Ukuqonda i-Sulfuric Acid Anodizing yamaphrofayili e-Aluminium
Inqubo yokufutha i-sulfuric acid iyindlela eyisisekelo yokwelapha ubuso bamaphrofayili e-aluminium, ethembele kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukumelana nokugqwala, ukuthuthukisa ubulukhuni bobuso, nokuvumela ukusebenza okwengeziwe kwe-aluminium ngokudaya noma ukuvala. Le nqubo isebenza ngokufaka amaphrofayili e-aluminium ebhavini lokufutha eliqukethe i-sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) njenge-electrolyte. Kusetshenziswa umthombo wamandla we-DC wangaphandle, lapho i-aluminium isebenza njenge-anode kanye nezinto ezifana ne-lead noma i-aluminium njenge-cathode.
Ukusabela Kwamakhemikhali Nokwakheka Kwefilimu Ye-Oxide
Inqubo ye-sulfuric acid anodize ikhiqiza ungqimba lwe-aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) ngokusebenzisa i-electrochemical oxidation elawulwayo. Ku-anode, ubuso be-aluminium buyasabela ngokwempendulo elula:
2 Al (ama) + 3 H₂O (l) → Al₂O₃ (s) + 6 H⁺ (aq) + 6 e⁻
Lokhu kukhiqiza ifilimu ye-oxide enesakhiwo esikabili. Okokuqala, ungqimba oluyisivikelo olungenazimbobo, oluncane luyakheka luthintane ngqo nensimbi ye-aluminium, luhlinzeka ngezakhiwo ze-dielectric kanye nokuvikelwa kokugqwala kokuqala. Njengoba i-anodizing iqhubeka, ungqimba lwe-oxide olujiyile, olunezimbobo luvela ngaphandle, olubonakala ngohlu lwamaseli ayisithupha aqondaniswe nge-microscopically kanye nama-pores aqondile. Lawa ma-pores akhiwa ngenxa yokuqedwa okuqhubekayo, kwendawo kwefilimu ye-oxide yi-sulfuric acid electrolyte esisekelweni se-pore ngayinye, okulingana nokukhula kwe-oxide okuqhubekayo okuqhutshwa ukuvela komoya-mpilo kanye nokufuduka kwama-ion esibonakalayo sensimbi/i-oxide. Le geometry yezingqimba ezimbili ibalulekile ekuthathweni kodayi okuphumelelayo, ukuvalwa, kanye nokuqina okuthuthukisiwe kwamaphrofayili e-aluminium anodized.
I-Aluminium Enodizing - Ukuqedwa Kwensimbi
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Ukubaluleka Kokuncibilikisa I-Anodizing Bath Chemistry kanye Nokulawula Ukuhlushwa
Ukusebenza kahle kanye nokusebenza kwenqubo yokufutha i-sulfuric acid ye-aluminium kuhlobene kakhulu nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwebhavu lokufutha i-anodizing, ikakhulukazi i-sulfuric acid kanye nokugcwala kwe-aluminium encibilikisiwe. Ukulawula lezi zinhlaka kubalulekile ekukhiqizeni amafilimu e-oxide ahambisanayo, asezingeni eliphezulu anobukhulu obuthile, ubulukhuni, kanye nokumelana nokugqwala.
Ubudlelwano Phakathi Kokuhlushwa Kwebhavu Elinodizing kanye Nezakhiwo Zefilimu Ye-Oxide
Ukuhlushwa kwe-asidi ye-sulfuric ebhavini le-anodizing kunquma ngqo ukujiya kwefilimu ye-aluminium oxide. Ekuhlushwa kwe-asidi ye-sulfuric ephansi (ngaphansi kwe-10 wt%), izinga lokukhula kwengqimba ye-oxide lidlula ukuqedwa kwayo kwamakhemikhali, okuvumela ukwakheka kwezingqimba ze-aluminium oxide ezijiyile nezifanayo. Njengoba ukuhlushwa kwe-asidi kukhuphuka kuye kumanani ajwayelekile enqubo (10–20 wt%), ukuhlushwa kwefilimu ye-oxide kuvame ukwehla ngoba umphumela wokuqedwa kwe-asidi uba sobala kakhulu, ufinyelele ukulingana lapho ukukhula nokuqedwa kulinganiswa khona. Ngaphezu kwe-20 wt%, ukuqedwa kwamakhemikhali kuyashesha—okuholela kumafilimu amancane ngisho nakwezinye izimo, ukugoba kwefilimu noma amaphutha esakhiwo.
Izinguquko ekugxilweni kwebhavu lokugeza elinongwe zithinta nesakhiwo kanye nokugoba kwengqimba ye-oxide. Ukugoba okuphansi kuveza izendlalelo eziqinile ezinezimbobo ezincane, ezihlelekile kanye nezindawo ezibushelelezi—okuyisihluthulelo sokufakwa kogesi okuphezulu kanye nezakhiwo zokuvimbela. Ukugoba okujwayelekile kwe-sulfuric acid kuthuthukisa isakhiwo esijwayelekile sezimbobo ezidingekayo ukuze kuthathwe udayi futhi kuhlanganiswe okwengeziwe. Kodwa-ke, amazinga aphezulu e-asidi akhiqiza izimbobo ezinkulu, ezingajwayelekile kanye nokwanda kobulukhuni bomphezulu, okubeka engcupheni ukufana kwefilimu kanye nobuqotho bomshini.
