Ukulinganisa ingcindezi eqondile kubalulekile ekulinganisweni kwe-benzene ngenxa yokulawula okuqinile okudingekayo ezimweni ze-reactor. Ngesikhathi senqubo ye-benzene nitration, ukuqapha okunembile kwengcindezi kusiza ukugcina amazinga okuguqulwa afanele futhi kuvimbele ukuphambuka okungalimaza ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo noma ukuphepha kwesitshalo. Ukwakheka kwe-reactor ye-nitrate kumele kubhekane nezingozi ezihlobene nokusabela kwe-gas-liquid-solid-phase-phase ezintathu. Izehlakalo ezisheshayo ze-exothermic, ukukhishwa okungazelelwe kwama-nitrogen oxides, noma ukuvinjelwa ngengozi kungadala izinguquko zengcindezi ngokuzumayo, okubeka izingozi zokuqhekeka kwemishini noma ukukhishwa kwemvelo.
Ukunikezwa kwe-nitration kwe-Benzene
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I-Nitration ye-Benzene kanye Nezinkinga Zayo Zokusebenza
I-nitration ye-benzene iwumsebenzi oyisisekelo ekukhiqizweni kwamakhemikhali amakhulu, okuguqula i-benzene ne-acid exubile ibe yi-nitrobenzene, okuwumsebenzi oyinhloko wamakhemikhali aphakathi nendawo. Ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kwe-nitrobenzene kuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kwemithi, udayi, izinto eziqhumayo ezifana ne-TNT, kanye nezinto ezithuthukisa i-polymer. Ukubaluleka kwale nqubo kwezimboni akusekelwe kuphela enanini lezomnotho lezicelo ze-nitrobenzene kodwa futhi nasekuqineni lapho imingcele yokusebenza kumele ilawulwe khona.
Ukubuka Okuphelele Kwenqubo Ye-Industrial Benzene Nitration
I-nitration yezimboni ye-benzene iyisinyathelo esiyisisekelo ekukhiqizeni i-nitrobenzene, isandulela sezinto ezincane zamakhemikhali ezifana nokwakheka kwe-aniline. Embindini wayo, lolu shintsho lusebenzisa indawo ye-electrophilic aromatic substitution, lapho i-benzene iguqulwa ibe yi-nitrobenzene ngokusabela ngengxube ye-nitrating—ngokuvamile i-nitric acid egxilile kanye ne-sulfuric acid. I-asidi exubile yenza kube lula ukwakheka kwe-nitronium ion (NO₂⁺), i-electrophile eyinhloko, ngokusabela:
2 H₂SO₄ + HNO₃ → NO₂⁺ + H₃O⁺ + 2 HSO₄⁻
I-nitronium ion ihlasela indandatho ye-benzene, ikhiqize i-nitrobenzene ngenkathi ikhipha ukushisa ngenxa yemvelo yokusabela okungaphandle. Ukulawula okuqinile izinga lokushisa, ukuhlushwa kwe-asidi, kanye namazinga okugeleza kwe-reactant kubalulekile; ukushintshashintsha kokushisa ngokweqile noma ukuhlushwa kungabangela imikhiqizo engafuneki kanye nokungazinzi kwenqubo, okwenza amapharamitha okusebenza ahlelwe kahle abe yinto ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwe-nitrobenzene okuhle kakhulu nokugwema ukusabela okuyingozi okuyingozi.
Ekuklameni ama-reactor e-nitrate ezimbonini, onjiniyela kumele babhekane nezinselele eziningana zobuchwepheshe. Ukuqina okukhulu kwe-exothermicity yalesi senzo kudinga ama-heat exchanger noma amajakethi okupholisa ahlanganiswe emikhunjini ye-reactor. Izinto zokwakha i-reactor kumele zimelane nokuchayeka okuqhubekayo kuma-asidi anamafutha amaningi kanye nagonakalisayo. Ama-reactor ensimbi afakwe ngengilazi kanye ne-fluoropolymer ajwayelekile, kodwa ama-alloy e-tantalum kanye nama-alloy amelana nokugqwala anganikeza isikhathi eside ezindaweni ezibalulekile, ikakhulukazi ngokwethulwa kwama-transmitter engcindezi ye-tantalum diaphragm ukuze kulinganiswe ingcindezi enembile nezinzile. Ukungakwazi ukusebenza kwamakhemikhali kwe-Tantalum ngaphansi kwezimo ze-acid exubile kunciphisa ukugcinwa kanye nesikhathi sokungasebenzi.
