Ukulawulwa Kokuqina Kokubuthwa Kokushisa Okukhulu Kwamafutha Amafutha
Ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela osindayo kubhekene nenselele enkulu—ukujiya. Ukufana okujiyile, okufana ne-tar kukawoyela osindayo kuvimbela ukunyakaza kwawo emachibini, kuphazamisa ukugeleza kwamanzi emithonjeni futhi kwandisa ingozi yokuvaleka kwepayipi. Ukujiya okuphezulu kuvela esakhiweni esiyinkimbinkimbi sama-molecule kawoyela, kanye nezingxenye ezifana ne-asphaltenes nama-resin ezidlala indima ebalulekile. Ngisho nama-compounds akhona ekugxilweni okuphansi angakhuphula kakhulu ukujiya ngokusebenzisa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-nanoscale, okwenza kokubili ukubikezela nokulawula lesi sici kubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kahle kanye namasu okubuyisa uwoyela.
Izindlela zokubuyisa uwoyela oshisayo—kufaka phakathi ukudonsa amanzi adonsela phansi okusizwa umusi (SAGD), ukuvuselela umusi ojikelezayo (CSS), kanye nokukhukhula komusi—ziba ezibalulekile ezindaweni zikawoyela ezisindayo. Lezi zinqubo zifaka umusi ukuze kukhushulwe izinga lokushisa lamanzi agciniwe, kuncishiswe ukugcwala kukawoyela, futhi kukhuthazwe ukugeleza. Ukunciphisa ukugcwala okuphumelelayo kuhlobene ngqo nokusebenza kahle kokubuyisa uwoyela: njengoba umusi ushisa uwoyela, ukugcwala okuphansi kuwuvumela ukuthi uhambe ngokukhululeka uye emithonjeni yokukhiqiza, kuthuthukiswe isivuno ngenkathi kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla namanzi. Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi ukuhlanganisa umusi nama-chemical agents, njengezinyibilikisi noma ama-surfactant, kwandisa lo mphumela—kwehlisa inani lomusi odingekayo futhi kuthuthukise ukusetshenziswa komusi.
Ukulawula ukujiya komoya akugcini nje ngokuphazamisa amazinga okukhiqizwa kukawoyela kodwa futhi kusekela imigomo yezomnotho neyezemvelo. Ukwenza ngcono ukujova ngomusi kawoyela osindayo (ngokusebenzisa amazinga okushisa alungisiwe kahle, ingcindezi, kanye nokujova) kunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza kanye nokukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa ashisayo. Amasu athuthukile—njengokufaka ndawonye izinyibilikisi, noma ukufaka i-emulsifiers ekhanda lomthombo—amelela izindlela zokubuyisa uwoyela ezithuthukisiwe ezenzelwe ukwenza ngcono ukusetshenziswa komusi kanye nokusebenza kokubuyisa.
Uma uwoyela usuhambile, ukugcina uketshezi oluzinzile ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa uye phezulu nangamapayipi kuba yinto ebalulekile. Lapha, inqubo yokuhlanganisa uwoyela iyasebenza, kusetshenziswa ama-emulsifier ukuguqula uwoyela osindayo oqinile ube ama-emulsion kawoyela emanzini. Lokhu kunciphisa ingozi yokuvaleka kwamapayipi futhi kusekela ukugeleza okubushelelezi, okungaphazanyiswa okudingekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe njalo. Kodwa-ke, ukufeza ukuzinza okuhle ekugelezeni uwoyela ohlanganisiwe kuyisenzo sokulinganisela. Ukuqina okuphezulu kwe-emulsion, okuvame ukuqhutshwa umthamo we-emulsifier olungiselelwe noma ama-surfactants emvelo (isb., ama-asphaltene, ama-fatty acid), kunciphisa kakhulu i-viscosity—kufika ku-88% ezifundweni ezilawulwayo—ngenkathi kugcinwa isiqinisekiso sokugeleza isikhathi esingamahora angu-48.
Kodwa izindlela ezifanayo zokuzinzisa ezithuthukisa ukuthutha zingaba nzima izinqubo zokuhlukanisa ezansi uma zingaphathwa kahle. Ngakho-ke, ukulawulwa kwe-viscosity kumongo wokubuyiselwa kwamafutha okuthuthukisiwe akugcini nje ngokwenza ukugeleza kwamafutha aqinile—kumayelana nokugcina ingxube ngaphakathi kwefasitela eliqondiwe lokugeleza, ukuqinisekisa ukuthutha okuzinzile, ukugwema ukungcola kwamapayipi, futhi ekugcineni, ukucwenga uhlelo lokukhiqiza ukuze lusebenze kahle kakhulu. Ukuxhumana kwe-emulsification kanye ne-demulsification, kanye ne-viscosity eqashwe kahle, kwakha umgogodla wezinzuzo zanamuhla zokujova umusi wamafutha aqinile kanye nokuthembeka kokusebenza.
Ukufakwa Komusi Ekubuyiseleni Ukushisa Kwamafutha Anzima
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Ukuvuselelwa Kokushisa Kwamafutha Anzima kanye Nemikhawulo Yakho
Incazelo kanye Nezisekelo Zokubuyiselwa Kwamafutha Okushisa
Ukubuyiswa kwamafutha okushisa kuyindlela yokuvuselela amafutha (i-EOR) eyenzelwe ukukhiqiza uwoyela osindayo ngokufaka ukushisa ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ukuze kuncishiswe ukuminyana kwamafutha. Izindlela eziyinhloko zifaka phakathi ukujova ngomusi kawoyela osindayo, lapho amandla okushisa ephula khona ama-hydrocarbon ayinkimbinkimbi, anesisindo sama-molecule amaningi, okuwavumela ukuthi ageleze ngokukhululeka. Amasu avamile e-EOR okushisa afaka phakathi ukukhukhula komusi, ukukhuthazwa komusi ojikelezayo (i-CSS), kanye nokudonsa amanzi adonsela phansi okusizwa ngomusi (i-SAGD). Inqubo ngayinye ihlose ukumelana kwangaphakathi kukawoyela nokugeleza futhi isebenzisa ukushisa ukuze ihambise ama-hydrocarbon abanjwe. Ukunciphisa ukuminyana kuyisimiso esiyisisekelo—ukushisa kuphazamisa izibopho zama-molecule, kunciphisa ukumelana, futhi kwandise ukuhamba kwamafutha. Lezi zindlela zisetshenziswa kabanzi emasimini kawoyela osindayo lapho ukukhiqizwa okubandayo kungenzeki ngenxa yokuminyana kwamafutha okuphezulu.
