Ukuphathwa okuphumelelayo kwemithombo yokujova amanzi ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ezingafani kuncike ekulawulweni okunembile kwephrofayili kanye nokusetshenziswa okunesu kwama-plugging agents. Lawa ma-agent—njenge-chemical gels, i-polyacrylamide (PAM) microspheres, kanye ne-polyethylene glycol (PEG)—aklanyelwe ukuvimba izindawo zokungena kwamanzi amaningi futhi aqinisekise ukuhamba okulinganiselayo kwamanzi ajovwe kulo lonke idamu. Le nqubo ibaluleke kakhulu emasimini lapho ukungafani kokungena kwamanzi kuye kwanda khona ngenxa yokukhiqizwa kwesikhathi eside, okuholela ekugelezeni kwamanzi okungalingani kanye namazinga okunciphisa ukubuyiswa kwama-hydrocarbon.
Ikhono lokuqapha nokulawula ubuningi bama-plugging agents ngesikhathi sangempela liyisisekelo sokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwawo kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwawo. Ukulinganiswa kobuningi obuqondile kunikeza idatha eqhubekayo ngezakhiwo zoketshezi ngqo ngaphakathi kwepayipi lokujova, okuvumela ukulungiswa okusheshayo nokunciphisa izingozi zokusebenza. Ukulandelela kwesikhathi sangempela kusekela impendulo enamandla ezimweni ezishintshashintshayo zamachibi futhi kukhuthaza ukuthunyelwa okusebenzayo kwama-agent okulawula iphrofayili yamakhemikhali emithonjeni yokujova amanzi.
Emisebenzini yasezindaweni zikawoyela, ukuqinisekisa ubuningi obufanele bama-ejenti okuxhuma—njengezinhlelo ze-PAM zokuthuthukisa ukubuyiswa kukawoyela—kubalulekile. Ukufinyelela ubuningi bama-ejenti obuhle kuthinta kokubili ukusebenza kahle kokuxhuma kanye nokuqina kwesikhathi eside ngaphakathi kwedamu, kuyilapho ubuningi obungafanele bungabangela ukuhambisana okungekuhle kanye nokuncipha kokusebenza kahle kokukhuhla. Ucwaningo lwakamuva olubuyekezwe ontanga lubonisa ukuthi izinhlelo zanamuhla zokulinganisa ubuningi be-inline ngesikhathi sangempela zibalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono ubuningi bama-ejenti okuxhuma amakhemikhali, ukunciphisa imfucuza yomkhiqizo, kanye nokuthuthukisa imiphumela yokubuyisa uwoyela.
Ubuchwepheshe Bokuthuthukiswa Komjovo Wamanzi
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Ukuqonda Imithombo Yokujova Amanzi kanye Namadamu Ahlukahlukene
Imithombo yokujova amanzi idlala indima ebalulekile ekubuyiselweni kwamafutha okwesibili ngokugcina ingcindezi yendawo yokugcina amanzi kanye nokushayela uwoyela emithonjeni yokukhiqiza. Lapho izindlela zokushayela zemvelo zincipha, ukukhukhula kwamanzi kwengeza ingcindezi futhi kwandise ukubuyiselwa kwamafutha, okuvame ukukhulisa isici sokubuyiselwa ngamaphesenti afinyelela ku-50 wamafutha okuqala akhona. Ukubekwa okuhle kanye namaphethini okujova—njengezinhlelo zezindawo ezinhlanu noma ze-line-drive—kuhlelwe ngokwejiyometri ezithile zendawo yokugcina amanzi kanye nezindawo zokucindezela kwe-capillary, kusetshenziswa kokubili ukusebenza kahle kokujika okuqondile kanye nokwe-areal ukuze kwandiswe umkhiqizo.
Amadamu ahlukene aletha izinselele ezihlukile ezenza kube nzima ukusatshalaliswa kwamanzi ajoviwe ngokulinganayo. Lokhu kwakheka kuvame ukuba nokwehluka okukhulu kokuvuleka kwamanzi ngaphakathi kwezingqimba kanye naphakathi kwezingqimba. Isibonelo, izendlalelo zokuvuleka kwamanzi okuphezulu zakha izindlela ezikhethwayo zokugeleza kwamanzi, kuyilapho izindawo zokuvuleka kwamanzi okuncane zingase zidlulwe kakhulu. Ukwehluka okunjalo kuholela ekukhukhuleni okungalingani, ukugeleza kwamanzi okusheshayo ezindaweni ezivelele, kanye namafutha amile ezindaweni ezingakashanelwa.
Izinkinga ezivame kakhulu kulezi zindawo zokugcina amanzi zifaka phakathi ukujova amanzi okungalingani, ukugoba, kanye nokulahlekelwa ukusebenza kahle kokushelela. Ukujova okungalingani kuholela ekufudukeni koketshezi okungalingani, lapho amanzi ajovwe ethanda izendlalelo noma ukuqhekeka okuxhumene kahle, okukwazi ukungena kalula. Ukugoba kwenzeka lapho amanzi ehamba ngokuthanda ezindaweni ezintshontshiwe noma iziteshi ezinkulu, edlula amavolumu amakhulu agcwele uwoyela—ngisho noma ukujova kubonakala kwanele. Lokhu kuvamile emasimini anezingqimba eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukuqhekeka okuqondile, noma ukuxhumana okuqinile kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi.
Ukulahlekelwa ukusebenza kahle kokukhuhla kuwumphumela oqondile, njengoba ukwanda kwamanzi ajovwe kungafinyelela emithonjeni ekhiqizayo ngaphandle kokuthinta izindawo ezicebile ngamafutha ezazingakhuhliwe ngaphambili. Isibonelo, amanzi angahamba ngokushesha endaweni entshontshiwe, abonise ukuphuphuma kwamanzi kusenesikhathi futhi anciphise ukubuyiswa kwamafutha ezikhawulweni eziseduze. Lezi zimo zichazwa ngobuningi kusetshenziswa amamodeli ahlobanisa amazinga okukhuhla amanzi, amaphrofayili okuvuleka kwamanzi, kanye nedatha yokugeleza kwamanzi eguquguqukayo.
Amasu okunciphisa ngempumelelo lezi zinkinga ahlanganisa ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela, ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali, kanye nokuphathwa kokujova okuguquguqukayo. Amasu afana nama-ejenti okulawula iphrofayili, ama-ejenti okuxhuma, kanye nokujova kwamanzi okuhlukaniswe noma okucindezelwe ayacwaningwa ukuze kulwiswane nokusatshalaliswa okungalingani kanye nokuhambisa. Ukulinganisa ubuningi besikhathi sangempela—kusetshenziswa imishini ehambisana nama-ejenti okuxhuma noma ama-ejenti okulawula iphrofayili asebenza kahle avela kubakhiqizi abanjengoLonnmeter—kuvumela ukulungiswa okunembile kanye nokwenza ngcono amazinga amakhemikhali ngaphakathi komjovo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-ejenti okuxhuma agcina izakhiwo ezifiselekayo, athuthukisa ukuhambisana kanye nokushanela ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezingafani.
I-Polyacrylamide (PAM) kanye nezinye izinto zokuxhuma ezithuthukisiwe zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekulawuleni iphrofayili ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ezingafani. Ukusebenza kwazo kuncike ekulinganisweni kobuningi obunembile kanye nokusatshalaliswa ngaphakathi kwemigqa yokujova, okungaqashwa emgqeni ukuze kulungiswe ngesikhathi sangempela. Ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obunjalo, abaqhubi babhekana nezinkinga eziyinhloko ezihlobene nokujova kwamanzi ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ezingafani—ukuletha ukululama okuthuthukisiwe, ukukhiqizwa kwamanzi okuncishisiwe, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokusebenza.