Ukulinganisa ingcindezi okuphumelelayo kuma-reactor e-nitration kubalulekile. Ukugcina ingcindezi ngaphakathi kwemingcele ephephile neklanyelwe kuqinisekisa ubuqotho besakhiwo, kunciphisa izingozi ezihlobene nokugoba kokudla, futhi kuvumela ukulawulwa kwe-closed-loop kwezinhlelo ezenzakalelayo. Ukuqapha ingcindezi ngesikhathi sangempela, kusetshenziswa ama-transmitter athuthukile aklanyelwe izindawo ezinolaka, kusekela kokubili ukuphepha kanye nokwenza ngcono izinqubo. Ama-reactor anamuhla asebenzisa ama-transmitter okucindezela abekwe endaweni ehlelekile aqukethe ama-ports azihlanzayo kanye nemijikelezo yokuhlanza ejwayelekile ukuze kulwiwe nokuvinjelwa okuvela ezintweni eziqinile ezibangela ukuvuza noma amagesi aguqukayo avame kakhulu engxubeni yezigaba ezintathu zegesi-uketshezi-oqinile etholakala ngesikhathi sokusebenza okuqhubekayo.
Inkinga ethile yokusebenza ukuvalwa kwesiteshi sokuthinta ingcindezi. Ngenxa yokugeleza kwezigaba eziningi kanye nokwakheka okuqinile ngesikhathi se-nitration, amathephu okucindezela angavinjelwa, okuholela ekufundweni okungalungile noma ekukhuphukeni kwengcindezi okungazelelwe. Izixazululo ezifana nemiklamo yokudlulisela ezihlanzayo, ukubekwa kwechweba okulungiselelwe kude nezindawo ezithambekele ekufakweni okuqinile noma ukuvela kwegesi, kanye nezinqubo zokuhlanza njalo kunciphisa kakhulu isikhathi sokungasebenzi kanye nokungenelela kokulungisa. Lokhu kulawulwa kwengcindezi okuqhubekayo kuvumela opharetha ukuthi bagweme ukwanda okungazelelwe, okuyingozi kwengcindezi ye-reactor ngenkathi begcina ukuqhubeka kwenqubo okungaphazamiseki.
Intuthuko yakamuva ekukhiqizeni i-catalyst ehlukahlukene—ikakhulukazi ngama-catalyst e-solid acid anobungani nemvelo—inikeza isivuno esiphezulu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-sulfuric acid okuncishisiwe. Lokhu kusungula izinto ezintsha kuthuthukisa ukusimama komzila wokukhiqiza i-nitrobenzene futhi kunciphisa ingozi yokugqwala ehlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-acid aqinile. Besebenzisa ama-nanocatalysts aklanyelwe wena noma izinto ze-composite oxide, abakhiqizi bathola ukukhiqizwa kwe-nitronium ion okuphumelelayo ekuphenduleni kwesigaba soketshezi, okwenza kube lula ukusebenza kwe-reactor, kuncishiswe umthelela emvelweni, futhi kube lula ukuphathwa kwengcindezi.
Ukukhethwa kwezinto zangaphakathi ze-reactor kanye nezinsimbi kusalokhu kubalulekile, njengoba ama-acid axubile ebanga izinsongo ezinkulu zokugqwala. Ama-transmitter e-tantalum diaphragm pressure ajwayelekile ekufakweni kwesimanje ngenxa yokumelana kwawo nokuhlaselwa ngamakhemikhali, kunciphisa ukushintshwa okubizayo futhi kuvumela isikhathi eside sokusebenza ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwenqubo.
Sekukonke, i-nitration ye-benzene yezimboni isebenzisa i-chemistry enembile, ubunjiniyela be-reactor obulawulwayo, izinsimbi ezikhethekile, kanye nezinto ezithuthukisiwe ezingagqwali ukuze kulethwe ukukhiqizwa kwe-nitrobenzene okuphephile nokunwebekayo. Intuthuko ngayinye ekwakhiweni kwe-reactor, ubuchwepheshe be-catalyst, noma ukulawulwa kwengcindezi kwesikhathi sangempela kusekela ngqo ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuthembeka okudingekayo ekukhiqizweni kwamakhemikhali aphakathi nendawo amahle.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Nitrobenzene nge-Benzene Nitration
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Izinselele Ekusebenzeni kwe-Nitrate Reactor
Izakhiwo Ezixubile Ze-Acid Nendawo Enolaka
Inqubo ye-benzene nitration incike engxubeni yama-asidi e-nitric agxilile kanye ne-sulfuric, okwenza indawo enamandla kakhulu yokuxova futhi ebolisa kakhulu. Le ndawo exubile ye-asidi ihlasela ngobudlova izinto zokwakha ezivamile, okubangela ukuwohloka kwemishini okusheshayo, ukuncipha kwezindonga zamapayipi, kanye nokwehluleka kwe-gasket okusheshayo. Ukugqwala ku-nitrate reactor akugcini nje ngokufinyeza isikhathi sokuphila kwezingxenye ezibalulekile kodwa futhi kwandisa ingozi yokuvuza kwenqubo, okungadala izimo zokusebenza eziyingozi ngenxa yobuthi bamakhemikhali kanye nethuba lokusabela okubalekayo. Ama-transmitter e-tantalum diaphragm avame ukucaciswa ngoba i-tantalum imelana nokuhlaselwa ngamakhemikhali ngisho nangaphansi kokuchayeka okukhulu kwe-mixed acid. Ukukhetha izinto ezimanzi ezifanele zazo zonke izinzwa ze-reactor kanye nezindawo zokuthinta kubalulekile ekunciphiseni imvamisa yokulungisa kanye nokugcina ukulawulwa kwenqubo ye-benzene nitration okuthembekile.
