, ukukhethwa ngokucophelela nokuhlanganiswa kwezigcwalisi kanye nezihlanganisi kunquma ukusebenza kokugcina. Le nqubo ixhumene kakhulu nemiphumela efana nokuncipha kokukhishwa kwentuthu, ukuthuthukiswa kokuqina (ukwanda koqweqwe ngaphansi kokushisa), kanye nokuqina okungcono komshini.
Izembozo ezisekelwe emanzini zinciphisa nokukhishwa kwe-VOC, inzuzo yekhwalithi yomoya kanye nokuphepha kwabasebenzi. Lokhu kufezwa ngokuyinhloko ngokusebenzisa amanzi njengesinyibilikisi kanye nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kokugcwalisa amaminerali, okuthatha indawo yezihlanganisi eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo. Lokhu kuhambisana nezidingo zokusimama kanye nesitifiketi sesakhiwo esiluhlaza, okwenza lezi zembozo zibe phakathi kwezembozo ezinhle kakhulu ezingamelani nomlilo zezakhiwo ezilwela ukuthobela imvelo.
Ngamafuphi, ukuhlangana kobuchwepheshe obungenamanzi obusekelwe ku-halogen kanye nezigcwalisi ezithuthukisiwe ze-inorganic kuveza izembozo ezinobungani nemvelo, ezingashisi umlilo ezilungiswe kahle ukuze kuvikelwe isakhiwo sensimbi. Ukusabalala okufanayo, okuqukethwe okuhle kakhulu, kanye nenqubo yokuxuba izembozo ezingashisi umlilo ngokucophelela kuqinisekisa imiphumela ethembekile nesebenza kahle kakhulu yokwakha izinhlaka zokuphepha.
Ukubaluleka Kokulinganiswa Kobuningi Obuphakathi Kwezimbozo Ezimelana Nomlilo
Ubuningi obuqhubekayo ekuvinjweni komlilo okufafazwayo kubalulekile ukuze kufezwe izembozo ezingashisi umlilo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ezenzelwe izakhiwo zensimbi. Ubuningi bezembozo ezingashisi ezisekelwe emanzini bunquma ngqo izakhiwo zazo zokuvimbela ukushisa, okuthinta ukuthi isisekelo sensimbi sigcina isikhathi esingakanani ubuqotho ngaphansi kokuchayeka emlilweni. Ukuhlolwa kubonise ukuthi ukuphambuka okuncane ekubunjweni kungabangela izinguquko ezibalulekile kokubili ekuqhutshweni kokushisa kanye namandla okucindezela, okuthonya ikhono lezembozo lokuhlinzeka ngokuvikelwa okwanele komlilo ongasebenzi.
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi obuphakathi kwenza kube lula ukulungisa ngokushesha ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa kokukhiqizwa kokumbozwa okungashi. Ngokuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela ngamamitha obuningi obuphakathi njengalawo ahlinzekwa yiLonnmeter, abakhiqizi bagcina ukulawula okuqinile kobuningi bokumbozwa okungashiswa ngamanzi. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukujiya kokusetshenziswa okufanayo futhi kuvimbela izikhala noma izindawo ezibuthakathaka, zombili ezingalimaza ukumelana nomlilo.
- Ukulawulwa kobuningi kuthinta izakhiwo eziningana ezibalulekile:Ukumelana Nomlilo:Ukulinganiswa kobukhulu bengubo obumelana nomlilo kuvumela ukwakheka okunembile ngesikhathi senqubo yokuxuba ingubo engashi. Izingubo ezingaphansi kobukhulu zingase zingaphumeleli ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngesikhathi somlilo, kuyilapho izambatho eziqine kakhulu zingaqhekeka noma zihlukane nensimbi, zibeke engcupheni ukuvikelwa.
- Ukusebenza Kahle Kokumbozwa:Ukugcina ubuningi obufanele kusiza ukuthuthukisa izinga lokusabalala kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo kumasu okufaka isembozo sokufutha esingashi, okuthinta ukumbozwa okuphelele kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko kumaphrojekthi afana nesembozo esingcono kakhulu esingashisi sezakhiwo noma isembozo esingashisi esingabizi sezindlu.
Ukuqina Kwemishini:Ukuphathwa kobuningi kuqinisekisa ukuthi uqweqwe olungashisi lwezakhiwo zensimbi lugcina ukunamathela okwanele, ukuguquguquka, kanye nokumelana nomonakalo ongokwenyama. Ucwaningo olusebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwe-positron yokubhujiswa lubonisa ukuthi ukuguquguquka kobuningi kungaphazamisa isakhiwo esincane, kudale izindawo ezibuthakathaka ngaphakathi kwe-matrix yoqweqwe. Ukuvumelana kwesakhiwo esincane kuhlobene namandla aphezulu okudonseka kanye nengozi encishisiwe yokwehluleka kwangaphambi kwesikhathi. Ngezimbozo ezingashisi ezisekelwe emanzini ezinezithasiselo ze-nanoparticle ezihlakazekile, ukulinganisa ubuningi besikhathi sangempela kubalulekile. Ukugxilisa kakhulu kungabangela ukuhlangana, kukhuphule ubuningi ngokungalingani futhi kunciphise ukuthembeka komshini. Ukulawula okuqondile kwe-inline kuvimbela izinkinga ezinjalo, kusekela ukuqina kwesikhathi eside kanye nezidingo eziqinile zezindinganiso zoqweqwe ezingashisi kanye nokuhlolwa.
Ukulawulwa kobuningi obubi esigabeni sokuxuba ungqimba olungashisi kungabangela nokungalingani kokugqwala kanye nokubanjwa komoya, kunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kongqimba olungashisi olusebenza kahle futhi kudingeke ukulungiswa okubizayo. Ngakho-ke, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo ngamamitha obuningi angaphakathi njengalawo avela eLonnmeter kubalulekile ekuhlangabezaneni nokuhambisana nokuphepha komlilo kwesimanje kanye nokugcina izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe bokugqokisa obungashisi obusekelwe emanzini.
Isixhumanisi esibalulekile phakathi kokulinganiswa kobuningi obuphakathi kanye nekhwalithi eqhubekayo, ephindaphindayo yokuvikela umlilo ngokufutha isekelwa yimodeli yezinto ezilinganiselwe kanye nedatha yokukhiqiza yangempela. Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukuthi izinto zokwakha zihlala zisebenza ezingeni lazo lokusebenza elihlosiwe, zisekela kokubili ukuphepha kanye nokusebenza kahle ekukhiqizweni nasekusetshenzisweni kokumboza okungashisi.