Ama-ejenti Okulawula Iphrofayela: Izinhlobo, Imisebenzi, kanye Nezindlela Zokukhetha
Ama-ejenti okulawula iphrofayili (ama-PCA) adlala indima ebalulekile ekuphatheni imithombo yokujova amanzi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ezingafani lapho iziteshi zokungena kwamanzi eziningi zingabangela ukunqunywa kwamanzi ngokweqile kanye nezindawo zikawoyela ezingadluli. Ama-ejenti ahlukaniswa kakhulu njengama-gel—ikakhulukazi i-Polyacrylamide (PAM), ama-microspheres, izinto ezisekelwe ku-PEG, kanye nezinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe noma ezihlanganisiwe, ngayinye eyenzelwe izinselele ezithile zamachibi.
Amajeli e-Polyacrylamide asetshenziswa kabanzi ngenxa yamakhono awo okuxhuma aqinile. I-PAM ingakhiwa njengamajeli e-situ noma amajeli e-particle alungisiwe (ama-PPG), avuvukala emanzini anosawoti, anikeza usayizi olawulwayo kanye nokuqina okuthuthukisiwe. Amajeli asekelwe ku-PAM aguquliwe afaka i-nano silica, i-cellulose, i-graphite, nezinye izithasiselo ukwandisa amandla okusebenza futhi amelane nokuwohloka ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nosawoti. Lokhu kuthuthuka kubonise ukusebenza kahle kokuxhuma, lapho ukuhlakazeka kwamajeli kufinyelela amazinga angaphezu kuka-86% ekulingiseni kwe-sand-pack futhi kuletha ukwanda kokubuyisa uwoyela kufika ku-35%, okuwusizo kakhulu ezindaweni zikawoyela ezingafani.
Ama-Microsphere aklanyelwe ukuxhumanisa okungokoqobo nokunwebekayo. Asuka ezindaweni ezinkulu ze-pore aye kwezincane, evimba ngokuphindaphindiwe, eshintshashintsha, futhi ehamba ngemiphimbo ye-pore. Lo mjikelezo wokuxhumanisa-ukuguquguquka-ukufuduka-ukuxhumanisa uphambukisa amanzi ezindaweni ezivumela amanzi ukungena kalula, ngaleyo ndlela uthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokuhamba. Ukuhlolwa kwe-NMR kanye ne-CT imaging kuqinisekisile ukusebenza kwawo ekunciphiseni ukusika kwamanzi nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokudonsa amanzi ngokuqondisa ngokukhetha iziteshi ezihamba phambili kakhulu ngaphakathi kwedamu.
Ama-ejenti asekelwe ku-PEG ayaziswa ngenxa yokuqina kwawo kanye nokukhukhumala kwawo, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene ezindawo zokugcina amanzi. Ukusebenza kwawo kokuxhuma kuvame ukwenziwa ngendlela yokuxhumanisa, okunikeza ukuguquguquka kokusetshenziswa ezinhlakeni ezihlanganisiwe noma eziqhekekile. Ama-ejenti ahlanganisiwe, angafaka izakhi zama-gel, ama-microspheres, kanye ne-PEG, anikeza izindlela eziningi zokulawula ukuvumelana, ikakhulukazi lapho ukungafani kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi kuvimbela ukubuyiswa kwamafutha.
Izindlela zokulawula iphrofayili zivame ukuhilela ukuxhuma izindawo ezivuleka kakhulu, ukuphambukisa amanzi ajoviwe kude nezindlela ezazikhona ngaphambili, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokuthutha uwoyela ovalelekile. Amajeli e-polymer, njenge-PAM, akha izakhiwo ezisendaweni noma izinhlayiya ezifakiwe ezivimba futhi ziqinise izindawo eziqondiwe. Ama-Microsphere asebenzisa ukuguquguquka kanye nokukhubazeka ukuze athuthe futhi axhumeke kahle, kuyilapho izinto ze-PEG zinikeza ukuhambisana okuqhubekayo ngenxa yokuqina kwazo kwamakhemikhali nokushisa.
Izindlela zokukhetha ama-PCA zinqunywa ngokuhambisana noketshezi lwe-reservoir, ukuzinza ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kokushisa namakhemikhali, ukusebenza kwe-plugging maqondana nephrofayili yokungena kwe-reservoir, kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo zomjovo oguquguqukayo. Ukuvumelana kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-ejenti isebenzisana kahle nama-brine e-reservoir ngaphandle kokunisela noma ukuwohloka. Ukuzinza—kokubili kwamakhemikhali nokushisa—kuyisisekelo sokubekezelela izindawo ezinzima, njengoba kuboniswe ukuthuthukiswa kwe-PAM ngezithasiselo ze-nano kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezibekezelela ukushisa nosawoti.
Ukusebenza kahle kokuxhuma kuhlolwa ngokuhlolwa kwezikhukhula zelebhu, ukulinganisa ingcindezi yokuqhuma, kanye nokuqapha ubuningi ngesikhathi sangempela. Imishini yokulinganisa ubuningi beLonnmeter kanye nezinhlelo eziqondile zinegalelo ekwenzeni ngcono ubuningi be-agent yokuxhuma ngamakhemikhali, okuvumela opharetha ukuthi balungise ukwakheka ngesikhathi sangempela ukuze kube nomphumela omkhulu. Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kuhlobene kakhulu nekhono le-agent lokugcina ukuxhuma ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwedamu, izakhiwo ze-pore eziguquguqukayo, kanye namazinga okujova ashintshashintshayo.
Ukulawulwa kwephrofayili okuphumelelayo kwemithombo yokujova amanzi kuncike ekuhlaziyweni okujulile kokungafani kwamachibi, ukufanisa ngokucophelela uhlobo lwe-ejenti kanye nesu lokusebenzisa, kanyeukulinganiswa kobuningi okuqhubekayoukuze kufakwe amakhemikhali ukuze kuthuthukiswe kokubili ukukhethwa kanye nemiphumela yesikhathi eside. Izicelo ze-PAM ezindaweni zokugcina izinto ezingafani, izixazululo ze-PEG, kanye nobuchwepheshe be-microsphere ziyaqhubeka nokukhula, zisekelwa izinhlelo zokulandelela kanye nokuqapha i-agent density ngesikhathi sangempela ezisetshenziswayo endaweni kawoyela.
Ama-plugging Agents kanye Nendima Yobuningi Ekusebenzeni Kahle Kohlelo Lokusebenza
Ama-plugging agent asebenza njengezinto ezibalulekile zokulawula iphrofayili yemithombo yokujova amanzi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ezingafani. Imisebenzi yawo eyinhloko ihlanganisa ukuphatha ukugeleza kwegesi, ukulawula ukujova kanye nokucindezela kwe-reservoir, kanye nokukhulisa amazinga okubuyisa uwoyela. Ngokubhekisisa izindawo ezivumela ukungena kwamanzi okuphezulu noma "amasela", la ma-agent aqondisa amanzi noma igesi elijoviwe kusuka eziteshini zokugeleza ezidumile ziye ezindaweni ezingakashanelwa, ezivumela ukungena kwamanzi okuncane, andise ukusebenza kahle kokushelela futhi asuse uwoyela osele. Isibonelo, ama-microsphere e-polymer amelana ne-acid angafinyelela izinga lokuxhuma elifinyelela ku-95% futhi athuthukise ukubuyiselwa kwamafutha ngaphezu kuka-21%, ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezinzima ze-acidic kanye ne-supercritical CO₂. Ama-plugging agent asekelwe ku-gel avimba ngokukhethekile ukuqhekeka ngokukhiqizwa kwamanzi amaningi noma igesi ngenkathi eshiya izindawo ezicebile ngowoyela zingathinteki kakhulu, ngokuyisisekelo zisekela ukukhiqizwa okuqhubekayo kanye nempilo ye-reservoir.