Izinkinga Zokusabela Kwezigaba Ezintathu Eziqinile Zegesi-Uketshezi
Ukusebenza kwe-nitrate reactor kubonisa ukuba khona kwegesi, uketshezi, kanye nezigaba eziqinile ngasikhathi sinye. Ama-nitrogen oxides kanye nomusi kuyashintsha njengoba amagesi; ama-acids kanye ne-benzene kwakha isigaba soketshezi; imikhiqizo yokusabela enganyibiliki ibonakala njengezinto eziqinile. Lolu hlelo lwezigaba ezintathu luholela ezimisweni zokugeleza eziguquguqukayo kakhulu. Ama-Eddies, ukuzungeza, kanye nokwakheka kwe-plug kungenzeka emapayipini nasemapayipini. Izinhlayiya eziqinile kanye nama-sticky deposits asongela ukuvala iziteshi zokuthepha ze-pressure transmitter kanye nemigqa ye-impulse, ikakhulukazi kuma-sensor diaphragm noma kuma-tubing bends. Ukuvaleka kuphazamisa ngqo ukuthembeka kokufundwa kwengcindezi ngesikhathi sangempela, okungabangela izimpendulo zenqubo ezibambezelekile noma ezinephutha futhi kuthinte ikhwalithi ye-nitrobenzene. Izinqubo zokulungisa ezivimbelayo, njengokuhlanza ngezikhathi ezithile nokusebenzisa imiklamo ye-impulse line ene-deadlegs encishisiwe, kuyimikhuba ejwayelekile yemboni yokulwa nalezi zinselele. Ukubekwa kahle kwezinzwa zokucindezela ezithuthukisiwe ezindaweni ezinokubekwa okuncane okuqinile kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kokuqapha okuqhubekayo.
Ukunyuka Kwengcindezi Okungazelelwe kanye Nezinsongo Zokuphepha
I-Benzene nitration iyindlela yokusabela exothermic kakhulu. Ukwanda okungazelelwe kwamazinga okushisa noma ukugeleza kwe-asidi kungaholela ekukhuphukeni kwengcindezi okungazelelwe. Ngaphandle kokuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela, lokhu kunyuka kwengcindezi kungadlula imikhawulo yokuklama yemikhumbi ye-reactor kanye namapayipi, kubeke engcupheni ukuqhekeka komshini, ukukhishwa okuyingozi kwamagesi anobuthi, kanye nokuphazamiseka kokuphepha kwezitshalo. Ukuqapha ingcindezi ngesikhathi sangempela ngama-transmitter aqinile, njengalawo afakwe ama-diaphragm e-tantalum, kunikeza ukutholakala kusenesikhathi kwezitayela ezingaphephile. Ukungenelela okusheshayo komqhubi, izinqubo zokuvala okuzenzakalelayo, kanye nokulandelana kwezexwayiso kuncike ekuphumeni kwezinzwa okuthembekile. Ukulinganiswa njalo nokugcinwa kwama-transmitter acindezelayo kuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokusebenza, ukuvimbela izehlakalo zokucindezela ngokweqile kanye nokugcina indawo ephephile yokukhiqizwa kwe-nitrobenzene okuqhubekayo. Ama-sensor kumele abekwe endaweni efanele futhi avikelwe ngokwanele ekungcoleni kwenqubo ukuze alethe ukusebenza okungaphazanyiswa ngaphansi kwezimo ze-nitration eziyinselele.