I-aluminium encibilikisiwe, umkhiqizo ophuma ku-anodizing eqhubekayo, ishintsha i-chemistry yokugeza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Amazinga aphezulu e-aluminium angaphazamisa ukukhula kwe-oxide, anciphise ukujiya kwefilimu, futhi athinte isakhiwo se-pore. Ngakho-ke, ukuphathwa okuqinile kanye nokususwa kwe-aluminium encibilikisiwe ngezikhathi ezithile kuyadingeka ukuze inqubo ihambisane.
Ithonya Ekuqineni Kwefilimu Ye-Anodic Oxide Nokumelana Nokugqwala
Ukuqina kwefilimu ye-anodic oxide kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kuhlobene ngqo ne-chemistry yokugeza. Ukuhlushwa kwe-sulfuric acid okuhle kakhulu (ngokuvamile okungu-10–20 wt%) kukhuthaza amafilimu ane-porosity elinganiselayo kanye nezindonga zamaseli eziqinile, eziqinile, okwandisa ubulukhuni bemishini futhi kunikeze ukumelana okukhulu kokugqwala. Ukuhlushwa okungaphansi (kungaba okuphansi kakhulu noma okuphezulu kakhulu) kuholela ekuhlushweni kwefilimu okweqile, izakhiwo ezibuthakathaka, kanye namazinga aphezulu okukhubazeka, konke lokhu kunciphisa ubulukhuni futhi kuvumela imithombo enamandla noma izinto ezingcolisayo ukuthi zingene embozweni, kunciphisa ukuvikelwa kokugqwala.
Ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga i-aluminium anodic oxidation ehlala isikhathi eside, njengezingxenye zokwakha noma zezindiza, ukulinganisa ngokucophelela—ukusebenzisa imitha yokuhlushwa ye-sulfuric acid ethembekile njenge-Lonnmeter—nokulungiswa kwamazinga e-sulfuric acid kanye ne-aluminium kubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe izakhiwo ezifiselekayo zomphezulu.
Imiphumela Yokwakheka Kokugeza Okungalingani
Uma i-anodizing bath chemistry ihluka ebangeni elinconywayo, kuvela imiphumela eminingana emibi:
- Ukusebenza kahle kwe-anodizing:Ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-sulfuric acid noma i-aluminium kunganciphisa kakhulu noma kuphazamise ukwakheka kwefilimu ye-aluminium oxide, okubangela ukungalingani kwe-oxidation kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kwenqubo ye-sulfuric acid anodizing.
- Ukuqina kwefilimu okunciphile kanye nokusebenza okungalingani:Okuqukethwe kwe-asidi noma insimbi ngokweqile kuholela kumafilimu e-anodic abuthakathaka, ajiyile aguquguqukayo avame ukuqhekeka, ukugoba, kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka okuphansi. Lobu buthakathaka bunciphisa ngqo isikhathi sokuphila kanye nokuthembeka, okubaluleke kakhulu ekwelashweni kobuso be-aluminium obumelana nokugqwala.
Ukuqinisekisa zonke izinzuzo ze-aluminiyamu e-anodizing ene-sulfuric acid—ukujiya okuphezulu kwefilimu ye-aluminiyamu oxide, ubulukhuni befilimu ye-anodic oxide obuthuthukisiwe, kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kwefilimu ye-oxide okuphezulu—kuyaqhubekaukulinganiswa kokuhlushwa kwe-sulfuric acidKubalulekile kakhulu ebhavini lokufutha i-anodizing kanye nokulawula ngokucophelela i-aluminium encibilikisiwe. Le ndlela ehlelekile ivimbela ukulahlekelwa ukusebenza futhi isekela amazinga aphezulu enkambisweni yokufutha i-aluminium yokumelana nokugqwala kanye nokuphela kwendawo okuhlala isikhathi eside.
Izindlela Zokulinganisa Ukuhlushwa kwe-H2SO4 Kumabhati Ane-Anodizing
Ukulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwe-sulfuric acid okunembile kubalulekile ekulawuleni inqubo ye-sulfuric acid anodizing ephumelelayo. Ukuhlushwa okunembile kwebhavu lokugeza i-anodizing kuqinisekisa ukujiya kwefilimu ye-aluminium oxide okulinganayo kanye nokuvikelwa kokugqwala kwe-aluminium anodizing okuthembekile.
Izindlela Zokubiza Amagama: Izinqubo Ezisebenzayo Nokutolika
I-sodium hydroxide titrationkuyindlela eyisisekelo yamakhemikhali yokulinganisa i-sulfuric acid ezindlini zokugeza ezi-anodizing. Inqubo eyinhloko ihilela:
Ukuqoqwa Nokulungiswa Kwesampula:
Sebenzisa izitsha zengilazi ezihlanzekile nezomile ukuze uqoqe isampula yokugeza emele. Hlunga uma kudingeka ukuze ususe izinhlayiya. Hlunga ngamanzi acwengekile ukuze uthole amandla e-asidi alawulekayo.
