Coi-ntii-nuousUkulinganiswa kobuningi be-propylene ewuketshezi kuyitshe lesisekelo sokusebenza okuphephile, okusebenzayo, kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu kwezindawo ezisebenza ekuhlanzweni, ekugcinweni nasekuphathweni kwe-propylene. Kwakha isisekelo sokulawulwa kwempahla, izilinganiso zezinto, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili inqubo kanye nemininingwane yokugcina yomkhiqizo—njengaleyo ye-propylene yezinga le-polymer—kuhlangatshezwana ngokuthembekile. Ezintweni eziguquguqukayo nezicindezelekile njenge-propylene, idatha eqondile yobuningi akuyona nje isidingo sobuchwepheshe kodwa futhi iyipharamitha yokuphepha ebalulekile ethonya ukubalwa kokugcwalisa ithangi, ukunqunywa kwesikhala somusi, kanye nokunciphisa ingozi ezimweni zokugcina nokudlulisa.
Isingeniso
I-propylene (PGP) ehlanzekile kakhulu, esezingeni le-polymer ibalulekile embonini yamakhemikhali yanamuhla, ikakhulukazi ekukhiqizweni kwe-polypropylene. Njengoba ihlanzekile ngokuvamile ingaphezu kuka-99.5%, i-PGP iqinisekisa ukusabela kwe-polymerization okuphumelelayo, ukusebenza kahle kwe-catalyst, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-polypropylene enezakhiwo ezifanayo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali. Ikhwalithi ye-PGP ithinta ngqo izimboni kusukela ekupakisheni nasezingxenyeni zezimoto kuya kumadivayisi kagesi nawezokwelapha, lapho ngisho nokwehluka okuncane kwesakhiwo se-polymer noma amandla omshini kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Propylene
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Ukuhlanzwa kwe-propylene ukuze kufinyelelwe amazinga e-polymer kuhilela ukususa iminonjana ye-propane, i-dienes, i-oxygenates, kanye nezinye izinto ezingaba khona ezingcolisayo. Lokhu kungcola, ngisho nasezingeni le-ppm, kungalimaza kakhulu ama-catalyst azwelayo njengezinhlelo ze-Ziegler-Natta kanye ne-Metallocene, okuholela ekucinyweni kwe-catalyst, ukwehla kwesivuno, ukusatshalaliswa kwesisindo sama-molecule abanzi, kanye nezici zomkhiqizo wokugcina ezishintshiwe. Izitshalo ze-polypropylene zithembele kumasu afana nokuhluzwa okuthuthukisiwe, ukumuncwa yizinhlaka zensimbi-organic (MOFs), kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwe-membrane ukuze kuncishiswe lokhu kungcola nokugcina ukuzinza kwenqubo.
Ukugcinwa okuphephile kanye nokuphathwa ngokucophelela kwe-propylene ewuketshezi kubalulekile ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo eziyingozi. I-propylene iyasha kakhulu, igcinwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu, futhi yakha izingxube eziqhumayo nomoya. Kudingeka izindlela eziqinile: ukugcinwa kumele kwenzeke ezindaweni ezinomoya omuhle kusetshenziswa izitsha eziqinisekisiwe ezinomfutho ophezulu ezihlonyiswe ngamadivayisi okusiza ukucindezeleka kanye nokuqapha umusi. Abasebenzi abaqeqeshwe kuphela okufanele benze imisebenzi yokudlulisa kanye nokuhlola amasampula ngaphansi kokunamathela ngokuqinile emithethweni yokuphepha emsebenzini, ukuqinisekisa kokubili ubuqotho bomkhiqizo kanye nokuphepha emsebenzini.
Esinye isisekelo sokuhlinzekwa kwe-propylene okuthembekile ukulinganisa okunembile kobuningi be-propylene ewuketshezi—impahla ehlobene kakhulu nokulawulwa kwenqubo, ukuphathwa kwempahla, kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Ukulinganisa ubuningi boketshezi, ikakhulukazi i-propylene, kubalulekile ekunqumeni ubumsulwa kanye nokulinganisa ukugeleza kanye nokulinganisa isisindo ngesikhathi sokugcina, ukudlulisa, kanye nezigaba zokuphakelwa kwe-polymerization. Izindlela zendabuko ezifana nokulinganisa kwe-hydrostatic zinikeza amanani okubhekisela kodwa azifaneleki ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo ezindaweni zezimboni. Izixazululo ezithuthukisiwe—amamitha obuningi bohlobo lwe-oscillation, kufaka phakathi lawo akhiqizwe yi-Lonnmeter—zivumela ukuqapha okuqondile, kwesikhathi sangempela, okusekela kokubili ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi kanye nokusebenza kahle kokusebenza. Lawa madivayisi ahlinzeka ngokunemba okuphezulu futhi aklanyelwe ukusebenza ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa anzima kanye nezingcindezi ezitholakala ekukhiqizweni kwe-propylene kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-polypropylene, ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana kanye nokulandelela kulo lonke uchungechunge lokuphakelwa.
Ukuqonda ukusebenzisana phakathi kokuhlanzwa kwe-propylene, ubuqotho bokuphakelwa kokusabela, imikhuba yokugcina evikelekile, kanye nokulinganisa ubuningi obuqinile kubalulekile ekulethweni kwe-propylene esezingeni eliphezulu, ehambisanayo nelisezingeni eliphezulu ezitshalweni ze-polypropylene zomhlaba, okugcina amazinga okusebenza kanye nokuphepha adingwa yimboni.
I-Propylene Yebanga Le-Polymer: Incazelo, Izakhiwo, Nokukhiqizwa
Kuyini i-Polymer-Grade Propylene?
I-propylene yezinga le-polymer iwuhlobo lwe-propylene oluhlanjululwe kakhulu (C₃H₆) olubalulekile ekukhiqizeni i-polypropylene namanye ama-polymer. Ukubaluleka kwayo kuvela ezidingweni zekhwalithi eziqinile zama-catalyst e-polymerization njengezinhlelo ze-Ziegler-Natta kanye ne-metallocene. Lawa ma-catalyst azwela kakhulu ezintweni ezingcolisayo njenge-sulfur, i-phosphorus, amanzi, kanye ne-oxygenates, ezingayicima i-catalyst futhi zonakalise ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo we-polymer. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, i-propylene yezinga le-polymer kumele idlule umkhawulo wobumsulwa ongu-99.5%, kanti imininingwane evamile yezimboni ifinyelela ku-99.7%. Okuqukethwe kwe-sulfur kunqunyelwe ngaphansi kuka-0.1–0.2 ppm, i-phosphorus ngokuvamile ingaphansi kuka-0.1 ppm, kanye namanzi angaphansi kuka-5 ppm ukuvikela umsebenzi we-catalyst kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside. Ubuchwepheshe be-catalyst obuncintisanayo, njengalezo ezisetshenziswa kuma-polymerizations amaningi, isixazululo, kanye ne-gas-phase, buhlukile ekubekezeleleni kwabo ukungcola, kodwa bonke badinga i-feedstock ehlanjululwe kakhulu ukuze kusebenze kahle kanye nokusebenza okunomnotho. Ukugcina lobu bumsulwa kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukushintshwa kwe-catalyst ebizayo kanye nesikhathi sokungasebenzi okubangelwa ukungasebenzi noma ukungcola kokudla kokusabela kokukhiqizwa kwe-propylene.