Ngezansi ishadi elimele elibonisa ubudlelwano phakathi kokuminyana kwengubo engashisi kanye nokuqhuba kokushisa, kugcizelela ukuthi kungani ukulawulwa kokuminyana okuqinile kubalulekile (idatha elingisiwe yokubona ngeso lengqondo):
Ubuningi (kg/m³) | Ukushisa Okushisayo (W/m·K)
-----------------|- ...
300 | 0.10
400 | 0.12
500 | 0.15
600 | 0.18
700 | 0.20
800 | 0.23
Ukwanda okuncane kobuningi kungaphinda kabili ukuhanjiswa kokushisa, kunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokushisa. Ukuqapha okuqondile kuqinisekisa ukunemba, okwenza amasu okusebenzisa isifutho esivikela umlilo athuthukisiwe aphephe futhi ahambisane kangcono kumaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene.
Izinselele Nezixazululo Esigabeni Sokuxuba Ukukhiqiza
Esigabeni sokuxuba ukukhiqizwa kwezembozo ezingashiswa ngamanzi zezakhiwo zensimbi, ukufeza nokugcina ukufana kobuningi kubalulekile. Ukufana kobuningi akuqinisekisi nje kuphela isithiyo esithembekile esingashiswa ngumlilo kodwa futhi nokuhambisana nezindinganiso zokugqoka ezingashiswa ngumlilo kanye nezindlela ezisebenzayo zokusebenzisa ukuvimbela umlilo okufafazwayo kanye nezinye izindlela.
Inqubo iqala ngokuhlanganisa uhla lwezigcwalisi eziqinile, ama-intumescent agents, ama-binder, kanye nama-rheology modifiers ku-matrix yamanzi. Inselele eyodwa eqhubekayo ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlayiya, lapho izigcwalisi ezifana ne-ammonium polyphosphate kanye ne-graphite enwetshiwe zihlangana khona ngaphandle kokusika noma ukuhlakazeka okwanele. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuholela ekuguqukeni kobuningi bendawo engxubeni, okuthinta ngqo iphrofayili yobuningi bengubo esetshenziswayo yokumelana nomlilo. Lapho kwenzeka ukuhlukahluka kobuningi, ukwanda ngesikhathi sokuvezwa komlilo kuba okungalindelekile, okukhiqiza amaphuzu abuthakathaka angabeka engcupheni ukuvikelwa—lokhu kuxhumana phakathi kokufana kobuningi kanye nokusebenza kahle kwesithiyo somlilo kusekelwa ngokuqinile yizifundo zelebhu kanye nezensimu.
Enye inkinga evamile ukuqina kwezinhlayiya eziqinile ngesikhathi noma ngemva kokuxuba, ikakhulukazi lapho ukufakelwa kwamandla kunganele noma ukulawulwa kwe-viscosity kunganele. Ukuqina kubangela ukuthi izigcwalisi kanye nezengezo ezivimbela ilangabi zihlukane, okudala imiphumela engathandeki yesendlalelo. Lapho lezi zembozo zisetshenziswa, ukuqina kwe-spray kanye nobukhulu be-spray spray kuyathinteka, okuholela ezimpahleni zokumelana nomlilo ezixakile. I-viscosity ephezulu iyodwa ayiqinisekisi ukuzinza; ukulandelana okungafanele kokwengeza kanye nokuntuleka kwe-homogeneity ezingeni elincane kusengaholela ekungahambelani okufihliwe kobuningi. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ngisho ne-coefficient engu-5% yokwehluka kwezinombolo zobuningi be-batch ingabonisa ingozi enkulu yokusebenza kwe-coating ezimweni zomlilo wokwakha.
Ukuvimbela izinkinga ezinjalo kuqala ngokufaka izimpushana ngezigaba esigabeni soketshezi, ngaphansi kokushukunyiswa okusebenzayo komshini. Abaxubi nabasabalalisi abashefa kakhulu bakhiqiza ukumiswa okufanayo, kubhidliza ama-agglomerate okuqala futhi kusize ekusatshalalisweni okulinganayo kokugcwalisa. Kodwa-ke, uma amandla okushukunyiswa ephansi kakhulu noma isikhathi sokuxuba singanele, umoya ungafakwa, wehlise ubuningi obulinganisiwe futhi wonakalise ukumelana komlilo kokugcina kwengubo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukushuba ngokweqile kungalimaza amanye amakhemikhali e-binder, kugqamise isidingo sokulawula okunembile.
Ukuvumelana kweqembu kuya kwelinye kuvela njengokukhathazeka okuphindaphindiwe, ikakhulukazi ezinqubweni zokuxuba indawo noma zeqembu lensimu, lapho ukwehluka kwezimo ezizungezile kanye nezinqubo zokuxuba kunciphisa ukuphindaphindeka. Ngaphandle kokuqapha okuqhubekayo, ukusebenza kungahluka kulokho okungafinyelelwa endaweni yezimboni elawulwayo. Lapha, amamitha obuningi angaphakathi njengalawo akhiqizwa yiLonnmeter aba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Ahlola ingxube ngesikhathi sangempela, ethola ukuphambuka okuncane kobuningi okubonisa ukuqina, ukuhlangana, noma ukuhlakazeka okungaphelele. Uma kuhlanganiswa nezilawuli ezenzakalelayo, isivinini sokuxuba kanye nokulinganisa izithako kulungiswa ngokuguquguqukayo, kuvala iluphu yempendulo futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ibhetshi ngayinye ihambisana namabanga obuningi obuqondiwe bezingubo ezimelana nomlilo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu.
Ukuze kulandelwe imithetho nemithetho esebenzayo, imigqa eminingi yokukhiqiza ihlanganisa ukulinganiswa kobuningi obungaphakathi komugqa namamitha e-viscosity angaphakathi komugqa. Le ndlela ye-tandem ibalulekile, njengoba izembozo ezingashisi umlilo kumele zihlangabezane nezindinganiso zobuningi kanye ne-rheological zokufuthwa kahle, ukumbozwa, kanye nokuvikelwa komlilo. Umkhuba wezimboni—ohambisana nesiqondiso esivela ezinhlanganweni ezifana ne-UL—ukhuthaza ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi ngemuva kokuxubana. Kodwa izinhlelo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zihlanganisa izinzwa ngaphakathi kwesitsha sokuxuba noma umugqa wokujikeleza kabusha, okuvumela ukungenelela kwesikhathi sangempela kanye nokunciphisa imfucuza ngenxa yezinto ezingaphandle kwe-spec.
Ngamafuphi, isigaba sokuxuba ukukhiqizwa kwezimbozo ezingashiswa ngamanzi sinezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi: ukuvimbela ukuhlangana nokuqhekeka, ukufeza ukuhlakazeka okuqhubekayo, nokuqinisekisa ukuphindaphindeka kwe-batch-to-batch. Izixazululo zincike ekuxubeni okwenziwe kahle kwemishini, ukuhlanganiswa kwezithako ngokucophelela, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo ngesikhathi sangempela kusetshenziswa amamitha wobuningi obungaphakathi kusuka kubakhiqizi abanjengoLonnmeter. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukulinganiswa kobukhulu bembozo obumelana nomlilo kuhlala ngaphakathi kokubekezelelana okuqinile okudingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwesakhiwo kanye nokuvunyelwa komthetho.
