Ukujova amanzi kabusha okukhiqizwayo (i-PWRI) inqubo yokuqoqa amanzi avela njengomkhiqizo ophuma ekukhiqizweni kukawoyela negesi bese ewaqondisa emuva ekwakhekeni komhlaba okungaphansi komhlaba. Le ndlela idlala indima ebalulekile emjikelezweni wokuphila kwensimu kawoyela, isebenza njengesu lokulahla elinomthwalo wemvelo kanye nethuluzi lokukhulisa ukubuyiswa kwama-hydrocarbon. I-PWRI yakha umgogodla wamasu okuvuselela ukubuyiswa kukawoyela futhi ibalulekile ekugcineni ingcindezi yamanzi agciniwe—imingcele ebalulekile yokusekela ukukhiqizwa nokwandisa impilo yensimu.
I-PWRI ixhumene kakhulu nokufuduka kukawoyela kanye nokuphathwa kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi. Njengoba uwoyela ukhishwa, umfutho wemvelo wezindawo zokugcina amanzi uyancipha. Ukufakwa kabusha kwamanzi akhiqizwayo kuvimbela lokhu kwehla, kugcina umfutho wokwakheka futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokukhuculula. Lokhu kugcinwa komfutho kubalulekile ekubuyiselweni kwesibili, lapho amanzi afakwe khona edlulisela uwoyela osele emithonjeni yokukhiqiza. Amasu anjengokukhukhula kwe-polymer—ukusebenzisa ama-polymer ukwandisa ukuthambekela kwamanzi—kuthuthukisa ukufuduka kukawoyela futhi kubonise ukuphathwa kwamanzi okuthuthukile emasimini avuthiwe.
Amanzi Akhiqizwe Emasimini Kawoyela Negesi
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Ukulinganisa Ubuningi Besikhathi Esiqondile Nesangempela Sokwenziwa Kahle Kwe-PWRI
Ukubaluleka Kokulinganisa Ubuningi Be-Inline
Ukulinganisa ubuningi obuqondile kubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono ukujova kabusha kwamanzi okukhiqizwayo (i-PWRI) emisebenzini yanamuhla yensimu kawoyela. Ngokuvumela ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela ubuningi bamanzi akhiqizwayo, abaqhubi bangabona ngokushesha ukwehluka kokwakheka kwamanzi, njengokushintsha kokuqukethwe kukawoyela, igesi, noma okuqinile. Lokhu kuqwashisa okusheshayo kubalulekile ekugcineni ikhwalithi yamanzi ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezimfuneko zokujova kabusha kanye nokunciphisa izingozi zokulimala kokwakheka, ukukala, noma ukuvalwa.
Idatha yesikhathi sangempela evela ekulinganisweni kobuningi obuqondile ekukhiqizweni kukawoyela ivumela abaqhubi ukuthi balungise ukwelashwa kwamanzi akhiqiziwe ukuze kufakwe kabusha ngokushesha. Lokhu kunciphisa isikhathi sokuphendula ekuphambukeni kusuka ekhwalithini yamanzi okuqondiwe, kuvimbele isikhathi sokungasebenzi kahle kanye nokugcinwa okubizayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphrofayili obuningi anembile aqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi ajoviwe agcina ingcindezi yokwakheka efiselekayo, okusekela amasu athuthukisiwe okubuyisa uwoyela njengezikhukhula ze-polymer kanye nokukhukhula kwamanzi kwendabuko. Ukuqapha ubuningi okuqhubekayo nakho kwenza kube lula ukuthobela imithetho, kuqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi ajoviwe kabusha ahlangabezana njalo nezindinganiso zemvelo nezokusebenza. Lezi zinzuzo zihumusha emasu okulungisa ukucindezeleka kwamachibi angcono, ukukhushulwa okuthuthukisiwe, kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside kwempahla.
Ezindleleni zokufaka kabusha amanzi ngezikhukhula ze-polymer, lapho ukwakheka kwamanzi kungashintshashintsha khona ngenxa yokufakwa kwe-polymer namakhemikhali, ikhono lokulandelela ubuningi ngesikhathi sangempela libaluleke kakhulu. Livumela ukuphathwa okuguquguqukayo kwezinqubo zokujova, ukwenza ngcono izindlela zokufuduka kwamafutha, kanye nokulawula kangcono ukusabela kokwakheka okungafuneki. Imibiko yasensimini ikhombisa njalo ukwehla kwezigameko zokukala nokuxhuma, ikhwalithi yokujova ethuthukisiwe, kanye nokuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo namathuluzi okuphatha insimu kawoyela yedijithali, konke okubonisa impumelelo yawo ngenxa yamakhono okulinganisa ubuningi aqhubekayo nanembile.
Izinsimbi Ezithuthukisiwe: I-Lonnmeter Density Meter
Imitha yobuningi beLonnmeter isebenza kusetshenziswa ishubhu yokudlidliza ethuthukisiwe noma izimiso zeCoriolis, iletha ukulinganisa okunembile kobuningi obungaphakathi komugqa ngaphansi kwezimo ezidingakalayo zezindawo zamafutha. Ngokufaka ngqo emgqeni wokugeleza kwamanzi okhiqizwayo, imitha yeLonnmeter inikeza idatha eqhubekayo, engaphazamisi ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukukhiqizwa noma ukudinga ukusampula ngesandla.
