Ukulinganisa ukugeleza okuqondile kuyisidingo esibalulekile sokuthuthwa okuphephile nokuhambisanayo kwamakhemikhali ayingozi njenge-sulfuric acid emathangini amakhemikhali. Kuletha idatha yokugeleza ngesikhathi sangempela nenembile ukuvimbela ukugcwala ngokweqile, ukuchitheka kanye nokungcola okuwelanayo, kuhlangabezana nezidingo zomthetho eziqinile kufaka phakathi amazinga e-IMO kanye ne-MARPOL, futhi kwenza kube lula ukudluliselwa okunembile kokugcinwa. Ama-flowmeter e-Lonnmeter Coriolis mass ahlinzeka ngokuthembeka okungenakuqhathaniswa, ahlangana kalula nokuzisebenzela kwe-shipboard ukunciphisa amaphutha abantu kanye nezingozi zokusebenza.
Isingeniso Sokuphathwa Kwe-Sulfuric Acid Ezokuthutha Zasolwandle
I-asidi ye-sulfuric iyikhemikhali eyisisekelo emisebenzini yezimboni, eqhuba izinqubo ezinkulu ekukhiqizweni komanyolo, ukwenziwa kwamakhemikhali, ukuhluzwa kwe-petroleum, kanye nokucutshungulwa kwensimbi. Ukubaluleka kwayo kufinyelela ekukhiqizweni kwamabhethri, ukwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka, kanye nomkhakha wezindwangu, okuqinisa isikhundla se-asidi ye-sulfuric njengenye yamakhemikhali oketshezi asetshenziswa kakhulu futhi athuthwa kakhulu emhlabeni.
Amathangi Amakhemikhali
*
Ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo eziqinile zokugqwala kanye nesimo sayo esiyingozi, imikhumbi yamakhemikhali olwandle yakhiwe ngezici ezizinikele zokuthwala i-sulfuric acid ephephile. Amathangi ngokuvamile akhiwa ngensimbi engagqwali ene-alloy ephezulu noma ambozwe ngemiphetho ekhethekile njenge-titanium, okuqinisekisa ukumelana nokuhlaselwa yi-asidi kanye nokuhambisana nemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe. Imiklamo ye-double-hull, ukungenisa umoya okuqinile, izinhlelo zokupompa ezihlukanisiwe, kanye namanethiwekhi okushisa/okupholisa imithwalo kuyizinto ezijwayelekile zokuklama ezithuthukisa kokubili ukuphepha kwamakhemikhali olwandle kanye nokuthembeka kokusebenza. Uhlaka lokulawula lwe-International Maritime Organisation (IMO), oluhlanganisa ikhodi ye-International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) kanye nezinhlinzeko ze-MARPOL, luqhubeka nokuphoqelela amazinga aphezulu okuklama kwamakhemikhali olwandle, ikhono labasebenzi, kanye nokulungiselela okuphuthumayo.
Ukuthuthwa kwe-sulfuric acid olwandle kubhekene nezinselele eziningana ezihlukile. Ukulinganisa okunembile kokugeleza kwe-sulfuric acid ngesikhathi sokulayisha, ukuthutha, kanye nokukhipha kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukugcwala ngokweqile, ukunciphisa izingozi zokuchitheka, kanye nokubala ukugcinwa kwempahla. Uhlobo lwe-sulfuric acid oluqothulayo kakhulu noluqinile ludinga ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-marine flowmeter obuthuthukisiwe—amadivayisi okulinganisa ukugeleza kwendabuko awafaneleki, njengoba ewohloka ngokushesha noma elahlekelwa ukulinganiswa. I-Coriolis mass flowmeter kanye neminye i-mass flowmeter yamakhemikhali inikeza ukusebenza okuqinile kulezi zindawo, ihlinzeka ngedatha yokugeleza kwesisindo eqondile engathinteki izinguquko ekushiseni, ekubuneni, noma ekugxilweni kwe-asidi.
Ukulinganisa ukugeleza okusebhodini kusebenza njengesisekelo sezixazululo zesimanje zokulinganisa ukugeleza kolwandle. Amamitha okugeleza e-sulfuric acid ahlanganisiwe, njengemitha yokugeleza kwenqubo yamakhemikhali olwandle asekelwe kubuchwepheshe bemitha yokugeleza kwe-coriolis, aqapha njalo futhi adlulisele idatha yokulinganisa ukugeleza kwe-sulfuric acid yesikhathi sangempela eziteshini zokulawula imithwalo yomkhumbi. Lezi zinhlelo zisekela ukuqapha okunembile kokugeleza kwe-sulfuric acid ukuze kulandelwe impahla, kutholakale ukuvuza, kanye nokwenza ngcono izinqubo, kuqinisekiswe kokubili ukuphepha kwamatilosi kanye nokuthuthwa kwempahla yasolwandle okusebenzayo. Izinhlelo zokulinganisa ukugeleza ezithembekile ezisebhodini zivumela abaqhubi ukuqinisekisa izilinganiso zokulayisha/zokwehlisa futhi bahlangabezane nezibopho zokubika zomthetho ngenkathi benciphisa izingozi zokusingatha.
Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-marine flowmeter obusebenza kahle kakhulu—ikakhulukazi amadivayisi angaphakathi njenge-Lonnmeter inline density meter noma i-inline viscosity meter—kwakha ungqimba oluyisisekelo lokuphepha nokusebenza kahle kokuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi yamakhemikhali. Izinsimbi ezifanele zokulinganisa ukugeleza kwe-sulfuric acid azigcini nje ngokusekela ukusebenza kahle kodwa futhi ziqinisa izinqubo zokuphatha ukuphepha kwemikhumbi yamakhemikhali yamakhemikhali yasolwandle ezidingekayo ekuphatheni amakhemikhali ayingozi olwandle.
Izinto Okucatshangwa Ngazo Ngomklamo Oyinhloko Wezinqola Zamakhemikhali Ezithutha I-Sulfuric Acid
Ukuthunyelwa kwe-sulfuric acid ngamathangi amakhemikhali kudinga inhlanganisela eqinile yokwakhiwa kwamathangi akhethekile, ukuhlukaniswa okuthuthukisiwe, ukuphathwa kwemithwalo ngokunemba, kanye nokuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo kwezinhlelo zokuphepha nokulinganisa.