Izakhiwo Ezibalulekile Zomzimba
I-Propylene iyigesi engenambala, eguquguqukayo kakhulu ezimweni ezijwayelekile, eletha izinselele ezihlukile zokuphatha nokugcina. Indawo yayo yokubila ingu-47.6 °C, kanti indawo yayo yokuncibilika ingu-185 °C. Uma igcinwa noma ithuthwa njengoketshezi ngaphansi kwengcindezi, ukuqonda kokubili ubuningi be-propylene ewuketshezi kanye nokuguquguquka kubalulekile ekusebenzeni okuphephile nokusebenza kahle. Ku--48 °C kanye nomfutho womoya, ubuningi be-propylene ewuketshezi bungaba ngu-0.51 g/cm³. Ngaphansi kwesitoreji esivamile esicindezelwe (isb., 8–10 bar, 20°C), ubuningi bungakhuphuka bufike cishe ku-0.49–0.52 g/cm³. Lezi zinhlaka zobuningi zibalulekile ekulinganisweni kwesisindo senqubo, usayizi wethangi, kanye nokulinganiswa kwezinga. I-Propylene icishe ibe nkulu ngokuphindwe ka-1.5 esigabeni somswakama kunomoya, okufaka isandla ekuthambekeleni kokuqongelela komphunga ophunyukile ezindaweni eziphansi, okubeka izingozi ezinkulu. Ukulinganiswa okufanele kobuningi be-propylene yoketshezi kutholakala ngamamitha obuningi aqondile angaphakathi, njengalawo akhiqizwa yi-Lonnmeter, okuvumela opharetha ukuthi baqaphe futhi balawule ngokunembile izinto ezigciniwe futhi benze ngcono izimo zokugcina. Ukuguquguquka kanye nokuziphatha kwesigaba kudinga izixazululo eziklanywe ngobunjiniyela zokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba, ukulawula i-flash, kanye nokutholwa kokuvuza ngesikhathi sokuphathwa kanye nokugcinwa.
Izindlela Zokukhiqiza Eziyinhloko
Izindlela eziyinhloko zezimboni zokwenza i-propylene yezinga le-polymer ukuqhekeka ngomusi, ukuqhekeka nge-catalytic, kanye nokungalingani kwe-olefin (ikakhulukazi i-metathesis).
Ukuqhekeka Komusi:Ukuqhekeka kwe-hydrocarbon ngentuthu (i-naphtha, i-LPG, noma i-ethane) ngokuyinhloko kukhiqiza i-ethylene kodwa futhi kukhiqiza umkhiqizo obalulekile we-propylene. Imikhiqizo yokuqala iqukethe ingxube yama-hydrocarbon adinga ukuhlanzwa kwezinyathelo eziningi, kufaka phakathi i-cryogenic distillation kanye ne-hydrogenation, ukuze kufinyelelwe amazinga e-polymer-grade. Inselele eyodwa amaphuzu abilayo e-propylene ne-propane, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlukaniswa futhi kukhuphule izindleko zamandla nemishini.
Ukuqhekeka kwe-Catalytic:Amayunithi e-Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) aguqula uwoyela wegesi abe ama-alkenes alula, akhiqize i-propylene njengomkhiqizo oyinhloko. I-FCC nezinqubo ezihlobene nayo zikhiqiza ama-olefin aphezulu (C₄–C₈), okuqhekeka kwawo okulandelayo okungase kwandise isivuno se-propylene kodwa kunezela ubunzima emisebenzini yokuhlukanisa.
Ukungalingani kwe-Olefin (i-Metathesis):Ubuchwepheshe be-Metathesis, njengokusabela kwe-ethylene nama-butene, buvumela ukukhiqizwa kwe-propylene ngenhloso. Lezi zindlela ziyakhanga ekuguquguqukeni kwe-feedstock futhi zingakhiqiza ngqo imifudlana ehlanzekile kakhulu enemikhiqizo embalwa esindayo, okunciphisa izidingo zokuhlanza ezingezansi. Kodwa-ke, ikhwalithi ye-feedstock kanye namaphrofayili emikhiqizo engaphansi kwe-feedstock kusathinta ukwakheka kwesistimu yokuhlanza.
Izinqubo zokukhiqiza ziveza ngokwemvelo imikhiqizo engaphansi kwe-hydrogen, i-methane, kanye nama-hydrocarbon ahlukahlukene e-C₄+ ukuze kulandelelwe ukungcola—okumelwe kuhlukaniswe kahle ukuze kuhlukaniswe i-propylene ekuhlanzekeni kwe-polymer. I-slate yomkhiqizo ongaphansi kwe-router ngayinye inquma ubukhulu kanye nohlobo lokuhlanzwa okungezansi, ikakhulukazi ekususweni okukhethiwe kwe-propane, ama-unsaturated, kanye nobuthi obuncane. Izinyathelo zokuhlanza, okuhlanganisa i-hydrogenation ekhethiwe, ukuhluzwa, ukumuncwa, kanye nezinhlelo ze-membrane ezithuthukisiwe, zenzelwe inqubo ngayinye ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo eziqinile zokuhlanza i-propylene ezifunwa yimisebenzi ye-polymerization.
Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo nokulungiswa kwamapharamitha abalulekile angokomzimba, njengobuningi boketshezi lwe-propylene kanye nokushisa, ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza nokugcina, kufezwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokulinganisa ngaphakathi komugqa njengalezo ezenziwa yiLonnmeter. Lolu lwazi lubalulekile kokubili ekubalweni kwebhalansi yesisindo kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zokuphepha, ikakhulukazi ekuphathweni nasekugcinweni kwe-propylene ewuketshezi lapho kudingeka khona ukulawula okunembile.
Ngezansi ishadi lokuqhathanisa elibonisa ukuminyana kwe-propylene yoketshezi okuvamile ezimweni ezahlukene:
| Izinga lokushisa (°C) | Ingcindezi (ibha) | Ubuningi be-Liquid Propylene (g/cm³) |
| -48 | 1 | 0.51 |
| 0 | 5 | 0.52 |
| 20 | 9 | 0.49 |
| 40 | 15 | 0.47 |
Ukulinganisa ubuningi obunembile kwazisa kokubili izinqubo zokuphepha kanye nokusebenza kahle kunoma yisiphi isikhungo esibhekene nokugcinwa nokuphathwa kwe-propylene.