Idizayinelwe ukuqina, imitha yobuningi beLonnmeter imelana nokungcoliswa kanye nokukhukhuleka kokulinganisa, iqinisekisa ukunemba okuqhubekayo ngisho noma izimo zokusebenza zishintsha. Ubuchwepheshe bayo obuqinile bezinzwa bulinganisa ubuningi bamanzi ngesikhathi sangempela, budlulisela imiphumela ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka ezinhlelweni zokulawula ukuze kulungiswe inqubo ngokushesha. Lokhu kuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela kubalulekile kokubili ngesikhathi sokufakwa kabusha kwezikhukhula ze-polymer kanye nokukhukhuleka kwamanzi okuvamile, lapho izinguquko ekukhukhuleni kwamanzi zingabonisa ukungalingani kwenqubo noma izinkinga zokusebenza ezizayo.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nokuthatha amasampula ngezikhathi ezithile noma ukuhlaziywa kwelebhu okungathembekile kangako, imitha yobuningi beLonnmeter inikeza isisombululo sesikhathi esingenakuqhathaniswa. Impendulo yayo eqhubekayo isekela ukuhlanganiswa okuqondile nezinhlelo zokulawula izinqubo, okuvumela amasu okulinganisa amakhemikhali okuzenzakalelayo kanye nokuhlunga ngokusekelwe ezimpahleni zangempela zamanzi kunezinhlelo ezibekiwe. Leli khono lithuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle, linciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali, futhi livimbela isikhathi sokungasebenzi esibizayo ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwenqubo okungalindelekile. Isibonelo, uma kutholwa ukuthuthuka kokudlula kukawoyela noma kwezinto eziqinile, izenzo zokulungisa zingase ziqaliswe ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke ukuvalwa kokwakheka.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi okulinganisa ubungako obungaphakathi njengemitha yobuningi beLonnmeter ngaphakathi kokwelashwa kwamanzi okukhiqizwe ukuze kufakwe kabusha kusiza abaqhubi ukuthi balungise ngokunembile izinqubo zokujova futhi baqinisekise ukugcinwa kwengcindezi yokwakheka okuthembekile, njengoba kuboniswe yizifundo zasensimini kanye nokuhlaziywa kwemboni. Idatha yemitha ingafakwa ezinhlelweni zokuphathwa kwedamu elibanzi, ihambisane nezinye izinzwa zokungcoliswa, usawoti, kanye nokuqukethwe uwoyela emanzini ukuze kunikezwe umbono ophelele wekhwalithi yamanzi. Njengoba imisebenzi yokuvuselela uwoyela ethuthukisiwe iba yinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, ukunemba, ukuthembeka, kanye nesimo sangempela sokulinganisa ubungako obungaphakathi bedamu leLonnmeter kunikeza isisekelo sokukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokubuyisa, ukugcina impilo yedamu, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukulandelwa kwemithetho.
Ukwelashwa Kwamanzi Okukhiqizwe Ukuze Kujovwe: Ukuqinisekisa Ukuthembeka Nokuhambisana Nemithetho
Ukwelashwa kwamanzi akhiqizwe ukuze kufakwe umjovo kabusha kubalulekile emasu okuvuselela uwoyela kanye nokuphathwa kwedamu elizinzile. Inqubo iqala ngokuhlukaniswa okuqinile kwemishini—ukususwa kukawoyela wamahhala, izinto eziqinile ezimisiwe, kanye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo ezincibilikisiwe ngokusebenzisa izihlukanisi zamandla adonsela phansi, ama-hydrocyclone, kanye namayunithi okuflotha. Lawa mayunithi ahlose izinto ezingcolisayo eziyinhloko ezingaphazamisa ukusebenza kahle komsele wokujova. Isibonelo, ama-hydrocyclone ahlukanisa ngempumelelo amaconsi kawoyela emanzini, kuyilapho izinhlelo zokuflotha kwegesi ezibangelwayo zisusa amaconsi kawoyela amancane nezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe, zisekela izidingo zekhwalithi zokuflotha kabusha kwamanzi akhiqiziwe.
Ukulungiswa kwamakhemikhali kulandela ukuhlukaniswa komshini. Ama-emulsion e-hydrocarbon kanye nezinsimbi ezincibilikisiwe kulawulwa ngokungezwa okunembile kwama-demulsifier, ama-scale inhibitors, kanye nama-corrosion inhibitors. Ama-demulsifier aphula ama-emulsion aqinile wamanzi kawoyela, athuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa okungezansi. Ama-scale inhibitors acindezela ukwakheka kwesikali samaminerali ngokuchela noma ukuhlanganisa ama-ion afana ne-calcium ne-barium, avikele kokubili amapayipi kanye nokwakheka komjovo. Ama-corrosion inhibitors avimbela ukulahlekelwa yinsimbi futhi alondoloze ubuqotho bengqalasizinda, ikakhulukazi lapho kukhona khona ukungena kwe-oxygen noma amagesi ane-acidic (CO₂, H₂S). Ama-bactericides anciphisa umsebenzi wamagciwane, obalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukugqwala okumuncu kanye nokugqwala okuthonywe yi-microbiology - inselele ephindaphindayo ezindleleni zokufaka kabusha izikhukhula ze-polymer kanye nezinye izindlela ezithuthukisiwe zokuhambisa uwoyela.
Ukuhlunga okuthuthukisiwe kupholisha amanzi aphathwe ngokubamba izinto eziqinile ezilengayo ezingaphazamisa ukwakheka noma ukulimala. Ubuchwepheshe obufana nezihlungi zegobolondo le-walnut, imidiya ye-nutshell, kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlunga i-membrane busetshenziswa ngokusekelwe ekwakhekeni kwamanzi akhiqiziwe, izidingo zokucindezela, kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi aqondiwe. Ukuhlunga nge-nanofiltration kanye nokuhlunga nge-ultrafiltration kuya ngokuya kusetshenziswa ukuze kulandelwe ngokuqinile, ikakhulukazi lapho kuhlelwa khona ukusetshenziswa kabusha noma ukufakwa kabusha ezimeni ezibucayi.