Imishini Namakhemikhali Adingekayo:
- Isixazululo esijwayelekile se-sodium hydroxide (NaOH): ngokuvamile i-0.1 N noma i-0.5 N
- Inkomba: i-methyl orange yamabhati anombala/angcolile (indawo yokugcina ku-pH ≈ 4.2); i-phenolphthalein yamabhati acacile (indawo yokugcina ku-pH ≈ 8.2–10)
- I-Burette, i-pipette, i-flask eyindilinga, izingilazi ze-volumetric ezilinganisiwe
Inqubo Yokunquma Isikhundla:
- Engeza ivolumu yesampula eyaziwayo (isb., 10 mL) ebhodleleni
- Faka amaconsi angu-2-3 enkomba
- Gcwalisa i-burette nge-NaOH, qopha ivolumu yokuqala
- Isampula ye-Titrate, jikeleza njalo, qaphela ukushintsha kombala wesikhombisi
- I-Methyl orange iyashintsha kusuka kokubomvu kuya kokuphuzi ekugcineni; i-phenolphthalein ishintsha kusuka kokunganombala kuya kokupinki
- Ivolumu ye-NaOH eqoshiwe esetshenzisiwe
Izinselele Zokwenza Amasampula Ngesandla Nokuthembeka Kwemiphumela:
Ukusampula ngesandla kuletha ukuguquguquka. Ukuhlanza okungafanele kungangcolisa amasampula, okuholela ekufundweni okunganembile. Amabhati okugeza anodizing anombala ophezulu noma angcolile enza kube nzima ukubheka indawo yokugcina. Ezimweni ezinjalo, i-potentiometric titration (ukusebenzisa imitha ye-pH) ingathuthukisa ukunemba. Ama-titration angenalutho abalulekile ukuze kucatshangelwe ukungcola kwe-reagent. Ukubonakala kwendawo yokugcina kungafihlwa emabhati aqukethe izinsimbi, udayi, noma udaka, okuthinta ukwelashwa kwendawo yamaphrofayili e-aluminium kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kwefilimu ye-oxide. Ama-burette azenzakalelayo kanye neziteshi zesimanje ze-titration (zedijithali noma ze-potentiometric) ziyathandwa kakhulu ngemiphumela ephindaphindwayo emisebenzini ephezulu.
Ku-inthanethiAmamitha Okuhlushwa e-H2SO4 Okuzenzakalelayo
Amamitha okuhlushwa kwe-sulfuric acid aku-inthanethi—njengalezo ezivela eLonnmeter—zivumela ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, okungaphakathi kwendawo kwe-anodizing bath chemistry. Lawa madivayisi alinganisa ngqo amazinga e-H₂SO₄ ngaphakathi ebhafini, asuse amaphutha okuthatha amasampula kanye nokubambezeleka.
Indlela Ukulinganisa Kwangaphakathi Kwendawo Okuthuthukisa Ngayo Ukungaguquguquki Kwenqubo:
Idatha yesikhathi sangempela ivumela opharetha ukuthi balondoloze amapharamitha enqubo ye-sulfuric acid anodizing ngaphakathi kwamazinga afanele. Ukulandelela okuqhubekayo kuvimbela ukuphambuka okungase kuholele ekushintsheni kobukhulu befilimu ye-aluminium oxide noma ubulukhuni befilimu ye-anodic oxide. Lokhu kunciphisa izingozi zokumbozwa okuthambile, okungakahleleki kahle noma ukubola okunamandla ngokweqile, okuzuzisa ukubola kwe-aluminium anodic okuhlala isikhathi eside.
Ukuhlanganiswa nokulawulwa kwenqubo yesikhathi sangempela kanye nama-Feedback Loops:
Amamitha okuhlushwa kwe-sulfuric acid yesimanje ahlangana nezinhlelo zokulawula izitshalo. Amasethingi angaphoqelelwa, abangele ukungezwa kwe-asidi okuzenzakalelayo noma ukuncibilikiswa kwamanzi uma ukuhlushwa kwebhavu lokunonga kwehla. Imigqa yempendulo izinzisa izimo zokusebenza—isihluthulelo sokwenza ngcono ikhemikhali yokunonga kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuvikelwa kokugqwala kwe-aluminium okunonga. Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kusekela inqubo yokunonga ye-aluminium yokumelana nokugqwala futhi kuqinisekisa ukumelana nokugqwala kwefilimu ye-oxide okuzinzile.
Ezindaweni ezinomthamo omkhulu, ukulinganisa okuku-inthanethi kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukulawulwa kokugeza okune-sulfuric acid anodizing kuqinile, kunciphisa ukungenelela ngesandla futhi kusekela ukwelashwa okuhlala njalo kwamaphrofayili e-aluminium. Lokhu kuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nokusebenza kahle okwandayo.
Ukuqapha Kwangempela Kwezingxenye Zokugeza Ezinodizing
Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo ngesikhathi sangempela kwebhavu lokugcotshwa kwe-anodizing kubalulekile ekuphatheni amapharamitha abalulekile enqubweni yokugcotshwa kwe-sulfuric acid. Ukufeza ifilimu ye-oxide esezingeni eliphezulu kudinga ukulawulwa okunembile kokuhlushwa kwe-sulfuric acid kanye ne-aluminium encibilikisiwe.