Amasu Okuhlanzwa kwe-Propylene Okunikezwa Kwezinga Le-Polymer
Amasu Okuhlanzwa Kwezimboni
Ukucwilisa kuhlala kuyitshe lesisekelo lokuhlanzwa kwe-propylene, ukuhlukanisa i-propylene ne-propane kanye namanye ama-hydrocarbon alula ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nomkhawulo wobumsulwa ongaphezulu kuka-99.5% odingekayo kwi-propylene yezinga le-polymer. Le nqubo isebenzisa umehluko omncane kumaphuzu abilayo—i-propylene ku--47.6 °C kanye ne-propane ku--42.1 °C—okudinga amakholomu amade, aphezulu okucwilisa kanye nokufakwa kwamandla okuphawulekayo. Lokhu kufunwa kwamandla amakhulu kwenza ukucwilisa okuvamile kubize kakhulu, ikakhulukazi njengoba izidingo zobumsulwa ziqina futhi imigomo yokusebenza iyanda. Imikhawulo ifaka phakathi ukulahlekelwa kwe-propylene (ngokomlando kufika kumathani angu-2,900 ngonyaka ezindaweni zokuhlanza ezineyunithi eyodwa) kanye nokunciphisa ukubuyiselwa njengoba amathreyi amaningi noma i-reflux ephezulu isetshenziswa ekuthuthukiseni ubumsulwa obuncane.
Amasu okuhluza athuthukile abhekana nezinye zalezi zinselele. Ukusebenzisa i-bottom flash distillation, isibonelo, kunganciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwe-propylene ngaphezu kuka-70%, okuholela ekongeni okukhulu kwezindleko zokusebenza kwezikhungo ezizimisele ukutshala imali ekulungiselelweni okusha kwekholomu noma ekuguqulweni. Amayunithi okuhluza i-hybrid membrane-distillation athuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kanye nokuguquguquka, ikakhulukazi lapho kuphathwa izitokwe zokudla eziguquguqukayo. Ama-hybrid anjalo abonisa ukwehla okungu-12.6% ezindlekweni zonyaka ngokulayisha umsebenzi othile wokuhlukanisa kuma-membrane akhethiwe e-polymeric noma angaphili ngaphambi kokulungiswa kokugcina nge-distillation. Izindlela zokuhluza ezikhiphayo ezisebenzisa uketshezi lwe-ionic olukhethiwe ngokukhethekile njenge-entrainers, njenge-[BMIM][TFA], zivumela ukunciphisa kwamandla kufikela ku-82% kunezindlela zendabuko. Lezi zinto ezintsha zihambisa imboni ndawonye ekuhlanzweni kwe-propylene okusimeme, okukhuliswayo, futhi okungabizi kakhulu.
Ukuhlanzwa okusekelwe ekufakweni kwe-adsorption kunikeza okunye noma okuphelelisa i-distillation. Izinto ezifana ne-Cu-MOF-74 (izinhlaka zensimbi-zemvelo ezisekelwe ethusi) ziye zabonakala zisebenza kahle kakhulu ngenxa ye-microporosity yazo eklanywe ngokucophelela kanye nezindawo zensimbi ezivulekile. Lezi zinhlaka zivumela i-physisorption ekhethiwe kakhulu ye-propylene ngokusikwa kwama-molecule kanye nokusebenzisana okukhethiwe phakathi kwama-hydrocarbon angagcwalisiwe kanye nama-node ethusi. Ukuhlolwa kombhede ohleliwe kokuhlola kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-Cu-MOF-74 ingakhiqiza i-propylene ngobumsulwa obudlula u-99.5%, ihlangabezana ngqo nezindinganiso zemboni ye-polymer. Okuphawulekayo ukuthi lezi zinhlelo zokufakweni kwe-adsorption zisebenza ngokucindezela okuphansi kanye namazinga okushisa aseduze, zinciphisa kakhulu ukufakwa kwamandla uma kuqhathaniswa nezinqubo zokushisa, futhi zingavuselelwa ukuze zisetshenziswe njalo.
Izakhiwo zokuhlanza zakamuva zihlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obuningi. Izinhlelo ze-hybrid zivame ukusebenzisa ukumuncwa kwesigaba sokuqala kusetshenziswa uhlaka olunezimbobo ezincane kakhulu (njenge-sorbents esekelwe ku-azolate) ukuze kugxilwe i-propylene, kulandelwe ukupholisha ukuncibilikisa ukuqinisekisa ukususwa kokungcola. Lezi zindlela ziqinisekisa ukuphuma kobumsulwa obuphezulu kakhulu, zinciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, futhi zilula ukusebenza. Isibonelo, imijikelezo eyodwa yokumuncwa nokumuncwa ibikwe ukuthi iletha i-propylene engaphezulu kuka-99.7% ezifundweni zelebhu kanye nezokuhlola. I-membrane ye-hybrid hollow-fiber kanye ne-distillation kuqeqesha ukusekela ukuzinza kwenqubo kanye nokuzivumelanisa okusheshayo nokuguquguquka kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, kuletha imikhiqizo ehambisanayo ye-polymer ngenkathi kunciphisa izinyawo zekhabhoni.
Ukufeza Ubumsulwa Obuphezulu Kakhulu
I-propylene yezinga le-polymer idinga amazinga angcolile ngokuvamile angaphansi kuka-30 ppm propane, i-ethylene engu-1 ppm, amanzi angu-1 ppm, kanye namazinga e-ppt obuthi be-catalyst (isb., O₂, CO, ama-amine, ama-sulfur compounds) ukuvikela ama-catalyst e-polymerization asebenza kakhulu nokuqinisekisa izakhiwo ze-polymer ezihambisanayo. Ukufeza nokugcina amazinga anjalo okuhlanzeka kuncike ezitimeleni zokuhlanza ezihlanganisiwe kahle, ezihlanganisa ukuhlukaniswa kwenqwaba okuyinhloko nezinyathelo zokuqeda ezingezansi kanye nokuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwenqubo kubalulekile. Izinhlelo zokuhlanza zakhiwe njengama-node ngaphakathi kwe-value chain ebanzi yokukhiqiza i-propylene, ehambisana eduze nama-upstream cracking noma dehydrogenation units kanye nama-downstream polymerization reactors. Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kugcinwa kusukela ekudleni kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kuya ekugcineni komkhiqizo. Ukuhlanganiswa kwama-inline analyzers kanye nama-density kanye nama-viscosity metres athuthukisiwe—njengalawo akhiqizwe yi-Lonnmeter—kuvumela ukulinganiswa okusheshayo nokunembile kwezakhiwo ezibalulekile ze-propylene liquid, njengobuningi be-liquid, okuyipharamitha ebalulekile yokuqoqwa kwempahla, ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa, kanye nokuphathwa kokudla kokusabela.
Isibonelo sendlela yokuhlanganisa inqubo singafaka:
- Ukuhluzwa okuyinhloko kokuhlukanisa ngobuningi kanye nokunciphisa ukungcola,
- Imibhede ye-Cu-MOF-74 noma efanayo ekhangisayo yokuhlanza okuhle okukhethiwe,
- Ukucwebezeliswa kokugcina noma ukupholisha i-membrane ukuze kufinyelelwe ku-<10 ppm ukungcola okuphelele kwe-hydrocarbon.
Lo mklamo unciphisa izindleko zemali kanye nezokusebenza ngenkathi kuqinisekiswa ukuthi ukudla kwe-propylene kuyahlangabezana noma kudlula amazinga okuhlanzeka kwemboni.