Ikhwalithi yamanzi akhiqizwe ukuze kufakwe kabusha kumele ihlangabezane ngokuthembekile nemingcele eqinile yezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe, amabhaktheriya, okuqukethwe uwoyela, kanye nokwakheka kwe-ionic. Izinto eziqinile noma uwoyela ngokweqile zingavala ama-reservoir pores, zinciphise ukungena kanye nokujova. I-sulphate ephakeme, i-barium, noma i-strontium ingabangela ukufakwa kwesikali, futhi ukukhula okungalawulwa kwamagciwane kukhuthaza i-hydrogen sulfide kanye nokugqwala. Ukulinganiswa kobuningi besikhathi sangempela samanzi ase-oyela, kusetshenziswa ukulinganisa kobuningi be-inline ekukhiqizweni uwoyela, kusiza opharetha ekuqapheni izitayela zekhwalithi yamanzi kanye nokuthola okungahambi kahle okubonisa ukuphazamiseka noma izehlakalo zokungcola. Ukusetshenziswa kwezicelo zemitha yobuningi be-Lonnmeter kwenza kube lula ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, ngesikhathi sangempela kobuningi bamanzi akhiqiziwe kuzo zonke izigaba zokwelashwa kanye nokufakwa, ukuthuthukisa ukulawulwa kwenqubo kanye nokuhambisana nemikhawulo yokusebenza.
Izidingo zomthetho zokujova amanzi akhiqiziwe ziya ngokuya ziqina. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni kanye nezesifundazwe zase-US ziyala ukugodla amanzi ajoviwe ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo ezivunyelwe zangaphansi komhlaba futhi ziphoqelela imikhawulo ethile kumafutha, izinto eziqinile, kanye nemithwalo yamagciwane ukuze kuvinjelwe umonakalo wokwakheka, ukungcola kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, kanye nokuzamazama komhlaba okubangelwa yizinto eziphilayo. Izinhlaka zanamuhla zokuthobela imithetho zidinga ukuhlolwa kwamanzi okuvamile kanye nokucaca kokusebenza. Abasebenzi kumele bazivumelanise nezindinganiso ezishintshayo, bafake ukwelashwa okuqinile kokuhlukaniswa, amakhemikhali, kanye nokuhlunga ukuze kugcinwe ukujova okuthembekile kanye nokuhambisana kokulawula ngenkathi kulawulwa izindleko.
Ukujova amanzi kabusha okukhiqizwayo kwakha insika yamasu okugcina umfutho wokwakheka okusimeme kanye nokuphathwa kwezindawo zokugcina uwoyela. Ngokusebenzisa kabusha amanzi ahlanziwe, abaqhubi banciphisa isidingo samanzi ahlanzekile futhi banciphise inani lokulahlwa komhlaba, basekele ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza kanye nokusimama kwemvelo. Ukujova amanzi kabusha okuphathwe kahle kusekela imigomo yezemvelo ngenkathi kuthuthukisa ukubuyiswa kwamafutha kanye nokuphepha kokusebenza. Lawa masu aletha izinzuzo zokufakwa kwamanzi kabusha okukhiqizwayo ezilinganiswayo: alondoloza umfutho wamachibi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukubuyiswa, anciphise isidingo sokulahlwa kwamanzi aphezulu, futhi anike amandla ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bezikhukhula ze-polymer ukufeza ukusebenza kahle kokuthutha uwoyela okuphezulu.
Izinsimbi ezifana namathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi bokufakwa kwamanzi okukhiqizwayo, okuhlanganisa nokuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela ngamadivayisi e-Lonnmeter, kunikeza ukuqonda okusebenzayo kokulethwa kwamanzi okuqondile. Ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha ku-SCADA noma ukuphathwa kwenqubo kusekela ukungenelela okusheshayo kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga okuphumelelayo. Le ndlela ehlukaniswe ngezigaba—ukwelashwa ngomshini, ngamakhemikhali, kanye nokuhlunga kuhlanganiswe nokuqapha ubuningi okuqhubekayo—kuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nokusebenza okuthembekile, okwenza ukufakwa kwamanzi okukhiqizwayo kuhlangabezane nezidingo zensimu kawoyela ezidingekayo kanye nezemvelo.
Amasu Okuthuthukisa Ukubuyiswa Kwamafutha Ngokusebenzisa Ukufakwa Kwamanzi
Izindlela Zokufuduka Kwamafutha
Ukufakwa kabusha kwamanzi okukhiqiza kuyindlela eyinhloko yokuvuselela uwoyela (i-EOR) eyenzelwe ukwandisa ukukhishwa kwe-hydrocarbon ngokugcina ingcindezi yendawo yokugcina amanzi kanye nokuhlanganisa uwoyela osele. Lapho amanzi efakwa endaweni ephethe uwoyela, asusa uwoyela ovaleleke edwaleni elinezimbobo, esunduza ama-hydrocarbon aye emithonjeni yokukhiqiza. Izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuhambisa amanzi zifana ne-piston (lapho uhlangothi lwamanzi olufanayo lusunduza uwoyela phambili) kanye nokugoba okuqinile (lapho amanzi ajovwe edlula uwoyela ngenxa yokwehluka kokugeleza kwamadwala). Ema-reservoirs angempela, ukungafani kuholela ekufudukeni okungafani, okwenza ukusebenza kahle kokushelela kube yinto ebalulekile.