Izindlela kanye nobuchwepheshe bokulinganisa ubuningi obuphakathi
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi kubalulekile ekugcineni ikhwalithi kanye nokumelana nomlilo kwezembozo ezingashiswa ngamanzi ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa. Ukukhiqizwa kwesimanje kwezembozo ezingashiswa yimlilo zezakhiwo zensimbi kuncike ekuqapheni okunembile ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zezembozo ezingashiswa yimlilo kanye nezidingo zokuhlola, kuyilapho futhi kuthuthukisa inqubo yokuxuba izembozo ezingashiswa yimlilo.
Izimiso Zomzimba Namathuluzi Okulinganisa
- Izimiso ezimbili eziyinhloko zomzimba zisekela ukulinganisa ubuningi obusezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu bokuvimbela umlilo okufafazwayo kanye nokwembozwa okungashiswa ngamanzi:Ukulinganiswa Kobuningi Be-Ultrasonicisebenzisa ukusabalala kwamagagasi omsindo avame kakhulu ngokusebenzisa i-coating. Izinzwa zihlola ijubane lomsindo kanye ne-acoustic impedance—kokubili okuthintwa ngqo ubuningi nokwakheka kwe-coating. Ukwehluka kombala, i-resin, kanye nokugcwala kwe-solvent kushintsha amaphrofayili e-acoustic. Kusetshenziswa amafomula anembile njenge-(c = \sqrt{K/\rho}) (lapho u-c eyisivinini somsindo, u-K eyi-bulk modulus, kanye no-ρ eyi-density). Ubuchwepheshe bubona ngokushesha izinguquko zenqubo, njengokuncibilika kwamanzi, ukuqina okuqinile, noma ukubonakala kwe-foam noma amabhamuza, okungathinta ikhwalithi yokufakwa kanye nokubopha ezindaweni zensimbi.
Ubuchwepheshe be-U-Tube obushintshashintshayoisebenzisa ishubhu elinomumo we-U elidlidlizayo eligcwele ungqimba olumelana nomlilo. Imvamisa yokujiya kweshubhu ishintsha ngokulingana nobukhulu nobuningi bengubo; isimiso sichazwa ngokuthi (f \propto 1/\sqrt{m_{tube} + m_{fluid}}). Lobu buchwepheshe buqinile futhi buphindaphindeka kakhulu, buhlala bulinganisiwe emijikelezweni emide yokuxuba futhi bumelana nokuqina okuguquguqukayo okukhona ezimbozweni ezimelana nomlilo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Ukuhlaziywa kwezithombe kubonisa ubudlelwano obuqondile phakathi kokwehla kwemvamisa nokwanda kobuningi ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwe-pigment noma okuqinile. Bobabili ubuchwepheshe budinga isinxephezelo sokushisa esinembile, njengoba ubuningi bengubo buzwa ngisho nasekushintsheni okuncane kokushisa, okungaholela ezinhlotsheni ezingaphandle kwe-spec noma ekusebenzeni komlilo okuphazamisekile.
Ukusampula Ngesandla vs. Amasu Oku-Inline Esikhathi Sangempela
Ukulinganisa ubuningi bendabuko kumasu okusetshenziswa kokufaka isifutho esingashiswa umlilo kuncike ekuthathweni kwamasampula ngesandla, njengokuqoqwa kokufaka isifutho ngezikhathi ezithile kusuka emgqeni kanye nokuhlaziywa kwelebhu. Le ndlela idla isikhathi, kuncike ephutheni lomqhubi, futhi ayikwazi ukunikeza impendulo ngokushesha. Ukubambezeleka phakathi kokuqoqwa kwamasampula kanye nokuchazwa kwemiphumela kungavumela izinto ezingahambisani nomthetho ukuthi ziqhubeke zingahlolwanga, okungafaka engozini isifutho esingashiswa umlilo emakhaya nasezindlini.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amasu asebenza ngaphakathi ngesikhathi sangempela—asebenza ngamamitha e-U-tube e-ultrasonic kanye ne-oscillating—ahlala eqapha ubuningi emgudwini wenqubo. Impendulo esheshayo isekela ukulawulwa okuqinile kweqembu ngalinye ngesikhathi sesigaba sokuxuba ukukhiqizwa kokumboza okungashi. Ukulawulwa ngaphakathi:
- Kunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi ngokunciphisa ukuma okuvamile.
- Ithola ukuphambuka ngokushesha, igwema ukulungiswa kabusha okubizayo noma imfucuza.
- Ivumela ukulungiswa okuzenzakalelayo kwamanzi, i-pigment, noma izilinganiso zokwengeza ukuze kulondolozwe izakhiwo ezithile zokumelana nomlilo.
Ukulinganisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ubuningi obungaphakathi kwemigqa kuyisihluthulelo sokufeza ukufana kwezingubo zokugqoka ezingashisi kakhulu ezakhiweni, kanye nokugcwalisa izidingo zokuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukukhiqizwa.
Izici kanye nezinzuzo zezinhlelo zokulinganisa ubuningi be-Inline zanamuhla
Amamitha okulinganisa ubuningi besimanje—njengalawo akhiqizwe yiLonnmeter—anikeza intuthuko ebalulekile yezinzuzo zokugqoka ezisekelwe emanzini ezingashisi kanye nokusebenza kahle:
- Ukuzwela Okuphezulu Nokunemba: Amadivayisi avame ukubona izinguquko zobuningi ezincane njenge-0.001 g/cm³, ezibalulekile ekuhambisaneni nemiphumela yokuvimbela umlilo ephindaphindwayo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu lapho kubhekwa ukwakheka okusekelwe emanzini, okungashintsha ubuningi kancane ngenxa yokuhwamuka noma ukuhlanganiswa kwezithako.
- Ukwakhiwa Okuhlala Isikhathi Eside: Izinzwa zenzelwe ukumelana namakhemikhali ukuze ziphathe izembozo ezibolayo noma ezigcwele izinhlayiya isikhathi eside, zigcina ukusebenza ezindaweni ezidinga kakhulu zezinqubo zokuvimbela umlilo zesakhiwo sensimbi.
- Ukuhlanganiswa Kwedijithali Nokuxilonga: Izici ezifana nezindlela zokunciphisa izinga lokushisa kanye nemiphumela yokuxilonga ivumela opharetha ukuthi balandelele impilo yezinzwa, baxazulule izinkinga ngokushesha, futhi balondoloze ukuhambisana kwezindlela zokufaka isimbozo esingashi.