Ubuningi bama-ejenti okuxhuma—okuboniswa njengokugxila noma isisindo ngeyunithi ngayinye—budlala indima eqondile ekusebenzeni komjovo kanye nokulawula ukushelela. I-ejenti yokuxhuma ephezulu yokulawula iphrofayili yesitsha ngokuvamile ithuthukisa ikhono le-ejenti lokungena nokuvimba izindawo zokungena okuphezulu ngenkathi iqinisekisa ukuthi izinto aziphazamisi kakhulu izendlalelo eziphansi zokungena okucebile ngamafutha. Isibonelo, ama-ejenti asekelwe ku-polymer anamaphrofayili e-viscosity aklanyelwe wona (ancike emiphumeleni yokunciphisa ukucheba ngamazinga aphezulu omjovo) aboniswe ukuthi athinta ukubekwa, ukujula kokufuduka, kanye nokusebenza kahle okukhethayo. Ukulinganiswa kobuningi be-inline yama-ejenti okuxhuma kubalulekile ekusebenzeni; kwenza kube lula ukulandelwa kobuningi bama-ejenti amakhemikhali ngesikhathi sangempela, kuqinisekisa umthamo ofanele kanye nezakhiwo ze-rheological ezihambisanayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokushelela nokugwema umonakalo wokwakheka. Imishini yokulinganisa ubuningi be-inline ye-Lonnmeter yokujova ngamakhemikhali inikeza impendulo yedatha esheshayo ngesikhathi sokuthunyelwa kwama-ejenti, isekela opharetha abahlose ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-ejenti yokulawula iphrofayili yensimu yamafutha emithonjeni yokujova amanzi.
Izinhlanganisela zama-ejenti okuxhuma ziye zashintsha ukuze zilethe imiphumela yokusebenzisana, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zama-reservoir. Ama-gel e-polymer, ama-microsphere, nama-polymer axhumene njenge-Polyacrylamide (PAM) avame ukuhlanganiswa ukuze kusetshenziswe izindlela eziningi—ukuvimba ngokomzimba, ukubopha okubonakalayo, kanye nokuziphilisa. Isibonelo, izinhlelo ze-hydrogel/microsphere ezihlanganisiwe zisebenzisa i-PAM ukuhlanganisa ukuvuvukala, ukumuncwa kwamanzi, kanye nokuzilungisa; lezi zici zisiza ukugcina ubuqotho be-plug futhi zivumelane nemifantu noma iziteshi ezisanda kwakheka. Izinhlelo zamakhemikhali ezihambisanayo zivame ukuhlanganisa ama-nanoemulsion noma amanethiwekhi e-polymer ahlakaniphile angazivumelanisa ne-viscosity kanye nobuningi ngokuguquguqukayo ngokusekelwe ezimweni zokugeleza kwama-reservoir. Izifundo zasensimini ziqokomisa ukuthi ama-ejenti okulawula iphrofayili yokusebenza okuphezulu ahlelwe njengezinhlanganisela eziningi aletha ukuxhuma okungcono kakhulu, ukulawula amanzi okuqinile, kanye nokukhukhuleka okujulile, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwezimo eziyinselele ezivezwa yizilungiselelo ze-geological eziphukile noma ezicebile nge-carbonate.
Kuqiniswa ukuqapha okuqhubekayo ngesikhathi sangempela kusetshenziswa izinhlelo zokulinganisa ubuningi be-oyela, ukusetshenziswa kwama-plugging agents asebenzayo emithonjeni yokujova amanzi manje sekulungele izinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi nezingafani zamachibi. Lobu buchwepheshe buhlinzeka ngokuqinisekiswa kokusebenza, bunciphisa imfucuza yezinto ezibonakalayo, futhi buqhuba amazinga aphezulu okubuyisa uwoyela ngokusebenzisa ukulungiswa kobuningi kanye nomklamo wokwakheka ohlakaniphile wama-plugging agents amakhemikhali ekusetshenzisweni kwe-oyela.
Ukulinganiswa Kobuningi Be-Agent Yokuxhuma: Isihluthulelo Semisebenzi Elungiselelwe
Ukulinganisa ngokunembile ubuningi be-agent yokuxhuma kubalulekile kulo lonke ukulungiswa kwe-agent, ukuxuba, kanye nokufaka, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezinzima zama-reservoirs ajulile, ahlukene. Imithombo yokujova amanzi ithembele kuma-agent okuxhuma asebenzayo—njenge-polyacrylamide (PAM), ama-starch gels aguquliwe, kanye nezinhlayiya ezinwebekayo—ukulawula amaphrofayili oketshezi nokuthuthukisa ukubuyiswa kukawoyela okuthuthukisiwe. Ukwehluka kobuningi be-agent kungathinta hhayi kuphela ukusebenza kahle kokubekwa kodwa futhi nokuhambisana kwesikhathi eside kwama-agent ajovayo kuma-matrices ayinkimbinkimbi e-reservoirs.
Ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ezijulile nezingafani, ukugcina ubuningi obufanele bama-plugging agents kuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhiwo zokugeleza kwe-agents zihambisana nezindawo eziqondiwe, kuvinjelwe ukugqashuka kwangaphambi kwesikhathi noma ukusatshalaliswa okungalingani. Isibonelo, ama-agents okulawula iphrofayili asekelwe ku-PAM avame ukudinga ukulungiswa kobuningi ukuze avumelane namandla okuxhuma kanye nokujula kokufuduka, ikakhulukazi lapho ukungafani kokungena kwamanzi kubangela ukujikeleza okusheshayo. Empeleni, ama-agents okulawula iphrofayili asebenza kahle kakhulu—ahlelwe ngobuningi kanye nokuhlushwa—avumela ukuphambuka okunembe kakhudlwana, njengoba ama-slugs aminyene eduze kwe-wellbor eletha ukuxhuma okuqinile, kuyilapho ama-agents axubile ehamba ngokujulile ukuze kusebenze kahle kakhulu.
Indawo yokusebenza ibeka izidingo ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe. Ama-pluging agents afana nama-starch gels aguquliwe ane-ethylenediamine, njengoba kuboniswe ezifundweni zakamuva zelebhu, akhulisa ngokushesha ingcindezi yokwakheka futhi anciphise ukunqunywa kwamanzi uma elinganiswa ngokunembile ngokwesilinganiso sawo esilinganisiwe. Ngokufanayo, izinhlayiya ze-graphite ezinwebekayo, ezenzelwe izindawo zokugcina i-carbonate ezinokushisa okuphezulu, ezinosawoti omningi, zithola izinguquko ezinkulu zevolumu—ukwanda okuphindwe kathathu kuya ku-8—okushintsha ukuqina kwazo kokumiswa ngakho-ke ukusebenza kahle kwazo kokuxhuma. Ukulinganiswa kokuqina okuqondile kubalulekile ukuze kulungiswe lezi zinguquko zesakhiwo ezisheshayo, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokujikeleza kokufakwa okuphezulu.
Izindlela zokulinganisa isampula ezivamile kanye nezindlela zokulinganisa ubuningi obungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi ziletha izithiyo ezinkulu zokusebenza. Uhlobo oluqhubekayo lokuhlola ngesandla luwenza angafaneleki ukuthola ukuguquguquka okusheshayo kokuhlushwa kwe-ejenti ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwensimu enamandla. Ukubambezeleka phakathi kokuqoqwa kwamasampula, ukuhlaziywa kwelabhorethri, kanye nokuphendula egumbini lokulawula kungadlula izikhathi zokuphendula kwenqubo, kubeke engcupheni ukujova kwe-ejenti okungaxhunyiwe futhi kuphazamise izinyathelo zokulawula iphrofayili yedamu. Ukonakala kwamasampula, ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, kanye nokwehluka komqhubi kulimaza kakhulu ubuqotho bedatha yobuningi obungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi, kuvimbele ukwenziwa ngcono okunembile kobuningi be-ejenti yokuxhuma amakhemikhali ekusetshenzisweni kwensimu kawoyela.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, imishini yokulinganisa ubuningi obungaphakathi efakwe ngqo ezitobhini zokujova ngamakhemikhali noma kuma-manifold okuxuba inikeza amanani obuningi be-agent ngesikhathi sangempela. Lokhu kusabela okuqhubekayo kubalulekile ekulandeleleni ubuningi be-agent zokuxhuma emapayipini e-oyela njengoba izimo kanye namafomula kushintsha, okuqinisekisa ukubekwa okuhambisanayo nokuphumelelayo. Ezinhlelweni ezisingatha ama-agent anwebekayo anezigaba eziningi kanye nalawo anwebekayo njenge-WMEG, amathuluzi obuningi obungaphakathi angaqapha kokubili ubuningi obuphelele nobungaphelele kulo lonke ukunwetshwa nokuxuba, okunikeza onjiniyela bezinqubo umbono osheshayo wekhwalithi yokusebenza kanye nokumaka ukuphambuka ngaphambi kokuba kuthinte ukusebenza kokuxhuma.