Ukusebenza kahle kokukhuhla kuchaza ukuthi kungakanani kwedamu okuthintwa yi-front yamanzi ajoviwe. Ezimweni ezingafani, imigqa yokukhuhla okuphansi ibamba uwoyela, kuyilapho iziteshi zokukhuhla okuphezulu zingabangela ukuphuphuma kwamanzi kusenesikhathi. Ukuthuthukisa amaphethini okukhuhla amanzi ngendlela ehlelekile—njengokusebenzisa imigqa yokukhuhla eshintshanayo kanye neyomkhiqizi noma ukulawula amazinga okukhuhla—kuthuthukisa ukuhambisana futhi kwandisa inani lamafutha asusiwe. Izifundo zelebhu kanye nezensimu ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kokukhuhla okuthuthukisiwe ngokuphathwa kwamanzi okulungiselelwe kuhlobene ngqo nezici zokukhuhla eziphezulu, ngezinye izikhathi kukhulisa ukubuyiselwa kwemali okuqongelelekayo ngo-8-15% kunezindlela ezivamile zokukhuhla amanzi. Lokhu kusungula ukukhuhla kwamanzi okukhiqizwayo njengesihluthulelo esiyinhloko sokukhuhla uwoyela okuthuthukisiwe kanye namanani aphelele okukhuhla.
Ukufakwa kabusha kwezikhukhula ze-polymer
Ukufakwa kabusha kwamanzi okukhukhula nge-polymer kuhlanganisa ukufakwa kabusha kwamanzi okukhiqizwayo nokwengezwa kwama-polymer agents aphilic hydrophilic, ngokuvamile ama-polyacrylamides, ukwandisa i-viscosity yomfula wokujova. Ngokwandisa i-viscosity yamanzi, kufinyelelwa isilinganiso sokuhamba esingcono (M < 1), kunciphisa ukugoba kweminwe okuqinile futhi kuthuthukise ukunyakaza kwamafutha okufana ne-piston kuya emithonjeni yokukhiqiza. Ukufakwa komthamo onembile kwama-slugs e-polymer kubalulekile; ukudluliswa komthamo ngokweqile kungabangela umonakalo wokwakheka, kuyilapho ukudluliswa komthamo ongaphansi kuveza ukuthuthukiswa okulinganiselwe kokukhukhula.
Ukulinganisa ubuningi obuqondile kanye nokuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela ngamathuluzi afana ne-Lonnmeter density meter kunikeza opharetha ukubonakala okuqhubekayo kwezakhiwo zamanzi ajoviwe. Idatha ye-viscosity kanye nobuningi besikhathi sangempela iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlushwa kwe-polymer okulungile kugcinwa kulo lonke ukujova, kuvikele kokubili ukusebenza kahle kokubekwa kanye nokuphepha kokusebenza. Le mpendulo yesikhathi sangempela inciphisa ingozi yokuvalwa futhi ithuthukise umngcele wezikhukhula, ngaleyo ndlela yandisa inqubo ye-EOR. Kuma-reservoirs avuthiwe kanye nokwakheka okuqinile, lapho ukuhamba kukawoyela kuvinjelwe khona futhi ukukhukhula kwamanzi okuvamile kunganele, ukukhukhula kwe-polymer kukhulisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokukhuhla kanye nokukhumula okuphelele, kuvame ukwengeza amanye ama-5-20% kawoyela wokuqala endaweni yokubala kokubuyiselwa.
Amasu Okujova Athuthukisiwe
Amasu okujova athuthukile ahlanganisa ukujova kwamanzi okukhiqizwayo nokuphathwa kwengcindezi okucophelelayo kanye nobuchwepheshe bokulawula iphrofayili. Ukugcinwa kwengcindezi yokwakheka kuqinisekisa ukuthi uwoyela uhlala uhamba futhi kuvimbela ukugoba kwamanzi noma igesi kusenesikhathi. Ukulungisa ukucindezela kanye nomthamo wokujova kuvumela abaqhubi ukuthi bahlose izindawo ezithile zamachibi, baphathe ukuhambisana nomthetho futhi banciphise umzila.
Ama-ejenti okulawula iphrofayili—njengejeli, amagwebu, kanye nezinhlayiya—afakwa ukuvimba iziteshi zokungena kwamanzi amaningi. Lokhu kuguqula ukujova okulandelayo kube yizindawo ezingashaywe kakhulu, ezingashaywe kakhulu, kusebenze amavolumu angashayweki kawoyela. Ukufakwa okusebenzayo kuhlanganisa ukujova okukhethiwe kwe-zonal, ukwelashwa kokuvala amanzi, kanye nokushintshana kwezingcindezi zokujova ukuze kwandiswe kancane kancane ukushayweka kwevolumu (Ev). Ukuphakamisa ingcindezi yedamu ngalezi zindlela kwenza kube lula ukululama ezindaweni ezingashaywe, eziqinile ezingase zihlale zingakatholakali ngaphansi kokukhukhula kwamanzi okuvamile. Ubufakazi obuvela kubashayeli bezindiza abakhulu bubonisa ukuthi, ngokuhlanganiswa, lawa masu athuthukile angakhuphula ukukhiqizwa kawoyela okwengeziwe futhi athuthukise izici zokululama ngokubandakanya izindawo zedamu ezazingashayweki ngaphambilini.
Ukuqapha ubuningi obuqhubekayo, ngesikhathi sangempela ngamathuluzi angaphakathi njengemitha yobuningi beLonnmeter kusekela lawa maqhinga. Ngokulandelela izakhiwo zamanzi ezikhiqizwe ngaphambi nangemva kokwelashwa noma ukuguqulwa, opharetha bangabona ngokushesha ukunyakaza koketshezi ngaphambili, izehlakalo zokuphumelela, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokulawula iphrofayili, okuvumela ukulungiswa okusheshayo, okuqhutshwa idatha.