Amasu Okuhlaziya Okuqhubekayo kwe-Sulfuric Acid kanye ne-Dissolved Aluminium
Izitshalo zesimanje ze-anodizing zisebenzisa amasu amaningana okuhlaziya okuqhubekayo ukuze kugcinwe ukwakheka okuhle kakhulu kokugeza:
Izinzwa Ezisemgqeni kanye Nezivivinyo Zedijithali Zokulinganisa Ukuhlushwa kwe-H2SO4
Izinzwa eziqondile—kufaka phakathi i-pH yedijithali kanye nama-probe okuqhuba—ziletha impendulo eqhubekayo ekugxilweni kwe-H2SO4. Ezinye izinhlelo zine-algorithms ezithuthukisiwe ezixhumanisa idatha yesignali ngqo namazinga e-sulfuric acid. Amadivayisi afana nemitha yokugxilwa kwe-sulfuric acid, kufaka phakathi imikhiqizo enikezwa yi-Lonnmeter, aklanyelwe ngqo ukulawula i-sulfuric acid anodizing bath. Angafakwa ngqo ku-circulation loop noma ethangini ukuze akhiqize ukufundwa okusheshayo, anikeze idatha esebenzisekayo yokulungisa i-bath nokuqinisekisa ukunamathela ngokuqinile kumapharamitha enqubo ye-sulfuric acid anodizing.
Leli khono lokuthola ngokushesha lifinyelela ku-aluminium encibilikisiwe. Izinzwa ezisebenzisa ukulinganisa kwe-potentiometric zihlola okuqukethwe kwe-aluminium ngokusebenzisa ukusabela okuthile kwe-electrochemical okuhlobene ne-anodizing bath chemistry. Ukuhlanganiswa kwalezi zi-probe nezinhlelo zokulawula izitshalo kuvumela ukulinganisa okuzenzakalelayo, okuthonya ngqo ukunemba kanye nokufana kwamafilimu e-aluminium oxide.
Izinzuzo Zokuqapha Ngesikhathi Sangempela Kokusebenza Kwebhavu Elizinzile
Ukusebenzisa amathuluzi okuqapha okuqhubekayo kuletha izinzuzo ezibalulekile zenqubo ye-sulfuric acid anodize:
Ukuvimbela Ukukhukhuleka Kwepharamitha
I-asidi ye-sulfuric kanye ne-aluminium encibilikisiwe kungasuka ngaphandle kwezindawo ezibekiwe ngenxa yokusetshenziswa noma ukuqongelela kancane kancane. Ukulinganiswa okuqhubekayo kokuhlushwa kwe-asidi ye-sulfuric nge-analyzers eziku-inthanethi noma amamitha angaphakathi kuvimbela ukuzulazula okuthule, okungathinta ukujiya nokuqina kwefilimu ye-anodic oxide. I-chemistry yokugeza eqinile ivikela ukuqina kwesikhathi eside kanye nokuvikelwa kokugqwala kwe-aluminum ene-anodized.
Ukutholwa Ngokushesha Kokuphambuka Okuthinta Inqubo Yoku-Anodizing
Ngesikhathi sangempela, abahlaziyi kanye nezinzwa zibona noma yikuphi ukuphambuka kokugeza—njengokuwa kwe-sulfuric acid noma ukujiya kwe-aluminium encibilikisiwe—okusongela ikhwalithi yefilimu ye-oxide. Izexwayiso ziqaliswa ngokushesha, okuvumela izenzo zokulungisa ngaphambi kokuba kuvele amaphutha abizayo. Ukufana kwamasu okwelapha ubuso be-aluminium kuyagcinwa, kuthuthukisa ukuvikelwa kokugqwala kwe-aluminium enodised futhi kukhiqize imiphumela ehambisanayo kuyo yonke inqwaba.
Isibonelo, uma i-aluminium encibilikisiwe idlula amazinga anconywayo, imvula eningi kakhulu ingakhuthaza ukuqhekeka noma yehlise ubuqotho besakhiwo. Ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kuqinisekisa ukulungiswa okusheshayo, ukuvikela ukumelana nokugqwala kwefilimu ye-oxide kanye nokusekela ukukhiqizwa kwezingqimba ze-aluminium anodic oxidation ezihlala isikhathi eside. Ukudla okuzenzakalelayo okulawulayo kusiza abakhiqizi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo eziqinile zobukhulu nokuqina kwefilimu ye-anodic oxide, okuthuthukisa ngqo ukubukeka nokusebenza.
Ukuhlanganiswa okuvamile kwezihlaziyi ze-titration eziku-inthanethi kanye namamitha okuhlushwa e-H2SO4 angaphakathi kususa ukungaqiniseki kokuthatha amasampula e-batch kanye nokulinganisa okuzimele. Lolu hlelo oluqinile luholela ekuthuthukisweni okulinganiselwe ekulawulweni kokuhlushwa kwebhavu lokunodiza, ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali, kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo kuyo yonke inqubo yokunodiza ye-aluminium yokumelana nokugqwala.
Ukuhlanganisa Amamitha Okuhlushwa kwe-Sulfuric Acid Emisebenzini Yoku-Anodizing
Izindlela Zokukhetha Imitha Yokuhlushwa Kwe-Sulfuric Acid
Inqubo yokuncibilikisa i-sulfuric acid incike ekulawulweni okunembile kokuhlushwa kwe-H₂SO₄. Ukukhethwa kwemitha yokuhlushwa kwe-sulfuric acid kuhilela ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela kwezici ezintathu eziyinhloko: ukunemba, ukuhambisana, kanye nezidingo zokugcinwa.