Ukujova Ngomusi Wamafutha Anzima: Izinhloso Nezithiyo Zokusebenza
Ukujova ngomusi kuhlose ukwehlisa ukujiya kwamafutha aqinile, ukuthuthukisa ukuhamba kwawo kanye nokwenza kube lula ukukhipha. Isibonelo, ukukhukhula ngomusi kungenisa umusi oqhubekayo echibini, kuthuthe uwoyela uye emithonjeni yokukhiqiza. I-CSS ijikeleza phakathi kokujova ngomusi, isigaba sokucwilisa, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamafutha, okuvumela ukufudumala nokunyakaza okuphindaphindiwe. I-SAGD isebenzisa imithombo evundlile ebhangqiwe—umusi ujova ngomthombo ophezulu, bese uwoyela uqoqwa kophansi, kusetshenziswa amandla adonsela phansi ukusiza ukugeleza.
Imikhawulo yokusebenza yokujova umusi ihlanganisa:
- Ikhwalithi Yomusi: Ukunciphisa i-viscosity okuphumelelayo kanye nokunyakaza kwamafutha kuncike ekugcineni ikhwalithi ephezulu yomusi (isilinganiso somusi noketshezi kumusi).
- Izinga Lomjovo Nokucindezela: Amazinga aphezulu omusi noma ukucindezela kungabangela ukujikeleza kwesiteshi, kunciphise ukusebenza kahle kokukhuhla, futhi kwandise izingozi zokusebenza.
- Isikhala Semithombo: Isikhala esifanele siqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa kokushisa okufanayo—ukusondelana kakhulu kungaholela ekulahlekelweni kokushisa kanye nokuphazamiseka; ukude kakhulu kungabangela ukubuyiselwa kukawoyela okungekuhle.
- Ukungafani Kwedamu: Ukwehlukaniswa, ukuqhekeka, kanye nokuguquguquka kokungena kwamanzi kudala ukusatshalaliswa komusi okungalingani kanye nezindawo ezishisayo.
- Ukukhathazeka Ngezemvelo Nokuphepha: Izidingo zamandla aphezulu zokukhiqizwa komusi ziholela ekukhishweni kwe-CO₂ kanye nesidingo esikhulu samanzi. Izivikelo ziyadingeka ukuze kusingathwe imisebenzi yokushisa okuphezulu kanye nengcindezi.
Ngokusebenza, ukulungisa izici ezifana nekhwalithi yomusi emithonjeni ephezulu nengezansi, ukulungisa ubukhali bomjovo, kanye nokwenza isikhathi sokushisa sibe ngcono kubalulekile ukuze kusebenze kahle. Ukwenziwa kwemodeli ye-proxy kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula eziguquguqukayo kungahlola futhi kuthuthukise amapharamitha okufaka umusi emithonjeni ethile, kuqinisekiswe ibhalansi efanele phakathi kokukhiqizwa kukawoyela nezindleko zokusebenza.
Amamethrikhi Okusebenza Okubalulekile: Ukusetshenziswa Komusi, Ukusebenza Kahle Kokubuyisa Uwoyela, Ukuzinza Kokugeleza
Izindlela ezintathu ezibalulekile zokulinganisa impumelelo yokululama kukawoyela oshisayo:
- Isilinganiso Somusi Kumafutha (SOR): I-SOR inani lomusi (ngokuvamile kuma-barrel noma ama-tonne) elidingekayo ukukhiqiza umphongolo owodwa kawoyela. Amanani aphansi e-SOR abonisa ukusebenza kahle okungcono kanye nokusetshenziswa okuncane komusi. Isibonelo, amasu athuthukile njengokukhiqizwa komusi othintana ngqo kanye nokufakwa kwegesi yomoya kungacindezela i-SOR ngaphansi kuka-1.0, okunciphisa kakhulu umthelela wemvelo kanye nezindleko zokusebenza.
- Ukusebenza Kahle Kokubuyisa Uwoyela: Ukusebenza kahle kubhekisela engxenyeni yamafutha akhishwe uma kuqhathaniswa namafutha okuqala akhona. Ukuthuthukiswa komklamo womthombo, amapharamitha omusi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinqubo ezisizwa yi-surfactant noma ezisizwa yi-catalyst kungathuthukisa ukululama. Imiphumela yasensimini neyelebhu iqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kokululama kwamafutha ngezindlela ezifana nokukhukhula komusi okwenziwe ngcono, i-SAGD, kanye nezithasiselo zamakhemikhali ezinciphisa kakhulu i-viscosity.
- Ukuzinza Kokugeleza: Ukugeleza okuqhubekayo nokuzinzile kokubili emiseleni yokugcina amanzi kanye namapayipi okukhiqiza kubalulekile. Ukuxinana okuphezulu kwamafutha, ukuhlangana kwamanzi kanye namafutha okungazinzile (njengokuthuthwa kwendandatho yamafutha namanzi), noma ukungasebenzi kahle kokushisa kungabangela ukuthambekela kokucindezela kanye nokuvinjelwa kwamapayipi. Amapayipi okushisa, ukulawula amazinga okugeleza, kanye nokwenza ngcono amasu okuhlanganisa amafutha kanye nokususa uketshezi kubalulekile ukugcina ukuthuthwa kwamafutha okuzinzile ngamapayipi.
Izibonelo ziqokomisa ukuthi ukuphakamisa izinga lokushisa lombhobho kufike cishe ku-50 °C kuthuthukisa ukugeleza kodwa kwandisa isidingo samandla ephampu, okudinga ukuguquguquka phakathi kokuqina kokugeleza kanye nezindleko zokusebenza. Okwamanje, ukwenziwa ngcono ngokucophelela kwemingcele yokusebenza—njengobuningi, i-viscosity, kanye nesivinini sokugeleza—kuqinisekisa ukuthuthwa okuphumelelayo ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa.
Ngokubambisana, lezi zisekelo kanye nemingcele zichaza ukubuyiswa kukawoyela oshisayo, zinikeza izilinganiso zokuqhuba intuthuko ekusebenzeni kahle kokubuyiswa kukawoyela, ukwenza ngcono ukusetshenziswa komusi ngempumelelo, kanye nokugcina ukuthuthwa koketshezi okuzinzile kuyo yonke inethiwekhi yokukhiqiza uwoyela osindayo.