Ngezansi umfanekiso olula womthelela wokufakwa kwamanzi okwenziwe ngcono kanye namasu e-EOR athuthukile ekubuyiselweni kwamafutha:
| Isu Lokujova | Ukwanda Kwesici Sokululama Esijwayelekile |
|-----------------------------------|- ...
| Isikhukhula Samanzi Esivamile | 10–30% (we-OOIP) |
| Ukufakwa Kabusha Kwamanzi Okukhiqizwe | +8–15% (okukhushulwayo) |
| Ukukhukhula kwe-polymer | +5–20% (okwandayo, ovuthiwe/oqinile)|
| Ukulawulwa Kwengcindezi/Iphrofayili | +3–10% (okukhuphukile, okuqondiswe endaweni)|
Ukuthuthukisa ukufuduka kukawoyela, ukuhlanganisa ukwelashwa kwamanzi akhiqiziwe ukuze kufakwe kabusha, kusetshenziswa izindlela zokukhukhula kwe-polymer, kanye nokusebenzisa amathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi besikhathi sangempela ndawonye kuvumela abaqhubi ukuthi bandise amandla e-hydrocarbon echibini ngalinye.
Ukugcina Ukwakheka Kwengcindezi Nokuqinisekisa Ukuqhubeka Kwedamu
Izimiso Zokwakheka Ukugcinwa Kwengcindezi
Ukugcinwa kwengcindezi yokwakheka kubalulekile ekuphathweni kahle kwezindawo zokugcina uwoyela. Ukugcina ingcindezi yezindawo zokugcina uwoyela eseduze nokwasekuqaleni kubalulekile ekwandiseni ukusebenza kahle kokufuduka kukawoyela nokuqinisekisa ukukhishwa kwemithombo isikhathi eside. Uma ingcindezi yehla ngaphansi kwemingcele ethile, njengephuzu lebhamuza, amandla ezindawo zokugcina uwoyela ayanyamalala. Lokhu kuvame ukuholela ekwehleni okusheshayo kokukhiqizwa kukawoyela futhi kusheshise ukuqina kwezindawo zokugcina uwoyela, okunciphisa isikhala semigodi kanye nokuvuleka kwamanzi.
Ukufakwa kabusha kwamanzi akhiqiziwe, okwaziwa ngokuthi ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwamanzi (i-PWRI), kungenye yezindlela ezithuthukisiwe kakhulu zokubuyisa uwoyela ezisetshenziswa ukugcina ingcindezi yokwakheka. I-PWRI ilinganisela amazinga okujova kanye nokukhiqizwa, isekela izimo zokugcina amanzi ezimweni ezizinzile futhi yandise impilo yempahla. Ibhalansi efanele phakathi kwamavolumu ajoviwe nakhiqizwayo igcina amandla e-capillary kanye ne-viscous adingekayo ukuze kuqhutshekwe kahle kwe-hydrocarbon, ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise izici zokubuyisa ngaphezu kwalokho okungafezwa ngokuncipha kwemvelo kuphela. Idatha yasensimini ikhombisa ukuthi izinhlelo zokulungisa ingcindezi esebenzayo zithola ukuphakama kokubuyisa okungu-10-25% uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhiqizwa okuyinhloko, kuyilapho kunciphisa kakhulu ingozi yezinselele ezibangelwa ukuminyana njengokuncipha noma ukulahlekelwa ubuqotho bomthombo.
Izifundo zakamuva eziqhutshwa ukulingisa ziqokomisa ukuthi impumelelo ye-PWRI kanye nezindlela ezifanayo zokufuduka kwamafutha incike kakhulu ekukhetheni iphethini yokujova efanele, ukubekwa komthombo, kanye nokuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela. Izindawo zokugcina amanzi lapho ingcindezi igcinwe khona ku-90% noma ngaphezulu kwezimo zokuqala zibonisa ukuqina okuncane futhi zigcina izakhiwo zokugeleza ezidingekayo ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokukhiqiza.
Ukuqapha, Ukuzenzakalela, kanye Nokuxazulula Izinkinga
Ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kubalulekile ukuze kutholakale izinzuzo zokufakwa kwamanzi kabusha ezikhiqizwayo ngempumelelo. Ukulinganiswa kobuningi obungaphakathi kanye nesikhathi sangempela, ikakhulukazi ngamathuluzi afana namamitha obuningi be-Lonnmeter, kunikeza idatha eqhubekayo ngezakhiwo zoketshezi olufakwe. Lokhu kulawulwa kwenqubo eguquguqukayo kwenza ukulungiswa okusheshayo kwamapharamitha okufakwa—njengesilinganiso noma ikhwalithi—okuhambisana nezimo ezishintshayo echibini.
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi obuqondile ekukhiqizweni kwamafutha kubaluleke kakhulu lapho amanzi akhiqizwayo engase ahluke ngenxa yezinto eziqinile ezikhiqiziwe, ukukala, izindlela zokufaka kabusha izikhukhula ze-polymer, noma ukushintsha kosawoti wamanzi ngesikhathi sokusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kokubuyisela. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kuthinta ukujova, ingozi yokulimala kokwakheka, futhi ekugcineni, impilo yesikhathi eside yedamu. Amathuluzi afana ne-Lonnmeter anikeza ukuqapha okunembile, kwesikhathi sangempela kokujiya kwamanzi akhiqiziwe. Leli khono livumela opharetha ukuthi babone izinto ezingavamile—njengokushintsha kobuningi obungalindelekile okubonisa ukuthuthuka kwamakhemikhali noma ukungena kwezinto eziqinile—futhi benze izinguquko zokulungisa ngokushesha ohlelweni lokujova.