- Ukulawulwa Kwenqubo Okuqhubekayo: Ukuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo ze-PLC noma ze-SCADA kuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha yobuningi iyalogwa futhi iqashwe. Izexwayiso zokuphambuka okuzenzakalelayo zisekela izinyathelo zokulungisa ngokushesha ukuze kugcinwe ukuphepha komkhiqizo kanye nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.
Isibonelo, izinzwa ze-ultrasonic ezifakwe kuma-mixer anejubane eliphezulu ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukusabalala kwe-resin kuhlala kufana, kuvimbela ukuhlukaniswa noma ukuqina okungalimaza ikhwalithi yokuvimbela umlilo. Amamitha e-U-tube ajikelezayo avumela opharetha ukuthi balungise okuqukethwe kwamanzi bukhoma, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ibhetshi ngayinye igcina ububanzi bokuqina obufanele obudingekayo ukuze kunamathele ezisekelweni zensimbi.
Ukusetshenziswa kokulinganisa kwesimanje kobuningi obungaphakathi kuguqula ukuziphatha kokulawula ikhwalithi—kusuka ekungeneleleni okusabelayo kuya ekuvimbeleni okusebenzayo kokulinganisa kobukhulu bokumboza obumelana nomlilo obungacacisiwe. Ngenxa yalokho, abakhiqizi banciphisa imfucuza, baqinisekisa ukuphepha, futhi bahlangabezana nezidingo eziqinile zokugqoka okumelana nomlilo okusebenza kahle kakhulu, kokubili ezakhiweni zensimbi zezimboni kanye nezicelo zokufutha ezingashiswa yiziqhumane zokuhlala.
Imiphumela Yokuguquguquka Kobuningi Ekusetshenzisweni Kokuvimbela Umlilo Ngokufutha
Ubuningi bengubo engashiswa ngamanzi buyakha ngqo ukufuthwa, ukunamathela, kanye nokuphela kwendawo emasu okusetshenziswa kwengubo engashiswa umlilo yezakhiwo zensimbi. Imininingwane yemboni ikhombisa ukuthi ubuningi, uma bungaqashelwa eduze, buholela ekhwalithini yokufuthwa engaguquki, ukunamathela okungaguquki, kanye nemiphumela engalindelekile yokumelana nomlilo.
Ithonya Lobuningi Ekukwazini Ukufutha, Ukunamathela, kanye Nokuqedwa Komphezulu
Ubuningi bengubo engashisi umlilo buthinta i-atomization yayo ngemishini yokufafaza. Ububanzi bobuningi obungu-1.2–1.4 g/cm³ buvumela i-atomization eqhubekayo, okusiza ukuvimbela ukuvaleka kwemishini nokuletha ukufakwa kwefilimu okufanayo. Ubuningi obungaphezu kwalolu bubanzi buvame ukudinga ukucindezela okuphezulu kwephampu noma ama-nozzle orifices amakhulu. Lokhu kungandisa i-overspray, kukhiqize amaphethini okufafaza angalingani, futhi kubangele ukugoba noma ukusebenza, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zensimbi eziqondile. Isibonelo, izifutho ezingenamoya zibonisa ukuthambekela emiphumeleni "yekhethini" lapho zifafaza izingxube zobuningi obukhulu, okuholela emaphethelweni asindayo nasezindaweni ezincane ezenza kube nzima ukuhlangana nokwakhiwa kwefilimu okudingekayo.
Izifutho ezingashisi kakhulu, ngenkathi zisebenza kalula, zingase zehluleke ukukhiqiza ubukhulu befilimu eyomile obucacisiwe ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngenxa yalokho, ukumbozwa komphetho kanye nokugwinywa okuphelele okuzungeze imisebe ye-I noma imininingwane yokuxhumeka kungaba okungaguquki. Ukuqhubeka kwefilimu, okubalulekile ekumelaneni nomlilo okuphezulu, kuhlobene ngqo nokulawulwa kobuningi esigabeni sokuxuba ukukhiqizwa kanye nokuqapha okuqhubekayo kokusetshenziswa.
Amandla okunamathela angenye ipharamitha ebalulekile ebunjwa ukuminyana kwengubo. Ukumbozwa okuqinile okumelana nomlilo kwezakhiwo zensimbi kuvame ukwandisa okuqukethwe kwezinto eziqinile. Lokhu kungasiza ukuhlangana ngomshini ezindaweni zensimbi, kodwa ngokuminyana okukhulu, izinto eziqinile ezikhulayo zivimbela ukumanzisa nokungena kwe-substrate, kwehlisa amandla okunamathela ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezilungisiwe noma ezibushelelezi. Ukwakheka okuphansi kokuqina, ngenkathi kukhombisa ukumanzisa okuthuthukisiwe, kuvame ukubonisa ukugoba kwe-pinhole, amazinga aphezulu okuhwamuka, kanye nokuqhekeka kwefilimu ekugcineni noma ukususwa kwe-debutting uma isithwali samanzi siphuma ngokushesha kakhulu ngesikhathi sokoma.
Amanani alinganisiwe avela ekuhlolweni kokunamathela okudonswayo (ASTM D4541) abonisa amandla aphezulu esibopho (ngokuvamile >2.5 MPa) kubhendi yobuningi obuhle, kuyilapho kokubili ukuxubana okungaphansi nokuxinene kakhulu kuvame ukuwela ngaphansi kwe-2.0 MPa ngenxa yokuhlangana noma ukuntuleka kokumanzisa.
Ukuphela kobuso nakho kukhombisa ukuncika kakhulu ekubuneni. Ukwemboza okujiyile kakhulu kuyingozi ekubunjweni kwesikhumba esiphuzi noma amafilimu omisiwe aqinile, aqhekekile. Ukumiswa okuncishisiwe kakhulu kuholela kumaphrofayili obuso angenawo ama-sag kodwa angalingani, anezimbobo, noma amancane, ikakhulukazi uma kufakwa kumajiyometri ensimbi ayinkimbinkimbi.
Izindlela Ezinhle Zokugcina Ukusebenza Kuvumelana Ezinhlakeni Zensimbi
Ukugcina ubuningi obuzinzile ngesikhathi senqubo yokuxuba ukukhiqizwa kwengubo engashisi umlilo kubalulekile. Ukulinganiswa kobuningi obungaphakathi, okuvunyelwe yizinsimbi ezifana nalezo ezikhiqizwe yiLonnmeter, kunikeza opharetha impendulo eqhubekayo kanye nezexwayiso ezisheshayo mayelana nezinguquko ezingacacisiwe. Lokhu kunciphisa ingozi yokukhukhuleka kobuningi ngenxa yokungalungi kokwakheka kweqembu noma ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi ngenxa yokuhwamuka - izinkinga ezibaluleke kakhulu ezimweni zesayithi ezinokushisa okuphezulu noma ezinomswakama ophansi.
