Emisebenzini yokumba imithombo ejulile kakhulu, ukuphatha ukujiya koketshezi lokumba kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-hydraulic kanye nokuqina kwe-wellbor. Ukwehluleka ukulawula ukujiya kungabangela ukubhidlika kwe-wellbor, kubangele ukulahlekelwa kakhulu koketshezi lokumba, futhi kwandise isikhathi esingasebenzi kahle. Izinselele zemvelo ezingaphansi komhlaba, njengokucindezela okukhulu kanye nokushisa, kudinga ukuqapha okunembile, kwesikhathi sangempela ukuze kufezwe ukulawulwa kwe-rheological okubikezelwayo, kuncishiswe ukulahlekelwa kokuhlunga, futhi kuvinjelwe izehlakalo eziyingozi zokulahlekelwa koketshezi. Ukulawulwa kwe-viscosity okusebenzayo kuyasekelauketshezi lodaka lokubhobozaukulawula ukulahleka, kuthuthukisa izakhiwo zoketshezi lokubhoboza i-bentonite, futhi kuvumela izimpendulo ezisebenzayo ngezinhlelo zokujova ngamakhemikhali ezenzakalelayo zokubhoboza.
Izindawo Zokubhoboza Imithombo Ejulile Kakhulu
Ukubhoboza imithombo ejulile kakhulu kubhekisela ekufinyeleleni ekujuleni okungaphezu kwamamitha angu-5000, nezinhlelo eziningana manje ezidlula amamitha angu-8000, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifana neTarim neSichuan Basins. Le misebenzi ihlangabezana nezinselele zemvelo ezinzima kakhulu, eziphawulwa yizingcindezi zokwakheka eziphakeme kanye namazinga okushisa adlula kakhulu amazinga avamile. Igama elithi HPHT (High Pressure, High Temperature) lichaza izimo ezinezingcindezi zokwakheka ezingaphezu kuka-100 MPa kanye namazinga okushisa avame ukuba ngaphezu kuka-150°C, ngokuvamile atholakala ezinhlotsheni ezihlosiwe ezijulile kakhulu.
Izinselele Zokusebenza Eziyingqayizivele
Ukubhoboza ezindaweni ezijulile kakhulu kuveza izithiyo zobuchwepheshe eziqhubekayo:
- Ukubhoboza Okubi:Amatshe aqinile, izindawo eziqhekekile eziyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nezinhlelo zokucindezela eziguquguqukayo zidinga ukwakheka okusha koketshezi lokubhoboza kanye namathuluzi akhethekile okudonsa phansi.
- Ukusebenza kwe-Geochemical:Ukwakheka kulezi zindawo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziqhekekile, kuthambekele ekusebenzisaneni kwamakhemikhali nodaka lokubhoboza, okuholela ezingozini ezifana nokuwa kwemisele kanye nokulahlekelwa uketshezi okukhulu.
- Ukuthembeka Kwemishini:Imiklamo ejwayelekile yama-bits, i-casing, kanye namathuluzi okuqeda imvamisa kunzima ukubekezelela imithwalo ye-HPHT, okuholela esidingweni sezinto ezithuthukisiwe ezifana ne-titanium alloys, izivalo ezithuthukisiwe, kanye nama-rig anomthamo ophezulu.
- Ukwakhiwa Kwemithombo Eyinkimbinkimbi:Izinhlelo zokubopha ezinezigaba eziningi ziyadingeka ukuze kuxazululwe ingcindezi eshintsha ngokushesha kanye nezindlela zokushisa kulo lonke ubude bomthombo, okwenza kube nzima ukuphathwa kobuqotho bomthombo.
Ukubhoboza Imithombo Ejulile Kakhulu
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Ubufakazi basensimini obuvela eTarim Basin bubonisa ukuthi izimbobo ze-alloy ezingagqwali, ezikhanyayo kakhulu zibalulekile ekunciphiseni ukuwohloka kwemigodi kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuzinza okuphelele. Kodwa-ke, okusebenza kwelinye ibheseni kungadinga ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kwenye indawo ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwesimo sendawo.
Izici Zendawo Engaphansi Komgodi: Ukucindezela Okuphezulu kanye Nokushisa Okuphezulu
Izimo ze-HPHT ziphazamisa zonke izici zokuphathwa koketshezi lokubhoboza.
- Ukucindezela okweqilekuthinta ukukhethwa kwesisindo sodaka, inselele yokulawula ukulahlekelwa uketshezi kanye nezingozi zokuqhunyiswa noma izehlakalo zokulawula imithombo.
- Ukunyuka kwezinga lokushisakungabangela ukuwohloka okusheshayo kokushisa kwama-polymer oketshezi lokubhoboza, kunciphisa ukujiya futhi kuveze izakhiwo ezimbi zokumiswa. Lokhu kuholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu kokuhlunga kanye nokungazinzi okungenzeka kwe-wellbore.
Izithasiselo zoketshezi lokubhoboza ezishisa kakhulu, okuhlanganisa ama-polymer athuthukile nama-nanocomposites, ziye zabonakala zibalulekile ekugcineni ukuzinza nokusebenza kokuhlunga ngaphansi kwalezi zimo. Ama-resin amasha kanye nama-ejenti amelana nosawoti omningi asetshenziswa ngenkuthalo ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa ekwakhekeni okuqhekekile nokusabela.
Imiphumela Yokuphathwa Koketshezi Lokubhoboza
Ukuphathwa kwezakhiwo zoketshezi lokubhoboza i-bentonite kanye nokukhethwa kwezithasiselo zokulahlekelwa uketshezi zodaka lokubhoboza kumele kubhekele ukuwohloka kanye nokungazinzi okuqhutshwa yi-HPHT. Izithasiselo zokusebenza okuphezulu, eziqiniswa yi-automation yesistimu yokulinganisa amakhemikhali okuzenzakalelayo kanye nokuqapha i-viscosity ngesikhathi sangempela, ziyadingeka kakhulu.
- Ukulawulwa kwe-rheology yodaka lokubhobozakuncike ekusetshenzisweni kwezinhlelo zoketshezi ezingagcina ukucindezeleka kokukhiqiza, i-viscosity, kanye nokulawula ukulahlekelwa koketshezi kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezimo ze-HPHT ezimbi kakhulu.
- Ukuvimbela ukulahlekelwa ukuhlunga odakeni lokumbaithembele ezinhlelweni eziqinile zokujova ngamakhemikhali kanye nokuqapha okuqhubekayo, ngezinye izikhathi isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-viscometer yokudlidliza ye-HTHP ukuze ilungiswe ngesikhathi sangempela.
- Izixazululo zokuzinza kwe-Wellborekudinga ukuphathwa koketshezi okusebenzayo nokuguquguqukayo, kusetshenziswa idatha eqhubekayo evela kuzinzwa ezingaphansi kanye nokuhlaziywa kokubikezela.
Ngamafuphi, izindawo ezibucayi kakhulu zokumba imithombo ejulile kakhulu zenza abaqhubi bemishini babhekane nezinselele zokusebenza ezihlukile nezishintsha ngokushesha. Ukukhethwa koketshezi, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, ukuqapha ukujiya koketshezi lokumba ngesikhathi sangempela, kanye nokuthembeka kwemishini kuba umsebenzi obalulekile ekugcineni ubuqotho bomgodi kanye nokusebenza kokumba.