Ukulinganisa Ukucindezela Okungaphakathi Okuthuthukisiwe: Ukubhekana Nezidingo Zokulawula I-Reactor
Ama-Pressure Transmitters ku-Benzene Nitration
Ukulawulwa kwengcindezi okunembile kubalulekile ekufakweni kwe-nitration ye-benzene, lapho izakhiwo ze-oxidizing kanye ne-corrosive ze-acid exubile ziveza izimo ezidingayo ze-reactor. Ama-pressure transmitter afana ne-Rosemount 3051 aklanywe ukuze abhekane nalezi zinselele. Asebenzisa ama-diaphragm amelana nokugqwala—ngokuvamile i-sapphire noma i-tantalum—ukuze amelane nesenzo esinamandla sama-asidi e-nitric ne-sulfuric. Ukwakhiwa kwe-transmitter kuqinisekisa ukufundwa okuzinzile, okungenamanzi ngesikhathi sokusebenza isikhathi eside, isici esibalulekile njengoba ngisho nokuphambuka okuncane ekucindezelweni kungathinta ubumsulwa be-nitrobenzene kanye nokuphepha kwe-reactor.
Idatha yengcindezi yesikhathi sangempela evela ku-transmitter ivumela izimpendulo zokulawula inqubo ngokushesha. Njengoba ingcindezi ngaphakathi kwe-nitrate reactor inganda ngokushesha ngenxa yokuvela kwegesi okusheshayo noma ukusabela kwe-exothermic, izinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo zisebenzisa lokhu kufundwa ukuze zilawule amazinga okuphakelayo kanye nemikhuba yokukhipha umoya. Lokhu kusiza ukugcina ingcindezi ngaphakathi kwemingcele eqinile edingekayo enkambisweni yokukhiqiza i-nitrobenzene futhi kunciphisa ama-off-spec batches.
Ukulula kokugcinwa nokulinganiswa kungenye into ebalulekile. I-Rosemount 3051 isekela ukulinganiswa kwensimu, ivumela ochwepheshe ukuthi baphinde balinganiswe ngokushesha endaweni ngaphandle kokuyihlukanisa idivayisi, okunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi futhi kuqinisekise ukukhiqizwa kwe-nitrobenzene okuphephile nokuphumelelayo, njengoba kuchaziwe kumadokhumenti obuchwepheshe bomkhiqizi.
Umklamo wokudlulisa oqinile uphinde umelane nokungcola okuvela emisipheni ye-asidi noma imikhiqizo elandela ukusabela, ugwema ukuphazamiseka kwenqubo. Ukutholwa nokululama okusheshayo kuvimbela ukuhamba kwengcindezi okuyingozi futhi kuqinisekisa ukukhishwa okuqhubekayo kwamakhemikhali amancane aphakathi kwemithi nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-nitrobenzene.
Izinzuzo ze-Tantalum Diaphragm
I-tantalum diaphragm ithandwa kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwe-nitrate reactor ngenxa yokumelana kwayo nokugqwala okuphezulu. Ngokungafani nensimbi noma ama-alloy avamile, i-tantalum igcina ubuqotho bayo lapho kukhona ama-acid agxilile emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kanye nokucindezela. Ngezinselele zokusabela kwe-gas-liquid-solid ezintathu-phase ku-benzene nitration, lokhu kubalulekile; izinto ezincane zingase zibhoboze, ziqhekeke, noma zibangele ukusabela okungafuneki eceleni.
Ukumelana kwe-Tantalum endaweni exubile ye-asidi kunciphisa izinguquko zokudlulisela ezingahleliwe. Lokhu kunciphisa izindleko zesikhathi sokungasebenzi kanye nokugcinwa, okuqinisekisa ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwengcindezi ngesikhathi sangempela kuma-reactor amakhemikhali. Empeleni, abaqhubi bahlangabezana nezigameko ezimbalwa zokuvaleka noma ukwehluleka kwezinzwa, kokubili okungaholela ekukhuphukeni kwengcindezi ngokuzumayo—ingozi enkulu yokuphepha kuma-reactor e-nitration.
Lezi zimfanelo zenza izinzwa zokucindezela ezithuthukisiwe ezine-tantalum diaphragms zibe yinto ebalulekile ekuhlangabezaneni nokuthembeka okulindelwe komklamo wesimanje we-nitrate reactor, ikakhulukazi lapho kukhiqizwa i-nitrobenzene emsulwa kakhulu yezingxenye ezincane zamakhemikhali.
Ukuhlanganiswa Komkhiqizo kanye Nemikhuba Yokufaka
Ukufakwa okufanele kwezinzwa zokucindezela ezithuthukisiwe kanye nama-transmitter enkambisweni ye-benzene nitration kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle nasekuphepheni. Izindawo ezinconywayo zokufaka zifaka phakathi phezulu nangezansi kwe-nitrate reactor, izindawo zokuxubana phakathi kwesiteji, kanye nezindawo eziseduze nokuthinta ingcindezi okuvame ukuvaleka. Ukubeka kulezi zindawo kwenza kube lula ukuqapha ingcindezi ngesikhathi sangempela, kunikeze isixwayiso kusenesikhathi sokushintshashintsha kwengcindezi okungase kuvele ngenxa yamazinga okuphakelayo angajwayelekile, ukungcola kwe-catalyst, noma ukuvinjelwa emigqeni ye-acid exubile.