Ukulawula okuqondile okuqondile kuqinisekisa ukuthi ibhetshi ngayinye ethunyelwa embotsheni yokufutha ihambisana nezinhloso zobuningi ezidingekayo ukuze kutholakale i-atomization kanye nokumbozwa okuhle. Ukuthatha amasampula kukodwa kuyisivikelo esingathembekile; idatha yasensimini iqinisekisa ukuthiukulinganisa okusemgqeni ngesikhathi sangempelaibona ngokushesha ukuphambuka kwenqubo ngaphambi kokuba kuthinte imiphumela yokusetshenziswa noma kwephule amazinga okumboza angashi kanye nezindlela zokuhlola.
Ukulungisa izilinganiso zama-binder, ama-filler, kanye nama-intumescent kusiza ekulungiseni ubuningi, futhi, ukufuthwa kanye nokwakhiwa kwefilimu. Kumakholomu nezinsimbi zensimbi, umkhuba ojwayelekile uncoma ukugcina ubuningi ngaphakathi kobubanzi obungu-1.3–1.4 g/cm³, okuhambisana nemiphumela emihle kakhulu kokubili ekuhlolweni kwensimu kanye naselabhorethri.
Ubudlelwano Phakathi Kobuningi Obulinganisiwe kanye Nemiphumela Elindelekile Yokumelana Nomlilo
Izifundo eziphelele zibonisa ubudlelwano obuqondile phakathi kobuningi bengubo evikela umlilo obulinganiswe kahle kanye nokumelana nomlilo okuvivinywe yizinto. Ukugqoka okufanayo, okujiyile ngokwanele, okwenziwe kwaba nokwenzeka ngokugcina ubukhulu benhloso, kufeza isikhathi esibekiwe sokwehluleka ekuhlolweni komlilo okujwayelekile (njenge-ASTM E119 kanye ne-EN 13381). Ukugqoka okujiyile okungaphansi kobukhulu kuyingozi yokusebenza kahle, kwehluleka ukuvikela izinsimbi zensimbi ngokwanele ezimweni zokuchayeka emlilweni isikhathi eside.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izembozo eziminyene kakhulu zingase ziqale zidlule izidingo ezincane zobunzima kodwa zivame ukuba nemifantu eyomile noma ubuthakathaka bokunamathela, okwehlisa ukuthembeka kokuvikela umlilo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kwamamitha okuqina angaphakathi ngesikhathi sangempela kulo lonke i-spray engashisi umlilo emakhaya nasezindaweni zezimboni kuhlotshaniswa namazinga aphezulu okuhambisana nezindinganiso zezembozo ezingashisi umlilo kanye nezinqubo zokuhlola futhi kubhekwa njengokubalulekile ekulethweni kwezembozo ezingashisi umlilo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ezakhiweni.
Ngokulawula ubuningi bengubo engashisi emazingeni okukhiqiza abalulekile kanye nezigaba zokusetshenziswa, ochwepheshe baqinisekisa ukuthi izinzuzo zengubo engashisi emanzini zihumusha ngokuthembekile zibe ukusebenza okuqinile endaweni, zandisa isikhathi senkonzo futhi zivikele ubuqotho bensimbi ngaphansi komlilo.
Isiqondiso Esiwusizo Sokusebenzisa Ukulinganisa Ubuningi
Ukulinganisa ubuningi obusebenzayo bomugqa kubalulekile enqubweni yokuxuba ukugqoka okungashi, ikakhulukazi ukugqoka okungashisi okusekelwe emanzini okusetshenziswa ezakhiweni zensimbi. Isiqondiso esilandelayo sigxile ekusetshenzisweni okusebenzayo ngesikhathi sesigaba sokuxuba ukukhiqiza.
Ukusetha Ukuqapha Okuqondile Ngesikhathi Sesigaba Sokuxuba Ukukhiqiza
Faka amamitha okulinganisa angaphakathi—njenge-vibrating tube densitometers, izinzwa ze-ultrasonic, noma amadivayisi asekelwe ku-Coriolis—ngqo emgqeni wokujikeleza noma ku-bypass loop, ezansi kwethangi lokuxuba. Beka uhlelo lokulinganisa ngemuva kokufakwa kwe-emulsification ephezulu kodwa ngaphambi kokufakwa kokugcwalisa kokugcina ukuze kuthathwe amanani okulinganisa amele njengoba izingxenye zihlangana. Inzwa kumele ihambisane nezingxube zokugqoka ezingashiswa ngamanzi, i-alkaline, kanye ne-high-solids. Qinisekisa ukuthi izindlu zezinzwa ziyahlangabezana nezidingo zokumelana namanzi kanye nokumelana nokuqhuma ukuze zihambisane nezindinganiso zemboni.
Xhuma imitha yobuningi ohlelweni lokulawula lwesitshalo, uvumele ukulungiswa okuzenzakalelayo:
- Uma ukufundwa kobuningi kuwela ngaphansi kwenhloso, izilawuli zokulinganisa zandisa ukwengezwa kwezinto ezomile.
- Uma ubuningi budlula imininingwane, ukungezwa kwamanzi kuyaqala, kugcina izakhiwo zokumboza ezimelana nomlilo zisebenza kahle.
Bheka amafasitela anemininingwane eqinile (ngokuvamile ±0.01–0.02 g/cm³) ukuze uthole isiqinisekiso sekhwalithi. Qapha ubuningi ngokuqhubekayo ukuze unciphise izingozi ezifana nokungalingani kokuqina kwesikhumba kanye nokuguquguquka kokusetshenziswa kwefilimu, okuthinta kokubili ukuvikelwa komlilo kanye nokuhambisana nezindinganiso zokugqoka ezingashisi umlilo kanye nezidingo zokuhlola.
Isibonelo:Ngesikhathi sokuxuba ama-emulsion e-acrylic kanye nama-filler angaphakathi kwe-intumescent ukuze kufakwe ama-formulations okuvikela umlilo, ukulinganisa okuqhubekayo kwe-inline density kuvimbela ukubola futhi kuqinisekisa ukulingana. Le ndlela ibaluleke kakhulu ekumbozweni okungcono kakhulu okumelana nomlilo kwezakhiwo kanye namasu okusebenzisa i-spray coating.
Ukulinganisa, Ukuqinisekisa, kanye Nokugcinwa Kwamathuluzi Okulinganisa
Hlela imikhuba ejwayelekile yokulinganisa yamamitha obuningi angaphakathi komugqa usebenzisa uketshezi lokulinganisa olujwayelekile oluhambisana nobubanzi bobuningi bezinto ezivikelwe ezingashi. Thembela ezimisweni zokulinganisa ezilandelekayo ngaphambi kokuqala kweqoqo lokukhiqiza kanye nangemva kokungenelela kokulungisa. Qinisekisa ukunemba kwenzwa ngokubhekisela okuphambeneyo kokufundwa okungaphakathi komugqa ngokuthatha amasampula esandla kanye nokuhlolwa kwelebhu okwenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile.