Ama-Bentonite Drilling Fluids: Ukwakheka, Umsebenzi, kanye Nezinselele
Uketshezi lokubhoboza i-Bentonite lwakha umgogodla wodaka olusekelwe emanzini ekubhobozeni imithombo ejulile kakhulu, olubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yamakhono alo ahlukile okuvuvukala nokwakha ijeli. Lezi zakhiwo zivumela i-bentonite ukuthi imise ukusika kokubhoboza, ilawule ukujiya koketshezi lokubhoboza, futhi inciphise ukulahleka kokuhlunga, iqinisekise ukuhlanzwa kahle kwemigodi kanye nokuqina kwemigodi. Izinhlayiya zobumba zakha ukumiswa kwe-colloidal okungalungiswa ezindaweni ezithile zemigodi kusetshenziswa i-pH kanye nezithasiselo.
Izakhiwo Nezindima ze-Bentonite
- Amandla Okuvuvukala:I-Bentonite imunca amanzi, yandisa inani lawo elomile izikhathi eziningana. Lokhu kuvuvukala kwenza izicucu zikwazi ukumiswa kahle futhi zithuthe imfucuza iye phezulu.
- Ukuqina kanye namandla ejeli:Isakhiwo sejeli sinikeza ukujiya okubalulekile, okuvimbela izinto eziqinile ukuthi zingahlali—isidingo esibalulekile ezinseleleni zemvelo ezingaphansi komhlaba.
- Ukwakheka Kwekhekhe Lokuhlunga:I-Bentonite yakha amakhekhe okuhlunga amancane, angangeni kahle emanzini odongeni olunembobo yomthombo, okunciphisa ukungena koketshezi futhi kusize ekuvimbeleni ukubhidlika kwembobo yomthombo.
- Ukulawulwa Kwe-Rheological:Ukuziphatha kwe-Bentonite ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kokucheba kubalulekile ekulawuleni i-rheology yokubhoboza udaka ukuze kubhobozwe ukushisa okuphezulu okunomfutho ophezulu.
Ubuthakathaka Ngaphansi Kwezimo ze-HPHT
Ukubhoboza ukwakheka kokushisa okuphezulu (i-HPHT) okunomfutho ophezulu kusunduza uketshezi lwe-bentonite ludlule imikhawulo yalo yokwakheka:
- Ukulahlekelwa Kokuhlunga:Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kanye nokucindezela kubangela ukuthi izinhlayiya ze-bentonite zihlangane, ziphule ikhekhe lesihlungi futhi kwandise ukuhlasela koketshezi. Lokhu kungabangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu koketshezi, okungabangela umonakalo wokwakheka kanye nokungazinzi kwemithambo yegazi.
- Isibonelo, izifundo zasensimini yase-Oman ziphawule ukuthi izithasiselo ezenzelwe wena zinciphise ukulahleka koketshezi lwe-HPHT kusuka ku-60 ml kuya ku-10 ml, okugqamisa ubucayi kanye nokulawuleka kwale nkinga.
- Ukuhlangana kanye nokwakheka kabi kwekhekhe lesihlungi kuvame ukuhlanganiswa ukuba khona kosawoti nama-ion ahlukene, okwenza kube nzima ukuvimbela ukulahleka kokuhlunga odakeni lokumba.
- Ukuwohloka Kokushisa:Ngaphezu kuka-120°C, i-bentonite kanye nezinye izithako ze-polymer ziyawohloka ngamakhemikhali, okuholela ekunciphiseni i-viscosity kanye namandla ejeli. Ukuwohloka kwe-acrylamide co-polymer phakathi kuka-121°C no-177°C kuhlobene nokulawulwa kokulahlekelwa uketshezi futhi kudinga ukugcwaliswa kabusha njalo kwezithasiselo.
- Ukuqapha i-viscosity yoketshezi lokubhoboza ngesikhathi sangempela, njengokusetshenziswa kwe-viscometer yokudlidliza ye-HTHP, kubalulekile ukuthola nokuphatha ukuwohloka kokushisa endaweni.
- Ukungazinzi kwamakhemikhali:Ama-Bentonite fluids angawohloka ngokwesakhiwo nangokokwakheka kwawo ngaphansi kwe-HPHT enzima, ikakhulukazi lapho kukhona ama-ion anamandla noma i-pH eyeqile. Lokhu kungazinzile kungaphazamisa izixazululo zokuqina kwe-wellbore futhi kunciphise ukusebenza kahle kodaka lokumba.
- Izithasiselo ezincane kanye nezinto ezithathwe kudoti (isb., umlotha ompunga) zingaqinisa ukuqina koketshezi ekungazinzileni kwamakhemikhali.
Ukuhlanganiswa Kwezinhlelo Zokulinganisa Amakhemikhali Zokulethwa Okunembe Kakhulu Ngesikhathi Sangempela
Ukulawulwa kwamakhemikhali okuzenzakalelayo ekubholeni kuguqula ukuphathwa kokulahlekelwa uketshezi. Izinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe zokujova ngamakhemikhali zokubhoboza zivumela ukuzenzekela kohlelo lokulinganisa amakhemikhali. Lezi zinkundla zisebenzisa ukuqapha ukujiya koketshezi lokubhoboza ngesikhathi sangempela, okuvame ukunikezwa amandla yiI-viscometer yokudlidliza ye-HTHPukusetshenziswa, ukuze kulungiswe njalo imithamo eyengeziwe ngokusekelwe ezimweni ezishintshayo ze-downhole.
Izinhlelo ezinjalo:
- Ngena idatha yenzwa (ubuningi, i-rheology, i-pH, izinga lokushisa) bese usebenzisa imodeli esekelwe ku-physics yokuphathwa kwesithasiselo sokulahlekelwa uketshezi oluguquguqukayo.
- Sekela ukusebenza kude, ngaphandle kwezandla, ukukhulula amaqembu ukuze aqashwe ezingeni eliphezulu ngenkathi ulawula kahle izithasiselo zokulahlekelwa uketshezi zokumba udaka.
- Nciphisa ukugqwala, ukukala, ukulahleka kokujikeleza kwegazi, kanye nomonakalo wokwakheka, konke lokhu ngenkathi kwandisa isikhathi sokuphila kwemishini futhi kunciphisa ingozi yokusebenza.
Ukufakwa kwezinhlelo zokufaka ezihlakaniphile ensimini kubonise ukuthuthuka okukhulu ezixazululweni zokuzinza kwe-wellbore, izindleko zokungenelela ezincishisiwe, kanye nokusebenza koketshezi okuqhubekayo ngisho nasemigodini ye-HPHT ejulile kakhulu. Njengoba imisebenzi yokubhoboza iqhubeka nokubeka phambili ukulawulwa kwedatha ngesikhathi sangempela, lezi zixazululo zizohlala zibalulekile ekusaseni lokulawulwa kokulahlekelwa koketshezi lokubhoboza udaka kanye nokuvimbela ukulahleka kokuhlunga.
Ukuvimbela Ukuzinza Nokudilika Kwe-Wellbore
Ukuwa kwe-Wellbor kuyinselele eqhubekayo ekubholeni imithombo ejulile kakhulu, ikakhulukazi lapho izimo zokubhoboza ukushisa okuphezulu (i-HPHT) zivamile khona. Ukuwa kuvame ukubangelwa ukugcwala ngokweqile kwemishini, ukusebenzisana kwamakhemikhali, noma ukungalingani kokushisa phakathi kwe-wellbor nokwakheka kwayo. Emigodini ye-HPHT, ukusatshalaliswa kabusha kokucindezeleka, ingcindezi yokuxhumana eyandayo evela kumashubhu angaphansi komhlaba, kanye nezehlakalo zokulayisha zesikhashana—njengokwehla kwengcindezi ngokushesha ngemva kokuphazamiseka kwe-packer—kwandisa ingozi yokwehluleka kwesakhiwo. Lezi zingozi zanda ekwakhekeni kwamatshe odaka kanye nasemigodini efinyelela kude nolwandle, lapho izinguquko zokusebenza zibangela ushintsho olukhulu lokucindezeleka kanye nokungazinzi kwesikhala.