Ukwakhiwa Kwethangi Elikhethekile: Isakhiwo Esinamaqhubu Amabili kanye Nezimbozo Ezimelana Nokugqwala
Imikhumbi yanamuhla yamakhemikhali olwandle ethwala i-sulfuric acid isebenzisa isakhiwo esinezingqimba ezimbili, esakha izendlalelo ezimbili ezingangeni manzi ezihlukanisa impahla nemvelo yasolwandle. Lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu izingozi zemvelo uma kwenzeka umonakalo wangaphandle kwemikhumbi—isici esibalulekile ekuthuthweni kwempahla yasolwandle okubandakanya imithwalo ebolile kakhulu.
Ukukhethwa kwezinto zethangi kunqunywa uhlobo lolaka lwe-sulfuric acid. Amathangi ngokuvamile akhiwa ngezinsimbi ezingagqwali zezinga eliphezulu njenge-316L kanye ne-904L, noma i-titanium ukuze kume kahle. Lapho insimbi engagqwali noma i-titanium kungenzeki khona ngokwezomnotho, amathangi ensimbi athambile avikelwe yizingubo ezithuthukisiwe ezingagqwali. Izingubo ze-vinyl ester eziqiniswe ngengilazi zisetshenziswa kabanzi ngenxa yokuqina kwazo kanye nokungangeni kahle kwamanzi, okunikeza isivikelo esifinyelela eminyakeni eyishumi ezifundweni zasensimini.Izembozo ze-polymer ezihlanganisiwe, ukuhlanganisa ama-molecule e-organic kanye ne-inorganic, kucaciswa kakhulu ukuze kulinganiswe ukuguquguquka nokumelana namakhemikhali, ikakhulukazi okubalulekile ngaphansi kwezimo zomthwalo onamandla. Izinqubo zokusebenzisa zifaka ukulungiswa kwendawo ngokuqhuma okunamandla kanye nemingcele yemvelo elawulwayo ukuqinisekisa ukunamathela kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside. Ukuhlolwa njalo kwalezi zingubo—ngokulinganisa ubukhulu, ukuhlolwa kwamaholide, kanye nokuhlolwa kokucwiliswa—kuvimbela ukuwohloka kwangaphambi kwesikhathi, umgodi wensimbi, noma ukwehluleka kwe-liner okubhubhisayo, konke okuye kwaholela ezingozini ezinkulu zokusebenza kanye nezindleko zokulungisa.
Izinhlelo Zokuhlukanisa kanye Nokuvimbela Ukungcola Okuphambene
Izinhlelo zokuhlukanisa eziqinile zibalulekile emisebenzini yokuthutha impahla yasolwandle. Amathangi empahla ahlukaniswe ngamapayipi azimele, ama-valve, kanye namalungiselelo okuvula umoya, okuqinisekisa ukuthi amazinga ahlukene amakhemikhali, okuhlanganisa amandla ahlukahlukene kanye nokugcwala kwe-sulfuric acid, awakwazi ukuhlangana ngesikhathi sokuthunyelwa. Izinhlelo ze-ballast ezihlukanisiwe kanye nemigqa yempahla ezizimele ngokuphelele yethangi ngalinye zivimbela ukungcoliswa okuwela ngengozi noma ukubuyela emuva, okugcina ubumsulwa bamakhemikhali kanye nezindawo zokuphatha eziphephile.
Izinhlelo zokuhlanza amathangi ezithuthukisiwe, ezisebenzisa amanzi ashisayo anomfutho ophezulu noma izifutho zamakhemikhali, zibalulekile ngemva kohambo ngalunye ukuze kususwe noma iyiphi i-asidi esele futhi kuqinisekiswe ubuqotho bethangi emithwalweni elandelayo. Ukwehluleka kokuhlukanisa noma izinhlelo zokuhlanza, esikhathini esidlule, kuholele ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali okuyingozi kanye nezinselele ezinkulu zokuhlanza.
Izinhlelo Zokupompa Nokudlulisa Imithwalo Zamanzi Agqwala Kakhulu
Izinhlelo zokupompa ezikhethekile ezithwala amakhemikhali olwandle zenzelwe ukumelana nokuchayeka isikhathi eside emiphumeleni yokugqwala ye-sulfuric acid. Amaphampu emithwalo, ngokuvamile akhiwe ngensimbi engagqwali ene-alloy ephezulu noma afakwe izinto ezihlanganisiwe ezihambisanayo, aklanyelwe ukuphatha imithombo enamandla ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwesakhiwo. Lawa maphampu enza kube lula ukulayishwa kwemithwalo kanye nokuthululwa kwayo ngesikhathi sokusebenza kokuthunyelwa kwemithwalo olwandle.
Amapayipi okudlulisa enziwe ngezinsimbi ezingagqwali noma avikelwe ngama-lining ahlanganisiwe. Ukuxhumeka okune-flanged kusebenzisa ama-gasket amelana kakhulu, njenge-PTFE, ukuze kugcinwe ubuqotho bohlelo ngesikhathi sokushintsha. Zonke izixhumanisi, ama-valve, namapayipi zihlolwa njalo ukuze kutholakale ukuvuza noma ukuguguleka kwemishini.
Imishini Yokuphepha Ebalulekile kanye Nokuhlanganiswa Nezinhlelo Zokulinganisa
Ukuphepha kwemikhumbi yamakhemikhali kuncike ekuhlanganisweni kwezinhlelo zokulinganisa nokuqapha ngokunemba nemishini yokuphepha yendabuko. Izinzwa zokuthola ukugcwala ngokweqile, amazinga okushisa nokucindezela, kanye nezinhlelo zokuvala eziphuthumayo ziyizindinganiso. Lezi zihambisana namamitha okugeleza e-sulfuric acid kanye nezixazululo zokulinganisa ukugeleza kolwandle ezithuthukisiwe ukuze kunikezwe isilinganiso sokugeleza kwe-sulfuric acid ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nokuqapha ukugeleza kuzo zonke izinqubo zokuphatha imithwalo.