Ukubeka ama-pressure transmitter ngendlela efanele kusiza ukubona ngokushesha ukushintsha okucashile okuhlobene nezakhiwo ze-oxidizing kanye ne-corrosive ze-acid exubile. Isibonelo, ukufaka izinzwa eduze kwendawo yokungena kwe-reactor kuqinisekisa ukuhlonza ngokushesha izinguquko zokucindezela kokudla, kunciphisa ingozi yezimo ezingaphephile ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwe-nitrobenzene. Ngokufanayo, ukufaka amadivayisi okuqapha eduze kwezindawo zokuxuba eziphakathi kwesiteji kuvumela opharetha ukuthi bahlole ukusebenza kahle kokuxubana kwegesi-uketshezi-okuqinile, inselele eyinhloko ekuphenduleni kwezigaba ezintathu. Lokhu kusethwa kusekela imisebenzi ephephile futhi kuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali amahle kwabaphakathi kwemithi.
Ukuhlanganisa abahlaziyi abangaphakathi njengokulinganisa amamitha, amamitha obuningi—nge-Lonnmeter—amamitha e-viscosity, ama-level transmitters, kanye nama-temperature transmitters kusungula uhlelo lokuqapha inqubo ephelele kuyo yonke indlela yokusabela kwe-nitration. Amamitha obuningi kanye ne-viscosity aqinisekisa ukuthi izakhiwo zomzimba ze-reaction medium zihambisana nezinhloso zenqubo, okusiza ukuvimbela ukuvalwa okungahleliwe okubangelwa ukuphambuka ezimweni zokukhiqiza i-nitrobenzene.
Lokhu kusetshenziswa okubanzi kusekela nokusetshenziswa okungcono kwe-catalyst kanye nokunciphisa imfucuza. Lapho inhlanganisela yezinzwa ikhombisa ukufundwa okungavamile—isibonelo, ukucindezela okuphansi kuhlanganiswe nokuminyana okungajwayelekile—inqubo ingalungiswa ngaphambi kokuba umkhiqizo ongekho ku-spec noma izimo eziyingozi zivele. Abahlaziyi be-inline basiza ukungenelela okusheshayo futhi bathuthukise ukwakheka kwe-nitrate reactor ukuze kusebenze kahle futhi kuthembeke ekukhiqizeni.
Kudingeka ukunakekelwa okukhethekile ekufakweni eduze kokucindezela okungenzeka kube nokuvaleka. Ukusebenzisa izinzwa ezine-tantalum diaphragm kulezi zindawo kunikeza isivikelo esimweni sobudlova nesokuxosha i-oxidative se-mixed acid, kuqinisekisa ukunemba kwesikhathi eside nokunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi kahle kokugcinwa. Ukulinganiswa okufanele nokugcinwa kwama-pressure transmitters, ikakhulukazi lawo anezici ezithuthukisiwe zokucubungula amakhemikhali, kubalulekile ekusebenzeni okuqhubekayo kanye nokuphepha komqhubi.
Ukuhlanganiswa okuqinile kwawo wonke amadivayisi okuzwa kunika amandla amaqembu ezitshalo ukugcina amaphrofayili okusebenza azinzile. Lokhu kunciphisa izingozi zokuphepha ezihambisana nokushintsha kwengcindezi okungazelelwe, kuthuthukisa ukuhambisana komkhiqizo, futhi kusekela ukusetshenziswa kwe-nitrobenzene okunenani eliphezulu ekukhiqizweni kwamakhemikhali amahle kanye nemithi.
Ukulwa Nezinkinga Zenqubo Nokunciphisa Izindleko
Ama-inline pressure transmitters abalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono i-nitration ye-benzene ngokunika amandla ukuqapha ingcindezi ngesikhathi sangempela kuyo yonke inqubo yokukhiqizwa kwe-nitrobenzene. Lawa masensa aqoqa idatha eqhubekayo nenembile kakhulu evela ku-nitrate reactor, aqede isidingo sokuthatha amasampula njalo ngesandla. Ukunciphisa amasampula ngesandla kunciphisa izindleko zabasebenzi futhi kunciphise ukuchayeka komqhubi endaweni ebolile kakhulu futhi ekhipha i-oxidation ye-mixed acid, okwandisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuphepha.