Ukuhlinzekwa okuthembekile kwe-propylene emsulwa kakhulu kubalulekile emigqeni yokukhiqizwa kwe-polypropylene kanye ne-copolymer, njengoba ukuzwela kwe-catalyst ukulandelela ukungcola kuthinta ngqo isivuno, ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, kanye nokusebenza kahle. Ukugcina ukulawula okuqinile phezu kobuningi boketshezi be-propylene—okukalwa kokubili ematangini kanye nasekuphakelweni kwe-reactor—kuvimbela ukuphambuka kokuphakelwa okungahlosiwe futhi kusekela izici ze-polymer ezihambisanayo. Izindlela zokulinganisa ubuningi boketshezi, njengemitha yokudlidliza eqondile kanye nama-pycnometer elabhorethri alinganisiwe, ahlanganiswe kuyo yonke imisebenzi yokugcina nokuphatha i-propylene. Ubuchwepheshe be-Lonnmeter, obenzelwe ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela, okunembile kakhulu, kusiza ekuvaleni iluphu yokulawula yokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi, ukuphatha, kanye nokugcina i-propylene ewuketshezi njengokuphakelwa kokusabela okulungele.
Ukuphathwa nokugcinwa okuphephile kwe-propylene kuncike ekuhlanganisweni kokugcinwa okungokwenyama, ukuhlaziywa kwenqubo, kanye nempendulo evela kumadivayisi angaphakathi. Lezi zinyathelo, ezihlanganiswe namasu okuhlanza, ziqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo wokugcina olethwa ekukhiqizweni kwe-polymer awugcini nje ngokuba msulwa kakhulu kodwa futhi uhlangabezana ngokuthembekile nazo zonke izincazelo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ezidingekayo ezixhunywe ekuminyaneni, ukwakheka, kanye nemikhawulo yokungcola.
Ukugcinwa Nokuphathwa Kwepropylene: Imikhuba Emihle Nezinselele
Isitoreji Esiphephile Nesisebenzayo
Ukukhetha ikhambi lokugcina elifanele le-propylene kudinga ukuhlola imikhumbi ecindezelwe, amathangi aqandisiwe, kanye nemihume engaphansi komhlaba. Imikhumbi ecindezelwe iyindlela evame kakhulu yomthamo ophakathi, isebenzisa amathangi ensimbi aklanywe ngaphansi kwezindinganiso ze-ASME. Lezi zinhlelo zisebenza ekushiseni okuzungezile, zigcina i-propylene njengoketshezi ngokugcina ingcindezi ingaphezu kwephuzu layo lokubila. Ukusebenza kwazo kuncike ekunamatheleni ezidingweni eziqinile zesisekelo, ukuvikelwa kokugqwala, kanye nokufakwa ngamadivayisi okusiza ukucindezeleka. Ukuhlolwa njalo kuyadingeka ukuze kugcinwe ukuhambisana nokuphepha okuqhubekayo.
Amathangi afakwe esiqandisini afanelekela isitoreji esikhulu noma sesikhathi eside se-propylene. Lawa matangi agcina amazinga okushisa angaphansi noma angenawo umoya ngokushisa okuqinile, okunciphisa izingozi zokuhwamuka kanye nokulahlekelwa umhwamuko. Ukwakheka kokugcina okugcwele noma okunezindonga ezimbili kuthuthukisa ukuphepha ngokunikeza ukungasebenzi kahle uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka kokugcina okuyinhloko. Izidingo zokusebenza zokugcina esiqandisini zifaka phakathi ukuqapha ngokucophelela ubuqotho bokugcina kanye nesakhiwo ngenxa yokucindezeleka kokujikeleza kokushisa. Ukwehluleka kokugcina ukuvuza noma ukufudumala kungakhula ngokushesha kube ukukhululwa komusi okusabalele kanye nezimo zokucindezela ngokweqile.
Imihume engaphansi komhlaba, evame ukwakhiwa ezindlini zosawoti noma ezakhiweni zamadwala ezifanele, isetshenziswa lapho kufanele kugcinwe khona izinto ezinkulu kakhulu. Le mihume izuza ekushiseni nasekugcineni ukushisa kwangaphakathi, okunciphisa izingozi ezihlobene nemililo noma ukuqhuma komhlaba. Kodwa-ke, ubunzima bobunjiniyela buyanda ngesidingo sokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuvimbela ukuvuza, ukuphatha ukuhoxiswa/ukufakwa kwemishini, kanye nokuvimbela izinkinga zamanzi angaphansi komhlaba noma ukungcola.
Ukugcina kahle kuncike ekulawulweni okuqinile kwezinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, kanye nokufakwa kokushisa. I-Propylene kumele igcinwe ngaphakathi kwemingcele emincane yokushisa kanye nengcindezi ukuze kuvinjelwe izinguquko zesigaba eziyingozi. Ukucindezela ngokweqile noma ukushisa ngokweqile kungabangela ukuhwamuka okusheshayo, okudala izinkinga zokuphepha kanye nokuhlanzeka. Izindawo zokugcina ezithuthukisiwe zisebenzisa ukuzwela okuqhubekayo kokushisa kanye nengcindezi kanye nama-valve okulawula okuzenzakalelayo kanye nama-heat exchanger ukugcina izimo zizinzile. Ukuhambisana nezidingo zesithiyo esilinganiselwe ngomlilo kanye nemikhawulo yempahla elawulayo kuyimpoqo kuzo zonke izimpahla zokugcina.
Isici esibalulekile kokubili ekwakhiweni kwesitoreji kanye nokuphathwa kokusebenza ukuminyana kwe-propylene ewuketshezi. Ukuminyana kwe-propylene ewuketshezi kuyahlukahluka ngokushisa kanye nengcindezi, okuthinta ngqo usayizi wethangi kanye nokuphathwa kwempahla. Isibonelo, ushintsho oluncane ekushiseni kwesitoreji lungashintsha ukuminyana okwanele ukuthinta kakhulu impahla ebaliwe. Ukuze kuphathwe lokhu, izikhungo zisebenzisa amasu okulinganisa ngesikhathi sangempela—njengamamitha obuningi angaphakathi, ama-radar level transmitters, kanye namathebula okulungisa—ukuguqula amavolumu alinganisiwe abe yimpahla enembile. Lokhu kubalulekile ekubikeni komthetho kanye nokunciphisa ukungafani kwempahla. Ukusebenzisa ukuphathwa okusekelwe kubuningi kunokulandelela ivolumu kuphela, ikakhulukazi nge-propylene ewuketshezi, kuletha ukunemba okudingekayo kokubili ekudlulisweni kokugcinwa kanye nokuvimbela ukulahlekelwa.
Ngezansi kuneshadi elibonisa ukuthi ubuningi be-propylene yoketshezi bushintsha kanjani ngokushisa, okugqamisa umphumela wayo oqondile ekubalweni kwempahla yethangi:
| Izinga lokushisa (°C) | Ubuningi be-Liquid Propylene (kg/m³) |
|-------------------|- ...|
| -40 | 636 |
| -20 | 608 |
| 0 | 579 |
| 20 | 550 |
| 40 | 520 |
Njengoba kubonisiwe, ukwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa kusuka ku--40°C kuya ku-40°C kunciphisa ukuminyana koketshezi ngaphezu kuka-100 kg/m³, okugcizelela ukubaluleka kokugcinwa okuzinzile kwezinga lokushisa kanye nokulinganiswa kobuningi obuqondile ekuphathweni kwempahla.