Izimbangela kanye Nemiphumela Yokuwa Kwe-Wellbore Ezindaweni Ze-HPHT
Izinto ezibangela ukuwa okukhulu ezindaweni ze-HPHT zifaka:
- Ukulayisha ngokweqile kwemishini:Ukucindezeleka okuphezulu endaweni, ukucindezeleka okungalingani kwemigodi, kanye nezakhiwo zamatshe eziyinkimbinkimbi kubeka inselele ubuqotho bemigodi. Ukuthintana kwezintambo ze-tubular kuphakamisa ukucindezeleka kwendawo, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokubhoboza noma sokukhubeka, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kwengcindezi ye-annular kanye nokuguqulwa kodonga.
- Ukungazinzi Kokushisa Namakhemikhali:Ukushintshashintsha okusheshayo kokushisa kanye nokusabela kwamakhemikhali—njengokungena kodaka kanye nomswakama—kushintsha amandla okwakheka futhi kusheshise ukwehluleka. Imiphumela ehlanganisiwe ingadala ukwehluleka kwe-casing okuncike esikhathini ngemva kwemicimbi yokusebenza efana ne-packer engakamiswa.
- Amandla Okusebenza:Amazinga asheshayo okungena kanye nemithwalo yesikhashana (isb., izinguquko zengcindezi ezizumayo) kwandisa ukusatshalaliswa kabusha kokucindezeleka, okuthonya kakhulu ingozi yokuwa ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ezijulile nezishisayo.
Imiphumela yokuwa ihlanganisa ukuvalwa kwemithombo okungahleliwe, izehlakalo zokubhajwa kwamapayipi, ukuphambuka okubizayo, kanye nokufakwa kwesimende okuphazamisekile. Ukuwa kungase futhi kubangele ukulahleka kokujikeleza kwegazi, ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo okungekuhle, kanye nokuncipha kokukhiqiza kwedamu.
Izixazululo Ezisebenzayo Zokuzinzisa I-Wellbore Kuyo Yonke Indawo Yokubhoboza Nokufaka Isimende
Amasu okunciphisa ingozi agxile ekulawuleni kokubili indawo ezungezile kanye nokusebenzisana kwamakhemikhali odongeni lwemithombo yamanzi. Izixazululo zifaka:
- Ubunjiniyela Bokubhoboza Uketshezi:Besebenzisa izakhiwo zoketshezi lokubhoboza i-bentonite ezenzelwe izimo ze-HPHT, opharetha balungisa ubuningi boketshezi, i-rheology, kanye nokwakheka ukuze bathuthukise ukwesekwa kwe-wellbore. Ukulawulwa kwe-rheology kusetshenziswa izithasiselo zoketshezi lokubhoboza ezithuthukisiwe—kufaka phakathi izithasiselo ze-polymer ezisekelwe ku-nanoparticle nezisebenzayo—kuthuthukisa ukubopha ngomshini kanye nama-plug microfractures, kunciphise ukuhlasela kokwakheka.
- Ukulawulwa Kokulahlekelwa Kokuhlunga:Ukuhlanganiswa kwezithasiselo zokulahlekelwa uketshezi zodaka lokubhoboza, njenge-nanocomposite plug agents, kunciphisa ukungena kwamanzi futhi kuzinzise imbobo. Lawa ma-agents akha izivalo eziguquguqukayo kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezahlukene zokushisa kanye namaphrofayili okucindezela.
- Ukuqapha Ukuthambekela Kwe-Viscosity Yesikhathi Sangempela:Ukusetshenziswa kwe-viscometer yokudlidliza ye-HTHP yoketshezi lokubhoboza, kanye nokuqapha i-viscosity yoketshezi lokubhoboza ngesikhathi sangempela, kwenza kube lula ukulungisa okusheshayo ekuphenduleni izinselele zemvelo ezishintshayo. Ubuchwepheshe besistimu yokulinganisa amakhemikhali okuzenzakalelayo buvumela ukulawulwa kwamakhemikhali okuzenzakalelayo ekubhobozeni, kugcina izakhiwo zoketshezi ezifanele njengoba izimo zishintsha.
- Ukumodela Okusebenzayo Okuhlanganisiwe:Amamodeli e-computational athuthukisiwe—ahlanganisa i-multiphysics (isb., ukuvuza kwamanzi, ukusabalala kokushisa, i-elasto-plastic mechanics), i-AI, kanye nama-algorithms okufunda okuqinisa—avumela ukulungiswa kokubikezela kokubili ukwakheka koketshezi kanye namapharamitha okubhoboza. Lawa maqhinga abambezela ukuqala kokungazinzi futhi ahlinzeka ngezixazululo zokuqina kwe-wellbore ezinamandla.
Ekuqiniseni, izithiyo zokungena koketshezi oluphansi kanye nezithasiselo zokulawula ukuhlunga kusetshenziswa kanye nama-ejenti okuxhuma ngomshini ukuqinisa izindonga ezimbozwe kahle ngaphambi kokufaka usimende. Le ndlela isiza ukuqinisekisa ukuhlukaniswa okuqinile kwe-zonal emithonjeni eshisa kakhulu.
Ukusebenzisana Kwezithiyo Eziphansi Zokuhlasela kanye Nezinyathelo Zokulawula Ukulahlekelwa Kokuhlunga Okuthuthukisiwe
Ubuchwepheshe bokuvimbela ukuhlasela okuphansi kanye nezithasiselo zokulahlekelwa ukuhlunga manje zisebenza ngokubambisana ukunciphisa umonakalo wokwakheka nokuvimbela ukuwa:
- Ubuchwepheshe Bokugeleza Okuphansi Kakhulu (i-ULIFT):Uketshezi lwe-ULIFT ludala izihlangu eziguquguqukayo neziguquguqukayo, ezilawula ngempumelelo ukulahleka kokuhlunga ngisho nasezindaweni ezinezingcindezi ezinkulu.
- Izibonelo Zensimu:Ukusetshenziswa eCaspian Sea naseMonagas Field kubonise ukwehla okukhulu kokujikeleza kwegazi okulahlekile, ukwanda kwengcindezi yokuqala kokuqhekeka, kanye nokuqina kwemithombo yamanzi ngesikhathi sokubhoboza nokufaka usimende.
Ngokwenza ngokwezifiso ukulawulwa kokuhlunga udaka lokubhoboza ngezinhlelo zokujova ngamakhemikhali ezithuthukisiwe kanye nokuphathwa kwe-rheology okuphendulayo, abaqhubi bakhulisa ubuqotho be-wellbore futhi banciphise izingozi eziyinhloko ezihlobene nokubhoboza imithombo ejulile kakhulu. Ukuvimbela ukubhidlika kwe-wellbore okuqinile kudinga indlela ephelele—ukulinganisela izilawuli zomzimba, zamakhemikhali, kanye nezokusebenza ukuze kusebenze kahle i-HPHT.