Ngokusakazwa kwedatha okungaphazanyiswa, izinqubo ezifana nokusabela kwe-benzene nitration zingahlaziywa ukuze kutholakale izitayela ezibonisa ukuwohloka noma izimpawu zokuqala zokungasebenzi kahle. Lokhu kusekela ukulungiswa okubikezelayo, ukunciphisa ukungasebenzi kahle kwemishini okungahleliwe kanye nokuvalwa okubizayo kokulungiswa okuphuthumayo. Ngokusebenzisa amaphrofayili okucindezela anemininingwane, amaqembu okulungisa angahlela ukungenelela ngokusekelwe ebufakazini bangempela kuphela, hhayi ezinkathini eziqinile, ukwandisa isikhathi sokusebenza kwemishini kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza.
Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo yizinzwa zokucindezela ezithuthukisiwe kwenza uhlelo lokulawula lukwazi ukuvumelanisa okokufaka kwe-asidi namandla, kuthuthukiswe i-stoichiometry yendlela yokusabela kwe-nitration. Le ndlela ivumela i-reactor ukuthi igcine izimo zokusebenza ezifanele. Ngenxa yalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kuyehla, ukuqoqwa kwe-asidi kuyalondolozwa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-nitrobenzene—ikhemikhali ebalulekile esezingeni eliphansi yemithi nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza—kuyathuthuka. Lokhu kuzuza izindleko zokukhiqiza zeyunithi iyonke futhi kuthuthukise ukuncintisana kwezitshalo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwedatha eqondile kuqinisa nokuvikela ukuphepha. Ukwanda kokucindezela—okubangelwa izinkinga ezifana nokuvaleka kwemikhiqizo eqinile noma izinguquko ezisheshayo zesilinganiso sokusabela—kutholwa ngokushesha ngabathumeli. Ama-interlock okuphepha azenzakalelayo asabela ngokuhlukanisa izingxenye ezithintekile noma ukulungisa ukudla, ukuvikela abasebenzi kanye nempahla yokukhiqiza. Lokhu kungenelela okusheshayo kubaluleke kakhulu uma kubhekwa isimo senqubo ye-nitration kanye nengozi ehlotshaniswa nokuphatha ama-acid aqinile kanye ne-nitrate aromatics.
Ukukhetha izinzwa kubalulekile ekwandiseni ubude besikhathi kanye nokulawula izindleko kulesi simo esinzima. Ama-diaphragm akhiqizwa nge-tantalum, njengoba evame ukwamukelwa kuma-transmitter athuthukile okucindezela, amelana ne-asidi exubile ebolayo etholakala ku-reactor. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kunciphisa imvamisa yokulungisa, kuvimbela ukukhukhuleka kokufundwa kwengcindezi, futhi kusekela ukuthembeka kokubili kwezinhlelo zokuphepha nezokulawula.
Umphumela ohlangene wokugcinwa kokubikezela, ukwenza ngcono izinsiza, kanye nokuphepha okuzenzakalelayo kuletha ukonga okukhulu kuyo yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza i-nitrobenzene. Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuzwa okuqondile njengamathuluzi okuqapha ingcindezi ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nokukhethwa kwezinto eziqinile kubalulekile ekunqobeni izinselele zokusabela kwezigaba ezintathu kanye nokufeza ukukhiqizwa kwamakhemikhali okunomnotho, okuphephile, nokuqhubekayo.
Izindlela Eziyinhloko Zokuphepha Zokuphathwa Kwe-Reactor
Ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela ngaphakathi kwe-nitration ye-benzene kubalulekile ekugcineni izimo ze-reactor eziphephile nezizinzile. Izinzwa ezithuthukisiwe eziqondile—njengezithumeli zokucindezela ezihlonyiswe ngama-diaphragm e-tantalum—zihlala zilandelela amanani angempela okucindezela ngaphakathi kwe-nitrate reactor. Lokhu kusabela okubukhoma kubalulekile ngesikhathi sokusabela okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-gas-liquid-solid-phase-phase, lapho ukucindezeleka okungazelelwe kungase kwenzeke ngenxa yokuvaleka, ukuvela kwegesi okusheshayo, noma izakhiwo ezivuthayo ze-oxidizing kanye ne-corrosive zama-acid axubile.
Izinzwa zokucindezela eziqondile namamitha, okuhlanganisa nalawo akhiqizwe yiLonnmeter, ahlinzeka ngezilinganiso eziqinile, ezingagqwali ezibalulekile lapho kucutshungulwa i-nitrobenzene, izinto ezihlanganisiwe zamakhemikhali zemithi, kanye neminye imikhiqizo ebucayi. Ama-diaphragm e-Tantalum anikeza ukuhambisana okuhle kwamakhemikhali ezindaweni ze-nitric ne-sulfuric acid, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ubude besikhathi senzwa kanye nokuthembeka. Ukuqapha ingcindezi ngesikhathi sangempela kuma-reactor amakhemikhali kuvumela opharetha ukuthi bathole ukuphambuka ngokushesha, okubaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi sokukhipha umoya okuphuthumayo noma izinqubo zokucindezela ukuvimbela imiphumela eyinhlekelele.