Izici Ezithinta Ukuqina Ngesikhathi Sokululama Kokushisa
Uhlobo Lwamafutha Anzima Nezakhiwo Zawo Ezibonakalayo
Uwoyela osindayo ubonisa ukujiya okuphezulu ngenxa yokwakheka kwawo okuyingqayizivele kwama-molecule. Ukuba khona kwezingxenyana ezinkulu zama-asphaltene, ama-resin, nama-waxes kuphakamisa ukujiya kwangaphakathi. Lezi zingxenye zama-molecule ezisindayo zakha amanethiwekhi amakhulu aphakathi kwama-molecule, okuvimbela ukuhamba futhi kwenze kube nzima izinqubo zokuthutha nezokubuyisa. Ukubola kwe-biogradation kwandisa ukujiya ngokushintsha noma ukwandisa ukujiya kwezinhlobo ezinjalo zama-molecule.
Ukwehla kokuqina kokubuyiselwa kwamafutha okushisa kuncike kakhulu ekushiseni. Lapho kufakwa umusi, ukushisa kuphazamisa ukubopha kwe-hydrogen futhi kunciphisa ukuhlanganiswa kwamanethiwekhi e-asphaltene-resin, kwehlisa i-viscosity. Njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka kusuka ku-20 °C kuya ku-80 °C noma ngaphezulu, kwenzeka ukwehla okukhulu kwe-viscosity. Isibonelo, ukwanda kokushisa kwe-reservoir kusetshenziswa umjovo womusi kuvame ukunciphisa i-viscosity ngaphezu komyalelo wobukhulu kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile zasensimini, okuholela ekugelezeni kwamafutha okusebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nokusebenza kahle kokubuyiselwa kwamafutha okuthuthukisiwe. Amamodeli okubikezela, kufaka phakathi lawo asebenzisa ukufunda komshini okuthuthukisiwe, abonakalise esebenza kahle kakhulu ekuhlobaniseni ukwakheka kwama-molecule kanye nokushisa nezinguquko ze-viscosity ezilindelekile, okwenza izinqumo zokusebenza zibe nembambe kakhulu.
Indima Yokuhlanganiswa Kwe-Emulsification Ekuncishisweni Kokunamathela
Inqubo yokuhlanganisa uwoyela isebenzisa ama-surfactants (ama-emulsifier) ukwakha ama-emulsion kawoyela emanzini noma amanzi emafutheni, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa i-viscosity esebenzayo kawoyela osindayo. Ama-surfactants anciphisa ukucindezeleka kokuxhumana kwamafutha namanzi, okuvumela amanzi ukuba ahlakazeke abe uwoyela njengamaconsi amancane, okuphazamisa ukwakheka kwe-asphaltene kanye ne-wax okubangela i-viscosity ephezulu.
Ekhanda lomthombo, ama-emulsifier afakwa emifudlaneni eluhlaza. Ukuxhumana okuseduze phakathi kwama-molecule e-emulsifier kanye nezinto eziqukethe uwoyela osindayo kuholela ekwakhekeni okusheshayo kwama-emulsion. Ezimweni ezingokoqobo, amakilasi e-amphoteric kanye ne-anionic surfactant—njenge-sulfonates kanye ne-betaines—asebenza kahle kakhulu. Lawa ma-ejenti, uma esetshenziswa ekhanda lomthombo njengengxenye yemisebenzi yokubuyisa uwoyela oshisayo, angafinyelela amazinga okunciphisa i-emulsification kanye ne-viscosity afinyelela ku-75-85% kuma-crudes anzima.
Ukunciphisa i-viscosity ye-emulsification ye-Wellhead kunikeza imiphumela eminingana ebalulekile yobuchwepheshe:
- Kunciphisa ingozi yokuvaleka kwepayipi ngokugcina i-viscosity ephansi kanye nokugeleza okuzinzile.
- Ivumela ukugeleza okuzinzile kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokuqoqa nezokuthutha, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa noma ingcindezi eguquguqukayo.
- Ivumela amazinga okushisa aphansi okusebenza komusi kanye nokusetshenziswa komusi okuncishisiwe, okuthinta ngqo izindleko zokubuyisa kanye nezidingo zamandla eziphelele.
Ukuhlolwa kwelebhu kanye nensimu kuqinisekisa ukuthi nge-emulsifier efanele, i-emulsion ephumayo ihlala izinzile ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene zosawoti noma i-pH—okubalulekile ekukhiqizweni okuqhubekayo okuvela emisebenzini yokubuyisela ukushisa.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwesilinganiso Se-Emulsifier
Ukukhethwa kwe-emulsifier kusekelwe ezicini ezifana nokwakheka kwamafutha, izinga lokushisa, kanye nokuhambisana kwemvelo. Ama-surfactant amasha asekelwe ku-bio anikeza izinzuzo ezengeziwe zokubuyiselwa kokushisa kwamafutha aqinile okuqhubekayo.
Kukhona ubudlelwano obuqondile phakathi komthamo nomphumela: ukwandisa ukuhlushwa kwe-emulsifier ekuqaleni kukhuthaza ukwehla kwe-viscosity kanye nokuqina kwe-emulsion. Kodwa-ke, uma iphuzu elifanele selidluliwe, ukwanda okwengeziwe kwemiphumela kunciphisa izinzuzo noma imiphumela emibi efana nokugqwala ngokweqile, izindleko zokuhlukanisa eziphakeme, kanye nokungazinzile kwe-emulsion. Ukulawula okunembile kubalulekile: ukulinganisa okungaphansi komthamo kubeka engcupheni i-emulsion engazinzile kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba, kuyilapho ukulinganisa ngokweqile kungakhuphula izindleko ze-surfactant futhi kuthonye kabi i-demulsification ezansi.
Ukunquma umthamo ofanele kufezwa kusetshenziswa amamodeli e-kinetic, ngokuvamile alandelanayo, ahlobanisa izinga le-emulsification nokuhlushwa kwe-emulsifier, izinga lokushisa, kanye nokwakheka. Izinguquko ezibalulekile zokwenza ngcono zifaka phakathi umsebenzi wokuxhumana, i-chemistry yeqembu elisebenzayo, kanye nesilinganiso samanzi kawoyela. Intuthuko ekufundeni komshini kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-rheological ivumela ukuqapha nokulungisa ngesikhathi sangempela. Ukulinganisa i-conductivity, i-turbidity, kanye ne-viscosity kuvame ukusetshenziswa kulokhu kulinganiswa.
Idatha yokuhlola igcizelela ukuthi “umthamo we-emulsifier udlala indima ebalulekile ekulinganiseni ukunciphisa i-viscosity kanye nokuqina kokugeleza”. Izicelo zasensimini ziqinisekisa ukuthi umthamo onjalo owenziwe kahle awugcini nje ngokukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokutakula kodwa futhi uqinisekisa ukuphepha kokusebenza kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezomnotho.