Ukuqapha Ukuthambekela Kwe-Viscosity Kwesikhathi Sangempela Endaweni Engaphansi Kwembobo
Ukuhlolwa kwe-viscometer okuvamile kuvame ukuncika kuma-viscometer ajikelezayo noma ama-capillary, angasebenzi ekubholeni okushisa okuphezulu ngenxa yezingxenye ezihambayo kanye nokuhlaziywa kwesampula okubambezelekile. Ama-viscometer okudlidliza e-HTHP aklanyelwe ukuhlolwa kwe-viscometer okuqondile, okuqondile ngaphansi kwezimo ezingaphezu kuka-600°F kanye no-40,000 psig. Lokhu kulungiswa kuhlangabezana nezidingo ezihlukile zokuvimbela ukulahleka kokuhlunga kanye nokubhoboza udaka lwe-rheology lwezindawo zokubhoboza ezijulile kakhulu. Ahlanganiswa kalula namapulatifomu e-telemetry kanye ne-automation, okuvumela ukuqapha i-viscometer yoketshezi lokubhoboza ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nokulungiswa okusheshayo kokwengeza kokulahlekelwa koketshezi.
Izici Eziyinhloko kanye Nezimiso Zokusebenza ze-Lonnmeter Vibrational Viscometer
I-viscometer yokudlidliza ye-Lonnmeter yenzelwe ngqo ukusebenza okuqhubekayo ngaphansi kwezimo ze-HPHT.
- Umklamo Wezinzwa: I-Lonnmeter isebenzisa imodi esekelwe ekudlidlizeni, enesici esizwakalayo esicwiliswe oketshezini lokubhoboza. Ukungabikho kwezingxenye ezihambayo ezivezwe oketshezini oluhudulayo kunciphisa ukugcinwa futhi kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuqinile ngesikhathi sokufakwa isikhathi eside.
- Isimiso Sokulinganisa: Uhlelo luhlaziya izici zokudambisa zento edlidlizayo, ezihambisana ngqo nokujiya koketshezi. Zonke izilinganiso zenziwa ngogesi, zisekela ukuthembeka kwedatha kanye nesivinini esibalulekile ekulawulweni kwesistimu yokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela kanye nokulinganisa amakhemikhali.
- Ibanga Lokusebenza: Yakhelwe ukusebenza kwezinga lokushisa elibanzi kanye nokucindezela, i-Lonnmeter ingasebenza ngokuthembekile ezimweni eziningi zokubhoboza ezijulile kakhulu, isekela izithasiselo zoketshezi lokubhoboza ezithuthukisiwe kanye nephrofayili ye-rheological yesikhathi sangempela.
- Amandla Okuhlanganisa: I-Lonnmeter iyahambisana ne-downhole telemetry, okuvumela ukudluliselwa kwedatha okusheshayo kubasebenzi bomphezulu. Uhlelo lungahlanganiswa nezinhlaka zokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela ukusekela ukulawulwa kwamakhemikhali okuzenzakalelayo ezinqubweni zokubhoboza, okuhlanganisa izithasiselo zoketshezi lokubhoboza i-bentonite kanye nezixazululo zokuqina kwe-wellbore.
Ukufakwa kwemishini ensimini kubonise ukuqina nokunemba kweLonnmeter, kunciphisa ngqo izingozi zokulawula ukubhoboza udaka kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko zemisebenzi yokubhoboza enokushisa okuphezulu. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe, bhekaUkubuka Konke kwe-Lonnmeter Vibrational Viscometer.
Izinzuzo zama-Viscometers adlidlizayo kunezindlela zokulinganisa zendabuko
Ama-viscometer ashukumisayo anikeza izinzuzo ezicacile nezihlobene nensimu:
- Ukulinganisa Okuqondile, Kwesikhathi Sangempela: Ukugeleza kwedatha okuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokuthatha amasampula ngesandla kuvumela izinqumo zokusebenza ngokushesha, okuyisihluthulelo sezinselele zokumba imithombo ejulile kakhulu kanye nezemvelo ezingaphansi komhlaba.
- Ukulungiswa OkuphansiUkungabikho kwezingxenye ezihambayo kunciphisa ukuguguleka, ikakhulukazi okubaluleke kakhulu odakeni olukhuhlayo noma olugcwele izinhlayiya.
- Ukuqina Kokucutshungulwa Komsindo: Lawa mathuluzi awakwazi ukudlidliza nokushintshashintsha kokugeleza koketshezi okuvamile ezindaweni zokubhoboza ezisebenzayo.
- Ukuguquguquka Okuphezulu: Amamodeli okudlidliza aphatha ngokuthembekile ububanzi be-viscosity futhi awathinteki ngamanani amancane esampula, enza ngcono ukulinganisa kwamakhemikhali okuzenzakalelayo kanye nokulawulwa kwe-rheology yodaka.
- Kusiza Ukuzenzakalela Kwenqubo: Ukuhlanganiswa okulungele nesistimu yokulinganisa amakhemikhali ezenzakalelayo kanye namapulatifomu okuhlaziya athuthukile ukuze kuthuthukiswe izithasiselo zokulahlekelwa uketshezi zokumba udaka.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-viscometer ajikelezayo, izixazululo ezidlidlizayo zinikeza ukusebenza okuqinile ngaphansi kwezimo ze-HPHT kanye nokuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nemisebenzi yokuvimbela ukulahleka kokuhlunga. Izifundo zamacala ekushibilikeni kobumba kanye nokubhoboza zibonisa isikhathi esinciphile sokungasebenzi kanye nokulawulwa kokuhlunga udaka lokubhoboza okunembe kakhudlwana, okubeka ama-viscometer adlidlizayo njengezixazululo ezibalulekile zokuqina kwe-wellbore zemisebenzi yesimanje yokubhoboza emanzini ajulile kanye nokujula kakhulu.
Ukuhlanganiswa Kwezinhlelo Zokulawula Okuzenzakalelayo kanye Nezokulinganisa Amakhemikhali
Ukulawulwa Okuzenzakalelayo Kwezakhiwo Zokubhoboza Uketshezi Kusetshenziswa Impendulo Yezinzwa Zesikhathi Sangempela
Izinhlelo zokuqapha zesikhathi sangempela zisebenzisa izinzwa ezithuthukisiwe, njenge-pipe viscometers kanye ne-rotary Couette viscometers, ukuze zihlole njalo izakhiwo zoketshezi lokubhoboza, okuhlanganisa i-viscosity kanye ne-yield point. Lezi zinzwa zibamba idatha ngesivinini esiphezulu, okuvumela impendulo esheshayo kumapharamitha abalulekile ekubhobozeni umthombo ojulile kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisa kakhulu (HPHT). Izinhlelo ze-pipe viscometer, ezihlanganiswe nama-algorithms okucubungula isignali njengokubola kwemodi ye-empirical, zinciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwe-pulsation—inkinga evamile ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwemigodi—eziletha izilinganiso ezinembile ze-rheology yoketshezi lokubhoboza ngisho nangesikhathi sokuphazamiseka okukhulu kokusebenza. Lokhu kubalulekile ekugcineni ukuzinza kwe-wellbore nokuvimbela ukuwa ngesikhathi sokubhoboza.
Ukufakwa kokuqapha uketshezi okuzenzakalelayo (i-AFM) kuvumela opharetha ukuthi babone futhi basabele ezimeni ezingavamile ezifana nokuwa kwe-barite, ukulahleka koketshezi, noma ukukhukhuleka kwe-viscosity ngokushesha kakhulu kunokuhlolwa okwenziwe ngesandla noma okwenziwa elebhu. Isibonelo, ukufundwa kwe-Marsh funnel, kuhlanganiswe namamodeli ezibalo, kungaletha ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kwe-viscosity okusekela izinqumo zopharetha. Emithonjeni yamanzi ajulile kanye ne-HPHT, ukuqapha okuzenzakalelayo kwesikhathi sangempela kuye kunciphisa kakhulu isikhathi esingenzi lutho futhi kwavimbela izehlakalo zokungazinzi kwe-wellbore ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhiwo zoketshezi zokubhoboza zihlala ngaphakathi kwamazinga afanele.