I-Coriolis mass flowmeteUbuchwepheshe be-r bukhethwa kakhulu ekulinganisweni kokugeleza okusebhodini ngenxa yokulinganisa kwayo okuqondile nokunembile kokugeleza kwesisindo kanye nokuminyana—okubalulekile ekulandeleleni amazinga okudluliswa kwe-sulfuric acid kanye nokuqinisekisa inani lempahla. Amamitha okuminyana kanye nokuminyana kwe-viscosity e-Lonnmeter angahlanganiswa ezindaweni ezibalulekile zokudlulisa, anikeze izendlalelo ezengeziwe zokuqinisekisa inqubo kanye nokuvimbela izehlakalo. Lawa mathuluzi okulinganisa avumela opharetha ukuthi benze ukulinganisa okuqhubekayo kokugeleza kwe-sulfuric acid ngokuhambisana nemigomo yokulawula, bavikele abasebenzi ngokusebenzisa ukusebenza kwe-alamu ngesikhathi, futhi bathuthukisei-flowmeter yenqubo yamakhemikhaliidatha yokukhokha kanye nokuphathwa kwempahla.
Inethiwekhi yokuphepha ephelele ihlanganisa namayunithi okuthola igesi, imishini yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu esezingeni eliphezulu, amakhono okucisha umlilo aqinile futhi aphathekayo, kanye nezinhlelo zegesi ezingasebenzi ukulwa nokukhishwa noma ukusabela ngengozi. Ukuhlanganiswa kokuqapha ukugeleza komoya nezilawuli zobunjiniyela kanye nezindlela zokuvala ngokushesha kuqinisekisa ukuvinjelwa kwengozi okusheshayo, kulondolozwa ukuphepha kwabasebenzi kanye nezinhlelo zemvelo zasolwandle ngesikhathi sokuthunyelwa kwamakhemikhali ethangini le-sulfuric acid.
Ubuchwepheshe Bokulinganisa Ukugeleza Kuma-Tanker Amakhemikhali
Indima Yamamitha Okugeleza Kwe-Sulfuric Acid
Ukulinganisa ukugeleza kwe-sulfuric acid okunembile, okuqhubekayo, kanye nesikhathi sangempela kubalulekile ekuphepheni kwemikhumbi yamakhemikhali kanye nobuqotho bokusebenza. Ukudluliswa kwe-sulfuric acid emikhumbi yamakhemikhali yasolwandle kudinga ukukala nokuqapha okunembile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukugcwala ngokweqile, ukuvuza, noma ukusabela okungalawulwa. Ukuphathwa kabi kungabangela izingozi zemvelo noma umonakalo obizayo ezinhlelweni zemikhumbi.
Izinhlobo ezivamile zemitha yokugeleza kwe-asidi ye-sulfuric kuma-tanker amakhemikhali zifaka phakathi amamitha okugeleza amahle, amamitha okugeleza kagesi, kanye namamitha okugeleza kobuningi be-Coriolis. Amamitha okugeleza amahle alwa nama-slurry noma ama-acid aqinile. Amamitha okugeleza kagesi adinga uketshezi oluqhubayo kodwa angase angabi nokunemba ngesikhathi sokushintsha kwempahla ngaphansi kokunyuka kwezinga lokushisa kwebhodi lemikhumbi.
Ukugqwala okuphezulu kwe-sulfuric acid kunciphisa kakhulu isikhathi sokuphila kwamamitha amaningi avamile. Ukujiya okuguqukayo, ubuningi, kanye nezici zokugeleza kushintshashintsha, amadivayisi okucindezela angaklanyelwe ngqo imidiya enamandla kangaka. Ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo kanye nokudlidliza emathangini kudinga amamitha aqinile akwazi ukuqapha ukugeleza kwe-sulfuric acid okuthembekile, kwesikhathi sangempela.
I-Coriolis Mass Flowmeter: Isixazululo Esithandwayo
Ama-flowmeter e-Coriolis mass asebenzisa umphumela we-Coriolis. Njengoba i-sulfuric acid igeleza ngamashubhu enzwa adlidlizayo, i-flow mass ibangela ushintsho lwesigaba ekudlidlizeni kweshubhu. Lokhu kushintsha kwesigaba kuhambelana nesivinini sokugeleza kwesisindo. Ama-embedded sensors aqhubeka nokulandelela lokhu kubambezeleka kwesikhathi ukuze anikeze ukufundwa okuqondile kokugeleza kwesisindo, okungathonywa yi-viscosity eshintshashintshayo, ubuningi, noma izinga lokushisa.
Ukulinganiswa kokugeleza kwe-sulfuric acid ngesikhathi sangempela nakho kuzuza ekhonweni lemitha ye-Coriolis elinamapharamitha amaningi. Ukusethwa kwenzwa okufanayo kulinganisa ukugeleza kobuningi, ubuningi, kanye nokushisa ngasikhathi sinye. Emikhumbini yamakhemikhali yasolwandle, lokhu kusho ukuthi idivayisi eyodwa ingasekela ukuqapha ukugeleza kwe-sulfuric acid, ukuhlolwa kokuhlushwa, kanye nama-alamu okushisa, konke ngaphakathi kokufakwa okukodwa.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izixazululo zokulinganisa ukugeleza kwamanzi olwandle, ubuchwepheshe be-Coriolis flowmeter buyakwazi ukumelana nezinselele ze-sulfuric acid ngendlela ekhethekile. Lapho amamitha kagesi angakhohliswa ukushintshashintsha okusheshayo kobuningi noma adinge ukulinganiswa kabusha, futhi amamitha okuhambisa amahle ahlushwa ukuhlaselwa yi-asidi kanye nokungcola, imiklamo ye-Coriolis iyaphumelela ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwayo okuhlanganisiwe, okungashukumi izingxenye kanye nendlela yokulinganisa isisindo ngqo. Amamitha e-Coriolis adinga ukulungiswa okuncane futhi abonisa ukumelana okunamandla nokungcola noma ukuvaleka.
Izinyathelo zokuqapha kanye nemikhuba emihle kakhulu kubalulekile ukuze kube nokuthembeka. Amamitha kumele enziwe ngama-alloy amelana ne-asidi—izinto ezifana ne-tantalum noma ezinye i-alloy zezinga eliphezulu zibalulekile ukuze zimelane nokuchayeka isikhathi eside kwe-sulfuric acid, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwezimo zokuthuthwa kwempahla yasolwandle. Izinhlelo zokulinganisa ukugeleza ebhodini ziyazuza ekufakweni ngokucophelela okunciphisa ukudlidliza futhi kuqede ukucindezeleka okuvela ekuhambeni kwebhodi.