Izinqubo Zokuphatha
Ukuphathwa kahle kwe-propylene ewuketshezi negesi kubalulekile kokubili ekuphepheni kwezitshalo nasekuhlinzekweni okuthembekile. Izinqubo ziqala ngezinqubo ezizinikele zokudlulisa, ukulayisha, kanye nokukhipha impahla ngokuphephile. Zonke izintambo zokudlulisa kanye namapayipi kumele kuhambisane nezici zomzimba nezekhemikhali ze-propylene ukuvimbela ukuvuvukala noma ukubola. Ukuxhumeka kuhlolwa ngengcindezi, futhi konke ukudluliselwa kubhekwa kusukela egumbini lokulawula eliphakathi. Bonke abasebenzi abathintekayo ekuphatheni basebenzisa izingubo ezingamelani nomlilo, izinto zokubona igesi yomuntu siqu, kanye nemishini yokulwa nokushisa ukuze kuqedwe imithombo yokushisa.
Imisebenzi yokudlulisa inamathela ochungechungeni olungcono kakhulu: ukuqinisekisa ukuhlukaniswa kwethangi kanye nomugqa, imishini yokumisa phansi kanye neyokubopha, ukucindezela komugqa okukhuphuka kancane kancane, kanye nokulinganisela komusi njalo ukuze kugwenywe ukucindezela ngokweqile. Izinhlelo zokusabalalisa amapayipi zihlonyiswe ngama-valve asebenza kude kanye nezindlela zokukhulula ukucindezeleka. Ngesikhathi sokulayisha nokukhulula, izinhlelo zokuhambisa umusi noma ukubuyisa umusi ovaliwe zisetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ukukhishwa komusi ovuthayo nokugwema ukungena komoya, okungadala izingxube eziqhumayo.
Njengoba i-propylene ishintshashintsha futhi ivutha kalula, ukunciphisa izingozi kuyisimiso esiyinhloko sokusebenza. Izinqubo ziyaqinisekiswa kokubili ezimweni ezivamile neziphuthumayo. Abasebenzi baqinisekisa njalo zonke izixhumanisi zokuvuza besebenzisa amanzi anensipho noma izinto zokuthola ukuvuza kwegesi ezinikezelwe. Indawo yokusebenza igcinwa ikude nabasebenzi abangadingekile kanye nemithombo yokushisa, futhi ama-valve okuvala okuphuthumayo abekwe ezindaweni ezifinyeleleka kalula. Izimo zokwehluleka—njengepayipi elonakele, amathangi agcwele ngokweqile, noma amaphutha emishini—zixazululwa ngokuvalwa kwesistimu okuzenzakalelayo kanye nokugcinwa komusi oqinile.
Ukubuyiselwa komhwamuko kanye nokuvimbela ukuvuza kubalulekile ekugcineni ukuphepha kanye nokuthembeka kokusebenza. Izinhlelo zanamuhla zokubuyisa umhwamuko—njenge-bottom flash noma amayunithi okucindezela umhwamuko—zinciphisa umoya ophuma emoyeni futhi zinikeza izinketho zokuvuselela kabusha zemifudlana yenqubo. Izikhungo ezinezinhlelo ezinjalo zibika ukwehla okukhulu ekulahlekelweni kokuvutha kanye nokusebenza okuthuthukisiwe komnotho. Ama-array okuthola ukuvuza anezinzwa zegesi nama-alamu ahlanganiswe nengqalasizinda yokuphepha kwezitshalo, okuvumela impendulo esheshayo uma kwenzeka ukukhishwa ngengozi. Ukutholwa kokuvuza kwandiswa izinhlelo zokuvala eziphuthumayo ezihlukanisa izingxenye zesistimu ezonakele futhi zisebenze amakhethini amanzi akhukhulayo noma asebenzisa izinga eliphezulu lokuhlanza umhwamuko.
Isici esibalulekile ekuphathweni kwe-propylene ngokuphepha ukugcina ukulandelela okuqinile kwempahla. Amamitha obuningi angaphakathi, njengalawo akhiqizwe yiLonnmeter, asekela ukulinganisa okunembile kwesikhathi sangempela kobuningi be-propylene ewuketshezi. Lawa mamitha ahlinzeka ngedatha ebalulekile ezinhlelweni zokulawula, esiza abaqhubi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqubo zokudlulisa nokugcina azibangeli ukugcwalisa ngokweqile noma okwanele, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe izingozi zokuchitheka nokuhwamuka. Ukulinganisa ubuningi obuqondile, kanye nokufundwa kokucindezela nokushisa, kwakha itshe eliyisisekelo lemisebenzi yokugcinwa kwempahla ethembekile, ikakhulukazi ngezimo zokushisa nokucindezela ezishintshashintshayo.
Sekukonke, imikhuba emihle kakhulu yokugcina nokuphatha i-propylene ihlanganisa izixazululo eziklanywe ngobunjiniyela, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, kanye nezinqubo eziqinisiwe zokubhekana nezinselele ezihlukile ezilethwa yileli khemikhali eliguquguqukayo kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwalo ngokubambisana akusaxoxiswani ngakho ukuze kusetshenziswe ngokuphephile, ngokuhambisanayo, nangokusebenza kahle ekukhiqizweni, ekugcinweni nasekusatshalalisweni kwe-propylene yezinga le-polymer.
Ukulinganisa Ubuningi be-Liquid Propylene: Izimiso Nezixazululo
Ukubaluleka Kokulinganisa Ubuningi
Ekuphathweni kwempahla, ukunquma ubungako be-propylene ewuketshezi obuqondile kuvumela opharetha ukuthi baguqule phakathi kwevolumu nobunzima ngephutha elincane, okubalulekile ekubalweni, ekudlulisweni kokugcinwa, kanye nokuvimbela ukulahlekelwa. Ekulawuleni inqubo, kusetshenziswa izilinganiso zobuningi besikhathi sangempela ukuqinisekisa ukwakheka kokudla okuhambisanayo kwamayunithi okusabela, kufaka phakathi lawo ahlinzeka ngokudla kokusabela kokukhiqizwa kwe-polypropylene. Ngisho nokuphambuka okuncane ezimpahleni ze-propylene ewuketshezi kungathinta ukusebenza kwe-catalyst kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo wokugcina. Amaqembu okuqinisekisa ikhwalithi athembele ebungakoni njengesibonakaliso esiqondile sokuvumelana komkhiqizo kanye nobumsulwa, ikakhulukazi ukuqinisekisa izinto njenge-propylene yezinga le-polymer. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqwashisa ngobungako obunembile kubalulekile ekuphepheni, kuthonya izinqumo mayelana namazinga ethangi, izilungiselelo zokukhululeka ekucindezelweni, kanye namasu okuphendula eziphuthumayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezivuthayo kakhulu neziguquguqukayo ezivamile zesevisi ye-propylene.