Ukugcinwa kufanele kufake:
- Izinqubo zokuhlanza ezivamile ezihambisana nezindlela zamanzi (ukuhambisana ne-CIP).
- Ukuhlolwa kokwakheka noma ifilimu ezindaweni zezinzwa, okungase kuphazamise ukufundwa.
- Ukuhlola izivalo zenzwa kanye nezindawo zokugcina izimbobo ukuze kutholakale ukuthi azigqwali noma ziyavuza.
Empeleni, idatha yokulinganisa kanye nokuqinisekisa ifakwa kumadokhumenti adingekayo ukuze kulandelwe imithetho, okuqinisekisa ukuthi izembozo ezingashisi kahle zihlangabezana nezindinganiso zemboni.
Ukuxazulula Izinkinga Ezivamile Ekulawulweni Kobuningi Okuqondene Nezimbozo Ezingashi Ezisekelwe Emanzini
Bhekana nezinkinga ezingaba khona ezithinta ukunemba kokulinganisa ubuningi obungaphakathi kwemigqa ezinhlelweni zokumboza ezingashisi ezisekelwe emanzini:
Ukubopha Umoya:Ukuxuba ngamandla kungangenisa amabhamuza omoya, kwehlisa ubuningi obulinganisiwe ngamanga. Izindlela zokumelana zifaka ukulungiswa kwesivinini sokuxuba okungcono kakhulu kanye nezithiyo zamabhamuza ngaphambi kwenzwa.
Ukushintshashintsha Kwezinga Lokushisa:Izinguquko ekushiseni okuhlanganisiwe zingashintsha ukufundwa kobuningi. Sebenzisa izici zokunciphisa izinga lokushisa ezihlanganiswe ekusethweni kokulinganisa bese ubhala njalo izinga lokushisa lesampula kanye nedatha yobuningi.
Ukuthuthwa kwendle noma ukungahlalisani:Ama-filler aminyene angase ahlale phansi, okuholela ekufundweni kobuningi obungaguquki. Gcina amazinga okuphindaphinda nokuxubana anele bese ubeka imitha yobuningi lapho ingxube ihlanganiswe khona ngokuphelele.
Ukungcola kwenzwa:Ama-ejenti angena ngaphakathi kanye nama-binder angase akhe ama-deposit kuma-sensor, okuholela ekulinganisweni okungalungile. Sebenzisa imijikelezo yokuhlanza njalo endaweni njengengxenye yokulungisa.
Ezinqubweni zokuxuba ukugqoka okungenamlilo okuzenzakalelayo, ukuxazulula lezi zinkinga ezivamile kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukulawulwa kobuningi obungaphakathi kusekela ngqo ukusebenza, ikhwalithi yokusetshenziswa, kanye nokuhambisana nomthetho kokubili ukugqoka okungenamlilo kwezakhiwo zensimbi kanye nesifutho esingashisi emakhaya.
Ukuhamba komsebenzi okuqinile kokuqapha ubuningi obungaphakathi, okufakwe kahle, okulinganisiwe, nokunakekelwa, kuqinisekisa ngqo izinzuzo zokugqoka ezisekelwe emanzini ezingashi ezifunwa ezindinganisweni zokuvikela izakhiwo zesimanje.
Izinzuzo Zemvelo Nokuphepha Zokulawula Ubuningi Obunembile
Ukulawulwa okunembile kobuningi bengubo engashisi emanzini kuletha izinzuzo zemvelo nezokuphepha ezilinganisekayo ekukhiqizweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwengubo engashisi yezakhiwo zensimbi.
Ukuphathwa kobuningi obuhle kunciphisa kakhulu imfucuza yezinto ezibonakalayo kuyo yonke inqubo yokuxuba ukugqoka okungashi. Ubuningi obufanayo bukhuthaza ukwakheka kwefilimu okuqhubekayo ngesikhathi sokuvimbela umlilo ngokufutha, kuvimbele ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile futhi kuncishiswe ukufutha ngokweqile. Isibonelo, ucwaningo lobuchwepheshe ngo-2024 luthole ukuthi ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kobuningi kwaholela ekunciphiseni okungu-12% kwemfucuza iyonke ngesikhathi samaphrojekthi amakhulu okugqoka asekelwe emanzini. Ezigabeni zokuxuba ezilawulwayo, ukugcina ukubekezelelana kobuningi obuncane kunciphisa ama-off-spec batches ngo-10-15%, kunciphisa izinto ezilahliwe futhi kwenqatshwa imikhiqizo embalwa ngenxa yokuchitheka noma ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezithuthukisiwe akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezomnotho kodwa futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinto ezisebenzayo zokuvimbela umlilo, ama-binder, kanye nama-filler zihlala zisakazwa njalo. Lokhu kuzinza kuvimbela isidingo sokulungiswa kabusha noma ukulungisa okwengeziwe okuzodala imfucuza futhi kwandise izindleko zephrojekthi. Amamitha obuningi angaphakathi komugqa njengalawo akhiqizwe yiLonnmeter avumela ukulungiswa kwesikhathi sangempela, okubhekana nezinkinga zokwakheka ngaphambi kokuba kubangele ukulahlekelwa okukhulu komkhiqizo. Imibiko yezimboni iqinisekisa ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe bunganciphisa imfucuza yenqubo ngamaphesenti afinyelela ku-8, okubonisa izinzuzo ezibonakalayo kunezindlela zendabuko zokuthatha amasampula e-batch.
Ukuphepha kwabasebenzi kuthuthuka ngqo lapho ubuningi bengubo engangeni mlilo bulawulwa ngokunembile. Ukuqina kokwakheka kunciphisa izinhlayiya eziyingozi, ukukhishwa kwegesi okuguquguqukayo, kanye nokugeleza kwesifutho okungeyona inhloso ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwesifutho esingangeni mlilo. Ubuningi obufanele buphinde bunciphise izingozi zenkungu emoyeni kanye nokuvuza, okuvumela ukunamathela kangcono ezindinganisweni zengubo engangeni mlilo futhi kunciphise ingozi yokushelela noma ukuvezwa kokuphefumula ezindaweni ezivalekile. Abasebenzi babika izimo ezimbalwa zokuvaleka kwemishini kanye nokulungiswa okudingekayo, okufaka isandla ezindaweni zokusetshenziswa eziphephile nezibikezelwayo. Ukwakheka kwezinto ezilungiselelwe i-viscosity ephephile yokufutha—konke okuvela ekulawulweni kobuningi obulinganisiwe—kwenza kube lula ukusebenzisa uboya obungangeni mlilo obuhle kakhulu bezakhiwo nemakhaya ngaphandle kokudlula imingcele ephephile yokuchayeka.