I-Emulsion Yamafutha Anzima
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Ithonya lamapharamitha e-Steam
Izakhiwo zomusi zibalulekile emasu okunciphisa ukujiya kwamafutha asindayo. Izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, kanye nezinga lomjovo yizinto eziyinhloko ezilawulayo.
- Izinga Lokushisa Lomusi:Amazinga okushisa aphezulu (ngokuvamile aphakathi kuka-200–300 °C) aphazamisa ukusebenzisana kwama-molecule ngokuphelele, okusheshisa ukwehla kwe-viscosity. Ezimweni zomusi ezibucayi kakhulu, i-aquathermolysis noma ukuqhekeka kwe-subcritical kuphula ama-molecule ayinkimbinkimbi, ngezinye izikhathi okuholela ekunciphiseni i-viscosity unomphela ngokuhlelwa kabusha kwama-molecule kanye nokuxoshwa kwegesi.
- Ukucindezela Komusi:Ukucindezela okuphezulu komjovo kuthuthukisa ukungena komphunga kanye nokudluliselwa kokushisa okufanayo ngaphakathi kwedamu, kuthuthukisa ukufuduka kukawoyela futhi kunciphise izingozi zokulahlekelwa ukushisa kanye nokujikeleza komzila. Ukulungisa ukucindezela phakathi komkhiqizi kanye nemithombo yomjovo kungalungisa ukusatshalaliswa komphunga futhi kuvimbele ukuthuthuka kusenesikhathi.
- Izinga Lomjovo:Amazinga okufakwa komusi asebenzayo, njengalawo adlula ama-bbl angu-700/ngosuku ezinqubweni ze-SAGD, ahlobene ngqo nezici zokugcina zokubuyisa uwoyela eziphezulu (kufika ku-52–53%). Amazinga anganele, ngokuphambene nalokho, anciphisa ukushanela nokusatshalaliswa kokushisa, okunikeza ukunyakaza okuphansi okusiza ngomusi.
Ukusetshenziswa komusi kumele kulungiselelwe ukulinganisela izindleko zokusebenza, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokubuyisa uwoyela. Amamodeli okuhlaziya nawokulingisa—kufaka phakathi amaphakheji okulingisa e-reservoir—avumela opharetha ukuthi banqume izilinganiso ezifanele zomusi–uwoyela (i-SOR) ukuze kuphume umphumela omkhulu. Lezi zibalo zicabangela amaphrofayili e-viscosity–temperature, i-enthalpy yomusi, kanye nokuhamba koketshezi ukuze kulungiselelwe amashejuli okujova futhi kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kanye nophethiloli.
Ukuthuthukisa amapharamitha omusi akuhlukaniseki nokulawulwa kwenqubo jikelele ekubuyiselweni kokushisa kwamafutha asindayo, ikakhulukazi kumasu afana nokudonsa amanzi adonsela phansi okusizwa umusi (SAGD) kanye nokukhuthazwa komusi ojikelezayo (CSS). Uma kuhlanganiswe nokwenza ngcono umthamo we-emulsifier kanye nokulinganisa okuqhubekayo kwe-viscosity ngesikhathi sangempela, lezi zindlela zakha umgogodla wezindlela zokubuyisa amafutha ezithuthukisiwe ekukhiqizweni kwamafutha asindayo kwanamuhla.
Ubuchwepheshe Bokulinganisa Ukuqina Kwesikhathi Sangempela
Izimiso Nezindlela Zokulinganisa
Ekubuyiseleni ukushisa kwamafutha aqinile,ama-viscometer angaphakathizibalulekile ekufinyeleleni ukulawula okunembile phezuinqubo yokuhlanganisa uwoyelakanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kokubuyisa uwoyela. Ama-viscometer angaphakathi alinganisa ngqo ukugeleza kanye nokuziphatha kokuguquguquka kwezingxube ze-oyela-emulsifier ezisindayo njengoba zidlula emapayipini nasemishinini yokucubungula. Lokhu kwenza kube nokuqapha okuqhubekayo ngesikhathi sangempela ngaphandle kokudinga ukusampula ngesandla, okungaba kancane futhi kungameleli izimo zenqubo ebukhoma.
Ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa kabanzi yi-viscometer ye-ultrasonic. Isebenza ngokuthumela amagagasi e-ultrasonic ngengxube ye-oil-emulsifier kanye nokulinganisa ukusebenzisana kwamagagasi nendawo—inikeza ukufundwa kwe-viscosity okunembile nokusheshayo ngisho nangaphansi kwezinga lokushisa eliguquguqukayo kanye namazinga okugeleza. Isibonelo, iseli le-ultrasonic elinama-transducer e-piezoelectric linikeza ukulinganiswa kwe-viscosity okunembile kakhulu ezingxubeni eziqukethe amanzi afinyelela ku-40%, okusekela kokubili ukuqapha ukuzinza kwe-emulsion kanye nokusabela okusheshayo, okuqhutshwa idatha ekushintsheni kwenqubo. Le ndlela ifaneleka kakhulu emisebenzini yokubuyisa uwoyela oshisayo, lapho i-viscosity ihlukahluka ngokuguquguqukayo ngokulinganisa izinga lokushisa kanye namakhemikhali. Ukunemba kanye nesikhathi salezi zilinganiso kusekela ngqo amasu okunciphisa i-viscosity uwoyela osindayo, okwenza ngcono amapharamitha afana namazinga okujova umusi kanye nesilinganiso se-emulsifier ukuze kugcinwe uketshezi oluphakathi oluzinzile futhi kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa komusi.
Ukubekwa kwenzwa kuyisici esibalulekile. Ama-viscometer nama-rheometer angaphakathi kumele afakwe ezindaweni eziqondile:
- I-Wellhead: Ukulandelela imiphumela esheshayo yokunciphisa i-viscosity ye-emulsification ye-wellhead.
- Izingxenye zomugqa wepayipi: Ukuthola izinguquko zendawo ezivela ekulinganisweni kwe-emulsifier noma ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa.
- Amayunithi angaphambi nangemva kwenqubo: Ukuvumela opharetha ukuthi bahlole umthelela wokufakwa komusi noma ezinye izindlela zokubuyisa uwoyela ezithuthukisiwe.
Izinhlaka zokuhlaziya ezithuthukisiwe zisebenzisa indlela yokwenza imodeli yesistimu kanye nezindlela zokufaneleka ukuze kunqunywe indawo, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinzwa ziletha idatha esebenzisekayo lapho ukuguquguquka kokusebenza kukhulu khona. Kumanethiwekhi ephayiphi ajikelezayo noma ayinkimbinkimbi, ama-algorithms okubeka asekelwe kugrafu alinganiswayo kanye nokuhlaziywa kwesistimu okungeyona i-linear kuqinisekisa ukumbozwa okuphelele kokufakwa kwephrofayili ye-viscosity enembile.