Izindlela Zokulinganisa Ubuningi Boketshezi
Kunezindlela eziningana ezitholakalayo zokulinganisa ubukhulu boketshezi olufana ne-propylene, ngayinye inezimiso ezihlukile, izinzuzo, kanye nokushiyeka.
Indlela evamile kakhulu yileyoi-hydrometer, ingilazi entantayo elinganisiwe ecwiliswe oketshezini olunezinga lokuntanta elihlobene ngqo nobuningi. Nakuba isetshenziswa kabanzi ukuze kube lula, ama-hydrometer angase angabi nokunemba okudingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe i-propylene, lapho umehluko omncane unemiphumela emikhulu.
Okuthuthukile kakhului-densitometer ye-U-tube enyakazayo. Le thuluzi ledijithali liqukethe ithubhu elingenalutho, elinyakazayo lapho isampula igeleza khona. Imvamisa yokunyakaza iyahlukahluka ngobuningi bethubhu kanye noketshezi olungaphakathi, okuvumela ukunqunywa kobukhulu obuqondile nobunembile kakhulu, uma nje izinga lokushisa kanye nokucindezela kulawulwa kahle.
Amamitha okuxinana kwedijithali—ezinye zisekelwe kubuchwepheshe be-U-tube obushintshashintshayo—zihlanganisa ukufundwa okuqondile, isinxephezelo sokushisa okuzenzakalelayo, kanye nokugcinwa kwedatha. Lezi zifaneleka kakhulu ezindaweni ezidinga kakhulu futhi zivame ukusetshenziswa emalabhorethri kanye nasemgqeni wokuqapha inqubo. Amamitha okuqina angaphakathi akhiqizwa yiLonnmeter aklanyelwe ukusetshenziswa kwe-propylene yezimboni, anikeza ukusebenza okuqinile ngaphansi kwezimo zenqubo eziyinselele.
Izici Ezishintsha Ukulinganiswa Kobuningi Boketshezi
Izinguquko eziningana zingathinta ukunemba kokulinganiswa kobuningi be-propylene ewuketshezi:
- Ukwehluka kwezinga lokushisa:Njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, ukwanda kokushisa kunciphisa ubuningi be-propylene. Ukuphambuka okuncane kungaba nemiphumela ebalulekile ngenxa yokwanda okuphezulu kwe-propylene; ngakho-ke, ukulawulwa kokushisa kanye nesinxephezelo akunakuxoxiswana ngakho.
- Izinguquko Zokucindezela:Ngokungafani namagesi, uketshezi, okuhlanganisa ne-propylene, kubonisa ukwanda kobuningi obuncane kodwa obubucayi ngokucindezela, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwenqubo noma ukucindezela kokugcina okujwayelekile kwamagesi ancibilikisiwe. Izinhlelo zokulinganisa kumele zilinganiswe ngalezi zimo futhi kusetshenziswe ukulungiswa okufanele.
- Ukungcola kanye nezinto ezingcolisayo:Ukuba khona kwamanye ama-hydrocarbon noma amagesi ancibilikisiwe kushintsha ubuningi ngqo, okuthinta isitifiketi sobumsulwa bemifudlana enenani eliphezulu njenge-polymer grade propylene. Izinqubo zokulawula ikhwalithi kumele zikhiphe noma zicabangele le miphumela.
Isicelo Semisebenzi Ye-Propylene
Idatha yobuningi be-propylene elinganisiwe isekela imisebenzi ebalulekile yokusebenza ngaphakathi kwezindawo zokugcina nokuphatha i-propylene. Ekuphathweni kwesitoreji, akunqumi nje kuphela ukuthi ithangi ligcwele kangakanani, kodwa nokuthi ligcina isisindo esingakanani ngempela—umehluko obalulekile lapho ama-level gauges ethangi ebika ivolumu, kodwa izimpahla zithengiswa ngesisindo. Ukuze kulinganiswe izinto, kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukugeleza kwenqubo kubalwa ngokunembile, kubalulekile kokubili ekusebenzeni okuqhubekayo kanye nasebatch.
Ekulungiseleleni izitsha zokudla zamayunithi okusabela, njengalawo asezitshalweni zokuhlanzwa kwe-propylene noma ze-polymerization, ukwazi ubuningi obuqondile kuqinisekisa ukwakheka kokudla okulungile kanye nokuqina kwenqubo, okuthonya ngqo ikhwalithi yokukhipha. Amaphutha ekulinganisweni kobuningi angabangela umkhiqizo ongacacisiwe, ukusetshenziswa okungekuhle kwe-catalyst, noma ngisho nezimo eziyingozi ngenxa yemikhumbi egcwele ngokweqile enkonzweni ecindezelekile.
Ngokombono wokuthobela imithetho, izinhlangano ezilawulayo zigunyaza ukulinganiswa kobuningi obuqinile kanye nokubhalwa kwamakhemikhali ashintshashintshayo, kokubili ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha komphakathi kanye nokwenza ukuthengiselana kwemakethe kube ngokwejwayelekile. Imisebenzi yezimboni ehlose ukusebenza kahle incike kulolu lwazi hhayi nje ekuhlangabezaneni nezisekelo zomthetho, kodwa nasekuthuthukiseni ukusetshenziswa kwemishini, ukwandisa isivuno, kanye nokunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi esingahleliwe—konke okuncike ekubeni namanani obuningi obunokwethenjelwa, obunembile obutholakalayo kuzo zonke izindawo zenqubo.
Ngakho-ke, ukulinganisa ubuningi obufanele bezinto eziwuketshezi ezifana ne-propylene akuyona into evamile, kodwa kuyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, ikhwalithi, kanye nokuphepha kuyo yonke impilo yokugcina, ukuthuthwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-propylene.
Izicelo kanye Nezidingo Zekhwalithi ze-Polymer-Grade Propylene
I-propylene yezinga le-polymer, enamazinga okuhlanzeka angaphezu kuka-99.5%, iyindlela eyinhloko yokusabela ekukhiqizweni kwe-polypropylene kanye nohlu olubanzi lwama-polymer athuthukile. Ukucaciswa kwayo okuqinile kokuhlanzeka akuyona into engahleliwe kodwa kuyisidingo esiqondile esinqunywa ukuzwela kwama-catalyst e-polymerization yesimanje, ikakhulukazi i-Ziegler-Natta kanye nezinhlelo ze-metallocene. Ngisho nezinto ezingcolisayo—ama-acetylenes, ama-compounds aqukethe i-sulfur noma i-nitrogen, ama-oxygenates, nama-hydrocarbon athile—angabulala ama-catalyst, abangele ukungcola okungenakuguqulwa, futhi anciphise kakhulu isivuno se-polymer kanye nokusebenza kahle kwenqubo.