Leli khono lesikhathi sangempela lisekela ukukala okulungisiwe kahle, ukulungiswa okusheshayo kwefomula, kanye nezenzo zokulungisa ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi uma kusetshenziswa ama-polymer slugs asezingeni eliphezulu ezakhiweni zemithombo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuhlanganiswa kokulinganisa ubuningi obungaphakathi kwama-plugging kusiza ngqo izinqumo ekufakweni kwamanzi, ukulawulwa kwephrofayili, kanye nokuphathwa kwama-reservoirs angafani.
Kwabasebenzi basezindaweni zikawoyela, ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokuqapha ubuningi obungaphakathi—njengalezo ezikhiqizwe yiLonnmeter—kwenza kube lula ukuqhubeka nokufakwa kwamakhemikhali, kubhekane nokushiyeka kokulinganiswa kwefa, futhi kwakha isisekelo sokulawulwa kwenqubo yesikhathi esizayo ezindaweni eziyinselele zamachibi.
Ukulinganiswa Kobuningi Be-Inline: Izimiso, Izinzuzo, kanye Nezimo Zokusetshenziswa
Ukulinganisa ubuningi obuqondile kuwukubona ngqo, ngesikhathi sangempela ubuningi boketshezi njengoba luhamba ngamapayipi, okususa isidingo sokuthola amasampula ngesandla. Emithonjeni yokujova amanzi kanye nezindawo zikawoyela ezisebenzisa i-plugging agent yokulawula iphrofayili yedamu kanye nama-ejenti okulawula iphrofayili asebenza kahle kakhulu, lesi simiso senza kube nokuqonda okusheshayo nokuqhubekayo ngokwakheka kwe-ejenti kanye nokuziphatha kwayo.
Izimiso Zokulinganisa Ubuningi Obuphakathi
Indlela eyinhloko incike kumadivayisi amabili ayinhloko: i-Coriolis flow meter kanye ne-vibrating tube densitometer. Amamitha e-Coriolis athola ukushintsha kwesigaba kuma-vibrating tube, ahlobanisa lokhu kushintsha nesilinganiso sokugeleza kobuningi kanye nemvamisa yokudlidliza nobuningi boketshezi. Ama-vibrating tube densitometers asebenza ngokuqapha izinguquko ku-resonance frequency; ukwehla kwemvamisa kuhambelana nokwanda kobuningi boketshezi ngaphakathi kwe-tube.
Izinzuzo Zokulinganisa Ubuningi Be-Inline
- Ukulandelela ubuningi be-ejenti yamakhemikhali ngesikhathi sangempela kuveza izinzuzo zenqubo ezilandelayo:Ukuthuthukisa Inqubo:Abasebenzi bangabuka ngokushesha ukuhlushwa kanye nokwakheka kwama-plugging agents, okuvumela ukulungiswa komthamo kanye nokunciphisa ukuchitheka kwama-agents. Ukulinganiswa kobuningi obuqondile bama-plugging agents kuqinisekisa ukuqondiswa okunembile kwezindawo ezivumela ukungena kwamanzi amaningi ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ezingafani, okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-profile control agent yemithombo yokujova amanzi.
- Ukulawula Okuthuthukisiwe:Impendulo esheshayo ngobuningi bezinto zokulawula iphrofayili kanye ne-plugging agents ivumela onjiniyela basensimini ukuthi balungise amazinga okujova ngokuphendula ezimweni ezishintshayo zedamu, okwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokushelela.
- Ukuxazulula Izinkinga Ngokushesha:Ukungalingani kobuningi kungabonisa izinkinga zemishini, ukuxubana okungalungile kwe-ejenti, noma ukungasebenzi kahle kwemishini ngesikhathi sokujova, okuvumela ukungenelela okusheshayo nokunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi.
Ukusetshenziswa Okuthuthukisiwe Kwe-ejenti:Ukuthuthukisa ubuningi be-ejenti yokuxhuma ezindaweni zikawoyela ngokuqapha okuqondile kunciphisa ukujova ngokweqile nangaphansi kokufakwa—lokhu kuholela ekusebenzeni kangcono kokuxhuma, ukuncipha kwemfucuza ye-polymer, kanye nezinzuzo zezomnotho nezezemvelo.
Amacala Okusetshenziswa Kuzicelo Zensimu Yamafutha
Ukuqapha Okuqhubekayo Ngesikhathi Sokujova Kwe-Agent
Imishini yokulinganisa ubuningi obungaphakathi komjovo wamakhemikhali isetshenziswa kabanzi ngesikhathi se-ejenti yokulawula iphrofayili kanye nokufakwa kwe-PAM emithonjeni yokujova amanzi. Kokunye ukuhlolwa kwensimu okubhaliwe, uhlelo lweLonnmeter lugcine amaphrofayili obuningi obuqhubekayo be-PAM ejovwe ekwakhekeni, lunikeza idatha ngezikhathi ezingaphansi kwemizuzu. Abasebenzi balungisa ngokushesha ukugeleza kokuhlushwa, benza ngcono ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali, futhi bafinyelela ekuvalekeni kwamanzi okuthuthukisiwe ezingqimbeni zamanzi eziqondiwe.
Ukuqaliswa Kwensimu Emikhulu Emachibini Ahlukahlukene
Ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ezingafani, ukuqapha ubuningi besikhathi sangempela kusetshenziswa amadivayisi e-Lonnmeter kwenza kube lula ukuzivumelanisa nezimo eziguquguqukayo ezindleleni zokugeleza eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokulinganisa ubuningi ngqo emseleni wokujova, onjiniyela baqinisekisa ukuthunyelwa okuphumelelayo kwama-plugging agents asebenzayo emithonjeni yokujova amanzi—okubaluleke kakhulu lapho i-geology eguquguqukayo idinga ukunemba. Izifundo zokuqinisekiswa kwelabhorethri ziqinisekisa ukuthi ama-densitometer eshubhu adlidlizayo angalandelela izinguquko zobuningi ngaphansi kokugeleza okuguquguqukayo, okuxubile, okusekela ukulawulwa kwenqubo kokubili ezikalini zokuhlola kanye nezikalo zensimu egcwele.
Amaphrofayili obuningi aqoqwe asiza ekwenzeni ngcono ukuhlanganiswa kanye nokulethwa kwama-chemical agents, ukwenza lula ukubalwa kwebhalansi yesisindo, futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuhambisana nezincazelo zobuchwepheshe. Ukuhlanganiswa nemishini yokulinganisa ubuningi akusekeli nje kuphela isiqinisekiso sekhwalithi kodwa futhi kunikeza ukuhlaziywa okusebenzayo kokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza okuqhubekayo kwedamu.