Izimpawu zokucindezela ezivela kulezi zinzwa ezithuthukisiwe zihlangana ngqo nezinhlelo zokulawula ezisatshalalisiwe. Lokhu kuxhumana okungenamthungo kuqinisekisa impendulo esheshayo ezimweni ezingaphephile—isivikelo esibalulekile ezindleleni zokusabela kwe-nitration ezibalekayo. Uma ingcindezi ikhuphuka ngaphezu kwemingcele esethiwe, uhlelo lokulawula lungabangela ngokuzenzakalelayo izenzo zokulungisa, njengokuhlukaniswa okuphuthumayo, ukungenisa umoya, noma ukucindezeleka kancane kancane kwe-reactor. Lokhu kungenelela kusiza ekunciphiseni ingozi yokucindezeleka ngokweqile kwe-reactor, ukukhululwa kwemvelo, nokuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zokuphepha eziqinile ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza i-nitrobenzene.
Ukulinganisa nokugcina kubalulekile ekuqineni kwenzwa. Isibonelo, ama-pressure transmitter (njengeRosemount 3051) adinga ukulinganisa njalo ukuze alondoloze ukunemba ngaphansi kwemithwalo yenqubo ehlukahlukene. Ukuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwenzwa okusheshayo kuletha ukuthembeka okuqhubekayo, kunciphisa ukwanda kwama-alamu angamanga nokuqinisekisa impendulo enembile lapho kwenzeka izinguquko zengcindezi ngokuzumayo.
Ukuvimbela ukuvaleka kungenye isici esibalulekile—amamitha okuqina angaphakathi kanye namamitha e-viscosity avela eLonnmeter aklanyelwe ukumelana nokungcola nokugcina ukufundwa okunembile kuzo zonke izimo ezidingayo ze-benzene nitration reactor. Ukusebenza kwenzwa okuthembekile kuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha edluliselwa ezinhlelweni zokulawula ihlala ithembekile, okunika amandla ukwenza izinqumo eziphephile futhi kunciphisa amathuba okukhishwa kwe-nitrobenzene okungalawulwa.
Ngokusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe kanye nezinqubo eziqinile, izikhungo zingabhekana nezinselele zokuphepha ezihlukile ezibangelwa ukusebenza kwe-oxidizing kanye ne-corrosive ye-nitrate reactor. Le ndlela iqinisekisa kokubili ukukhiqizwa kwe-nitrobenzene okuphumelelayo kanye nokuphathwa kokuphepha okuqinile kuzo zonke izigaba zokucubungula amakhemikhali.
Kungani Kufanele Ukhethe Ama-Lonnmeter Inline Pressure Transmitters?
Ama-transmitter e-Lonnmeter angaphakathi aklanyelwe ukuhlangabezana nezidingo eziqinile zenqubo ye-benzene nitration. Lokhu kusabela kwenzeka ezindaweni ezibola kakhulu, lapho uhlelo lwe-acid oluxubile—ngokuvamile ama-acid e-sulfuric ne-nitric—lubeka izinselele ezinkulu ekuphileni isikhathi eside kanye nokunemba kwenzwa. Ama-transmitter e-Lonnmeter aletha idatha eqondile, yesikhathi sangempela yokucindezela ebalulekile ekugcineni ukusebenza kahle kokusabela, ukuphepha, kanye nokukhiqizwa komkhiqizo ekukhiqizweni kwe-nitrobenzene.
Inzuzo eyinhloko yomklamo weLonnmeter ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwezinto ezikhethekile. Ukufakwa kwe-tantalum diaphragm kuqinisekisa ukumelana okukhulu kokugqwala ngokumelene nemidiya enamandla exubile ye-asidi. I-Tantalum inikeza ukungangeni kahle okuphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinsimbi ezijwayelekile ezingagqwali, okunciphisa kakhulu ukuwohloka kwenzwa kanye nokukhukhuleka kokulinganisa ezimweni ezinobungozi zokuxilisa kanye nokugqwala ezikhona ngesikhathi se-nitration ye-benzene. Lokhu kusekela ngqo isikhathi sokusebenza kwe-reactor kanye nokusebenza okuthembekile.