Ukuxazulula izinkinga kuyisici esiyinhloko samasu okugcina ingcindezi yedamu. Ukulahlekelwa ukujova, okuvame ukubangelwa ukuxhuma ngenxa yezinhlayiya noma ukukhula kwezinto eziphilayo, ukukala, noma izinguquko ekuqineni kwamafutha, kunganciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwamasu okubuyisa amafutha athuthukisiwe. Ukusebenzisa amathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi besikhathi sangempela ekufakweni kwamanzi kabusha okuhlanganisa namamitha e-viscosity angaphakathi kusiza ukuthola lezi zinkinga kusenesikhathi. Isibonelo, ukwanda okukhulu kobuningi obulinganisiwe noma ukuqineka kungakhomba ekungeneni okuqinile noma ekwakhekeni kwe-emulsion emgodini womthombo. Ukuhlonza kusenesikhathi kuholela ekungeneleleni okuqondiwe—njengokulungisa ukwelashwa kwamanzi, ukulungiswa kwesihlungi, noma amazinga okubuyela emuva—ukuvimbela umonakalo womthombo kanye nokunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi.
Ukwelashwa kwamanzi okukhiqizwe ukuze kufakwe umjovo, ikakhulukazi ngokuqapha okuthuthukisiwe, kubhekana ngqo nokuqhubeka kwedamu. Ukuqapha okufanele kusiza ekuphatheni izinkinga ezifana nokuphuma kwamanzi noma izinguquko ekufudukeni okubangelwa izindlela zokufaka umjovo wezikhukhula ze-polymer. Ukuphambuka okuqhubekayo kusuka ezindleleni zobuningi ezilindelekile kubonisa ukukhukhuleka okungalingani noma ukuxhumana okubi kwedamu, okubangela ukulungiswa okusheshayo kokuhlushwa kwe-polymer, amaphrofayili omjovo, noma i-chemistry yamanzi.
Ukuhlanganiswa okusondelene kwamathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi kanye nokusebenza kwensimu kuqinisekisa ukulungiswa kwengcindezi yokwakheka okuhle, ukuphathwa kwedamu likawoyela elizinzile, futhi kusekela ukululama kwesikhathi eside okuthembekile, okuphephile, nokunomnotho. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kokuqapha, ukuxazulula izinkinga, kanye nokulawula okuzenzakalelayo kunegalelo empumelelweni yazo zonke ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bezikhukhula ze-polymer kanye namasu okubuyisela kabusha insimu kawoyela.
Ukuhlanganisa i-PWRI ne-EOR ukuze uthole inani eliphezulu
Ukuklama Uhlelo Oluhlanganisiwe Lokubuyisela Amanzi E-EOR
Ukukhulisa inani lokujova kabusha kwamanzi okukhiqizwayo (i-PWRI) kanye nokujova kabusha uwoyela okuthuthukisiwe (i-EOR) kudinga ukwakheka kohlelo ngokucophelela okuhlanganisa ukuphathwa kwamanzi okukhiqizwayo, ukulinganisa ubuningi bamanzi ngaphakathi, kanye nezindlela ezithuthukisiwe zokufuduka kwamafutha. Uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe oluphumelelayo luhlanganisa ukuqapha kwamanzi akhiqizwa ngesikhathi sangempela, ukwelashwa kwamanzi okukhiqizwayo okuhle kakhulu kojova kabusha, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamasu okubuyisa uwoyela athuthukisiwe ahlelwe ngokwemininingwane yedamu.
Isisekelo sokuhlanganiswa siqala ngokuphathwa kwamanzi akhiqiziwe. Amanzi akhiqiziwe aqoqwe ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwamafutha kumele aphathwe ukuze ahlangabezane nezindinganiso ezithile zamanzi agciniwe kanye nemithetho ngaphambi kokufakwa kabusha. Izinyathelo zokwelapha zikhethwa ngokusekelwe kwikhwalithi yamanzi akhiqiziwe, engahlukahluka kakhulu. Amathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi bamanzi agciniwe, njengemitha yobuningi beLonnmeter, ahlinzeka ngokuqinisekiswa okuqhubekayo kobuningi bamanzi ahlinziwe, enikeza impendulo ngokushesha ngekhwalithi yamanzi. Lezi zilinganiso zesikhathi sangempela zivimbela ukufakwa kabusha kwamanzi ngobuningi obungahambisani, kunciphisa izingozi zokuvaleka noma ukulimala kwamachibi agciniwe.
Ngesikhathi sesigaba sokufakwa kabusha, ukugcina ingcindezi yokwakheka kubalulekile. Amanzi akhiqizwayo afakwa ukuze asekele ingcindezi yedamu, ukubambezela ukwehla nokuthuthukisa ukufuduka kukawoyela. Ukuqapha okunembile kobuningi bamanzi akhiqizwayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi afakwe kabusha ahambisana nezakhiwo zoketshezi lwedamu, kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhuhla nokuvimbela ukwakheka koketshezi ngenxa yokwehluka kobuningi. Kumasu afana nokufakwa kabusha kwe-polymer okukhukhula, ukuqapha i-viscosity kanye nobuningi ngesikhathi sangempela kuvumelanisa inqubo nempendulo yedamu futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwe-EOR iyonke.
Ukuhlanganisa amasu e-EOR njengokukhukhula kwe-polymer okuthuthukisiwe noma ukujova ngamanzi ane-carbonated kuhlanganisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kokugcinwa kwengcindezi kanye nokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali endaweni yokugcina amanzi. Ukujova amanzi ane-carbonated, isibonelo, kushintsha izakhiwo zoketshezi kanye nokusebenzisana kwamatshe noketshezi, okuholela ekuthuthweni kwamafutha okuthuthukisiwe kanye namathuba okususwa kwe-CO₂. Ukuhambisana phakathi kwalezi zindlela kanye nokuphathwa kwamanzi akhiqizwayo kuncike ekukhethweni okuqhutshwa idatha okusekelwe ekuchazeni okuphelele kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi, kufaka phakathi i-mineralogy, ukuhambisana koketshezi, kanye nokuhlaziywa kokufakwa kwamanzi.