Uma isithathwe, idatha ye-viscosity ifakwa njalo ezinhlelweni zokuphatha ezifana ne-SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) kanye ne-APC (Advanced Process Control). Lawa mapulatifomu ahlanganisa ulwazi oluvela ezinzwa eziqondile, aluhlanganise nezinto zokulawula ukukhiqiza kanye nezizindalwazi ze-process historic. Amaphrothokholi avulekile, kufaka phakathi i-OPC-UA kanye ne-RESTful APIs, avumelanisa idatha kuzo zonke izendlalelo nezinhlelo ezahlukene, aqinisekise ukusatshalaliswa okungenamthungo kanye nokuboniswa kuyo yonke imisebenzi yasensimini.
Ukutholwa Kwedatha kanye Nempendulo Yenqubo
Ukutholwa kwedatha ye-viscosity yesikhathi sangempela kwakha itshe eliyisisekelo lempendulo yenqubo ekubuyiselweni kwamafutha athuthukisiwe okushisa. Ngokuxhumanisa imiphumela yenzwa ngqo nezinhlelo zokulawula, opharetha bangalungisa iziguquguquko ezibalulekile zenqubo cishe ngesikhathi sangempela.
Ukulawula okuvaliweizinzuzoizilinganiso ze-viscosityukuze kulungiswe umthamo we-emulsifier. Izinhlelo zokulawula ezihlakaniphile—ezisukela ku-PID loops eqinile kuya ku-adaptive fuzzy logic kanye ne-hybrid architectures—zilawula amazinga okufaka amakhemikhali ukuze zigcine i-viscosity efanele yokuthuthwa kwepayipi, ngenkathi zivimbela ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwamakhemikhali abizayo. Isibonelo, uma i-viscosity ikhuphuka—okubonisa ukunganeli kwe-emulsification—abalawuli bazokwandisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ukudla kwe-emulsifier; uma iwela ngaphansi kwenhloso, umthamo uyancishiswa. Leli zinga lempendulo libaluleke kakhulu ekudonseni amanzi adonsela phansi okusizwa umusi (SAGD) kanye nokugcwala komusi kawoyela osindayo, lapho ukusetshenziswa kahle komusi kanye nokuqina kwekhanda lemithombo kubaluleke kakhulu.
Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwe-viscosity kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukuvinjelwa kwamapayipi. Uwoyela we-viscosity ephezulu noma ama-emulsion angazinzile angabangela ukumelana nokugeleza, okwandisa ingozi yokuminyana nokuvaleka. Ngokugcina iphrofayili ye-viscosity ebuyekeziwe kulo lonke uhlelo lokukhiqiza, ama-alamu noma izinyathelo zokunciphisa ezenzakalelayo zingaqaliswa lapho kusondela imingcele. Ukuhlanganiswa ne-SCADA kanye nezazi-mlando zenqubo kwenza kube lula ukuhlaziya isikhathi eside—okuhlanganisa izitayela ze-viscosity nezigameko zokuvinjelwa, ukusebenza komjovo womusi, noma ukuqala kwezinselele ze-demulsification.
Emasimini okubuyisa ukushisa, amapulatifomu okuhlanganisa idatha athuthukisiwe aqinisekisa ukuthi ukufundwa kwe-viscosity akuzona izibalo ezihlukanisiwe kodwa kuhlanganiswe nesilinganiso sokugeleza, izinga lokushisa, kanye nedatha yokucindezela. Lokhu kuvumela ukulungiswa okubikezela imodeli—njengokulungiswa kwe-dynamic steam injection noma ukwenza ngcono inqubo ye-demulsification—okuqhuba ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle kokubuyisa uwoyela kanye nokuqina kwenqubo.
Izibonelo zokwenziwa ngcono okunikwe amandla yimpendulo:
- Uma ama-viscometer angaphakathi ebona ukuphakama kwe-viscosity ngesikhathi sokufakwa komusi, uhlelo lungandisa umthamo we-emulsifier noma lulungise amapharamitha omusi, lugcine uwoyela osindayo ngaphakathi kwezilinganiso zokugeleza okuqondiwe.
- Uma izinzwa ezingezansi zibonisa ukuncipha kwe-viscosity ngemuva kokushintsha kokusebenza, amakhemikhali okususa i-mulsification angancishiswa, kuncishiswe izindleko ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukusebenza kokuhlukanisa.
- Ukuhlaziywa kwesazi-mlando esihlanganisiwe kuhlobanisa uhambo lwe-viscosity nama-log okulungisa ukuze kutholakale izinkinga zephampu noma zenqubo.
Le ndlela yesikhathi sangempela, eqhutshwa impendulo isekela kokubili ukuvimbela ngokushesha izinkinga zokuqinisekisa ukugeleza kwamanzi—njengokuvinjelwa kwamapayipi—kanye nokwenza ngcono isikhathi eside kokubuyiselwa kokushisa kwamafutha aqinile. Ivumelanisa izenzo zokusebenza nezidingo zenqubo ukuze kugcinwe ukukhiqizwa kwamafutha okusebenzayo, okuthembekile, nokungabizi kakhulu.
Amasu Okuthuthukisa Inqubo Yokufaka I-Emulsification
Ukuqinisekiswa Kokugeleza Nokuvimbela Ukuvaleka
Ukugcina ukugeleza okuzinzile kwama-emulsion kawoyela osindayo emapayipini nasemapayipini kubalulekile ukuze kutholakale uwoyela oshisayo ngempumelelo. I-emulsification iguqula uwoyela osindayo osindayo ube uketshezi oluthuthwayo, kodwa ukuzinza kumele kuphathwe ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe ukuvinjelwa. Ukukhuphuka kokuqina okubangelwa ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, umthamo ongalungile we-emulsifier, noma izilinganiso zamanzi namafutha ezingalindelekile kungaholela ngokushesha ezigabeni ezifana nejeli kanye nokuyeka ukugeleza, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokufakwa komusi kumafutha osindayo.