Ngamafuphi, ukulinganisa ubuningi obungaphakathi kwakha umgogodla wokwenza ngcono ubuningi kanye nokulawula inqubo yokufakwa kwama-agent okuxhuma amakhemikhali ezindaweni zikawoyela. Amathuluzi e-Lonnmeter ahlinzeka ngesisombululo esidingekayo, ukuthembeka, kanye nesivinini esibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwezindawo zikawoyela zanamuhla, okuqinisekisa ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nokusetshenziswa kahle kwama-agent kuwo wonke amaphrojekthi okufakwa kwamanzi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokubuyiswa kukawoyela.
Imishini Yokulinganisa Ubuningi: Izixazululo Zezicelo Zokulawula Iphrofayili
Ukulinganisa ubuningi obunembile kakhulu kubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono imithombo yokujova amanzi, ikakhulukazi ekuphathweni kwamadamu ahlukene kanye nokusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo kwama-ejenti okulawula iphrofayili noma ama-ejenti okuxhuma. Ukulinganisa ubuningi obuphakathi kusekela ukunqunywa okunembile kwama-ejenti amakhemikhali njenge-Polyacrylamide (PAM), okuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwensimu kawoyela lapho ubuningi bama-ejenti okuxhuma kumele bulawulwe ngokuqinile.
Izixazululo zesimanje zokulinganisa ubuningi kulezi zimo zisebenzisa kakhulu amamitha okugeleza eCoriolis kanye nama-densitometer eshubhu elidlidlizayo. Amamitha okugeleza eCoriolis abaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokugeleza kwawo okuqondile kobuningi kanye nokufundwa kobuningi. Lawa madivayisi asebenza ngokulinganisa amandla eCoriolis akhiqizwa njengoba uketshezi ludlula emashubhuni adlidlizayo, lapho imvamisa kanye nokushintsha kwesigaba kuhlobene ngokwezibalo nobuningi boketshezi kanye nokugeleza kobuningi. Lesi simiso senza kube lula ukuqapha ngokunembile kakhulu izinguquko zobuningi besikhathi sangempela, okwenza kube kuhle kakhulu emithonjeni yokujova amanzi kusetshenziswa ama-agent amakhemikhali ahlukahlukene.
Ukunemba kwamamitha okugeleza eCoriolis kuvame ukufinyelela ku-±0.001 g/cm³ noma ngaphezulu, okubaluleke kakhulu lapho kubhekwa ubuningi be-ejenti yokuxhuma ukuze kulawulwe iphrofayili yesitsha. Isibonelo, lapho kujovwa ama-ejenti okulawula iphrofayili asekelwe ku-PAM noma amanye asebenza kahle ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ezingafani, ngisho nokuphambuka okuncane kobuningi kungathinta ukulawulwa kokuhambisana, ukusebenza kahle kokukhuhla, futhi ekugcineni, amazinga okubuyisa uwoyela. Ikhono lokuletha ukulinganiswa kobuningi ngesikhathi sangempela ezimweni zensimu kawoyela livumela impendulo esheshayo kanye nokulungiswa okusheshayo kwamazinga okujova ngamakhemikhali, ukuvimbela ukwelashwa okungafanele noma okweqile.
Ukukhethwa kwemishini yokulinganisa ubuningi efanele yokusetshenziswa kokujova ngamakhemikhali kudinga ukucatshangelwa izici eziningana. Ububanzi bokulinganisa kumele buvumelane nobuningi obuguquguqukayo bamanzi okujova kanye nama-chemical agent, ngezinye izikhathi kusukela kumanzi acwebezelayo kuya kuzixazululo ze-PAM ezihlanganisiwe. Ukunemba kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba ukugxila kwama-agent okungafundi kahle kungaholela ekufakweni okungafanele noma ekulimaleni kwedamu. Ukuhambisana namakhemikhali kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu; amamitha obuningi angaphakathi e-Lonnmeter asebenzisa izinto ezimanzi ezenzelwe ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nobukhulu, okwenza kube lula ukusebenza ezindaweni ezinosawoti noma ezinolaka lwamakhemikhali.
Izidingo zokufakwa zidlala indima ebalulekile ekukhetheni imishini. Amamitha okugeleza e-Coriolis ayasiza ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwawo ekucushweni kwamapayipi—ngokuvamile awaphazamiseki ekuphazamisekeni kwephrofayili yokugeleza futhi adinga ukugeleza okuncane kwamapayipi aqondile, okwenza kube lula ukuhlanganiswa ezinhlokweni zemithombo eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nasezindaweni zokushelela. Kodwa-ke, ukufakwa kumele kunciphise ukudlidliza kwemvelo ukuze kulondolozwe ukwethembeka kokulinganisa, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezikude, zangaphandle, noma ezithuthwayo.
Izinto okufanele zicatshangelwe ekunakekelweni zigxile ekungatholakali kwezingxenye ezihambayo kokubili kumamitha e-Coriolis kanye nama-densitometer e-vibrating tube, ukunciphisa ukuguguleka kanye nengozi yokukhukhuleka noma ukwehluleka kwenzwa. Noma kunjalo, ukulinganiswa okuhleliwe ngokumelene noketshezi olujwayelekile kusadingeka, ikakhulukazi uma ukwakheka koketshezi olujovwe kushintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yezinguquko zokukhiqiza noma ukungenelela kwedamu.
Lezi zixazululo zokulinganisa ubuningi zivame ukuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo zokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela kwe-oilfield. Ukutholwa kwedatha yobuningi besikhathi sangempela kusekela impendulo yenqubo eqhubekayo, okuvumela ukulawulwa okuvaliwe kokulinganisa iphrofayili noma ukuxuba i-ejenti yokuxhuma. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuqapha ubuningi bamakhemikhali njengoba efakwa, kuthola noma yikuphi ukuphambuka okungase kube yingozi ekuhambisaneni kwedamu, futhi kulungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo amapharamitha esistimu ukuze kugcinwe ukwelashwa okuhle kakhulu. Umphumela uba ukulinganisa okuqondile kobuningi bamakhemikhali okuxhuma kanye nokulinganisa kwe-PAM emithonjeni yokujova amanzi ehlukahlukene—isici esibalulekile samasu esimanje okuvuselela uwoyela.
Ukugcina ukulandelela kobuningi okunembe kakhulu nokuthembekile ngamathuluzi afana namamitha okuqina e-Lonnmeter kuqinisekisa ukuthunyelwa okuphumelelayo kwe-plugging agent, kunciphisa imfucuza yamakhemikhali, futhi kugcina ukusebenza kahle komthombo. Izicelo ziqala kusukela ekungeneleleni okulula komthombo owodwa kuya kumanethiwekhi okujova ayinkimbinkimbi anezindawo eziningi, azenzakalelayo, lapho ukulandelela kobuningi be-agent yamakhemikhali ngesikhathi sangempela kusekela ngqo izinhloso zokusebenza kwensimu kawoyela.
Izindlela Ezinhle Kakhulu Zokulinganisa Ubuningi Besikhathi Sangempela
Iziqondiso zokubekwa, ukulinganiswa, kanye nokugcinwa kwamamitha obuningi angaphakathi ziyisisekelo sokulinganisa okuzinzile nokunembile—ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni kwezindawo zikawoyela njengemithombo yokujova amanzi kanye namadamu okugcina amanzi ahlukene. Amadivayisi afana nalawo avela eLonnmeter kufanele abekwe ezigabeni zamapayipi lapho ukugeleza kufana khona futhi ku-laminar. Lokhu kusho ukuthola amamitha kude nama-gons, ama-valve, amaphampu, nanoma yimiphi imithombo yokuxokozela ukuze kuvinjelwe ukujiya noma ukungena komoya, okungathinta ukunemba kufikela ku-5% uma kungabonwa. Umkhuba ojwayelekile uphakamisa okungenani ubukhulu bepayipi obuphindwe kayishumi njengokugijima okuqondile phezulu kanye nokwehla kahlanu kusuka ku-sensor, okusekela ukulinganiswa okuhle kwama-plugging agents noma ama-profile control agents afakwe ukuphathwa kwedamu.