UkunembaKubalulekile. Ibhavu lokugeza elinodizing lisebenza kahle ngaphakathi kuka-150–220 g/L H₂SO₄, futhi izakhiwo zefilimu ye-oxide—njengokujiya, ukumelana nokugqwala, kanye nobunzima—zizwela kakhulu ekuphambukeni kokuhlushwa kwe-asidi. Amamitha kufanele ahlangabezane nokunemba okuncane kwensimu okungu-±2–4 g/L kokusebenza okuvamile. Ngemigqa yenqubo ethuthukisiwe, ikakhulukazi ezindizayo noma ekuphathweni okuphezulu kwamaphrofayili e-aluminium, funa amadivayisi noma izinqubo ezikwazi ukugcina ukulawula okungu-±1–2 g/L. Amamitha asekelwe ekuqhubekiseni umoya avamile, kodwa awathembeki kangako njengoba i-aluminium iqoqana; amamitha obuningi (hydrometer) kanye nezindlela zokubhekisela ezisekelwe ku-titration zinikeza ukunemba okungcono ekusetshenzisweni okubalulekile.
Ukuhambisana nendawo ethile yokusebenzakubalulekile. Imitha kumele imelane nezimo zamakhemikhali zebhavu lokugeza elinongwe, okuhlanganisa i-asidi ephezulu kanye nokugcwala kwama-ion e-aluminium aphezulu. Amadivayisi kufanele ahambisane nezinhlelo zokunciphisa izinga lokushisa, njengoba ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa lokugeza okungu-2–3°C kungabangela amaphutha okulinganisa adlula ama-5 g/L uma engalungiswanga. Amamitha angakwazi ukubuyisa izinga lokushisa noma i-aluminium encibilikisiwe angabangela izici zefilimu ye-anodic oxide ezingezinhle kanye nokumelana nokugqwala okungalindelekile.
Izinto okufanele zicatshangelwe ekunakekelenifaka phakathi ukuhlanzwa okulula, ukumelana nokungcola kwezinzwa, kanye nokutholakala kwezindlela zokulinganisa eziqinile. Ukuze uthole ukuqapha okuku-inthanethi, khetha amamitha anezici zokuhlanza okuzenzakalelayo noma zokulinganisa kabusha ukuze unciphise ukukhukhuleka. Izinhlelo ezenziwe ngesandla, njenge-hydrometer, zidinga ukuhlanza njalo ngamanzi ahlanzekile ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwezinsalela. Beka phambili amamitha avela kubahlinzeki abanerekhodi lomlando wezinzwa ezihlala isikhathi eside kanye nokufinyelela okulula ezingxenyeni ezisele. Uchungechunge lwe-Lonnmeter, isibonelo, lunikeza izilinganiso zesikhathi sangempela futhi lwenzelwe i-chemistry yenqubo enzima.
Ukuhlanganiswa Nezinhlelo Zokuphatha Izinqubo Ezikhonakufanele kuhlolwe. Imigqa yenqubo ye-anodize ye-sulfuric acid yesimanje izuza kumamitha angasebenzisana nezilawuli zedijithali, ama-PLC, noma izinhlelo ze-SCADA. Funa amathuluzi anikeza amaphrothokholi okukhipha ajwayelekile (isb., 4–20 mA noma i-Modbus) ukuze kuqashwe futhi kulawulwe amapharamitha okugeza anodizing e-sulfuric acid. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuvumela ukulungiswa kokulinganisa okuzenzakalelayo ukuze kulondolozwe ukuhlushwa kwebhati enodizing okuhle kakhulu futhi kuqinisekiswe ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwamafilimu e-aluminium oxide anobukhulu obuqondiwe kanye nokumelana nokugqwala.
Izincomo Zezikhawu Zokulinganisa kanye Nemikhuba Emihle Yokulawula Ikhwalithi
Ukulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwe-sulfuric acid esezingeni eliphezulu kudinga ukulinganiswa okuqinile kanye nezinqubo zokulawula. Imikhuba emihle ihlanganisa:
- Izikhawu Zokulinganisa:Amamitha okuqhuba kanye nobuningi kumele alinganiswe ngokumelene ne-titration yelabhorethri okungenani masonto onke ngaphansi kwemithwalo ejwayelekile yokukhiqiza. Uma kusebenza eduze kwemikhawulo yenqubo noma lapho kwenzeka izinguquko eziningi zokugeza, kunconywa ukulinganisa nsuku zonke. Izinqubo zokulinganisa kufanele zibheke ukwanda kwe-aluminium encibilikisiwe ebhafini, okuthinta ukufundwa kwenzwa.
- Ukuqinisekiswa okuphambene:Sebenzisa ama-titrator azenzakalelayo njengendinganiso yegolide yokubhekisela nokulungisa ukufundwa kwezinzwa eziku-inthanethi. Hlola njalo imiphumela evela kumamitha aku-inthanethi nge-titration ngesandla ukuze uthole ukukhukhuleka, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokulungiswa kokugeza noma ukwakheka kwe-aluminium kudlule u-15-20 g/L.