Kuwo wonke umjikelezo wokuphila kwempahla—kusukela ekuphathweni kwamanzi okuqala akhiqizwayo, ngokuqapha ukusebenza komsele wokujova, kanye nokwenza ngcono uhlelo—amamitha okujiya kanye ne-viscosity (njengalawo avela eLonnmeter) abalulekile. Aletha idatha ebalulekile yenqubo kubasebenzi nakonjiniyela, esekela ukuphathwa okuguquguqukayo kohlelo lwe-reinjection-EOR. Ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kwenza impendulo esheshayo ekuphazamisekeni kokusebenza futhi kusiza ukulondoloza isikhathi sokusebenza kohlelo, okuyimbangela eyinhloko yokubuyiselwa kwamanzi kanye nokulawulwa kwezindleko.
Izinkomba Zokusebenza Ezibalulekile (ama-KPI) kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Okuqhubekayo
Ukulinganisa ukusebenza kohlelo oluhlanganisiwe lwe-PWRI-EOR kuncike ku-Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) ezikhethwe kahle. Ngokufakwa kabusha kwamanzi okukhiqizwayo, ikhwalithi yomjovo iqashwa ngokulinganisa ubuningi besikhathi sangempela, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uketshezi luhlangabezana nezindinganiso eziqondiwe zobuningi bukasawoti, okuqukethwe kwezinto eziqinile, kanye nobuningi. Amamitha obuningi be-Lonnmeter, isibonelo, anikeza isiqinisekiso esiqhubekayo sokuthi amanzi afanelekile kuphela angena echibini, okunciphisa izingozi zokwehla kokulimala kokwakheka.
Ukusebenza kahle kokusula kukhombisa ukusebenza kahle koketshezi olufakwe umjovo olususa uwoyela luye emithonjeni yokukhiqiza. Lokhu kuthonywa yizakhiwo zoketshezi olufakwe umjovo—ezilandelwa kusetshenziswa amathuluzi okulinganisa angaphakathi—kanye nokungafani kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi. Ukucindezela kokwakheka kungenye i-KPI ebalulekile; ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kokucindezela kuqinisekisa ukuthi amasu okubuyisela amanzi emjovo ukugcina noma ukubuyisela ukucindezela kwendawo yokugcina amanzi, ukuhlehlisa ukugeleza kwamanzi kanye nokugcina amazinga okukhiqiza.
Isikhathi sokusebenza kwesistimu, isikhathi sokulandelela ukujova okungaphazamiseki kanye nokusebenza kwe-EOR, kusekela ezomnotho zephrojekthi iyonke. Ukuphazamiseka noma ukuphambuka, njengokwehla kwekhwalithi yamanzi akhiqizwayo noma ukwehla kwengcindezi okungalindelekile, kutholakala ngokushesha kusetshenziswa izinhlelo zokuqapha ezihlanganisiwe.
Imizamo yokuthuthukisa eqhutshwa idatha ihlanganisa lawa ma-KPI ukusekela ukwenziwa ngcono okuqhubekayo. Onjiniyela bahlaziya njalo izitayela zedatha yobuningi, ukucindezela kokujova, kanye nezilinganiso zokusebenza kahle ukuze balungise amapharamitha okwelapha, ukugcwala kwe-polymer, noma amazinga okujova—ukusebenzisa ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo okulungiselelwe izimo zokugcina amanzi nezimo zokusebenza ezishintshayo. Emasimini avuthiwe, le ndlela yokuphindaphinda ivumela ukubuyiselwa kwamafutha okuqhubekayo futhi yandisa impilo yempahla, njengoba kuboniswe ezifundweni zamacala embonini lapho Izinhlelo Zokusekela Izinqumo kanye nokuqapha okuqhubekayo kufinyelele ekunciphiseni okuphawulekayo ekusetshenzisweni kwamanzi kanye nokwanda komkhiqizo.
Ngedatha eqinile yobuningi obungaphakathi kanye ne-viscosity, opharetha bangahlobanisa ukusebenza kwesistimu namapharamitha okujova ngesikhathi sangempela. Lapho i-KPI efana nokusebenza kahle kokushelela iwa, imbangela eyinhloko—kungaba ikhwalithi yamanzi, ukungalingani kobuningi, noma ukwehluleka komshini—ingalandelelwa ngokushesha, isekele ukungenelela okufika ngesikhathi.
Imisebenzi ehlanganisiwe ye-PWRI-EOR isebenzisa ukulinganisa kwesikhathi sangempela, ukulandelela okuqhubekayo kwe-KPI, kanye nokuphathwa okuguquguqukayo ukuze kukhuliswe ukubuyiswa kwamafutha, ukuthembeka kwesistimu, kanye nokuhambisana nemithetho. Le ndlela yokuphila iqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi akhiqizwayo aguqulwa kusuka emseleni wemfucuza abe umthombo obalulekile wokugcinwa kwengcindezi yedamu kanye nokubuyiswa kwamafutha okuqhubekayo, okusekelwa ubuchwepheshe obufana namamitha obuningi be-Lonnmeter okuthuthukisa ukufakelwa kabusha kwe-oyela endaweni kawoyela.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa)
Kuyini ukulinganisa ubuningi obungaphakathi, futhi kungani kubalulekile ekufakweni kabusha kwamanzi okukhiqizwayo (i-PWRI)?