Izinzuzo ezivikela imvelo zokugqoka okungashisi ngamanzi ziyanda lapho ukulawulwa kobuningi kuhlanganiswa esigabeni sokuxuba ukukhiqizwa kokugqoka okungashisi. Ubuchwepheshe obusekelwe emanzini buphansi ngokwemvelo kuma-volatile organic compounds (ama-VOC) uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela ezisekelwe ku-solvent, kodwa ukuphathwa kobuningi okufanele kuphela okuqinisekisa ukuthi imigomo yezemvelo yokungcola okuncane kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi kuhlangatshezwana njalo. Amanani aphansi okwenqatshwa kanye nokumbozwa okungcono ngelitha ngalinye kuhumushela ekubeni nomthelela ophansi wekhabhoni namanzi kulo lonke uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa. Le miphumela ihambisana nemithethonqubo eqinile yezemvelo eyethulwa ngemuva kuka-2023, iqinisa iphrofayili yokuzinza kwezingubo ezingashisi umlilo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zezakhiwo zensimbi.
Izindlela Zokukhetha Zokukhiqiza Ukugqoka Okungamelani Nomlilo Okuphumelelayo
Ekukhiqizeni izembozo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu nezisekelwe emanzini ezingashisi umlilo zezakhiwo zensimbi, izindlela eziningana zokusebenza kanye nokukhetha inqubo zibalulekile. Okuphambili yizinkomba ezibalulekile njengokumelana nomlilo, ukuguguleka kanye nokuqina komthelela, ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo ezahlukahlukene, kanye nokunciphisa umthelela wemvelo—konke okumele kuhambisane nezindinganiso zokuhlola eziqinile njenge-ASTM E119 kanye ne-ISO 834.
Izinkomba Zokusebenza Eziyinhloko
Ukumelana nomlilo kuseyiyona ndlela eyinhloko yokulinganisa, kulinganiswa ikhono lokugqoka lokulibazisa ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa kanye nokwehluleka kwesakhiwo ngaphansi kwama-curve ajwayelekile okuvezwa umlilo. Izingubo zokugqoka ezimelana nomlilo ezinhle kakhulu zezakhiwo zenzelwe ukwakha i-intumescent char lapho zivezwa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, zinciphisa ukudluliselwa kokushisa futhi zivikele izinsimbi zensimbi isikhathi eside, njengoba kuqinisekiswe ezindaweni zokuhlola ezilawulwayo ngokwemigomo ye-ASTM E119 kanye ne-ISO 834.
Ukuguguleka kanye nokuqina komthelela kubalulekile ezinhlelweni zokuvimbela umlilo ezifafazwayo, okumele zimelane nokuguguleka komshini ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kanye nesikhathi senkonzo yokwakha. Izembozo ezifinyelela ukuqina okuphezulu zivame ukufaka amanethiwekhi e-polymer athuthukile noma ama-filler athuthukisa ukuqina ngaphandle kokunciphisa ukumelana nomlilo.
Ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwezimo ezimanzi noma ezimanzi, kubalulekile. Izembozo ezingashisi ezisekelwe emanzini zivame ukulahlekelwa ukusebenza kahle ngemva kokuchayeka emswakama, zibhekane nokuwohloka noma ukuvuza kwezithako ezibalulekile ezingashisi umlilo. Intuthuko yakamuva ifaka phakathi ukuhlanganisa ama-monomer angenawo umoya (njenge-UDMA) kanye nokwandisa ubuningi be-crosslink—ngezinye izikhathi ngokwelapha nge-UV—ukunciphisa ukumuncwa kwamanzi. Lezi zinguquko zisiza izembozo ukuthi zigcine ukusebenza okumelana nomlilo futhi zidlule ekuhlolweni kokuguga okusheshayo okuqinile ngokuvezwa kokushisa nomswakama okuhlangene, okulingisa kangcono izindawo zokwakha zomhlaba wangempela.
Umthelela ophansi kwezemvelo uholela ekushintsheni ekubunjweni okusekelwe emanzini, okuqhutshwa yimithethonqubo yamakhemikhali e-volatible organic (ama-VOC). Izembozo ezingashisi ezisekelwe emanzini zizuzisa izindawo zephrojekthi, impilo yomphakathi, kanye nokusimama okuphelele ngokukhiqiza ukukhishwa okuncane okuyingozi phakathi nezigaba zokuxuba kanye nokusetshenziswa.
Izinto Ezicatshangelwayo Nemishini Yokuqapha Inqubo Esemgqeni
Ukukhethwa kwezithako zezembozo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu nezimelana nomlilo ezisekelwe emanzini kulinganisela ukuvikelwa komlilo, ukuqina kwemvelo, kanye nokucutshungulwa. Izingxenye ezifana ne-graphite enwebekayo, izithiyo zomlilo eziqukethe i-phosphorus, kanye nama-resin ane-polysiloxane kumele zihlakazwe ngokulinganayo futhi zilinganiswe ukuze kutholakale ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ehambisanayo. Isigaba sokuxuba ukukhiqizwa kwezembozo ezingamelani nomlilo sibucayi ekungahleliwe kwe-batch, ikakhulukazi njengoba izinguquko ze-viscosity kanye nobuningi zingathinta izakhiwo zokugcina zokumelana nomlilo.
Ukulinganisa nokulawula ubuningi bengubo engamelani nomlilo emgqeni kubalulekile ekusebenzeni okuthembekile. Amamitha obuningi angaphakathi, njengalawo akhiqizwe yiLonnmeter, ahlinzeka ngokuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela ubuningi bengubo kuyo yonke inqubo yokuxuba nokusebenzisa. Lawa madivayisi asebenza ngokuqhubekayo, eletha idatha esheshayo yokulungiswa kwenqubo ukuze kulondolozwe ukufana nokunamathela ezicacisweni. Isibonelo, ekulinganisweni kobuningi bengubo engamelani nomlilo, ngisho nokuphambuka okuncane kubonisa ukungahambisani okungenzeka ekulayisheni okubambezela ilangabi noma ukusabalala kwe-binder.
Ukukhethwa kwemishini nakho kuhlanganisa ukuphathwa ngokuphephile kwamakhemikhali asekelwe emanzini ezindaweni eziyingozi zezitshalo. Amamitha e-viscosity kanye nobuningi besimanje, ikakhulukazi lawo aklanyelwe ukusebenza angaqhumi, aqinisekisa ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi ngesikhathi senqubo yokufaka isembozo sokufutha esingashi. Ukuhlanganiswa kwawo kunciphisa amaqoqo anqatshiwe futhi kuthuthukisa ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zesembozo esingashi kanye nezinqubo zokuhlola.