- Ikhwalithi yokulawula:Sebenzisa ukuhlolwa kokuqinisekisa kwansuku zonke noma kokushintsha ngakunye—ukuhlaziywa kwesampula yendawo, ukuhlolwa kwempilo yezinzwa, kanye nokubuyekezwa kwezingobo zokushisa zebhavu. Bhala phansi konke ukulinganiswa kanye nemiphumela yokuhlolwa ukuze kutholakale ukuthi kulandeleka kahle yini. Qinisekisa ukuthi wonke amamitha asebenza ngaphakathi kobubanzi bawo obubekiwe kanye nokunemba ngaphansi kwezimo zangempela zenqubo.
I-Aluminium Anodizing
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Izinyathelo Zokufinyelela Ukwelashwa Okuphezulu Kwamaphrofayili E-Aluminium
Ukwelashwa Kwangaphambi Kokwelashwa: Ukuhlanza Nokuqopha Imiphumela Yokugcotshwa Okufanayo
Ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kubalulekile ekuphathweni kwekhwalithi ephezulu kwamaphrofayili e-aluminium enqubweni yoku-anodizing ye-sulfuric acid. Uchungechunge luqala ngokuhlanzwa okuphelele (ukususa amafutha) ukuze kususwe amafutha, amafutha, kanye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo eziphilayo. Lokhu kuvame ukwenziwa ngabahlanzi be-alkaline ku-50-70°C imizuzu engu-2-10, ngezinye izikhathi kuthuthukiswe ngokushukunyiswa kwe-ultrasonic kwamaphrofayili ane-geometries eyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuhlanza kahle ngamanzi ahlanziwe noma athambile kuvimbela ukuphinda kufakwe inhlabathi futhi kulungiselela indawo ukuze kuthathwe izinyathelo ezilandelayo.
Kulandela ukugcaba, kusetshenziswa izixazululo ze-sodium hydroxide (NaOH) ku-30-100 g/L kanye no-40-60°C, ngokuvamile imizuzu engu-2-10. Lesi sinyathelo sisusa ungqimba oluncane lwe-aluminium, sisuse amaphutha ebusweni, imigqa yokukhipha, nanoma yimaphi amafilimu e-oxide akhona kakade. Ukulawula ukwakheka kokugeza kanye nesikhathi sokugcaba kugwema ukulahlekelwa kakhulu kwensimbi kanye nokugcaba, kugcina ukunemba kwephrofayili. Izithasiselo ezifana nezithibi zinganciphisa imiphumela emibi engafuneki njenge-hydrogen pickup. Ngemva kokugcaba, ubuso be-aluminium buvame ukugcina ama-intermetallic anganyibiliki—aziwa ngokuthi i-smut—okumelwe asuswe ukuze kutholakale imiphumela emihle kakhulu.
Ukususa i-mult kwenziwa ngamabhati e-nitric noma e-sulfuric acid (15–25% HNO₃; ekamelweni lokushisa imizuzu eyi-1–3). I-Ammonium bifluoride ingafakwa kuma-alloy anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-silicon noma ithusi. Lesi sinyathelo siqinisekisa indawo ehlanzekile nge-microscopically, elinganayo. Ukuhlanza kokugcina kubalulekile ngaphambi kokugcoba ukuze kugwenywe ukungcoliswa kwebhati elilandelayo lokugcoba.
Ukuqapha njalo ukwakheka kwebhavu, izinga lokushisa, kanye nezikhathi zenqubo kubalulekile ukuze kutholakale imiphumela ephindaphindwayo futhi kuvinjelwe amaphutha ebusweni njengokugoba noma ukugoba. Imigqa yesimanje isebenzisa izinzwa zesikhathi sangempela kanye nokuhlanza okuvaliwe ukuze kwandiswe ikhwalithi futhi kuncishiswe umthelela emvelweni. Inhloso enkulu iphrofayili ye-aluminium ehlanzekile ngokuphelele, eqoshwe ngokulinganayo engenazo izinsalela ezisele futhi elungele inqubo ye-sulfuric acid anodize.
Ukuncibilikisa: Ukugcina Amapharamitha Okugeza Aqondile Kuyo Yonke Ifilimu Ye-Oxide
Ukulawulwa okunembile kwebhavu lokugeza i-anodizing kubalulekile ekudaleni amafilimu e-aluminium oxide anobulukhuni obuhle kanye nokumelana nokugqwala. Inqubo yokugeza i-sulfuric acid incike ekugcineni imingcele eqinile:
- Ukuhlushwa kwe-sulfuric acid ebhavini le-anodizing kumele kugcinwe ngaphakathi kobubanzi obuchaziwe, ngokuvamile okungu-150–220 g/L. Ukulinganiswa okuqhubekayo kokuhlushwa kwe-sulfuric acid kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphambuka kulungiswa ngokushesha.
- Amathuluzi anjenge-Lonnmeter sulfuric acid concentration meter ahlinzeka ngokulinganisa okusheshayo nokuthembekile kwe-h2so4 concentration, okusekela kokubili ukulungiswa kwebhavu ngesandla kanye nokuzenzakalelayo.
- Izinga lokushisa lokugeza livame ukuba phakathi kuka-18°C no-22°C. Ukuphambuka kungathinta ukujiya kwefilimu ye-aluminium oxide, ukufana, kanye nokubukeka.