Izinhlelo Zokulinganisa Amakhemikhali Ezivaliwe Zokulungiswa Okunamandla Kokwengeza
Izinhlelo zokulinganisa amakhemikhali ezivaliwe zifaka ngokuzenzakalelayo izithasiselo zokulahlekelwa uketshezi zodaka lokumba, izilungisi ze-rheology, noma izithasiselo zoketshezi lokumba ezithuthukisiwe ngokuphendula impendulo yezinzwa. Lezi zinhlelo zisebenzisa izihibe zempendulo ezingezona eziqondile noma imithetho yokulawula engashukumi, ukukala amakhemikhali ngezikhathi ezihlukile ngokusekelwe esimweni samanje soketshezi lokumba. Isibonelo, umcimbi wokulahlekelwa uketshezi otholwe yizinzwa ezihlanganisiwe ungabangela ukufakwa kwezinto zokuvimbela ukulahlekelwa kokuhlunga, njengezithasiselo zoketshezi lokumba ze-bentonite noma izithasiselo zoketshezi lokumba ezishisa kakhulu, ukuze kubuyiselwe ukulawula kokulahlekelwa uketshezi nokugcina ubuqotho be-wellbore.
Ukugcina Ukuqina Okuhle kanye Nemingcele Yokulahlekelwa Uketshezi Ukuze Kuthuthukiswe Ukuphepha
Izinhlelo zokuqapha kanye nokulinganisa okuzenzakalelayo zisebenza ndawonye ukulawula i-rheology yodaka lokumba nokulawula ukulahleka koketshezi ezindaweni eziyinselele zomgodi ophansi. Ukuqapha i-viscometer ngesikhathi sangempela, kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-viscometer yokudlidliza ye-HTHP, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izingcezu zihlala zimisiwe futhi ingcindezi ye-annular iyalawulwa, kunciphisa ingozi yokuwa kwe-wellbore. Izinhlelo zokujova ngamakhemikhali okuzenzakalelayo zokumba zinikeza inani eliqondile lezithasiselo zokulahlekelwa koketshezi kanye nama-ejenti okulawula i-rheology, zigcina ukulawulwa kokuhlunga futhi zivimbele ukungena okungafuneki noma ukulahleka koketshezi okukhulu.
Izithasiselo Ezithuthukisiwe Nokuzwela Kwemvelo
Izithasiselo ze-Bentonite Drilling Fluid ezithuthukisiwe zokubhoboza kahle kakhulu
Ukubhoboza emithonjeni ejulile kakhulu kuveza uketshezi ezinseleleni zemvelo ezingaphansi komhlaba, okuhlanganisa umfutho ophezulu kanye nokushisa okuphezulu (i-HPHT). Izithasiselo zoketshezi zokubhoboza ze-bentonite ezivamile zivame ukuwohloka, zibeke engcupheni yokuwa kwe-wellbore kanye nokulahleka kokujikeleza kwegazi. Izifundo zakamuva ziqokomisa inani lezithasiselo ezithuthukisiwe njenge-polymer nanocomposites (ama-PNC), izinhlanganisela ezisekelwe ku-nanoclay, kanye nezinye izindlela ezisekelwe ku-bio. Ama-PNC ahlinzeka ngokuqina kokushisa okuphezulu kanye nokulawulwa kwe-rheology, okubaluleke kakhulu ekuqapheni i-viscosity yoketshezi lokubhoboza ngesikhathi sangempela ngezinhlelo ze-viscometer ze-HTHP vibrational. Isibonelo, i-Rhizophora spp. tannin-lignosulfonate (RTLS) ikhombisa ukulahleka koketshezi okuncintisanayo kanye nokuvimbela ukulahlekelwa ukuhlunga ngenkathi igcina amaphrofayili anobungani nemvelo, okwenza kube yimpumelelo ekulawulweni kwamakhemikhali okuzenzakalelayo ekubhobozeni kanye nezixazululo zokuqina kwe-wellbore.
Izithasiselo Ezizwela Imvelo: Ukubola Kwezinto Eziphilayo kanye Nobuqotho Bokubumbana Kwezinto Eziphilayo
Ukuzinza kobunjiniyela boketshezi lokubhoboza kuqhutshwa ukwamukelwa kwezithasiselo ezibucayi emvelweni nezibolayo. Imikhiqizo ebolayo—kufaka phakathi i-peanut shell powder, i-RTLS, kanye nama-biopolymer agents afana ne-Gum Arabic kanye ne-sawdust—ithatha indawo yamakhemikhali endabuko anobuthi. Izithasiselo ezinjalo zinikeza:
- Umthelela ophansi kwezemvelo, okusekela ukuthobela imithetho
- Amaphrofayili okubola kwezinto eziphilayo athuthukisiwe, anciphisa ukunyathela kwezindawo zemvelo ngemva kokubhoboza
- Ukulawulwa kokulahlekelwa uketshezi okuqhathaniswayo noma okuphezulu kanye nokuvimbela ukulahleka kokuhlunga, ukuthuthukisa i-rheology yokubhoboza udaka kanye nokunciphisa umonakalo wokwakheka
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izithasiselo ezihlakaniphile ezibolayo ziyasabela ezibangela imigodi engaphansi komhlaba (isb. izinga lokushisa, i-pH), zivumelanisa izakhiwo zoketshezi ukuze zithuthukise ukulawulwa kokuhlunga udaka lokubhoboza futhi zigcine ubuqotho be-wellbore. Izibonelo ezifana ne-potassium sorbate, i-citrate, kanye ne-bicarbonate zinikeza ukuvimbela okusebenzayo kwe-shale kanye nobuthi obuncishisiwe.
Ama-nano-composites e-Biopolymer, uma eqashwa futhi efakwa umthamo kusetshenziswa izinhlelo ezenzakalelayo kanye nokuqapha kwe-viscosity ngesikhathi sangempela, athuthukisa ukuphepha kokusebenza futhi anciphise ubungozi bemvelo. Izifundo ezibonisa amandla kanye nezokumodela zithola njalo ukuthi izithako zemvelo eziklanywe kahle ziqinisekisa ukusebenza kobuchwepheshe ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ukubola kwe-bio, ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ze-HPHT. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izithako zoketshezi lokubhoboza ezithuthukisiwe zihlangabezana nezidingo zokusebenza kanye nezemvelo zokubhoboza imithombo ejulile kakhulu.
Izinyathelo Zokuvimbela Ukuvuza Nokulawula Ukuphuka Kwesikhumba
Izithiyo Eziphansi Zokuhlasela Ekulawuleni Ukuvuza Kwezindawo Ezimanzi
Ukumba imithombo ejulile kakhulu kubhekene nezinselele ezinkulu zemvelo emigodini engaphansi komhlaba, ikakhulukazi ekwakhekeni okunezingcindezi ezahlukahlukene kanye nobumba olusabelayo. Izithiyo zokuhlasela eziphansi zakha ikhambi elingaphambili lokunciphisa ukungena koketshezi lokumba nokuvimbela ukudluliselwa kwengcindezi ezindaweni ezisengozini.