Ukuhlanganiswa kokuzenzakalela kwebhodi lemikhumbi kuvumela i-Coriolis mass flowmeter ukulawula ukukala noma ukuncibilikisa i-asidi, ukusekelaimisebenzi yokubopha izindonga, futhi agcine amalogi edatha ukuze kulandelwe imithetho yokuthunyelwa kwempahla yasolwandle. Uma ekhethwe kahle futhi efakiwe, la mamitha anciphisa kakhulu ukuphathwa ngesandla kanye nengozi, ethatha indawo yezindlela eziphelelwe yisikhathi ze-radiometric kanye ne-mechanical ngezixazululo ze-marine flowmeter ezinembile kakhulu zezidingo ze-chemical process flowmeter.
Izinzuzo zama-flowmeter e-Coriolis mass—ukuthembeka, ukunemba, idatha yamapharamitha amaningi, ukumelana nokugqwala, kanye nokuhambisana okuzenzakalelayo—zenza zibe yisinqumo esicacile sokuqala sokuqapha ukugeleza kwe-sulfuric acid emathangini amakhemikhali. Ukwamukelwa kwawo kwandisa ukuphepha kokusebenza, kunciphisa ukugcinwa, futhi kuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nokuphepha kwethangi lamakhemikhali asolwandle kanye nezidingo zemvelo.
Ukufakwa Nokugcinwa Kwezinhlelo Zokulinganisa Ukugeleza Ebhodini
Ukufakwa kahle kwamamitha okugeleza e-sulfuric acid kubalulekile ekuphepheni kwamakhemikhali ethangi, ukunemba ekuthunyelweni kwempahla yasolwandle, kanye nokuthembeka kokusebenza. Ubuchwepheshe be-flowmeter ye-Coriolis, ikakhulukazi, busetshenziswa kabanzi ngenxa yokuqina kwayo kanye nokunemba kwayo ekuphatheni uketshezi oluqothulayo njenge-sulfuric acid.
Iziqondiso Zokufaka Okuhle Kakhulu
Ukukhetha izinto kubalulekile lapho kufakwa amamitha okugeleza kwe-sulfuric acid emathangini amakhemikhali olwandle. Zonke izingxenye ezimanzi ezivezwe ku-asidi, njengamapayipi namakamelo okulinganisa, kumele zisebenzise izinto ezingagqwali njenge-Hastelloy C-22, i-tantalum, noma ama-PTFE liner asebenza kahle kakhulu. Insimbi engagqwali ejwayelekile yezinga lolwandle ayifanele i-sulfuric acid egxilile, njengoba ibeka engcupheni ukuwohloka okusheshayo.
Imitha kumele ifakwe lapho ihlala igcwele uketshezi ngokugcwele kuzo zonke izimo zokusebenza. Ukubeka kungaba okuvundlile noma okuqondile; ukufakwa okuqondile kuvame ukuthuthukisa ukumuncwa kwamanzi, kuyilapho ukufakwa okuvundlile kunganciphisa ukucindezeleka komshini. Ukukhetha kufanele kucabangele ukwakheka okuqondile kohlelo lokuthuthwa kwempahla yasolwandle kanye neziqondiso zomkhiqizo weLonnmeter. Ukubeka kumele kugweme izindawo zokudlidliza okuphezulu ezingahlobene nokugeleza kwenqubo, njengoba ukudlidliza kwamapayipi alahlekile kuthinta ukunemba kanye nobude besikhathi senzwa.
Amapayipi aseduze kumele futhi amelane nokugqwala kwe-sulfuric acid, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa insimbi ene-PTFE noma ama-composites e-FRP athuthukisiwe. Amamitha okugeleza akufanele afakwe eduze kwezindawo zokufaka ipompo noma eduze kwamavalvu, okunciphisa ukuchayeka ekugelezeni okuguquguqukayo okungaphazamisa ukulinganiswa kokugeleza kwe-sulfuric acid. Ama-bracket asekelayo afanele kanye namasu okuhlukanisa amapayipi kusiza ukuvimbela ukudluliselwa kokudlidliza kanye nemithwalo yemishini ukuthi ingaphazamisi imitha yokugeleza kwesisindo sokusebenza kwamakhemikhali.
Ukuphathwa kwezinga lokushisa nakho kubalulekile; imitha kufanele ichazwe ngezinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu elilindelekile ngesikhathi sokuthunyelwa kwempahla yasolwandle. Izilinganiso zokucindezela kumele zifane noma zidlule ukuphakama kwamapayipi—isici esibalulekile sokuphepha ekusebenzeni kwemikhumbi yamakhemikhali. Ukuqondiswa kwemitha yokugeleza kufanele futhi kube lula ukukhipha amanzi kanye nokuhlanza okugcwele, kuncishiswe ukuhlanganiswa kwe-asidi okusheshisa ukugqwala.
Ukuvikelwa kokuqhuma kubalulekile ngenxa yemvelo eyingozi yezindawo zokuthutha imikhumbi yamafutha neyamakhemikhali. Amamitha okugeleza eCoriolis kumele asebenzise izindlu ezingaqhumi noma izintambo eziphephile ngokwemvelo, ngokuhambisana nezindinganiso zasolwandle zezindawo eziyingozi. Kudingeka imigudu yekhebula engamelani namakhemikhali, ngokuqondisa ngokucophelela ukugwema umonakalo ovela ekudlidlizeni noma ekuvezweni ngamakhemikhali. Ukufakwa komhlabathi kagesi okufanele kanye nokubopha kuqeda ukwakheka okungaguquki—ingozi enkulu ngesikhathi sokudluliswa kwe-sulfuric acid, okuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwemisebenzi yemikhumbi yamakhemikhali yasolwandle.
Zonke izimitha kufanele zifakwe ukuze kube lula ukufinyelela kuzo. Lokhu kubalulekile ekuhlolweni okuvamile, ekuhlanzweni, ekulinganisweni ngezikhathi ezithile, nasekulungisweni okuphuthumayo. Amadivayisi kumele abe nezilinganiso zokuvikela ukungena okuphezulu—ubuncane be-IP66—ukuze amelane nomoya omanzi, ogcwele usawoti ojwayelekile ekuthuthweni kwempahla yasolwandle.