Ukufinyeleleka kanye nokuphepha kwemvelo kubalulekile. Faka imishini lapho ukuhlolwa okuvamile kanye nokulinganiswa kungenziwa khona ngokuphephile, ngaphandle kokuchayeka kakhulu ekudlidlizeni noma emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Ukuqondiswa kwedivayisi—okuqondile noma okuqondile—kumele kulandele iziqondiso ezithile zeLonnmeter ukuze kugcinwe ubuqotho besenzwa kanye nesikhathi sokuphila.
Ukulinganisa kumele kuqale ekufakweni, kusetshenziswa uketshezi oluqinisekisiwe olufana namanzi akhishwe i-ion noma ezinye izindinganiso ezilinganiswe embonini ezihambisana nobubanzi bobuningi be-ejenti yokuxhuma ehlosiwe. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukufundwa kokuqala kunembile futhi kusungula isisekelo sokuqapha okuqhubekayo. Ezindaweni zokusebenza, hlela ukulinganisa okuvamile—ngokuvamile ngezikhathi zezinyanga eziyisithupha noma zonyaka—okuhambisana nokuzinza kwedivayisi nezidingo zokusebenza. Ukulinganisa kufanele kufake isinxephezelo sokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa kanye nengcindezi kusetshenziswa izinzwa ezifakiwe kanye ne-telemetry, njengoba ukufundwa kobuningi be-PAM noma amanye ama-ejenti amakhemikhali asetshenziswa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukubuyiswa kwamafutha azwela kakhulu kulezi zinguquko.
Ukuqinisekiswa kwezilinganiso eziqondile kufanele kwenziwe ngokuthatha amasampula oketshezi njalo kanye nokuhlaziya ubuningi elabhorethri, imiphumela iqhathaniswa nokufundwa kwendawo. Lo mkhuba, osekelwa yizincomo ezisunguliwe njenge-API RP 13B-2, usiza ukuqinisekisa ukunemba kokusebenza kanye nokusebenza kahle kokulinganisa okuqhubekayo.
Ukuhamba komsebenzi okuqhubekayo kokuqapha ubuningi be-ejenti kuncike ekuhlanganiseni idatha yokulinganisa emugqeni nezinhlelo zokuphatha. Ukulandelela ngesikhathi sangempela ubuningi be-ejenti yokuxhuma ukuze kulawulwe iphrofayili ye-reservoir kuvumela opharetha ukuthi baphendule ngokushesha ekuphambukeni ekubunjweni noma ekugxilweni, okwenza ngcono amasu okujova ama-reservoir angafani. Isibonelo, ukulinganisa ubuningi besikhathi sangempela kugqama lapho ukwakheka kwe-ejenti yokuxhuma yamakhemikhali kuhluka kulokho okucacisiwe, okuvumela isenzo sokulungisa ngokushesha.
Ukuphathwa kwedatha yobuningi kubalulekile. Izinhlelo zokulinganisa eziqondile kufanele zibambe ngokuzenzakalelayo yonke idatha, zibeke uphawu ezimweni ezingavamile, kanye nemicimbi yokulinganisa amalogi. Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha okuphumelelayo—ngokusebenzisa izigcawu zemidwebo yethrendi kanye nemibiko yezibalo—kusekela ukwenza izinqumo okusheshayo, kwenza kube lula ukwenza ngcono inqubo, futhi kuhlinzeke ngemibhalo yokuhambisana nemithetho yamaphrojekthi okujova amanzi. Abaqhubi kufanele basebenzise le datha yobuningi ukuthuthukisa ukubuyiswa kukawoyela ezindaweni zokugcina ezingafani, balungise ukugxila kwe-ejenti, futhi baqinisekise ukusebenza kwe-ejenti yokulawula iphrofayili esebenza kahle.
Ukusetshenziswa kwemishini ye-Lonnmeter ethuthukisiwe yokulinganisa ubuningi be-inline kusekela ukulungiswa okuqinile kobuningi be-agent yokuxhuma amakhemikhali, okuvumela amaqembu e-oilfield ukuthi alondoloze ukusebenza kahle kwe-agent yokuxhuma kanye ne-agent yokulawula iphrofayili, ikakhulukazi ekusebenzeni okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemithombo yamanzi. Ukubuyekezwa njalo nokugcinwa kwamadivayisi okulinganisa, kuhlanganiswe nemikhuba eqinile yokulinganisa kanye nedatha, kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka okuqhubekayo kwezinhlelo zokuqapha ubuningi be-oilfield ze-Polyacrylamide (PAM) kanye nezicelo ze-agent ezihlobene.
I-Polyacrylamide (PAM) kanye namanye amakhemikhali okulawula iphrofayili: Ukuqapha kanye nokulinganisa
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi obuqondile kuketshezi oluqukethe i-polyacrylamide (PAM) kanye nama-ejenti okulawula iphrofayili emithonjeni yokujova amanzi kudinga amasu aklanyelwe izakhiwo ezihlukile zalezi zinto. I-PAM—i-polymer esetshenziswa kakhulu njenge-ejenti yokuxhuma yokulawula iphrofayili yedamu kanye nokuvuselelwa kwamafutha okuthuthukisiwe—ibonisa ukuphakama okuphezulu.ukujiyakanye nokuziphatha kwesigaba esiyinkimbinkimbi, okwenza kube nzima ukuqapha ubuningi okunembile nesikhathi sangempela.
Ukucatshangelwa Okuphezulu Kokugqama Nokusabela Kwemidiya
Izixazululo ze-PAM, ikakhulukazi uma zihlanganiswa nama-cross-linkers afana ne-polyethylenimine (PEI), zishintsha ngokushesha kusuka kuketshezi kuya kujeli, okuholela ekuqineni okuguquguqukayo kanye nobuningi. Ukulinganiswa kobuningi obuphakathi kwama-plugging agents ekusetshenzisweni kwe-oilfield kumele kuhambisane nama-gel, ukugeleza kwe-thixotropic, kanye nezifunda zezigaba eziningi. Njengoba i-PAM isabela noma ama-gel ephendula izinga lokushisa kanye nendawo yamakhemikhali, izindawo ezingaphakathi komfudlana wenqubo eyodwa zingabonisa ubuningi obuhlukene kanye nobukhulu ngasikhathi sinye, okwenza ukulinganisa okufanayo kube nzima. Ubukhulu obungazelelwe bukhulisa impendulo yenzwa yokudambisa, futhi ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba (kusuka kuketshezi kuya kokuqina okuncane) kuphazamisa izimiso zenzwa ezijwayelekile njenge-Coriolis noma izindlela ze-vibrating tube, okuvame ukubangela ukukhukhuleka noma ukulahleka kwesignali.
Izinga lokushisa lenqubo ekufakweni kwamanzi kanye nezimo ze-reservoir ezingafani lingafinyelela ku-150°C, okwandisa izinselele zokulinganisa. Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme alisheshisi nje kuphela ukwakheka kwejeli kodwa futhi landisa izinga lokuwohloka kwe-polymer, okuthinta kokubili i-viscosity kanye nobuningi. Ukuba khona kwamanzi anosawoti, i-glycerol eluhlaza, noma ezinye izithasiselo kushintsha kakhulu ukuziphatha kwe-rheological, ngakho-ke imishini yokulinganisa ubuningi bokujova ngamakhemikhali kumele ibe namandla ngokumelene nokushintsha okuqhubekayo endaweni engokwenyama neyamakhemikhali. Izifundo zasensimini zibonisa ukuthi izinzwa zobuningi ezingaphakathi zingadinga ukulinganiswa kabusha noma ukulungiswa njalo ukuze kuncishiswe ukungcola kwenzwa kanye nokulahlekelwa ukuzwela ngenxa yokuguquguquka kokuqukethwe okuqinile kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwejeli.