Ukuqapha inqubo okuphumelelayo kulezi zigaba akugcini nje ngokusekela umkhiqizo osezingeni eliphezulu oqhubekayo kodwa futhi kuvumela ukubhalwa kwedatha okuqinile okusekela ukuthobela imithetho kanye nomshuwalense kuyo yonke impilo yengubo.
imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
Yiziphi izinzuzo eziyinhloko zokusebenzisa isembozo esimelana nomlilo esisekelwe emanzini ezakhiweni zensimbi?
Izembozo ezisekelwe emanzini ezingamelani nomlilo zivikela insimbi ngesithiyo esingena ngaphakathi esikhula futhi sivikele lapho sivezwa ekushiseni. Lezi zembozo zinikeza ukuvikelwa okukhulu komlilo, okuvame ukuhlangabezana noma kudlule amazinga embonini kuze kube yimizuzu eyi-120 ensimbini yesakhiwo, ngokusho kocwaningo lwakamuva kwezesayensi yezinto zokwakha kanye namajenali okuphepha komlilo. Zisebenzisa amanzi njengesithwali sazo esiyinhloko, lezi zembozo zinciphisa izingozi zemvelo ngokunciphisa kakhulu ukukhishwa kwe-volatile organic compound (VOC) - ngokuvamile ngaphansi kwama-50 g/L, ngaphansi kakhulu kwama-250 g/L ajwayelekile ezinhlelo ezisekelwe ku-solvent. Lokhu kunciphisa kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yomoya wangaphakathi futhi kusekela ukuhambisana nemithetho evela ku-US EPA kanye ne-European REACH. Amakhemikhali anobuthi ambalwa kanye nezimo zokusebenza eziphephile kuzenza zifaneleke kokubili ngaphakathi nangaphandle, okunegalelo ekuqinisekisweni kwezakhiwo okuluhlaza njenge-LEED. Izifundo zamacala ezakhiweni zezentengiselwano zibonisa ukuthi lezi zembozo zinciphisa ukuvezwa kwabasebenzi kumakhemikhali ayingozi kanye nama-VOC, ngenkathi zigcina ukusebenza okuqinile kokuvikela umlilo.
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi obuqondile kuthuthukisa kanjani ukufutha lapho kusetshenziswa ukuvimbela umlilo?
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi obuqondile kunikeza ukuqondiswa kwesikhathi sangempela kokuvumelana kwengxube yokumboza. Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi ungqimba olusekelwe emanzini olungashisi umlilo lugcina ubuningi obufanayo njengoba lukhishwa futhi lufakwa ezindaweni zensimbi. Ubuningi obuqondile busekela ukumbozwa okufanayo kokufutha, ukunamathela okuhle, kanye nesenzo esizinzile sokuvuvukala lapho kutholakala emlilweni. Lokhu kunciphisa ukuvela kwezindawo ezibuthakathaka futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi ungqimba olusetshenzisiwe luhlangabezana nezimiso zokumelana nomlilo. Abakhiqizi abasebenzisa amamitha obuningi obuqondile, njengalawo akhiqizwe yiLonnmeter, bangenza izinguquko ngokushesha ngesikhathi senqubo yokuxuba nokufutha ukuze bagweme ukulungiswa kabusha okubizayo noma ukuvimbela umlilo okuphazamisekile.
Yiziphi izinselele ezingavela ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa komkhiqizo wengubo engashiswa ngamanzi?
Ukuxuba umkhiqizo wezingubo ezimelana nomlilo ezisekelwe emanzini kuletha izinselele eziningana. Ukuxuba okungaphelele kungaholela ekushintsheni kobuningi kanye nokusabalala okungalingani kwezigcwalisi ezibalulekile. Lokhu kungalingani kungabonakala njengokuthambekela okuguquguqukayo, okuholela ekuqhekekeni noma ezikhaleni ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kokufutha. Izindawo ezinezigcwalisi ezincane kakhulu zingalahlekelwa ukumelana nomlilo; izindawo ezijiyile kakhulu zingalimaza ukunamathela, zakhe imifantu, noma zinciphise ukuqina. Ngaphandle kokuqapha nokulawula okufanele, amaphutha anjalo aphazamisa ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zokumboza ezingashi futhi abeke engcupheni ukuphepha kwesakhiwo.
Kungani ukulinganisa ubuningi bezimbozo ezingamelani nomlilo kubalulekile ekulawuleni ikhwalithi?
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi bengubo obumelana nomlilo kuyitshe elibalulekile lokulawula ikhwalithi ekukhiqizeni. Ukufundwa kobuningi obunembile kusiza ukugcina izakhiwo ezihlosiwe zokwakha i-char ezihlinzeka ngokuvikelwa komlilo. Uma ubuningi budlula imininingwane, ukwakheka kungaba nzima kakhulu, okubangela ukuqhekeka noma ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingadingekile; kuphansi kakhulu, futhi ukumelana nomlilo kungancishiswa. Ukulinganiswa okuqondile kwenza kube nokuvumelana kwezinto kulo lonke ukukhiqizwa, kuthuthukiswe ukuthembeka, kulandelwe imithetho yokwakha, ukusebenza, kanye nokuphepha okuphelele. Izikhungo ezisebenzisa ukuqapha ubuningi ngesikhathi sangempela zibika ukwehluleka kwekhwalithi okumbalwa kanye nemiphumela yokuvikela umlilo eqhubekayo.
Yimaphi amathuluzi afanelekela ukulinganisa ubuningi obungaphakathi komugqa ekukhiqizeni ukugqoka okungashi?
Amathuluzi avamile okulinganisa ubuningi obungaphakathi afaka phakathi ama-densitometer, izinzwa ze-ultrasonic, kanye nezinhlelo zokuthatha amasampula ezenzakalelayo. Amadivayisi afana nalawo avela eLonnmeter anikeza impendulo eqhubekayo ngesikhathi senqubo yokuxuba i-coating, okuvumela ochwepheshe ukuthi balungise ngokushesha ukuphambuka. Izinzwa ze-Ultrasonic zilinganisa ubuningi ngokubona izinguquko esivinini somsindo njengoba ingxube idlula ku-sensor. Izinhlelo zokuthatha amasampula ezenzakalelayo zikhipha amasampula ezikhathi ezithile, ziqinisekisa ukulawulwa kwenqubo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka ngesandla. Lobu buchwepheshe busiza abakhiqizi ukuthi bagcine amazinga aqinile obuningi be-coating engashiswa ngamanzi, okuthinta ngqo ukusebenza kahle kwamasu okufaka i-spray coating engashiswa kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo iyonke.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 11-2025