Imikhuba Yokunakekela
Ukugcinwa njalo kwezinhlelo zokulinganisa ukugeleza kwamanzi ezikebheni zamakhemikhali kwandisa isikhathi sokuphila kwemishini futhi kunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi esibizayo. Ukuhlolwa okuvamile kugxile ezivalweni ezingamelani namakhemikhali, ukuhlanzwa kwamamitha ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwe-acid, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwazo zonke izixhumanisi zikagesi nezemishini. Izivalo nama-gasket angamelani ne-acid kumele kushintshwe ngokwezincomo zomkhiqizi, kucatshangelwa izakhiwo ezinamandla ze-sulfuric acid.
Ukuhlanza okuvamile ngezixazululo ezihambisanayo kususa izinsalela ze-asidi, kuvimbele ukwakheka kwamadiphozithi. Izindawo zokugcina amamitha, ikakhulukazi ubuchwepheshe beCoriolis, kumele zihlale zinjalo ukuze kulondolozwe izilinganiso ze-IP. Izixhumi zamapayipi eziguquguqukayo, uma zisetshenziswa, kufanele zihlolwe ukuthi azinawo yini ama-brittle noma ukuvuza. Amalogi okulungisa kumele agcinwe ngokwemithethonqubo yokubika yemboni yasolwandle, aqopha yonke imisebenzi yesevisi yokuhlolwa kokuphepha kanye nezidingo zomshuwalense.
Izici zokuxilonga ezikude kanye nezici zokulungisa ezibikezelayo—manje ezivame kakhulu ezixazululweni zokulinganisa ukugeleza kwamanzi olwandle—zisiza ekuboneni izimpawu zokuxwayisa zakuqala zokukhukhuleka kwenzwa noma ukuvaleka okuyingxenye, okuvumela ukuhlela ukulungiswa ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke ukwehluleka okubizayo noma ukuphazamiseka.
Ukuhlolwa Kwesistimu Okuhlanganisiwe
Izixazululo zesimanje zokulinganisa ukugeleza kwamanzi olwandle zivame ukuxhuma ngqo nezinhlelo zokuzenzakalela zemikhumbi kanye nokuphathwa kwempahla. Ukuhlolwa kwesistimu okuhlanganisiwe akufanele kuvivinye imitha yokugeleza kuphela kodwa yonke indlela yedatha. Kumamitha okugeleza kobuningi beLonnmeter, onjiniyela bemikhumbi kumele baqinisekise ukuxhumana okuhambisanayo nezinhlelo zokulawula ezenzakalelayo ngokusebenzisa amaphrothokholi asekelwayo.
Ukulingisa ngezikhathi ezithile kungenziwa: ukudluliselwa okungahleliwe noma ukujikeleza kabusha kwe-metered kuqinisekisa ukuthi umphumela we-flowmeter uhambisana namanani alindelekile kukhonsoli yokulawula. Ukusebenza kwe-alamu, njengemingcele yokugeleza kwe-sulfuric acid ephezulu/ephansi, kufanele kuqaliswe futhi kuhlolwe njalo. Ukuxhumanisa amamitha okugeleza nokuvalwa okuphuthumayo kwebhodi lemikhumbi kuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwemikhumbi yamakhemikhali, okuvumela impendulo esheshayo uma ukufundwa okungavamile kubonisa ukuvuza noma ukuqhekeka komugqa.
Zonke izehlakalo zokufakwa, ukulungiswa, kanye nokulinganiswa kumele ziqoshwe kumarekhodi asesikebheni, ngezindinganiso ezinqunywe yiziphathimandla zasolwandle. Amalungu eqembu adinga ukuqeqeshwa njalo hhayi nje ekusebenzeni kwamamitha, kodwa futhi nasekuphatheni ukuchitheka okungenzeka kanye nokuphendula izexwayiso zesistimu yokulinganisa ngaphakathi kwezinqubo zokuthunyelwa kwempahla yasolwandle.
Ngezansi umfanekiso ocacile wemikhuba emihle yokufaka, ukugcinwa okuvamile, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwesistimu yamamitha okugeleza e-sulfuric acid esikebheni samakhemikhali:
Ukulinganisa Ukugeleza Kwesikhathi Sangempela: Ukuthuthukisa Ukuphepha Nokuhambisana Nemithetho
Ukulinganisa ukugeleza kwe-sulfuric acid ngesikhathi sangempela kubalulekile ekuphepheni nasekulandeleni imithetho yemikhumbi yamakhemikhali. Emikhumbi yamakhemikhali, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokusebenza okuyingozi kakhulu njengokulayisha nokukhipha i-sulfuric acid, ukufinyelela ngokushesha idatha yokugeleza enembile kusekela izinqubo eziphephile, ukutholwa okusheshayo kwe-anomaly, kanye nokuphathwa kwempendulo okuphumelelayo. Izinhlelo ezifana ne-Coriolis mass flowmeters kanye ne-magnetic flow metres zinikeza ukufundwa okuqhubekayo, okunembile okuphezulu kokugeleza kwesisindo kanye nevolumu, ubuningi, kanye nokushisa, ngisho nasezindaweni zasolwandle ezidinga kakhulu. Lezi zobuchwepheshe ze-marine flowmeters zihlanganiswe ezinhlelweni zokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela ukuze kuphepheke kakhulu imikhumbi yamakhemikhali kanye nokulawula inqubo.
Ukwenza Izinqumo Zokusebenza Ngesikhathi Sokulayisha Nokuthulula
Idatha yokugeleza okusheshayo ihlomisa abasebenzi ngesithombe esibukhoma sobuningi kanye nomthamo odlulisiwe, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqapha ukugeleza kwe-sulfuric acid kuhambisana nezinhlelo zokusebenza. Ngokulandela amanani esikhathi sangempela, abaqhubi bemikhumbi bangavimbela kokubili ukugcwalisa okungaphelele kanye nokugcwalisa ngokweqile, banciphise izingozi esakhiweni somkhumbi futhi bavimbele ukuchitheka okuyingozi. Ukufundwa kwemitha yokugeleza kwe-sulfuric acid yesikhathi sangempela nakho kuthuthukisa ukuzibophezela ngamanani emithwalo ethunyelwe. Uma kwenzeka ukuphambuka—njengamazinga okugeleza aphezulu noma aphansi ngokungalindelekile—abaqhubi bangamisa ukusebenza ngokushesha, banciphise isikhathi sokuphendula kusukela kumaminithi kuya kumasekhondi. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuthunyelwa kwempahla yasolwandle noma ukuthuthwa kwempahla yasolwandle, lapho ngisho nokuchitheka okuncane kwe-sulfuric acid kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu.