- Ubuchwepheshe Bokugeleza Okuphansi Kakhulu (i-ULIFT):Uketshezi lwe-ULIFT luhlanganisa izinto eziguquguqukayo zokuvikela udaka lokumba, okunciphisa ukungenelela koketshezi kanye nokudluliswa kokuhlunga. Lobu buchwepheshe buphumelele eMonagas Field, eVenezuela, okwenza ukumba kudlule ezindaweni ezinengcindezi ephezulu kanye nephansi ngomonakalo oncishisiwe wokwakheka kanye nokuqina okuthuthukisiwe kwemigodi. Ukwakheka kwe-ULIFT kuyahambisana kuzo zonke izinhlelo ezisekelwe emanzini, ezisekelwe ku-oyili, kanye nezokwenziwa, okunikeza ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kwemisebenzi yokumba yesimanje.
- Ukuqamba Okusha Kwezinto Ezincane:Imikhiqizo efana ne-BaraHib® Nano kanye ne-BaraSeal™-957 isebenzisa ama-nanoparticles ukuvala ama-micro- kanye nama-nanopores kanye nokuqhekeka ngaphakathi kokwakheka kwetshe lobumba kanye ne-shale. Lezi zinhlayiya zixhuma izindlela ezincane njenge-20 microns, ziletha ukulahlekelwa okuphansi kwe-spurt kanye nokuthuthukisa imisebenzi ye-casing. Izithiyo ezisekelwe ku-nanotech zibonise ukusebenza okuphezulu kokwakheka okusabela kakhulu, okujulile kakhulu, okunciphisa ukuvuza kwamanzi ngempumelelo kakhulu kunezinto ezivamile.
- Ama-drilling Fluids Asekelwe ku-Bentonite:Izakhiwo ze-Bentonite zokuvuvukala kanye ne-colloidal zisiza ekusunguleni ikhekhe lodaka elingangeni kakhulu. Le minerali yemvelo ivimba imiphimbo futhi yakha isihlungi esibonakalayo eceleni komgodi, inciphisa ukungena koketshezi, ithuthukise ukumiswa kwezicucu, futhi isekele ukuqina komgodi. I-Bentonite isalokhu iyingxenye ebalulekile yodaka lokubhoboza olusekelwe emanzini ukuze kulawulwe ukuvuza kwamanzi.
Izithasiselo Zokuvala Ukuqhekeka Okubangelwa Futhi Okukhona Ngaphambili
Ukuvalwa kokuqhekeka kubalulekile ezindaweni zokubhoboza ezijulile kakhulu nezinomfutho ophezulu, lapho ukuqhekeka okubangelwayo, okwemvelo, kanye nokukhona kudala kusongela ubuqotho be-wellbor.
- Izithasiselo ze-Resin Ezinokushisa Okuphezulu kanye Nezingamelani Nokucindezela Okuphezulu:Ama-polymer okwenziwa aklanyelwe ukumelana nobunzima bokusebenza obuphezulu agcwalisa ama-microfractures nama-macro-fractures ngokufanayo. Ukuhlelwa kosayizi wezinhlayiya okunembile kukhulisa amandla azo okuxhuma, ngama-resin plugs ezigaba eziningi asebenza kahle ngokumelene nokuqhekeka okukodwa kanye nokuhlanganisiwe ezindaweni zelebhu kanye nasensimini.
- Izivalo Zokubopha Izinsimbi:Imikhiqizo ekhethekile efana ne-BaraSeal™-957 target microfractures (20–150 µm) kuma-shales abuthakathaka. Lezi zithasiselo zibambelela ezindleleni zokuqhekeka, zinciphisa isikhathi sokusebenza futhi zinegalelo elikhulu ekuzinzeni kwe-wellbor iyonke.
- Ubuchwepheshe Bokuqinisa Okusekelwe Ku-Gel:Amajeli ahlanganisiwe asekelwe ku-oyili, okuhlanganisa amafomula ane-waste grease kanye ne-epoxy resin, enzelwe ukuvimba ukuqhekeka okukhulu. Amandla awo aphezulu okucindezela kanye nezikhathi zokujiya ezilungisekayo zinikeza izivalo eziqinile, ngisho noma zingcoliswe amanzi okwakheka—zilungele izimo zokuvuza okukhulu.
- Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezinhlayiya kanye Ne-Proppant:Izinto zokuxhuma zesikhashana eziqinile, izinhlayiya ezinwebekayo, kanye nama-plug agent asekelwe ku-calcite alungiselelwa ubukhulu obuhlukahlukene bokuqhekeka ngokusebenzisa umklamo wokuhlola we-orthogonal kanye nomodeli wezibalo. Ukuhlaziywa kokusabalalisa usayizi wezinhlayiya nge-laser kwenza kube lula ukuthungatha ngendlela efanele, kukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokuthwala ingcindezi kanye nokuxhuma koketshezi lokubhoboza ezindaweni eziqhekekile.
Izindlela Zokwengeza Ukulahlekelwa Uketshezi Ekuvimbeleni Ukulahlekelwa Kokuhlunga
Izithasiselo zokulahlekelwa uketshezi zodaka lokubhoboza ziyisisekelo sokuvimbela ukulahlekelwa ukuhlunga ezimweni zokubhoboza ezinokushisa okuphezulu. Indima yazo ibalulekile ekugcineni izakhiwo zoketshezi lokubhoboza i-bentonite, i-rheology yodaka, kanye nokuqina kwe-wellbore iyonke.
- Uketshezi Lokugcwalisa lwe-Magnesium Bromide:Lezi ziketshezi ezakhiwe ngendlela ehlelekile zigcina izakhiwo ze-rheological ekubhobozeni kwe-HPHT, zisekela ukuqinisa okusebenzayo kanye nokunciphisa ukungena koketshezi ezimweni ezibucayi.
- Uketshezi Lokubhoboza Oluthuthukisiwe Ngama-Nanomaterial:Ama-nanoparticles azinzile ngokwezinga lokushisa kanye nama-lignite aguqulwe ngokwezinto eziphilayo alawula ukulawulwa kokulahlekelwa uketshezi ngaphansi kwezingcindezi namazinga okushisa aphezulu. Izithiyo ezintsha ezakhiwe ngendlela entsha zidlula ama-polymers nama-lignite endabuko, zigcina izici ze-viscosity ezifiselekayo kanye nokuhlunga ezimweni zokusebenza eziphakeme.
- Izithasiselo Zokulwa Nokugqokwa Ezisekelwe ku-Phosphorus:Lezi zithasiselo, kufaka phakathi i-ANAP, zi-chemisorb ezindaweni zensimbi ngaphakathi kwentambo yokubhoboza, zakha ama-tribofilm anciphisa ukuguguleka komshini futhi asekele ukuzinza kwe-wellbore yesikhathi eside—ikakhulukazi afanele ukuvimbela ukuwohloka ngesikhathi sokubhoboza imithombo ejulile kakhulu.
Ukuqapha Kwesikhathi Sangempela kanye Nokulinganisa Okungeziwe Okuzivumelanisa Nezimo
Ukuqapha okuthuthukisiwe kwe-real time fluid viscosity kanye nezinhlelo zokujova ngamakhemikhali ezenzakalelayo kubaluleke kakhulu ekulawuleni ukulahlekelwa kwe-drilling fluid fluid ezindaweni ezijulile kakhulu ze-HPHT.
- Izinhlelo Zokuqapha Uketshezi Ezisekelwe ku-FPGA:Ubuchwepheshe be-FlowPrecision kanye nobunye obufanayo busebenzisa amanethiwekhi e-neural kanye nezinzwa ezithambile zehadiwe ukulandelela njalo ukulahleka koketshezi ngesikhathi sangempela. Ukulinganisa okuqondile kanye nokubala okusemaphethelweni kuvumela ukulinganisa ukugeleza okusheshayo nokunembile, okusekela izinhlelo zokuphendula ezenzakalelayo.