Ukubhekana Nezinselele Zokunamathela Nokuqukethwe Okuqinile
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi obuphakathi kwama-plugging agents kuthintwa ngqo umthwalo wezinhlayiya eziqinile kuketshezi lwe-PAM/PEI. Njengoba izinto eziqinile noma ama-floc akha futhi ehlala ezimweni zezimayini noma zensimu kawoyela, ubuningi bendawo—kanye ne-viscosity—kuyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okwenza kube nzima ukusebenza kwezinhlelo zokuqapha ubuningi obuphakathi kwensimu kawoyela. Isibonelo: ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwama-agent okulawula iphrofayili asekelwe ku-PAM ezindaweni zokugcina ezingafani, ukwakheka okunamandla kwamajeli aqinile naqinile kungadala ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba okusheshayo. Lokhu kungavimba noma kuthinte izinzwa zobuningi ezibekwe ekusakazweni, kuthinte ukuthembeka kwedatha.
Ukulandelela ubuningi be-agent yamakhemikhali ngesikhathi sangempela kudinga uhlelo lokulinganisa olukwazi ukuxazulula lezi zinguquko ezisheshayo. Izinzwa ezithuthukisiwe zingasebenzisa izindlela ze-ultrasound noma ze-nuclear ukunqoba imikhawulo yobuchwepheshe obuvamile, yize ukuthembeka kwensimu ekugelezeni kwe-PAM okushisa okuphezulu, okunezigaba eziningi kusalokhu kuyindawo yokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo.
Imiphumela Yokuxhuma, Ukulawula Iphrofayili, kanye Nokwandiswa Kokushanela
Ukuze kulawulwe kahle iphrofayili emithonjeni yokujova amanzi kusetshenziswa i-PAM kanye nezinye izinto zokufaka amakhemikhali, ukugcina ubuningi obufanele kubalulekile ekubikezeleni ukujula kokufaka kanye nokusebenza kahle kokushelela. Ukwenziwa ngcono kobuningi be-ejenti yokufaka kunquma ukunyakaza kwayo nge-matrix yesitsha esingafani, okuthinta ukuhambisana kwayo kanye nokululama okuphelele. Ukuphathwa kobuningi obunganele kungabangela i-gel ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngaphakathi kwemigqa yokujova noma ukungena okwanele ekwakhekeni kwe-oyela.
Ngesikhathi sokukhulisa nokulawula ukuhambisana, izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-PAM ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ezingafani ziyazuza ekuphenduleni okuqhubekayo nokunembile ngobuningi boketshezi. Ukwehluleka ukubhekana nokwehluka kobuningi ngenxa ye-viscosity kanye nezinto eziqinile kunganciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwama-ejenti okulawula iphrofayili esebenza kahle kakhulu. Izinhlelo zokulinganisa ubuningi obuphakathi zivumela ukungenelela ngesikhathi esifanele—njengokulungiswa kwesilinganiso somjovo noma ukuguqulwa kokwakheka—ngokusekelwe ekufundweni kwesikhathi sangempela. Ngakho-ke ubuningi be-ejenti yokuxhuma ezisetshenziswayo zensimu kawoyela buba yipharamitha eyinhloko yokuphathwa kokufakwa kwamanzi okuphumelelayo kanye nokulawulwa kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi.
Izibalo ezifingqiwe ezivela ekuhlolweni kwesampula zembula ukuthi iphutha lokufunda ubuningi lingadlula u-15% ngesikhathi sokushintshashintsha okusheshayo kokuqukethwe noma ukuguquguquka kokuqukethwe okuqinile, okubonisa isidingo sokulinganiswa ngezikhathi ezithile kanye nokugcinwa kwezinzwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka. Ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa ubuningi kanye nezinqubo kubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwama-plugging agents asebenzayo emithonjeni yokujova amanzi kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-PAM eziqinile ekulawuleni iphrofayili yensimu kawoyela.
Ukuthuthukisa Ukwakheka Kwe-ejenti kanye Namasu Okujova Ukusebenzisa Idatha Yobuningi
Ukulinganisa ubuningi besikhathi sangempela kubalulekile ekulawuleni isu lokwakheka kanye nokufakwa kwama-ejenti okulawula iphrofayili kanye nama-plugging emithonjeni yokujova amanzi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinamanzi ahlukene. Idatha yobuningi be-inline evela emishinini efana naleyo ekhiqizwe yi-Lonnmeter ivumela opharetha ukuthi bathuthukise ukugcwala kwama-ejenti amakhemikhali njenge-Polyacrylamide (PAM) kanye nama-microspheres e-polymer athuthukile njengoba ejova, okuqinisekisa ukulethwa okunembile okuhambisana nezimo zamanje zama-reservoir.
Impendulo yobuningi iyipharamitha ebalulekile yokulungiswa kokwakheka. Abaqhubi bangashintsha ukuhlushwa kwe-ejenti kanye nomthamo wamakhemikhali ngokubheka njalo ukuhlushwa kwe-ejenti yokuxhuma ngaphambi nangesikhathi sokujova. Isibonelo, uma ukulinganiswa kobuningi obungaphakathi kuthola ukuncishiswa okungalindelekile emsakazweni we-ejenti yokuxhuma, uhlelo lokulawula lungakhulisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuhlushwa noma lulungise ingxube ye-ejenti ukuze ibuyele ezicacisweni eziqondiwe. Le ndlela igcina ukusebenza kahle kwe-PAM noma ama-polymer microsphere formulations amaningi, okwandisa ukusebenza kwawo kokuxhuma emithonjeni yokujova amanzi kanye nokunciphisa ukugeleza kwamanzi okungalawulwa ezindaweni eziphansi kokungena kwamanzi.
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi okwenziwe ngcono kuthuthukisa amasu okukhukhula azungeze yonke indawo. Ngokulandelela izinguquko zesikhathi sangempela ekuxineni kwama-ejenti ngesikhathi sokujikeleza okulandelanayo kokujova, onjiniyela bangakwazi ukulungisa umjikelezo ngamunye—ukunciphisa ukuphathwa okungaphansi noma ngokweqile kwezingxenye ezithile zamachibi. Ezikhukhuleni ezihlanganisiwe, njengokusetshenziswa okulandelanayo kwama-microsphere e-polymer alandelwa ama-ejenti e-gel, ukuqapha ubuningi kukhomba ukusebenza kahle kokuxubana futhi kubangele ukulungiswa okuhambayo ukuze kulawulwe ukuhambisana okuphezulu.
Ishadi elingezansi libonisa ubudlelwano phakathi kobuningi be-ejenti, ingcindezi yomjovo, kanye nezinga lokubuyisa uwoyela kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi:
Izinga Lokubuyisela Uma kuqhathaniswa Nobuningi Be-ejenti Nokucindezela Komjovo| Ubuningi Be-ejenti (g/cm³) | Ukucindezela Komjovo (MPa) | Izinga Lokubuyisela (%) |
|-------------------------|- ...|
| 1.05 | 12 | 47 |
| 1.07 | 13 | 52 |
| 1.09 | 14 | 56 |
| 1.11 | 15 | 59 |
Ukunemba okuphezulu kanye nokuphendula ekulinganisweni kobuningi, okufana nokutholakala ngezinhlelo zokuqapha ubuningi eziqondile ezivela eLonnmeter, kuvimbela ngqo ukujikeleza kwesiteshi. Ukulandelela ubuningi ngesikhathi sangempela kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-ejenti yokuxhuma igxilile ngokwanele, kuvimbele ukuthuthukiswa kweziteshi zamanzi ezikhethwayo ezingalimaza ukusebenza kahle kokukhuhla. Ukubika okusheshayo kobuningi kuvumela opharetha ukuthi baphakamise ingcindezi yokujova noma balungise kabusha ukwakheka, bavikele ukuxhuma okufanayo futhi bavikele izindawo zamanzi ezibuthakathaka.