Ukuqapha Okukude kanye Nokuqwashisa Nge-Anomaly Kwasekuqaleni
Idatha yokulinganisa ukugeleza esikebheni igeleza ngqo ezikhungweni zokulawula imikhumbi futhi ingaqashwa kude ngamathimba asezindaweni ezisogwini. Lapho izixazululo zokulinganisa ukugeleza kolwandle zibona amaphethini angajwayelekile—njengokuwa okubukhali (ukuvuza okungenzeka) noma ukukhuphuka okungalawuleki (ukuqhuma noma imithwalo engahambi kahle)—izixwayiso ezizenzakalelayo zazisa abasebenzi nabaphathi. Eminye imikhumbi isebenzisa amadeshibhodi abonakalayo nama-alamu ahlelwe ukuze kubekwe imikhawulo yokusebenza ephephile. Lezi zindlela ziqala izimpawu zokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi, zisize abasebenzi ukuthi bahlukanise izingxenye, bavale ama-valve, noma bashintshe amapayipi emithwalo ngaphambi kokuba isigameko esincane sikhuphuke. Ukuqapha ukugeleza kwe-sulfuric acid kude kunciphisa isidingo sokuhlolwa ngesandla futhi kunciphisa ukuchayeka kwabasebenzi ezindaweni eziyingozi.
Ukuphathwa Kwezimo Eziphuthumayo Okusekelwa Yidatha Eqhubekayo
Izinqubo eziphuthumayo ezisebenzayo zithembele ekufinyeleleni okungaphazanyiswa ekulinganisweni kokugeleza kwesikhathi sangempela. Idatha ebukhoma evela kuma-flowmeter enqubo yamakhemikhali, kufaka phakathi ama-flowmeter amaningi amakhemikhali, asebenza njengobufakazi obuyinhloko bokutholakala kokuvuza kanye nokuhlolwa kokuchitheka. Isibonelo, uma kwenzeka ukuqhekeka kwepayipi ngesikhathi sokulayisha, ukulinganiswa kokugeleza kwe-sulfuric acid okuqhubekayo kukhombisa ukwehla uma kuqhathaniswa nesisekelo esijwayelekile. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukuhlukaniswa okusheshayo kwethangi elithintekile, ukusebenza kwezinhlelo zokulawula, kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamarekhodi anembile kubaphenduli bokuqala kanye neziphathimandla. Ubuchwepheshe be-flowmeter ye-Coriolis, obukhombisa futhi ubuningi boketshezi kanye nokushisa, buqhubeka nokwazisa amasu okuhlola ingozi kanye nokuhlanza ngokukhomba ukungcoliswa komkhiqizo noma ukuhamba kwezinga lokushisa.
Ukuhlangabezana Nezidingo Zokulawula Zokulandelela Imithwalo Eyingozi
Imithethonqubo eqinile yezokuthutha olwandle idinga ukulandelelwa kanye nokubika kokuhamba kwezidakamizwa eziyingozi. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke kanye neziphathimandla zasolwandle zidinga izinkampani zokuthumela imikhumbi yamakhemikhali ukuthi zigcine izingodo ezinembile, zesikhathi sangempela zemisebenzi yokulayisha nokulayisha. Izinhlelo zokulinganisa ukugeleza ngaphakathi komkhumbi, zisebenzisa ukubika okusheshayo okuvela kuma-magnetic kanye nama-Coriolis marine flowmeters, zikhiqiza amarekhodi edijithali afakazela ukuthobela ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwechweba kanye nokuhlolwa. La marekhodi—aphelele ngamanani anesitembu sesikhathi—abalulekile ekuboniseni ukuphathwa okuphephile, ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa, kanye nokusebenza okungenawo amanzi.
Ukuqeqeshwa Okuqhubekayo Kwabasebenzi Nokulungela Ukuphendula
Ukugcina ukuphepha kwemikhumbi yasolwandle kuncike ebuchwephesheni babasebenzi abanamamitha okugeleza e-sulfuric acid kanye nezinhlelo zedatha zesikhathi sangempela. Ukuqeqeshwa okuvamile okwenziwa ngezandla kwenza abaqhubi bajwayelane nokuboniswa kokufunda, ukuhumusha amaphethini okuxwayisa, kanye nokusebenzisa izinqubo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile (ama-SOP) ngokusekelwe ezimeni ezingavamile zokugeleza. Ama-drill avame ukusebenzisa izimo zokuvuza ezilingisiwe, lapho ama-alamu emitha yokugeleza ekhuthaza khona izinyathelo eziphuthumayo zesinyathelo ngesinyathelo. Ukubuyekezwa kwangemva kwesenzo kuqinisa imikhuba emihle yokwamukela ama-alamu, ukuvikela ama-valve, kanye nokudlulisa okutholakele. Ukuqeqeshwa okufanele kunciphisa amaphutha abantu, kuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nezinqubo zempahla eziyingozi, futhi kugcina ukusebenza kokuphepha kwemikhumbi yamakhemikhali kuphezulu phakathi nesigaba ngasinye sokuthuthwa kolwandle.
Imibono Yesicelo: Amathangi Amakhemikhali kanye Nokuthuthwa Kwasolwandle
Ukuthuthwa kolwandle kwe-i-asidi ye-sulfuriciveza izinselele zokusebenza nokuphepha eziyingqayizivele zemikhumbi yamakhemikhali. Uhlobo lwe-H₂SO₄ olungcolisa kakhulu, luhlanganiswe nendawo yasolwandle edinga umzamo omkhulu, ludinga ukukhetha okuqinile kobunjiniyela ukuze kulondolozwe ubuqotho bomkhumbi futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha komkhumbi wamakhemikhali kuyo yonke imizila yokuthumela.