- Ukufunda Kokuqinisa (RL) Kokulinganisa Uketshezi:Ama-algorithm e-RL, njengokufunda kwe-Q, alungisa ngokuguquguqukayo amazinga okulinganisa okwengezwayo ngokuphendula impendulo eqhutshwa yinzwa, okwenza ngcono ukuphathwa koketshezi phakathi kokungaqiniseki kokusebenza. Ukuzenzakalela kwesistimu yokulinganisa amakhemikhali okuguquguqukayo kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa koketshezi kanye nokulawula ukuhlunga ngaphandle kwesidingo sokumodela uhlelo okucacile.
- Izindlela Zokuhlanganisa I-Multi-Sensor kanye Nedatha:Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezigqokwayo, izinzwa ezifakiwe, kanye neziqukathi ezihlakaniphile kuvumela ukulinganiswa okuqinile, kwesikhathi sangempela kwezakhiwo zoketshezi lokubhoboza. Ukuhlanganisa amasethi edatha ahlukahlukene kwandisa ukuthembeka kokulinganisa, okubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukulahlekelwa kokuhlunga kanye nokulawula ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezimweni zokubhoboza ezinobungozi obukhulu.
Ngokuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokuvimbela ukuhlasela okuphansi, izinhlelo zokwengeza ezenzelwe wena, kanye nokuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela, imisebenzi yokumba imithombo ejulile kakhulu ihlangabezana nezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi zemvelo engaphansi komhlabathi—ukuqinisekisa ukuvimbela ukubhidlika kwemithombo yamanzi okuphumelelayo, ukulawula i-rheology kanye ne-viscosity, kanye nokumba okuzinzile nokuphephile ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi eziqinile.
Ukuthuthukisa Ukusebenza Kwe-Wellbore Ngokuqapha Okuhlanganisiwe Nokulawula
Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo ekubholeni imithombo ejulile kakhulu kudinga ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo kokuqapha kwe-viscosity ngesikhathi sangempela, ukulawulwa kwamakhemikhali okuzenzakalelayo, kanye nokuphathwa okuthuthukisiwe kwezengezo. Lezi zinto zibalulekile ezixazululweni ezisebenzayo zokuqina kwemithombo ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa okuphezulu okucindezelwe kakhulu (i-HPHT).
Uketshezi Lokubhoboza lwe-Bentonite
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Ukuhlanganiswa Kobuchwepheshe Nezindlela
Ukuqapha Ukuthambekela Kwe-Viscosity Kwesikhathi Sangempela
Ama-viscometer okudlidliza e-HTHP asebenzisa ukudlidliza kanye nokuhlanganiswa okunamandla kwe-magnetic ukuze anikeze ukuqonda okunembile nokuqhubekayo mayelana ne-rheology yodaka lokubhoboza, ngisho nasezindaweni ezingaphezu kuka-40,000 psig kanye no-600°F. Lezi zinzwa zilandelela ngokwethembeka ukuguquguquka kwe-viscosity okubangelwa izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, ukungcola, kanye nomthamo wamakhemikhali, okunika amandla opharetha ukulungisa izakhiwo zoketshezi lokubhoboza ngokushesha. Ukuhlolwa kwensimu kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-viscometer yokudlidliza yoketshezi lokubhoboza ingalingana noma idlule izindlela zelebhu zendabuko ngenkathi isebenza emithonjeni ejulile kakhulu, ikakhulukazi efanele izakhiwo zoketshezi lokubhoboza lwe-bentonite kanye nezinselele zemvelo ezingaphansi komhlaba.
Izinhlelo Zokulawula Okuzenzakalelayo
Ukuzenzakalela kwe-Closed-loop kuhlanganisa impendulo yezinzwa ezivela ekuqapheni kwe-viscosity yoketshezi lokubhoboza ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nokuzenzakalela kwesistimu yokulinganisa amakhemikhali ehlakaniphile. Lezi zinhlelo zilawula ngokuzenzakalelayo izithasiselo ze-rheological—ukulungisa i-viscosity yodaka, ubuningi, kanye nokuthamba—ngokufaka izithasiselo zokulahlekelwa uketshezi zodaka lokubhoboza noma izithasiselo zoketshezi zokubhoboza ezithuthukisiwe njengoba kudingeka. Amapulatifomu okufunda komshini anika amandla ukulawula okuguquguqukayo, kusetshenziswa ukusakazwa kwedatha bukhoma ukubikezela izitayela ze-viscosity nokuncoma izimpendulo zokulinganisa. Leli su linciphisa izinkinga zokulawula ukulahlekelwa uketshezi lokubhoboza futhi lisekela izimpendulo eziguquguqukayo ezinguqukweni zokwakheka kanye nokuguguleka kwe-bit.
Ukuphathwa Kokwengezwa Kodaka Olusekelwe Ku-Bentonite
Ukukhethwa kwezithasiselo okuyinkimbinkimbi kuqinisekisa ukuvimbela ukulahleka kokuhlunga odakeni lokubhoboza futhi kusekela ukuvimbela okuqhubekayo kokuwa kwe-wellbore. Izakhi ezinobungani nemvelo ezifana ne-mandarin peel powder ziyaphumelela njengezithibi ze-shale, zinciphisa ukuvuvukala kwe-pellet kanye nokulahleka koketshezi. Ama-Lignosulfonates kanye nezithasiselo ezisekelwe ku-silicon ezithathwe emfucumfucwini wezimboni zithuthukisa ukusebenza kwezithasiselo zoketshezi lokubhoboza i-bentonite, zinikeza izinzuzo ku-rheology yodaka kanye nomthelela wemvelo. Ukulawula ngokucophelela umthamo ngezinhlelo zokujova ngamakhemikhali ukuze kulinganiswe izindleko zokubhoboza, ukuthobela imvelo, kanye nokusebenza kahle ekuphathweni kwezithasiselo zoketshezi lokubhoboza lokushisa eliphezulu.
Ukuhamba Komsebenzi Wokulungisa Okuqhubekayo Ekubholeni Kwe-HPHT
Ukusungula indlela yokusebenza eguquguqukayo yezindawo ze-HPHT kwakhelwe phezu kwalezi zobuchwepheshe ezihlanganisiwe:
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-HTHP Vibrational Viscometers:
- Beka izinzwa phezulu naphansi, uqinisekise ukuthi kunezindlela ezibalulekile zoketshezi.
- Linganisa ngesikhathi esibekiwe, usebenzisa ama-algorithms ahlakaniphile okususa umsindo wedatha nokuhlaziya ukuhlehla.
Ukuqoqwa Kwedatha kanye Nokumodelwa Kwe-Rheology:
- Qoqa idatha ye-rheological yesikhathi sangempela, ucabangele izinselele zendawo ezingaphansi komhlaba.
- Sebenzisa ukufunda komshini ukukhiqiza amamodeli okubikezela ukuziphatha kodaka kanye nezinsongo zokuzinza kwe-wellbore.
Ukulawulwa Kwe-Closed-Loop kanye Nokulinganisa Okungeziwe:
- Sebenzisa umthethonqubo wamakhemikhali ozenzakalelayo oqhutshwa yinzwa ekubhobheni ukuze ulungise izithasiselo zokulahlekelwa uketshezi, ama-viscosifier, kanye nama-stabilizer.