- Ubuningi bamanje, ngokuvamile i-1–2 A/dm² ye-anodizing ejwayelekile, ilungiswa ngokuya ngohlobo lwe-alloy kanye nobukhulu be-oxide obudingekayo.
- Ukushukunyiswa kwebhavu kuqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa kwama-ion okufanayo kanye nokushabalaliswa kokushisa.
Ukulawulwa kwebhavu lokugeza elinodizing le-sulfuric acid ngokucophelela kuqinisekisa ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwefilimu ye-anodic oxide. Lokhu kuvumela ukulungiswa okunembile kobukhulu befilimu ye-aluminium oxide (ngokuvamile i-5–25 μm yamaphrofayili okwakha kanye ne-70 μm ye-anodizing eqinile) futhi kwandisa kokubili ubulukhuni befilimu ye-anodic oxide kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kwefilimu ye-oxide. Ukulinganisa isikhathi sangempela ukuhlushwa kwe-sulfuric acid ebhavu lokugeza elinodizing nakho kusiza ukugwema amaphutha avamile njengokusha, amafilimu athambile, noma impendulo engemihle yombala, okuvumela izinzuzo eziningi ze-anodizing aluminium nge-sulfuric acid.
Ukulungiswa kokugxila kwebhavu lokugeza okune-anodizing kubaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni isikhathi eside, lapho ukudonswa kwamanzi okugeza noma ukuqongelela kwe-ion yensimbi kunganciphisa noma kungcolise ibhavu. Ukulungiswa kwe-chemistry yebhavu lokugeza okune-anodizing okusheshayo nokunembile, okubangelwa ukulinganiswa kokugxila kwe-h2so4 njalo, kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi kunezimbozo ze-oxide ezifanayo nezihlala isikhathi eside.
Ngemva kokwelashwa: Amasu Okuvala Ukuvala Ukuqina Kwefilimu Nokumelana Nokugqwala
Ngemva kokufaka i-anodizing, ukwelashwa kokuvala kuvala isakhiwo esinezimbobo sesendlalelo se-aluminium oxide esisha, okuhlinzeka ngesivikelo esihlala njalo ekugqwaleni kanye nokuthuthukisa ubulukhuni befilimu ye-anodic oxide. Amasu ayinhloko okuvala i-aluminium enodizing afaka:
- Ukuvalwa kwamanzi ashisayo: Ukucwiliswa emanzini abilayo acwengekile (96–100°C) imizuzu eyi-15–30 kumanzisa i-oxide, kwakha i-boehmite ezinzile.
- Ukuvalwa kwe-acetate ye-nickel: Ukusebenzisa isisombululo se-acetate ye-nickel ku-85–95°C, le ndlela ithuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nokuqina kombala, ikakhulukazi kwezingubo ezidaywe ngodayi.
- Ukuvala okubandayo: Kuhilela ama-sealing agents azimele emazingeni okushisa aphansi njengo-25–30°C futhi kuyathandwa ngenxa yokonga amandla kanye nokukhiqiza okusheshayo.
Ukukhetha inqubo yokuvala kuncike ekusebenzeni kwe-oxide okufiswayo, imigomo yezindleko, kanye nezidingo zokusetshenziswa kokugcina. Indlela ngayinye kumele iqashwe ngokucophelela ngesikhathi, izinga lokushisa, kanye nokwakheka kwebhavu ukuqinisekisa ukuvala okuphelele. Ukuvala okungekuhle kungabangela ukuvikelwa kokugqwala okuphansi kanye nokuncipha kokuqina kwefilimu, okulimaza kokubili ubuhle kanye nesikhathi sokusebenza sephrofayili ye-aluminium eboshwe.
Ukuthuthukisa ukwelashwa ngemva kokwelashwa akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukuvikelwa kokugqwala kwe-aluminium enodised kodwa futhi kusekela i-aluminium anodised oxidation ehlala isikhathi eside ukuze kusetshenziswe ngokuzikhandla. Ukuhlaziywa kokugeza njalo kanye nokulawula izinqubo kuqhuba imiphumela efanayo kuwo wonke amaqoqo okukhiqiza.
Ngokulandela imikhuba emihle kakhulu esinyathelweni ngasinye—ukuhlanza nokuqopha, ukulawula inqubo ye-sulfuric acid anodize enembile, kanye nokuvala okuqaphile ngemva kokwelashwa—abakhiqizi bangakhiqiza ngokuthembekile amaphrofayili e-aluminium anekhwalithi ephezulu yobuso, ubulukhuni befilimu obuhle, kanye nokumelana okumangalisayo nokugqwala.
imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
Yiliphi izinga elifanele kakhulu le-H2SO4 ebhavini le-sulfuric acid anodizing?