Amathangi amakhemikhali olwandle athwala i-sulfuric acid kumele asebenzise amathangi empahla akhethekile, amapayipi, kanye nezindawo zokulinganisa ukugeleza ukuze aphathe izingozi zokugqwala kanye nokuwohloka kwezinto. Ukukhethwa kwezinto zamathangi kubalulekile: kuyilapho amathangi ensimbi yekhabhoni ahlanganiswe nerabha evame ukusetshenziswa ngezizathu zomnotho, ucwaningo olwengeziwe lukhomba izinsimbi ezingagqwali ezimbili kanye nama-alloy aphezulu e-nickel ukuze kuqiniswe ukumelana, ikakhulukazi lapho amazinga e-asidi ehluka khona noma izimo zokuhamba ziletha izingozi zokuxuba. Ukuhlolwa okubuyekezwe ontanga kuqinisekisa ukuthi amazinga aphakathi kanye nokungcola, ikakhulukazi ukungena kwamanzi olwandle noma ama-chloride, kukhulisa kakhulu ukugqwala kwendawo, ngisho nasezintanjeni ezingagqwali ze-austenitic kanye nezintambo ezisetshenziswa njalo.
Ukuzivumelanisa ne-flow meter kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba lawa mathuluzi evezwa ekucindezelekeni okufanayo kwamakhemikhali nokwemishini njengamathangi namapayipi. Ukulinganiswa kokugeleza kwe-sulfuric acid ebhodini kudinga imishini ehambisana ngokugcwele noketshezi oluqothulayo kanye nezimo zemvelo zomkhumbi. Ama-flowmeter e-Coriolis mass kanye namamitha obuningi obungaphakathi, njengalawo akhiqizwe yi-Lonnmeter, aseyindinganiso yokuqapha ukugeleza kwe-sulfuric acid ngenxa yokwakheka kwawo okungaphazamisi, ukuntuleka kwezingxenye ezihambayo, kanye nokuthembeka okuphezulu ezindaweni eziguquguqukayo noma ezivame ukudlidliza—izinselele ezivame ukuhlangana nazo emathangini amakhemikhali asolwandle. Lawa madivayisi angamelana nokuphakama kwengcindezi kanye nokwehluka kokugeleza ngaphandle kokwehlisa ukunemba kokulinganisa, noma ngabe umkhumbi uhlangabezana namazinga okushisa ahlukene kanye nokunyakaza ngesikhathi sokuthutha.
Imizila kanye nokwehluka kwemvelo kwenza isimo sibe nzima nakakhulu. Amathangi amakhemikhali olwandle angadlula ezindaweni ezinezinguquko ezinkulu emswakama, izinga lokushisa elizungezile, kanye nokuchayeka emanzini olwandle. Izinhlelo zokulinganisa ukugeleza ngaphakathi, njengemitha yokuhamba kobuningi bamakhemikhali kanye namamitha obuningi obungaphakathi, kumele zisebenze ngokwethembeka ngaphansi kwalezi zimo eziguquguqukayo, okuhlanganisa ukulayisha nokukhulula njalo emachwebeni, ukujikeleza kokushisa, kanye nokuchayeka emithwalweni enamandla. Idatha yesikhathi eside iphakamisa ukuthi ukuzivumelanisa nesistimu—ukusebenzisa izinto zokulinganisa ukugeleza ezithuthukisiwe, izindlu ze-elekthronikhi eziqinile, kanye nokufakwa okuvikelwe—kunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi futhi kunciphisa ingozi yokukhukhuleka kokulinganisa noma ukwehluleka okuphelele kwenzwa.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezixazululo zokulinganisa ukugeleza kwamanzi olwandle ezisebenza kahle kakhulu kunegalelo ezinzuzweni zokusebenza zesikhathi eside ekuthuthweni kwempahla yasolwandle. Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo ukugeleza kwe-sulfuric acid emathangini amakhemikhali kuveza isixwayiso kusenesikhathi sokuvuza, izehlakalo zokuncibilika ngengozi, noma izinguquko ezingalindelekile ekuqineni kwethangi, kunciphisa ngqo ingozi yokulahlekelwa yimpahla ebizayo noma izehlakalo zemvelo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukusetshenziswa okuhlelekile kwamamitha okugeleza e-sulfuric acid aqinile kunciphisa imithwalo yokulungisa, kunciphisa ukuguguleka okubangelwa ukugqwala, futhi kusekela ukuhambisana nezindinganiso eziqinile zokuthutha amakhemikhali olwandle.
Imishini yesimanje, ikakhulukazi amamitha okujiya kanye ne-viscosity amelana nokugqwala avela ezinkampanini ezifana neLonnmeter, isekela lezi zinzuzo zokusebenza ngokuvumela ukutholakala kwesikhathi sangempela kwezehlakalo zokugqwala ezincane kanye nokwehluleka kwesistimu okukhulu. Idatha evela ezifundweni ezibuyekezwe ontanga igcizelela ukuthi ukuqapha okunjalo kuvumela abaqhubi bemikhumbi ukuthi babhekane nokuvuza okuncane noma izindawo zokugqwala ngaphambi kokwanda, kunciphisa kakhulu izehlakalo zomonakalo omkhulu obonwe emibikweni yezingozi zasolwandle yakamuva lapho ukungena kwamanzi okungatholakalanga kwaholela ekuhlaselweni okusheshayo kwe-asidi emathangini ensimbi yekhabhoni.
Ekugcineni, ukukhethwa nokusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi zokulinganisa ukugeleza ezakhiwe ngenhloso, ezilinganiswe olwandle—ezihambisana nezinselele ezithile zamakhemikhali nezomzimba zemithwalo ye-sulfuric acid—kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni ubuqotho bemithwalo, ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokwandisa impilo yenkonzo yemikhumbi yamakhemikhali yomhlaba wonke. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto zethangi ezikhethwe ngokucophelela kanye nokuqapha okuqhubekayo kokugeleza ebhodini kunciphisa ingozi yokugqwala, kuthuthukisa ukuphepha komkhumbi, futhi kusekela ukunyakaza komhlaba wonke okungaphazanyiswa kwemithwalo yamakhemikhali eyingozi.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Iyini imitha yokugeleza kwe-sulfuric acid esetshenziswa emathangini amakhemikhali?