Indima Njenge-Reaction Feed ye-Polypropylene kanye ne-Advanced Polymers
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-polypropylene kuncike ekuhlinzekweni okuqhubekayo kwe-propylene ye-polymer-grade, lapho ukungcola kugcinwe khona ngaphansi kakhulu kwezingxenye-ngesigidi, kanti kwezinye ubuthi, ngaphansi kwamazinga ezingxenye-ngesigidigidi. Izinhlelo ze-catalyst ze-Ziegler-Natta, eziyisisekelo sokukhiqizwa kwe-polypropylene ye-isotactic, zisengozini enkulu yokugxila okuncane kakhulu kobuthi njengamanzi, i-oxygen, i-carbon monoxide, noma i-methylacetylene. Lokhu kungcola akugcini nje ngokuvala izindawo ezisebenzayo ze-catalyst kodwa kuthinta kakhulu ukwakheka kwekristalu, ukusatshalaliswa kwesisindo sama-molecule, kanye nokucaciswa kwe-polymer ekhiqizwayo.
Ubudlelwano obuqondile phakathi komthwalo wokungcola kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-catalyst kuholela emiphumeleni emikhulu yezindleko. Ukushintsha njalo i-catalyst, ukumiswa kwenqubo okungahleliwe, kanye nokukhiqizwa komkhiqizo omkhulu ongaphandle kwe-spec konke kungabangelwa ukwehluleka kwekhwalithi yokufaka. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlanzwa kwe-propylene okuqhubekayo akuyona into yokunethezeka kodwa kuyisidingo sokusebenza okuthembekile nokunenzuzo.
Ukusetshenziswa Okwengeziwe Kwezinto Eziphakathi Kwamakhemikhali kanye Nokwenziwa Okukhethekile
Ngale kwe-polypropylene, i-propylene yezinga le-polymer iyingxenye ebalulekile yezindlela eziningana zokukhiqiza amakhemikhali anenani eliphezulu. Isekela ukwakheka kwe-acrylic acid ngokusebenzisa i-catalytic oxidation enezigaba ezimbili kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-cumene nge-alkylation ye-benzene. Zombili lezi zinqubo zithembele ekuphekeni okuhlanzekile okuphezulu:
- Ekukhiqizweni kwe-acrylic acid, ngisho nezinto ezincane ezingcolisayo zesulfure noma ze-oxygenate zingavala ama-catalyst oqobo e-oxidation, zehlise isivuno noma zikhuthaze imikhiqizo engafuneki.
- Ukwenziwa kwe-Cumene ngokufanayo kuncike ekuhlanzekeni kwe-propylene ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-zeolite catalyst ihlala isikhathi eside kanye nokukhetha kokuguqulwa, lapho izitshalo zezimboni ezibhalwe phansi zifinyelela ukuguqulwa okungu->99.999% kanye nokuhlanzeka komkhiqizo okungu->99.97% uma kusetshenziswa ukudla okuhlanzwe kahle.
Izicelo ezikhethekile, njenge-polyol, i-plasticizer, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-surfactant, zifaka izidingo zokuhlanzeka kwe-propylene ezidinga ngokulinganayo, okwenza ukudla okungeyona i-spec kube yingozi kwezobuchwepheshe nakwezomnotho.
Inani Lebhizinisi Lokugcina Ubumsulwa Bezinga Le-Polymer Ekugcinweni Nasekusatshalalisweni
Isidingo sokuhweba sidlulela kulo lonke uchungechunge lwenani le-propylene. Ngesikhathi sokugcina nokuthuthwa—ngokuvamile ezitsheni noma ezindizeni ezicindezelwe—i-propylene yezinga le-polymer ihlala isengozini yokungcoliswa umswakama ongokwemvelo, ukuphuma kwezinto ezitsheni, ama-hydrocarbon, kanye nomoya-mpilo. Ngisho nokungcola okuncane kungatholakala endaweni yokusetshenziswa nge-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS noma i-GC-ICP-MS), okuvame ukubangela ukwenqatshwa kwe-batch noma ukuhlanzwa kokulungisa.
Izindinganiso zemboni (isb., i-ASTM D5273) zigunyaza ukuqoshwa okuphelele kokungcola kuzo zonke izindawo ezinkulu zokudluliselwa kokugcinwa. Amasu okusebenza asebenzisa ukuphathwa okuqinile kwamasampula, i-chromatography yegesi eku-inthanethi, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokulinganisa ubuningi obuqhubekayo ukuqapha ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Isibonelo, ukulinganisa ubuningi boketshezi lwe-propylene kubalulekile hhayi nje ekudlulisweni kokugcinwa kodwa futhi njengendlela yokulawula ikhwalithi engaqondile: ukuphambuka ekuxineni koketshezi okulindelekile kungabonisa ukungena kokungcola noma ukuhlukahluka kokwakheka. Amamitha obuningi obungaphakathi, njengalawo e-Lonnmeter, ahlinzeka ngokuqinisekiswa kwesikhathi sangempela kobuningi be-propylene yoketshezi kulo lonke ukudluliselwa nokugcinwa.
Ishadi elingezansi lifingqa ubudlelwano phakathi kobumsulwa be-propylene, isikhathi sokuphila kwe-catalyst, kanye namathuba okuvalwa okungahleliwe:
Ukwanda kokuhlanzeka kwe-propylene kuphumela ekwandisweni okukhulu kobude bokusebenza kwe-catalyst kanye nokuncipha kwemvamisa yokuphazamiseka kwenqubo (idatha elungisiwe ezifundweni zakamuva ezibuyekezwe ontanga).
Ukuphathwa nokugcinwa kwe-propylene ewuketshezi ngempumelelo—okuqinisekisa ukuminyana okuphezulu kwe-propylene ewuketshezi kanye nokuhlanzeka kwamakhemikhali okungaguquki—ngaleyo ndlela kusekela ukuthembeka kwesitshalo, imininingwane yamakhasimende, kanye nenzuzo yebhizinisi iyonke. Ukulawulwa okuqinile ngesikhathi sokugcina nokusabalalisa, okusekelwa izindlela ezinembile zokulinganisa ukuminyana koketshezi kanye nokutholwa kokungcola okuthuthukisiwe kokuhlaziya, kuvikela ubuqotho bomkhiqizo kulo lonke uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka.
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Iyini inqubo yokuhlanzwa kwe-propylene ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezindinganiso zezinga le-polymer?
I-propylene yezinga le-polymer kumele idlule ubumsulwa obungu-99.5%, ngamazinga aphansi kakhulu e-propane kanye nokungcola okumbalwa. Ngokomlando, ukucwiliswa kwengxenye okudinga amandla amaningi kube umgogodla wokuhlanza, okuhlukanisa i-propylene kuma-hydrocarbon afanayo njenge-propane. Ngenxa yamaphuzu abilayo afanayo, le nqubo ibhekene nezinselele ze-thermodynamic kanye nezindleko zokusebenza eziphezulu.