Ukuhlushwa kwe-sulfuric acid okuhle kakhulu kwenqubo yokuncibilikisa i-sulfuric acid ngokuvamile kuphakathi kuka-150 no-220 g/L, okulingana no-15-20% ngevolumu. Inani elifanele kakhulu elicashunwe kakhulu lingu-180 g/L noma u-18% ngevolumu. Lolu hlu lubalulekile ekukhiqizeni amafilimu e-anodic oxide anobulukhuni obuphezulu kanye nokumelana nokugqwala. Ukugeza okugeleza kuleli fasitela kukhuthaza ukujiya kwengqimba ye-oxide okuhlala njalo kuwo wonke amaphrofayili e-aluminium, kusekela ukumuncwa kodayi, futhi kunciphisa ingozi yokugqoka okumpushana noma okubuthakathaka. Ukuhlushwa okungaphansi kuka-150 g/L kunciphisa ukukhula kwe-oxide futhi kungadala amafilimu athambile, anezimbobo, kuyilapho ukuhlushwa okungaphezu kuka-220 g/L kwandisa ukuncibilika futhi kungenza ingubo ibe ncane kakhulu. Ngezinqubo ezikhethekile, njenge-hard anodizing, amazinga aphezulu kancane (afika ku-240 g/L) kanye namazinga okushisa aphansi angasetshenziswa kodwa awalungele ukukhiqizwa okujwayelekile.
Ukuhlushwa kwebhavu lokugeza elinodizing kukuthinta kanjani ukujiya kwefilimu ye-aluminium oxide?
Ukuhlushwa kwebhavu lokugeza okune-anodizing kunomphumela oqondile, olinganisekayo ekujiyeni kwefilimu ye-aluminium oxide. Ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kwe-sulfuric acid kuthuthukisa ukuncibilika kwe-oxide, okuholela ezingqimbeni ezincane nezibuthakathaka kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amazinga aphansi e-asidi akhiqiza amafilimu ajiyile kodwa avame ukwandisa ukukhukhumala, kunciphisa ubulukhuni kanye nokuvikelwa kokugqwala. Ukuthola ukuhlushwa okulungile kubalulekile: 180 g/L kukhiqiza ngokwethembeka ungqimba lwe-oxide oluqinile noluqinile olune-porosity elawulwayo efanele ukusetshenziswa kwezakhiwo nezimboni. Ukuphambuka kulokhu kuhlushwa kuzoshintsha izakhiwo zokuvikela nezemishini zefilimu. Isibonelo, ukusebenza ku-220 g/L kuvame ukuphumela ezimbotsheni ezincane kancane kodwa kuyingozi yokulahleka kwefilimu ngokushesha ngesikhathi sokukhukhumala.
Iyini imitha yokuhlushwa kwe-sulfuric acid futhi kungani ibalulekile?
Imitha yokuhlushwa kwe-sulfuric acid ilinganisa njalo izinga le-H2SO4 emabhafini anodizing. Kubalulekile ekugcineni ikhemikhali yokugeza ehambisanayo, ebalulekile ekwelashweni kobuso be-aluminium. Ngemitha yokuhlushwa, opharetha bangalungisa umthamo we-sulfuric acid ngesikhathi sangempela, bavimbele iphutha elenziwe ngesandla futhi baqinisekise ikhwalithi yokukhiqiza ezinzile. Lokhu kugcina amapharamitha okugeza afanele futhi kusekela ukwakheka kwefilimu ye-oxide efanele. Amadivayisi afana ne-Lonnmeter anikeza ukuqapha okuthembekile, okuzenzakalelayo okulungiselelwe inqubo ye-sulfuric acid anodize, kunciphisa imvamisa yokuthatha amasampula nokuhlaziywa ngesandla.
Kungani ukulinganiswa kokuhlushwa kwe-h2so4 ngesikhathi sangempela kubalulekile enqubweni yoku-anodizing?
Ukulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwe-h2so4 ngesikhathi sangempela kubalulekile ekulawuleni ukuhlushwa kwebhavu lokugeza elinodizing. Impendulo esheshayo ivumela ukulungiswa okusheshayo kokuphambuka, ukugcina ikhemikhali yokugeza izinzile. Uma ukuhlushwa kushintshashintsha, ukujiya kwengqimba ye-oxide, ubulukhuni, kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kungathinteka. Izinhlelo zokulinganisa ezinokwethenjelwa zisiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ibhetshi ngayinye ihlangabezana nezimfuneko, igcina ukusebenza okuphezulu ku-aluminium anodizing yokumelana nokugqwala kanye nokuqina kwendawo. Le ndlela ibaluleke kakhulu emisebenzini emikhulu noma ezenzakalelayo, lapho ukungenelela komuntu kunqunyelwe khona.
Ingabe ukuhlushwa okungalungile kokugeza kungabangela ukukhubazeka ku-aluminium e-anodized?
Yebo, ukusebenzisa inqubo yokuncibilikisa i-sulfuric acid ngaphandle kwefasitela lokuhlushwa elinconywayo kungabangela amaphutha amakhulu. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukunamathela kwefilimu ye-oxide ebuthakathaka, umbala wobuso obungajwayelekile, ubulukhuni obunciphile, kanye nokumelana nokugqwala okunciphile. Ukusebenzisa imitha yokuhlushwa ye-sulfuric acid ukuze kulinganiswe ukuhlushwa kwe-h2so4 okuqhubekayo kunciphisa kakhulu ingozi yamaphutha. Isibonelo, okuqukethwe kwe-asidi okweqile kungancibilikisa i-oxide esanda kwakheka, okuholela ekugqokeni okungalingani noma okuncane, kuyilapho ukuhlushwa kwe-asidi okunganele kukhiqiza amafilimu anezimbobo, onakala kalula. Ukuqapha njalo kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe i-aluminium anodic oxidation isikhathi eside.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba-03-2025