Ukuqinisekiswa kokugeleza kuhilela kokubili amasu okuvimbela kanye nokusabela:
- Ukuqapha Ukunamathela Okuqhubekayo: Izinhlelo zokulinganisa zesikhathi sangempela, njenge-viscometer ze-kinematic capillary ezizenzakalelayo ezihambisana nombono wekhompyutha, zinikeza impendulo ye-viscometer ngokushesha. Lezi zinhlelo zibona ukuphambuka ngokushesha nje lapho kwenzeka, okuvumela opharetha ukuthi bangenelele—ukulungisa izinga lokushisa, amazinga okugeleza, noma amazinga e-emulsifier ukuvimbela ukwakheka kokuvinjelwa noma ama-deposit ane-wax.
- Ukulungiswa Kwenqubo Esheshayo: Ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha yenzwa nezinhlelo zokulawula kuvumela izinguquko ezizenzakalelayo noma eziqondiswe opharetha kumapharamitha enqubo. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi ukukhuphula umthamo we-surfactant uma kutholwa ukwanda kwe-viscosity noma ukushintsha izimo zomjovo womusi ukuze kuqiniswe i-emulsion rheology.
- Ukungenelela Okungokomzimba Nokushisisa AmapayipiKweminye imisebenzi, ukufudumeza okuqondile kwepayipi noma ukufudumala kukagesi kunezela izindlela zamakhemikhali zokubuyisela ukugeleza okwesikhashana, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sezindawo ezibandayo noma ukuvalwa kwemishini okungalindelekile.
Indlela ehlanganisa idatha ye-viscosity yesikhathi sangempela kanye nokungenelela okuguquguqukayo kunciphisa ingozi yokuphazamiseka kokugeleza kuyo yonke inqubo yokuhlanganisa uwoyela.
Ukulinganisela Ukusebenza Kahle Kokubuyisa Uwoyela Nokusetshenziswa Komusi
Ukufinyelela ibhalansi efanele phakathi kokusebenza kahle kokubuyisa uwoyela kanye nokusetshenziswa komusi kubalulekile ekubuyiseleni ukushisa okusebenzayo kwamafutha anzima. Ukwehlisa i-viscosity nge-emulsification ye-wellhead kuvumela uwoyela onzima ukuthi ugeleze ngokukhululeka futhi kwenza kube lula ukusabalala okujulile komusi ngaphakathi kwamachibi. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwe-emulsifier ngokweqile kungadala ama-emulsion azinzile kakhulu, okwenza izigaba zokuhlukana kamuva zibe nzima futhi kukhuphule izindleko zokusebenza.
Izikhombisi-ndlela ezibalulekile zokwenza ngcono zifaka:
- Ukulawula Ukuthamba Kwesikhathi Sangempela: Ukusebenzisa idatha yenqubo ebukhoma ukugcina i-viscosity ngaphakathi kobubanzi obuqondiwe—iphezulu ngokwanele ukugcina amandla okuhlukaniswa, kodwa iphansi ngokwanele ukuze kukhushulwe futhi kuthuthwe kahle ekukhiqizweni. Ukumodela kwe-proxy kanye nokuhlolwa kwensimu kuqinisekisile inzuzo yokulungisa umthamo we-emulsifier ngesikhathi esifanele ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa kanye namazinga okukhiqiza.
- Ukuthuthukiswa Kwesilinganiso Se-Emulsifier: Izifundo zelebhu kanye namacala asensimini asekela ukuthi ukulinganisa okunembile kwe-emulsifier kunciphisa kokubili umthamo womusi odingekayo wokubuyisa uwoyela oshisayo kanye nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali ngemva kokululama. Ukwengezwa okuqondiwe kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-surfactant okungadingekile, kunciphisa izindleko futhi kunciphisa umthwalo wemvelo ngenkathi kukhulisa isivuno samafutha esindayo.
- Ukufakwa Kokujova Komusi Ne-Solvent: Ukwengeza umjovo womusi ngezinyibilikisi ezifanele kunciphisa kakhulu ukujiya kwamafutha aqinile futhi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokushelela. Amacala asensimini, njengalawo asezindaweni zikawoyela ze-carbonate, abonise ukwehla kokusetshenziswa komusi kanye nokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo kawoyela—okuhlanganisa ngqo ukwenziwa ngcono kwenqubo nezinzuzo zokusebenza kanye nezemvelo.
Isimo esichazayo: Ensimini kawoyela ovuthiwe osindayo, abaqhubi basebenzise i-viscometry yesikhathi sangempela kanye nokulawula okunamandla komjovo we-emulsifier ukuze balondoloze njalo i-emulsion viscosity phakathi kuka-200 no-320 mPa·s. Ngenxa yalokho, amazinga omjovo womusi ehle ngo-8–12%, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ekubuyiselweni kwamafutha.
Ukuhlanganiswa Nezinqubo Zokususa Ukungcola
Ukukhiqizwa kwamafutha amaningi ngempumelelo kudinga ukuphathwa kokubili ukwakheka kanye nokuqhekeka okulandelayo kwama-emulsion ukuze kuhlukaniswe amanzi kawoyela. Ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kwe-emulsion ukuze kuhambeke kanye ne-demulsification ukuze kucutshungulwe kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwesistimu kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
Izinyathelo zokuphatha ezihlanganisiwe:
- Ukuxhumanisa Ukuhlanganiswa Kwe-Emulsification kanye Nokususwa Kwe-Mulsification: Iphrofayili yamakhemikhali yama-emulsifier asetshenziselwa ukunciphisa i-viscosity ingathinta ukusebenza kwe-demulsifier ngezansi. Ukukhetha ngokucophelela kanye nokwenza ngcono umthamo—ama-emulsifier angasuswa kamuva noma asuswe amakhemikhali e-demulsification—kwenza kube lula ukuhlukaniswa kwamafutha namanzi ngemva kokululama.
- Izindlela Ezithuthukisiwe Zokususa Uketshezi: Ubuchwepheshe obusha njenge-nanoparticles ephendulayo, i-synergistic demulsifier blends (isb., iphakheji ye-BDTXI), kanye ne-specialized mechanical separator (amadivayisi aphindwe kabili ajikelezayo) kwandisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nesivinini sokuhlukaniswa kwamanzi. Isibonelo, i-TiO₂ nanoparticles ifinyelele ukusebenza kahle kwe-demulsification okufika ku-90% ezivivinyweni zakamuva ezihlanganisiwe; idivayisi ye-demulsification eklanywe kahle ithuthukise ukuhlukaniswa ngale kwezindlela ezijwayelekile.