Ukulinganisa ubuningi obuqondile kuyindlela yangempela yokuqapha ubuningi boketshezi ngqo emgqeni wenqubo, kususa isidingo sokuthatha amasampula ngesandla. Kumongo wokufakwa kabusha kwamanzi okukhiqizwayo (i-PWRI), kunikeza idatha esheshayo ngobuningi bezixazululo zamanzi noma ze-polymer ezifakwa kabusha echibini. Lokhu kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwakheka koketshezi olufakwe kabusha kuhlala ngaphakathi kwezidingo ezifanele, kuvimbele ukwakheka okuvalekile, kuvikele ubuqotho bechibi, futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuhambisana nomthetho. Isibonelo, izinguquko ezisheshayo zobuningi zingabonisa ukungena kukawoyela, igesi, noma izinto eziqinile, okuvumela abaqhubi ukuthi bangenelele ngokushesha futhi bavimbele ukulimala kwemishini noma ukwakheka. Amandla okulandelela ubuningi ngokuqhubekayo asekela imisebenzi ephumelelayo, ephephile, nelandelekayo ngedijithali, ukunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza kanye nokuthuthukisa umkhiqizo wensimu kawoyela.
Ukufakwa kabusha kwamanzi okukhiqizwayo kusekela kanjani amasu okuvuselela uwoyela (i-EOR)?
Ukufakwa kwamanzi kabusha okukhiqizwayo kudlala indima ebalulekile emasu okuvuselela uwoyela. Ngokufaka amanzi kabusha akhiqizwe ahlanziwe, abaqhubi bagcina ingcindezi yendawo yokugcina amanzi, okuyisihluthulelo sokususa uwoyela nokuwuhambisa emithonjeni yokukhiqiza. Le ndlela ibalulekile kokubili ezikhukhuleni zamanzi zendabuko kanye nasezindleleni ezithuthukisiwe zokufakwa kwamanzi kabusha okukhiqizwayo okukhiqizwayo okukhiqizwayo. Lapho izixazululo ze-polymer zifakwa, ukulawulwa kobuningi kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlushwa kwe-polymer okufanele kuyagcinwa, okuthinta ngqo ukusebenza kahle kokukhuhla kanye nokufuduka kukawoyela. Umphumela uba amazinga aphezulu okubuyiselwa emasimini akhona kanye nokusimama okuthuthukisiwe ngokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ahlanzekile nokuphatha amanzi akhiqiziwe ngendlela efanele.
Yiziphi izinselele eziyinhloko zokwelashwa kwamanzi okukhiqizwayo ukuze kufakwe kabusha?
Izinselele eziyinhloko ekuphathweni kwamanzi okukhiqizwayo ukuze kufakwe kabusha zigxile ekususeni ukungcola okufana nama-hydrocarbon asele, izinto eziqinile ezimisiwe, kanye nezinto eziphilayo. Uma lezi zingxenye zingasuswa ngokwanele, kunengozi yokuvala ama-reservoir pores noma imithombo yokujova, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kokujova kanye nomonakalo ongaba khona we-reservoir. Isibonelo, ukuthwala uwoyela noma okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto eziqinile kungonakalisa ikhwalithi yamanzi futhi kuthinte ngqo izinqubo ezingezansi. Ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo kunciphisa izingozi zokugqwala kanye nokukhula, okunikela ekwethembekeni kokusebenza kwesikhathi eside. Ukufeza ikhwalithi yamanzi ephezulu njalo kuvame ukudinga indlela ehlanganisiwe, ehlanganisa ukuhlukaniswa ngokomzimba, ukuhlunga, kanye nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali—ngakunye okuthonywa impendulo eqhubekayo evela ekulinganisweni kobuningi besikhathi sangempela.
Iyiphi indima edlalwa yi-Lonnmeter density meter ku-PWRI kanye nezikhukhula ze-polymer?
Imitha yobuningi beLonnmeter iklanyelwe ngqo ukuletha izilinganiso ezinembile kakhulu, zesikhathi sangempela zobuningi boketshezi ezisetshenziswayo ezibalulekile zensimu kawoyela, kufaka phakathi i-PWRI kanye nokufakwa kabusha kwe-polymer flood polymer okuthuthukisiwe. Ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela ngeLonnmeter kusekela ukulawulwa okunembile kokufakwa kwe-polymer, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izixazululo ezifakwe kabusha zihlala ngaphakathi kwefasitela lokuhlushwa elifunekayo ukuze kusebenze kahle kakhulu futhi kuncishiswe umonakalo omncane wokwakheka. Ukulandelela ubuningi obuqhubekayo kusiza abaqhubi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi akhiqizwayo aphathwa kahle futhi awanazo imithwalo engcolile ngokweqile, kunciphisa amathuba okwehluleka kwemithombo futhi kwandise ukusebenza kwe-EOR iyonke. Ngokuhlinzeka ngedatha ethembekile ngqo endaweni yokujova, imitha yobuningi beLonnmeter isebenza njengethuluzi elibalulekile lokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yokusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kokubuyisa uwoyela.
Ukufakwa kabusha kwamanzi okukhiqiza kunegalelo kanjani ekugcinweni kwengcindezi yokwakheka?
Ukufakwa kabusha kwamanzi akhiqiziwe kusiza ukulinganisela umthamo woketshezi olukhishwa ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kukawoyela, ngaleyo ndlela kuzinziswe ukucindezeleka kokwakheka. Ukugcina ukucindezela okwanele kubalulekile ekukhishweni kukawoyela okuphumelelayo, njengoba kuvimbela ukuwohloka kwedamu, kulawula ukukhiqizwa kwamanzi noma igesi okungafuneki, futhi kusiza ukugcina amazinga okugeleza kukawoyela phakathi nesikhathi sonke sensimu. Isibonelo, ukulungiswa kwengcindezi okungafanele kungaholela ekuncipheni kwedamu noma ekunciphiseni izici zokubuyisa. Ukusebenzisa amathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi besikhathi sangempela sokufakwa kabusha kwamanzi akhiqiziwe kuqinisekisa ukuthi abaqhubi bangaqapha futhi balondoloze kokubili ikhwalithi yamanzi kanye namazinga okujova, basekele ngqo ubuqotho besikhathi eside kanye nokukhiqiza kwedamu.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 12-2025