Intuthuko yakamuva ibeka phambili ubuchwepheshe bokunamathela kanye nobuchwepheshe obusekelwe ku-membrane ukuze kukhethwe kahle futhi kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ama-Adsorbent afana ne-Cu-MOF-74 asebenzisa ubukhulu be-pore obuklanywe ngobunjiniyela kanye nezindawo zensimbi ezivulekile ukuze abambe ngokukhetha ukungcola—ikakhulukazi ama-propane nama-trace alkanes—okuvumela ukuhlanzwa kwesinyathelo esisodwa. Ukusebenza kahle kwezinhlelo ezinjalo kuncike ekulawulweni ngokucophelela kwezinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, kanye nesivinini sokugeleza. Izifundo zelebhu kanye nezinga lokuhlola ziqinisekisa ukuthi la ma-adsorbent angavuselelwa izikhathi eziningi ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukusebenza okuphawulekayo, okusekela ukuguquguquka kwezimboni. Izakhiwo ze-adsorbent ezilungisiwe kahle manje nazo zisusa ububanzi obuningi bokungcola okuhlanganisa ama-sulfur compounds nama-alkynes, okuhambisana nezidingo ze-polymerization catalyst.
Ukuhlukaniswa okusekelwe kulwelwesi kunikeza enye indlela, ngezinhlobo zesimanje ze-organosilica ezifinyelela ukukhetha okuphezulu kanye nokuqina okuqinile. Izindlela ze-Membrane zihlukanisa i-propylene ngokusebenzisa umehluko omncane ngobukhulu bama-molecule kanye nezici zokungena, okwenza zifaneleke kakhulu lapho kudingeka ubumsulwa obuphezulu kakhulu.
Kungani ikhwalithi yokudla kokusabela ibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwe-polypropylene?
Ukufeza nokugcina ubumsulwa obuphezulu ekudleni kokusabela kubalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwe-polypropylene. Ama-catalyst asetshenziswa ekwenzeni i-polymerization azwela ukungcola okufana ne-sulfur, izinsimbi, ama-oxygenates, namanye ama-hydrocarbon. Ngisho nokungcola okuncane kungalimaza izindawo ze-catalyst ezisebenzayo, okuholela ekunciphiseni umsebenzi, ukwanda kwamazinga omkhiqizo ophumayo, kanye nokuphila okufushane kwe-catalyst. Ukudla kokusabela okuhlanzekile okuphezulu kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-catalyst, izakhiwo ze-polymer ezizinzile, kanye nesivuno esiqhubekayo. Izindinganiso zomthetho nazo zigunyaza imikhawulo yokungcola ukuvikela kokubili ukuphepha kwenqubo kanye nekhwalithi ye-polymer, okwenza ukuhlanzwa nokuqapha ngokucophelela kwe-feedstock kubaluleke kakhulu.
Ukugcinwa nokuphathwa kwe-propylene kufanele kuphathwe kanjani ngokuphephile?
I-Propylene igcinwa emathangini acindezelwe noma aqandisiwe aklanyelwe ngqo amagesi avuthayo. Lawa matangi kumele afakwe ama-valve okunciphisa ukucindezeleka, izilawuli zokushisa, kanye nezindlela zokuthola nokuphatha ukuvuza. Izindawo zokugcina zidinga umoya opholile oqinile kanye nokukhishwa okuqinile kwemithombo yokushisa. Ukuhlolwa okuvamile kanye nokugcinwa kunciphisa izingozi zokuvuza kanye nokwehluleka. Ukuqeqesha abaqhubi ngokuphatha nokudlulisa i-propylene ye-polymer grade, okuhlanganisa nokusetshenziswa kwemishini yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu, kuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabasebenzi kanye nempahla yesitshalo. Njalo landela imithetho yendawo yokugcina izinto eziyingozi.
Yini enquma ubuningi be-propylene ewuketshezi, futhi kungani kubalulekile?
Ubuningi be-propylene yoketshezi buxhomeke kakhulu ekushiseni nasekucindezelweni. Njengoba noma yikuphi ukushintshashintsha okuguquguqukayo, nobuningi obulinganiswayo bushintsha—isici esibalulekile sosayizi wethangi, ukubalwa kwebhalansi yesisindo, ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa, kanye nomodeli wenqubo. Amaphutha amancane ekulinganiseni ubuningi be-propylene yoketshezi angaholela ekungafani okukhulu ekulawulweni kwempahla noma kokugeleza, okugcizelela isidingo sokuqapha okunembile nokuqhubekayo ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza nokugcina.
Ulinganisa kanjani ubuningi boketshezi olufana ne-propylene?
Indlela enembile kakhulu yokulinganisa ubuningi boketshezi, kufaka phakathi i-propylene, yi-densitometer ye-U-tube ejikelezayo. Le divayisi idlidliza ithubhu egcwele uketshezi lwesampula futhi ilinganise izinguquko kumvamisa yokuguquguquka, okuhambisana ngqo nobuningi. Ukulinganiswa okufanele kanye nokulawulwa okuqinile kokushisa kanye nengcindezi kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka. Ezinye izindlela zifaka ama-hydrometer esandla kanye nama-pycnometer, kodwa lawa afanele izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho izidingo zokusebenzisa noma zokunemba zingaqinile kangako. Amamitha obuningi bedijithali angaphakathi, njengalawo akhiqizwe yiLonnmeter, angafakwa ukuze kuqashwe ngesikhathi sangempela futhi kulawulwe inqubo. Ukulungiselela isampula—ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhishwe ugesi futhi isezingeni lokushisa elilinganayo—kuthuthukisa ukunemba kokulinganisa.
Yiziphi izingozi kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha ezidingekayo lapho kuphathwa i-propylene yezinga le-polymer?
I-propylene yezinga le-polymer iyasha kakhulu. Ukushisa kungavela ekukhishweni okungashukumi, amalangabi avulekile, noma ngisho nasezindaweni ezishisayo. Ukuphathwa kudinga ukuhambisana ngokugcwele neziqondiso zemishini yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu, ukuvalwa kwenqubo eqinile, kanye nokukhishwa okuqinile kwemithombo yokushisa. Imisebenzi yokugcina nokudlulisa kumele yenziwe ezindaweni ezinomoya omuhle. Izinhlelo zokuthola ukuvuza kanye nezinqubo ze-alamu zibalulekile ekuhlonzeni izingozi kusenesikhathi. Wonke amapayipi namathangi kufanele ahlolwe njalo ukuze kutholakale ukucindezeleka nokugqwala. Izinqubo eziphuthumayo zokuchitheka noma ukuvuza, okuhlanganisa izinhlelo zokuvimba nokukhipha, kumele zibhalwe phansi futhi zibholwe.
Kungani i-propylene yezinga le-polymer ikhethwa emifudlaneni ethile yokukhiqiza amakhemikhali?
Ubumsulwa be-propylene yezinga le-polymer bunikeza izinzuzo ezihlukile ekukhiqizeni okungezansi. Ubumsulwa obuphezulu buthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokusabela, kunciphisa ukwakheka kwemikhiqizo engafuneki, futhi kusekela ukukhiqizwa kwe-polymer okuqhubekayo, kwekhwalithi ephezulu. Njengoba ama-catalyst anamuhla esengozini yokungcola, i-propylene emsulwa kakhulu kuphela eqinisekisa ukusebenza kwenqubo okuthembekile kanye nokuhambisana nemininingwane eqinile yomkhiqizo edingekayo ekusetshenzisweni okubalulekile njengokupakisha ukudla kanye nezingxenye zezimoto.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 18-2025