- Ukulawulwa Kokuguqulwa Okuhlelekile: Ukuhlanganiswa okuseduze kokuqapha i-viscosity kanye nomthamo ozenzakalelayo wama-emulsifiers nama-demulsifiers kwenza opharetha bakwazi ukushintsha kusuka ekuthuthukisweni kokuhamba baye ekuhlukaneni okuzinzile. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kugcina ukusebenza kahle futhi kunciphisa ingozi yezingqinamba zenqubo, ikakhulukazi ezimweni zokunqunywa kwamanzi amaningi noma lapho kwenzeka izinguquko ezisheshayo ohlelweni lokugeleza ngesikhathi sokugeleza kwamanzi adonsela phansi okusiza ngomusi.
Izinhlelo zokubuyisa uwoyela osindayo ezisebenza kahle, ezilungiselelwe kahle ziqapha izakhiwo ze-emulsion ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaziya kwesikhathi sangempela futhi zilungise kokubili izinyathelo ze-emulsification kanye ne-demulsification ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo zokukhiqiza nezokuhlukanisa ezishintshayo—ukuqinisekisa ukuqinisekiswa kokugeleza okuqinile, ukulungiswa kokusetshenziswa komusi, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokubuyisa uwoyela ngaphakathi kohlaka lokubuyisa uwoyela oluthuthukisiwe lokushisa.
Umthelela Emisebenzini Yensimu Kawoyela kanye Nezilinganiso Zokubuyisa
Ukusebenza Kahle Kokubuyisa Uwoyela Okuthuthukisiwe
Ukulinganiswa kwe-viscosity ngesikhathi sangempela kanye namasu okunciphisa i-viscosity anembile adlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuliseni ukusebenza kahle kokubuyisa uwoyela ekubuyiseleni ukushisa kwamafutha anzima. I-viscosity ephezulu yamafutha ivimbela ukugeleza koketshezi futhi inciphisa inani lamafutha atholakalayo. Izifundo zasensimini nezelebhu zibonisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa izinciphisi ze-viscosity zamakhemikhali—njenge-DG Reducer noma i-silane-modified nanosilica (NRV)—kungafinyelela ekunciphiseni kwe-viscosity okufika ku-99% kumafutha anzima kakhulu, ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezinzima zamanzi. Idatha yokulingisa yeminyaka eyishumi iphakamisa ukuthi emithonjeni yamanzi amaningi, amasu okunciphisa i-viscosity athuthukisiwe angakhuphula amazinga okubuyisa uwoyela aqongelelekayo afinyelela ku-6.75%.
Izindlela zokukhukhula ezihlanganisiwe ezithuthukisiwe, ikakhulukazi i-Viscosity Reduction Combination Flooding (V-RCF), i-merge polymers, ama-surfactant emulsifiers, kanye nama-ultra-low interfacial tension agents ukuze kugcinwe ukugeleza okuhle kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwamanzi namafutha. Ukufakwa kwe-multi-slug ekuhlolweni kwezikhukhula ze-sandpack kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwalezi zindlela, okubonisa ukufuduka kwamafutha okukhulu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezikhukhula ezivamile. Isibonelo, izindawo zokusebenza ezisebenzisa ukulawulwa kwesikhathi sangempela kwesilinganiso se-emulsifier kanye nokulinganisa okuqhubekayo kwe-viscosity zikwazi kangcono ukugcina ukuhamba koketshezi okuqondiwe, okuholela emazingeni okukhipha azinzile, abikezelwayo kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kokukhiqiza okuncishisiwe.
Ukonga Nge-Steam Nokunciphisa Izindleko
Umshayeli oyinhloko wamandla nezindleko ekubuyiselweni kukawoyela oshisayo ukusetshenziswa komusi. Ukuthuthukisa i-viscosity ngedatha yesikhathi sangempela kanye nokungenelela kwamakhemikhali noma ngokomzimba okuqondiwe kunomphumela olinganiswayo ekusetshenzisweni komusi. Izivivinyo zasensimini ze-SAGD zakamuva kanye nezilinganiso zelebhu zikhombisile ukuthi ukulawulwa kwe-viscosity okuthuthukisiwe ngokusebenzisa i-emulsifier dosing elungiselelwe noma i-nano-chemical blends ethuthukisiwe kunciphisa ngqo isilinganiso somusi-kuya-kuwoyela—okusho ukuthi kudingeka umusi omncane emgqonyeni ngamunye kawoyela okhiqizwayo. Lo mphumela ulingana: njengoba ukuphathwa kwe-viscosity kuba okuqondile futhi okusebenzayo, ukusetshenziswa komusi kwehla ngokufanele, okuletha kokubili ukonga izindleko zokusebenza kanye nezamandla.
Izibonelo zasensimini zibika ukwehla okulinganiselwe komthamo womusi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuncishisiwe. Kwesinye isimo sokulingisa, ukujova kwamanzi kuncishiswe ngama-2,000 m³ ngosuku ngokusebenzisa ama-plug ejeli anomswakama ophansi ukulawula amanzi, kwatholakala ukwehla okukhulu kwezindleko zokusebenza. Ukulinganiswa kwe-inline viscosity kuvumela ukulungiswa kokusebenza okusheshayo, kunciphisa amandla achithekile ngenxa yokujova ngokweqile kanye nokuvimbela ukungasebenzi kahle kohlelo.
Ukuqina Kombhobho Othuthukisiwe Nokunakekelwa Okuncishisiwe
Ukuvaleka kanye nokwehluleka kwepayipi kuyizinto ezisongela kakhulu ukuqhubeka nokusebenza kwe-oyili, okwenziwa kakhulu yi-fluid viscosity engalawuleki kanye nezinqubo ze-emulsification ezingaguquki. Ukuphathwa kwe-viscosity ngesikhathi sangempela kunciphisa lezi zingozi. Imiphumela evela ezivivinyweni zakamuva zasensimini ibonisa ukuthi ama-viscometer angaphakathi kanye nokuzwa kwe-fiber-optic okusatshalaliswa kuvumela opharetha ukuthi balondoloze uketshezi ngaphakathi kwemingcele efanele, kunciphisa ukwanda kokuvaleka kanye nokunciphisa ukucindezeleka kwemishini emapayipini.
Izinhlelo ezisekelwe ku-electrorheology ezifana ne-AOT (Applied Oil Technology) azigcini nje ngokunciphisa ukugcwala kukawoyela ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwepayipi—ngaleyo ndlela zikhuphula ukuphuma kwamandla futhi zehlise izindleko zamandla ephampu—kodwa futhi zithuthukisa impilo yepayipi iyonke ngokuvimbela ukwakheka kwe-slug enokuqina okuphezulu. Intuthuko ekukhetheni izinto zamapayipi, njenge-PVC esebenza kahle eqinisekisiwe yokubuyisa uwoyela oshisayo, inciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokugcinwa ngokumelana nokugqwala kanye nokuwohloka ngokomzimba.