Imitha yokugeleza kwe-asidi ye-sulfuric ibalulekile ekulinganisweni okunembile, kwesikhathi sangempela kwe-asidi ye-sulfuric ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa kolwandle. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko emathangini amakhemikhali uhlanganisa ukuqapha ivolumu kanye nesivinini sokugeleza kwe-H₂SO₄ ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa kwempahla, njengokulayisha, ukulayisha impahla, kanye nokudluliselwa kwangaphakathi. Lokhu kufakwa kwemishini kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha kwethangi lamakhemikhali ngokuvumela abaqhubi ukuthi bavimbele ukugcwalisa ngokweqile, banciphise ingozi yokuchitheka, futhi banikeze imibhalo yokuthobela imithetho kanye nokuvimbela ukulahleka kwempahla. Ukuqapha ukugeleza okuqondile kuvumela ukusampula kwe-closed-loop, okunciphisa ukuchayeka kwabasebenzi entuthwini eyingozi futhi kuqinisekisa ukulandeleka kwezinqubo zokuthunyelwa kwethangi lamakhemikhali.
Kungani ama-flowmeter e-Coriolis mass ekhethwa kakhulu ekulinganisweni kwe-sulfuric acid ekusetshenzisweni kwasolwandle?
Ama-flowmeter e-Coriolis mass athandwa kakhulu ezindaweni zamakhemikhali asolwandle ngenxa yamandla awo okulinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo ngqo kanye nokuqina ezimweni zokugqwala. Ukwakheka kwawo kuvumela ukufundwa okunembile nokuzinzile kokugeleza kwesisindo, ubuningi boketshezi, kanye nokushisa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingcindezi noma izinguquko ze-viscosity zishintsha kanjani. Ukungabikho kwezingxenye ezihambayo zangaphakathi kunciphisa ukuthambekela emiphumeleni yokugqwala ye-sulfuric acid—ikakhulukazi lapho izingxenye ezimanzi zenziwe ngezinto ezifana ne-Hastelloy noma i-titanium. Lokhu kuthembeka kuholela ekuqapheni kwempahla okuthembekile, ukulinganisa ukugeleza okuphephile ebhodini, kanye nokugcinwa okuphansi endaweni enzima yasolwandle, ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokusebenza kahle kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza zama-flowmeter enqubo yamakhemikhali.
Ukulinganisa ukugeleza kwamanzi ebhodini kuthuthukisa kanjani ukuphepha ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa kwamakhemikhali olwandle?
Ukulinganisa ukugeleza okusemotweni kunikeza ukuqapha ukugeleza kwe-sulfuric acid okuqhubekayo ngesikhathi sangempela, okunika amandla opharetha ukuthola ukuvuza, ukuvinjelwa okuyingxenye, noma amazinga okugeleza angajwayelekile ngokushesha. Ukuhlonza ngokushesha ukungalingani okunjalo kuvumela ukungenelela okusheshayo, ukunciphisa izingozi zokuchitheka kanye nokunciphisa ukuchayeka kwabasebenzi ezintweni eziyingozi. Izinhlelo ze-alamu ezixhunywe kudatha yokugeleza zisiza ekuqaliseni izinqubo eziphuthumayo, zisekela ukuhambisana nemithetho yokuphepha yamazwe ngamazwe futhi zinegalelo ekuthuthweni okuphephile kwempahla yasolwandle emathangini amakhemikhali. Ukuhlanganiswa kwalezi zixazululo zokulinganisa ukugeleza kolwandle kanye nokuzisebenzela kwemikhumbi kunezela olunye ungqimba lokuphepha ngokunciphisa isidingo sokuhlolwa ngesandla kanye nokuthuthukisa izikhathi zokuphendula ezimweni eziphuthumayo.
Ingabe ukugqwala kungathinta ukusebenza kwamamitha okugeleza kwe-sulfuric acid?
Ukugqwala kuyinselele enkulu kunoma iyiphi imitha yokugeleza kwe-sulfuric acid ngenxa yohlobo olunamandla lwe-H₂SO₄. Kodwa-ke, amadivayisi esimanje asebenzisa izinto ezingagqwali—njenge-PTFE, i-PFA, i-Hastelloy, noma i-titanium—kuzo zonke izingxenye ezimanzi kanye nezindawo zezinzwa. Lokhu kukhetha izinto kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekile, kwesikhathi eside ngisho nasezindaweni ezinobutha be-asidi ezitholakala ezinhlelweni zamathangi olwandle. Amamitha okugeleza athuthukisiwe aklanywe ngokukhethekile ukuze amelane nokucindezeleka kwamakhemikhali nokwemishini okuhlangatshezwana nakho ebhodini, okunciphisa izidingo zokulungisa nokunciphisa ingozi yokwehluleka okungalindelekile. Ukuhlolwa njalo nokulinganiswa kusabalulekile ekugcineni ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuhambisana nezindinganiso zokuphepha.
Ingabe ukulinganisa ukugeleza kwesikhathi sangempela kuyimpoqo ekuthuthweni kwemikhumbi yamakhemikhali?
Nakuba imiyalelo yokulawula ingahluka ngokwesimo sefulegi kanye nomzila wethangi, ukuthambekela ngo-2024 kuyincomo enamandla—futhi kwezinye izindawo, kuyimfuneko—yokulinganisa ukugeleza kwe-sulfuric acid ngesikhathi sangempela. Imihlangano yamazwe ngamazwe, njengaleyo evela ku-IMO kanye ne-MARPOL, ifuna ukuqapha okunembile kanye nokugcinwa kwamarekhodi azo zonke izimpahla eziyingozi ezidluliselwayo. Ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokulinganisa ukugeleza ebhodini kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, kuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho, futhi kwenza kube lula ukuphendula ngokushesha nangokuqondile ezimweni eziphuthumayo ngesikhathi sokuthunyelwa kwempahla yasolwandle. Abaqhubi bamathangi amakhemikhali bavumelana nalezi zindinganiso hhayi nje ngezizathu zomthetho kodwa futhi nokuvikela izimpahla, abasebenzi, kanye nemvelo, ikakhulukazi lapho behambisa izinto eziyingozi njenge-H₂SO₄.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba-25-2025