Ukusetshenziswa kahle kwedatha yesignali yobuningi kuthuthukisa ukulawulwa kwengcindezi yomjovo. Abasebenzi bangasabela ezinguqukweni zobuningi ezithinta ukujiya koketshezi kanye nengcindezi, ngaleyo ndlela balondoloze izilungiselelo zephampu ezifanele futhi bavimbele ukucindezela ngokweqile noma ukusebenza okungaphansi. Le ndlela eqhutshwa idatha ikhulisa ukubuyiswa kukawoyela jikelele ngenkathi kunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwamakhemikhali noma ukuxhumeka okunganele.
Ekusetshenzisweni ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ezingafani, ukulungiswa okunembile kobuningi bamakhemikhali—ikakhulukazi i-PAM noma ama-microsphere e-polymer amaningi—kulungisa iphrofayili yemishini neyamakhemikhali ye-plugging agent ukuze ivumelane nokuhlukahluka kwezakhiwo ze-pore edwaleni. Umphumela uba ukusebenza kahle kokushelela okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi eside ekubuyiselweni kwamafutha emithonjeni yokujova amanzi. Ukulinganiswa kobuningi obungaphakathi kusalokhu kuwubuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo bokusebenza kwama-chemical agent, ukulungiswa kwesikhathi sangempela, kanye nokulawula amasu emisebenzini yanamuhla yensimu kawoyela.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Kubaluleke ngani ukulinganiswa kobuningi obungaphakathi kwe-inline kuma-ejenti okulawula iphrofayili?
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi be-inline kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuphatheni imithombo yokujova amanzi ngokuvumela opharetha ukuthi baqaphe ukwakheka nokusebenza kahle kwama-ejenti okulawula iphrofayili ngesikhathi sangempela. Ngokugeleza kwedatha okuqhubekayo, onjiniyela basensimini bangaqinisekisa ukuthi ama-ejenti okulawula iphrofayili, njenge-ejenti yokuxhuma amakhemikhali, axutshwe futhi ajovwe ngokugxila okuhlosiwe. Lokhu kusekela ukulungiswa okusheshayo kwamapharamitha okujova, ukunciphisa umthamo oweqile noma umthamo ongaphansi, futhi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle. Ukuqonda kobuningi besikhathi sangempela kuvumela nokuhlonza okusheshayo kwanoma yikuphi ukuphambuka kwezakhiwo zoketshezi, okuvumela ukungenelela okusheshayo ukugcina ukuzinza kwenqubo nokufeza ukukhukhuleka okuhle ngaphakathi kwechibi. Amamitha obuningi be-inline asiza ukuvimbela izinkinga ezifana nokuhambisa ngokuqinisekisa ukulethwa okuqhubekayo kwama-ejenti ezindaweni ezihlosiwe, ukuthuthukisa ngqo ukuphathwa kwechibi kanye namazinga okubuyisa uwoyela.
Ubuningi bama-plugging agents buthinta kanjani ukusebenza kwawo ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ezingafani?
Ubuningi be-ejenti yokuxhuma buthinta ngqo ukuziphatha kwayo ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi eziyinkimbinkimbi nezingafani. Ukulawulwa kobuningi obunembile kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-ejenti ifinyelela ezindaweni eziqondiwe, njengoba ama-ejenti angaphansi kobulukhuni ebeka engcupheni yokudlula izindlela zokungena kwamanzi okuphezulu, kuyilapho ama-ejenti aminyene kakhulu angahlala ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi avimbe izindawo ezingahlosiwe. Lokhu kuqhathanisa ubuningi kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-ejenti yokuxhuma ifuduka ngempumelelo, kunciphisa ukugeleza kwamanzi okungafuneki futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokukhuhla. Ukuze kusetshenziswe ngempumelelo, ukulinganisa ubuningi besikhathi sangempela kuvumela ukutholwa nokulungiswa okusheshayo kokuguquguquka kobuningi, ngaleyo ndlela kukhulisa amandla okuvimba e-ejenti futhi kuthuthukiswe ukubuyiswa kukawoyela ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi isebenza njengoba kuklanyelwe ezigabeni ezahlukahlukene.
Yimiphi imishini efanelekela ukulinganisa ubuningi ngesikhathi sangempela emithonjeni yokujova amanzi?
Ukulinganisa ubuningi besikhathi sangempela okuthembekile endaweni edingakalayo yemithombo yokujova amanzi kudinga amadivayisi aqinile namelana namakhemikhali. Amamitha okugeleza e-Coriolis kanye nama-densitometer e-vibrating tube avame ukusetshenziswa ngenxa yokunemba kwawo okuqinisekisiwe kanye nokufaneleka kokusetshenziswa ngaphakathi. Lawa mathuluzi amelana nokucindezela okuphezulu, amazinga okushisa aguquguqukayo, kanye nezindawo zamakhemikhali ezinamandla ezivamile zokusebenza kokujova, okuhlinzeka ngokuqapha okuqhubekayo kwama-plugging agents kanye nama-agent okulawula iphrofayili ngaphandle kokulungiswa kabusha njalo. Idatha ekhiqizwa yilawa mamitha ibalulekile ekulandeleni inqubo kanye nokulungiswa okusheshayo, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kanye nokunciphisa izingozi zokusebenza ensimini.
Kungani ukulinganisa ubuningi be-Polyacrylamide (PAM) kuyinselele ekusetshenzisweni kokulawula iphrofayili?
Ukulinganisa ubuningi be-Polyacrylamide (PAM), i-ejenti yokulawula iphrofayili esetshenziswa kabanzi emithonjeni yokujova amanzi, kuletha izinselele zokusebenza ezihlukile. Ukuqina okuphezulu kwe-PAM kanye nokuthambekela kwayo kokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba kanye nokufakwa kwe-gelation ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile kungaphazamisa izindlela ezivamile ze-densitometric. Lokhu kuvame ukuphumela ekufundweni okungazinzile. Ukuze kulondolozwe ukunemba, amadivayisi akhethekile angaphakathi anemiklamo ethuthukisiwe—njenge-densitometers yeshubhu ezizihlanzayo—kanye nezinqubo zokulungisa ezivamile kuyadingeka. Ukulinganiswa ngezikhathi ezithile kanye nokuqapha ngokumelene nokungcola noma ukubanjwa kwama-bubble emoyeni kuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha yobuningi ihlala ithembekile, kusekela ukuthunyelwa okusebenzayo kwezixazululo ezisekelwe ku-PAM ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ezingafani.
Ingabe idatha yobuningi ingasetshenziswa ukwenza ngcono amasu okujova ama-ejenti okulawula iphrofayili?
Yebo, ukuhlanganisa idatha yobuningi besikhathi sangempela ekuphathweni komjovo kunika amandla opharetha ukulungisa ngokuguquguqukayo umthamo, ukuhlushwa, kanye namazinga okugeleza kwama-ejenti okulawula iphrofayili kanye nama-ejenti okuxhuma ngokufanayo. Lokhu kuqapha okune-granular kwenza ukufakwa kwe-ejenti kube ngokunembile kanye nokuvinjelwa okuphumelelayo kweziteshi zokungena okuphezulu ngaphakathi kwama-reservoirs angafani. Amasu okuzivumelanisa nezimo asekelwe ekufundweni kobuningi obungaphakathi athuthukisa ukuhambisana kwe-reservoirs, alondoloze ukusatshalaliswa kwengcindezi okufiselekayo, futhi anciphise ukumoshwa kwamakhemikhali. Umphumela uwukundlela osebenza kahle kakhulu, osabelayo ekuthuthukisweni kokubuyiselwa kwamafutha - ikakhulukazi okuwusizo ezindaweni zikawoyela eziyinkimbinkimbi noma ezivuthiwe - ukuqinisekisa ukuthi indawo ngayinye ithola ukwelashwa kwe-ejenti okulungiselelwe njengoba izimo zishintsha kuyo yonke inqubo yomjovo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 12-2025