Ngokokusebenza, ukwehla kwesikhathi sokungasebenzi esingahleliwe, ukulungiswa okuphuthumayo, kanye nemvamisa yokulungisa kuholela ngqo kwisabelomali sokulungisa esiphansi kanye nokuthuthwa kukawoyela okuqhubekayo nokubikezelwayo. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa okuqhutshwa ubuchwepheshe kusekela ukufakwa komusi okwenziwe ngcono, izinqubo ezibushelelezi zokususa i-mulsification, futhi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwensimu kawoyela ngokuqinisekisa ukugeleza okuzinzile nokulawulekayo kusuka ekhanda lomthombo kuya esikhungweni sokucubungula.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa)
1. Iyini indima yokulinganisa i-viscosity ekubuyiselweni kokushisa kwamafutha anzima?
Ukulinganisa i-viscosity ngesikhathi sangempela kubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono ukubuyisa ukushisa kwamafutha asindayo. Ngokuqhubeka nokuqapha i-viscosity ekhanda lomthombo kanye naphansi komfula, opharetha bangenza ngokwezifiso ukujova ngomusi, ukulinganisa i-emulsifier, kanye namazinga okugeleza. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi uwoyela uhlala uhamba ngokwanele, kunciphisa izingozi zokuvaleka kwepayipi. Ukulinganisa okunjalo kusekela amasu okuzivumelanisa nezimo ukuze kufezwe ukusebenza kahle kokubuyisa uwoyela okuphezulu kanye nokulawulwa kwenqubo okuthuthukisiwe. Isibonelo, i-crude ejiyile ene-viscosity ephezulu ingadinga ukujova ngomusi onamandla kakhulu ekuqaleni, bese yehla njengoba uketshezi luthuthuka, kunciphisa imfucuza yamandla futhi kuvimbele izinkinga zokusebenza.
2. Umthamo we-emulsifier uthinta kanjani ukunciphisa ukujiya kwamafutha aqinile?
Umthamo we-emulsifier ubaluleke kakhulu kumasu okunciphisa i-viscosity kawoyela osindayo. Amazinga e-emulsifier alinganiswe kahle anganciphisa i-viscosity ngamaphesenti angama-91.6 kwezinye izifundo zasensimini, ikakhulukazi lapho isilinganiso samanzi kuya ku-oyela senziwa ngcono. Umthamo onganele ungaholela ekuhlanganisweni okungaphelele kanye nokugeleza okungaphansi kokufanele, okungafaka engcupheni ukuvinjelwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-emulsifier eningi ingabangela izinkinga zokuhlukaniswa phansi noma amakhemikhali angcolile. Intuthuko yakamuva ihilela ama-nano-emulsifiers njengezinto ezisekelwe ku-graphene oxide, eziqinisa ama-emulsions futhi zithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokunciphisa ngemithamo ephansi kakhulu.
3. Ingabe ukwenza ngcono ukujova ngomusi kunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza ekubuyiselweni kukawoyela oshisayo?
Yebo, ukwenza ngcono ukujova ngomusi—okuyisihluthulelo kumasu afana nokudonsa umoya okusizwa ngumusi (SAGD) kanye nokukhuthazwa komusi ojikelezayo (CSS)—kunganciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokusebenza. Idatha ye-viscosity yesikhathi sangempela ivumela amazinga aqondile okujova ngomusi kanye nokuphathwa kwekhwalithi yomusi okuthuthukisiwe. Isibonelo, izifundo zokulingisa zithole ukuthi ukulungisa ikhwalithi yomusi kusuka ku-0.6 kuya ku-0.8 kukhuphule ukululama kusuka ku-43.58% kuya ku-46.16%, okwenza ngcono ukusetshenziswa komusi. Umusi oweqile uchitha amandla kanye nemali yokusebenza, kuyilapho umusi onganele unciphisa ukuhamba kukawoyela. Ukulungisa kahle la mapharamitha kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa komusi, kuthuthukisa izilinganiso zokubuyisa uwoyela, futhi kuholela ekongeni okukhulu kwezindleko.
4. Buyini ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinqubo zokuhlanganisa uwoyela kanye nezinqubo zokususa i-mulsification?
Ukuhlanganiswa kwamafutha kanye nokususwa kwawo kuyizinqubo ezilandelanayo futhi ezincikene ekukhiqizweni kwamafutha anzima. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamafutha—ukuhlanganisa uwoyela namanzi kube yi-emulsion ezinzile yamafutha emanzini—kuvumela ukunciphisa i-viscosity ukuqinisekisa ukugeleza kanye nokuthuthwa okuphumelelayo ngamapayipi. Ukususwa kwawo, kusetshenziswa amakhemikhali noma izinqubo ezibonakalayo, kuyadingeka kamuva ukuze kuhlukaniswe uwoyela namanzi, kubuyiselwe ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo futhi kuvunyelwe ukulahlwa noma ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwamanzi. Ukuhlanganiswa okuphumelelayo kuqinisekisa ukuphuma okuphezulu: ukususwa kwawo okusheshayo ukuze kubuyiselwe esimweni sawo, kulandelwe ukususwa kwawo okusebenzayo ngaphambi kokucwengisisa noma ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Ukukhethwa kwe-emulsifier okulungiselelwe kanye namakhemikhali okususwa kwawo kubalulekile ekulinganiseni ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo kanye nezindinganiso zomkhiqizo.
5. Kungani ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukuvinjelwa kwamapayipi emisebenzini yamafutha amakhulu?
Ukuqapha i-viscometer okuqhubekayo, ngesikhathi sangempela kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukugeleza kwamanzi ezindaweni zikawoyela osindayo. Impendulo ye-viscometer enamandla ivumela ukulungiswa okusheshayo kwamapharamitha okusebenza—ukujova ngomusi, izinga lokushisa, kanye nokulinganisa i-emulsifier—ukuvimbela uwoyela ukuthi ungabi mkhulu kakhulu futhi uhlale emapayipini. Ama-viscometer amapayipi kanye nezinzwa zedijithali eziqondile manje sezikwazi ukunemba kokulinganisa okungaphezulu kwama-95%, okunikeza ukutholakala okusheshayo kwezitayela ezingezinhle. Ngokulondoloza ukugeleza okuhle kakhulu, opharetha banciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokuvinjelwa kwamapayipi, ukuvalwa okungahleliwe, noma ukulungiswa okubizayo. Idatha yesikhathi sangempela isekela ukulungiswa okubikezelayo kanye nokukhiqizwa okuzinzile, okungaphazanyiswa.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-06-2025