- Ukuthuthukiswa okuqondiswe ekulawuleni i-rheology yodaka lokubhoboza kanye nokusebenza kahle kokujikeleza kwegazi kusetshenziswa impendulo evela ezinhlelweni ze-viscometer.
Ukuphathwa Kokwengeza kanye Nokulawulwa Kokuhlunga:
- Khetha futhi wenze ngokuzenzakalelayo ukukala kwezithasiselo zoketshezi lokubhoboza lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nezinto zokuvimbela ukulahleka kokuhlunga.
- Sebenzisa izithasiselo zokulahlekelwa uketshezi olunobungani nemvelo zokumba udaka, ngokuvumelana nemigomo yokulawula kanye nokusebenza.
Ukubika Okuhlanganisiwe Nokwenza Kahle:
- Imisebenzi yokuqapha eqhubekayo inikeza izingodo zokulungisa ezisobala nezilandelekayo.
- Hlanganisa idatha yokusebenza nezinguquko zoketshezi lokubhoboza ukuze usekele ukwenza izinqumo ngokushesha kanye nokubuyekezwa kokusebenza.
Ukusebenzisana phakathi kokuqapha, ukulawula, kanye nokuphathwa kokwengeza kubalulekile ekunqobeni izinselele ze-HPHT kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-wellbore. Izinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo, amasu okwengeza ahlakaniphile, kanye namanethiwekhi ezinzwa zesikhathi sangempela kunikeza ukunemba okudingekayo ukuze kube ngcono ekusebenzeni kahle ekubholeni okujulile kwesimanje.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa)
1. Yini eyenza ukumba imithombo ejulile kakhulu kube nzima kakhulu ekuphathweni koketshezi lokumba?
Ukubhoboza imithombo ejulile kakhulu kuveza uketshezi ezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu. Amazinga okushisa kanye nezingcindezi emithonjeni ye-HPHT zidlula kakhulu lezo zokubhoboza okuvamile. Lezi zimo zisheshisa ukubola koketshezi, zandisa ukulahlekelwa kokuhlunga, futhi ziqinise izingozi zokungazinzi kwemithombo. Udaka lokubhoboza okuvamile lungase luwohloke ngokushesha, okwenza kube nzima ukulawula i-rheology kanye nokuvimbela ukulahlekelwa uketshezi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto zokulawula ukuvuza zivame ukwehluleka ukumelana nokucindezeleka okukhulu kwe-HPHT, okungase kubangele ukuhlasela koketshezi okungalawuleki kanye nezinsongo zokuwa. Ngakho-ke, izinhlelo zodaka ezikhethekile kanye nezengezo ezithuthukisiwe ziyadingeka ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza kanye nobuqotho kulezi zindawo.
2. Izithasiselo zoketshezi lokubhoboza i-bentonite zithuthukisa kanjani ukusebenza emithonjeni enomfutho ophezulu neshisa kakhulu?
Izithasiselo zoketshezi lokubhoboza i-Bentonite zisiza ukugcina i-viscosity futhi zinciphise ukulahleka koketshezi ezindaweni ze-HPHT. Ukwakheka kwe-bentonite okuthuthukisiwe, okuhlanganisa nano-silica noma ama-compounds asekelwe ku-bio njenge-RTLS, kugcina i-rheology yoketshezi izinzile ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu kanye nokushisa, kuvimbela ukulahleka kokuhlunga ngokweqile futhi kusekele ukuqina kwe-wellbore. Izithasiselo ezifana ne-henna noma i-hibiscus leaf extracts nazo zinegalelo ekuqineni kwe-viscosity kanye nokulawulwa kokuhlunga okuthuthukisiwe, okunikeza izixazululo eziqhubekayo zokubhoboza izinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Lezi daka ze-bentonite ezilungiselelwe zivumela ukuthambisa okuthembekile kanye nokusikwa okusikiwe, kunciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokuwa kwe-wellbore emithonjeni ye-HPHT.
3. Kuyini ukuqapha i-viscosity ngesikhathi sangempela futhi kungani kubalulekile?
Ukuqapha i-viscometer yesikhathi sangempela kusebenzisa amadivayisi okulinganisa okuqhubekayo, njenge-HTHP noma i-Lonnmeter vibration viscometers, ukukala izakhiwo zoketshezi ngqo ku-rig. Le ndlela isusa ukubambezeleka okuhambisana nokusampula ngesandla kanye nokuhlaziywa. Ngokuletha idatha efika kumzuzu, lezi zinhlelo zivumela ukulungiswa okusheshayo kokwakheka kodaka lokubhoboza, ukuqinisekisa i-rheology engcono kakhulu kanye nokuvimbela izinkinga ezifana ne-barite sag noma ukulahleka koketshezi okuphezulu. Ukuthuthuka ekusebenzeni kahle, ubuqotho obuthuthukisiwe be-wellbore, kanye nesikhathi esincishisiwe esingakhiqizi kuye kwabikwa lapho kusetshenziswa khona ukuqapha kwe-rheological okuzenzakalelayo.
4. Uhlelo lokulinganisa amakhemikhali olunemithetho ezenzakalelayo lusebenza kanjani ngesikhathi sokubhoboza?
Izinhlelo zokulinganisa amakhemikhali ngokuzenzakalelayo zisebenzisa abalawuli bekhompyutha kanye nempendulo yezinzwa ukuphatha i-chemistry yoketshezi lokubhoboza. Izinzwa zesikhathi sangempela zibika njalo izakhiwo zoketshezi ezifana ne-viscosity kanye nesilinganiso sokuhlunga. Uhlelo luchaza lezi zimpawu futhi lufaka izithasiselo (njengezinto ezibangela ukulahleka koketshezi noma izilungisi ze-rheology) ngamanani abaliwe ukuze kulondolozwe izici zoketshezi oluqondiwe. Ukulawulwa kwe-closed-loop kususa isidingo sokungenelela okuqhubekayo ngesandla, kuthuthukisa ukuhambisana koketshezi, futhi kwenza kube lula ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo ze-downhole. Izinhlaka ezithuthukisiwe ezisebenzisa i-AI kanye ne-Industry 4.0 zihlanganisa ukulinganisa nokuzenzakalelayo kokubhoboza, zilawula ngempumelelo izinhlelo zoketshezi eziyinkimbinkimbi ngesikhathi semisebenzi ye-HPHT noma yokuqhekeka.
5. Izithasiselo zokulahlekelwa ukuhlunga zisiza kanjani ekuvimbeleni ukuwohloka kwe-wellbore?
Izithasiselo zokulahlekelwa ukuhlunga zinciphisa ukungena koketshezi lokubhoboza ekwakhekeni ngokusiza ekudaleni amakhekhe okuhlunga amancane naqinile. Emigodini ye-HPHT, ama-nano-sealants (isb., i-nano-silica enama-polymers) noma ama-compounds aphathwe nge-biomass asebenza kahle kakhulu—athuthukisa ubuqotho bekhekhe lokuhlunga futhi alondoloze ibhalansi yokucindezela odongeni lwembobo. Lokhu kunciphisa ingozi yokuwa kwembobo yomgogodla ngokuvikela ekwehleni kokucindezela okuwohlokayo kanye nokuguguleka komzimba. Imiphumela yasensimini evela emasimini avuthiwe naqhekekile iqinisekisa indima yalezi zithasiselo ezithuthukisiwe ekuzinzeni kwembobo yomgogodla kanye nokusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kokubhoboza ngaphansi kwezimo ze-HPHT ezimbi kakhulu.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-04-2025