Izinzwa zokucindezela kuma-reactor e-nitrate kumele zibhekane namaphrofayili okucindezela aguquguqukayo futhi ngezinye izikhathi angabikezeleki abangelwa yizinselele zokusabela kwe-gas-liquid-solid-phase-three-phase. Ama-transmitter e-Lonnmeter aklanyelwe ukuqina ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, ahlinzeka ngokufundwa okuzinzile ngisho nalapho ingcindezi ikhuphuka ngokushesha noma kwenzeka izinguquko ezisheshayo. Lokhu kuqina kubalulekile ezindleleni zokuphepha, ikakhulukazi lapho kuvimbela ukusabela okubalekayo noma ukwehluleka kwemishini okubangelwa ukuhamba kwengcindezi.
Ubulula bokulungisa bungenye indlela ehlukile yamadivayisi e-Lonnmeter. Idizayini elula inciphisa ukuthambekela ekuvinjweni yizinto eziqinile futhi ivumela ukuhlanzwa noma ukulinganiswa kabusha okulula endaweni ethile—okuyisihluthulelo sokunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi ekukhiqizweni okuqhubekayo kwe-nitrobenzene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ziyahambisana nezinqubo ezijwayelekile zokulinganisa izitshalo, okwenza ukuhlanganiswa nemisebenzi yokusebenza emisiwe kube lula.
Ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo nezakhiwo zokulawula izitshalo kukhulisa ukusebenza kwama-transmitter e-Lonnmeter. Ukukhishwa kwawo kwesignali kwakha umgogodla wezinsimbi zokuqapha izinqubo ezithuthukisiwe, okuvumela impendulo eqondile ezinhlelweni zokulawula ezisatshalaliswa (i-DCS). Idatha yokucindezela ethembekile, enesinqumo esiphezulu isekela ukwakheka nokusebenza kwe-nitrate reactor elungiswe kahle, okuvumela ukulungiswa kahle kwezimo zokusabela, impendulo esheshayo ekuphambukeni, kanye nokukhiqiza okungcono kwama-intermediate amakhemikhali amahle asetshenziswa kwezokwelapha.
Ukuqapha njalo ingcindezi ngesikhathi sangempela kusetshenziswa ama-transmitter e-Lonnmeter kusiza ukuvimbela izimo eziyingozi njengokucindezela ngokweqile. Lapho kutholakala izitayela ezingavamile, izinyathelo zokuphepha ezenzakalelayo zingalungisa ngokushesha amazinga okuphakelayo noma zisebenze izinhlelo zokusiza ukuvikela abasebenzi kanye nempahla. Lezi zici zibalulekile ekuphathweni kwezingozi ekusetshenzisweni kwe-nitrobenzene lapho noma yikuphi ukulahlekelwa kokulawulwa kwengcindezi kungasongela ubuqotho bomkhiqizo kanye nokuphepha kwezitshalo.
Ngamafuphi, izinsiza zeLonnmeter ziyaphumelela enqubweni ye-benzene nitration ngokuhlanganisa izinto eziqinile, ezingagqwali, ukuqina kokusebenza, ukulula kokugcinwa, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwedatha okungenamthungo, okunika amandla ukukhiqizwa okuphephile nokuphumelelayo kwe-nitrobenzene kanye ne-intermediates engezansi.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa)
Iyiphi indima edlalwa ukulinganisa ingcindezi eqondile ku-nitration ye-benzene?
Ukulinganisa ingcindezi eqondile kubalulekile ekulinganisweni kwe-benzene, inqubo engavamile kakhulu futhi ezwela ukuphazamiseka. Idatha eqhubekayo, yesikhathi sangempela evela kuma-transmitter engcindezi eqondile isekela ukulungiswa kokulawula okusheshayo, izinzisa izimo zokusabela ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuphakama noma ukwehla kwengcindezi okungazelelwe. Lokhu kunciphisa ingozi yokuphazamiseka kwenqubo, izehlakalo zokucindezela ngokweqile, kanye nokukhishwa okuyingozi, kuvikela kokubili imishini yesitshalo kanye nabasebenzi. Ama-transmitter engcindezi abalulekile ekugcineni imingcele yokusabela efanele kanye nesivuno kuyo yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza i-nitrobenzene.
Ingabe ama-transmitter e-tantalum diaphragm pressure angakwazi ukumelana nezakhiwo ezinamandla zokuxova nokugqwala ze-acid exubile?
Ama-diaphragm e-Tantalum akhethwa ngokukhethekile ngenxa yokumelana kwawo okungavamile ezindaweni ezigqwalisayo nezikhipha i-oxidation, njengezingxube ze-nitric-sulfuric acid ezisetshenziswa ku-benzene nitration. Lawa ma-diaphragm aqinisekisa ukuthi ama-pressure transmitter asebenza ngokuthembekile ngaphandle kokonakalisa noma ukungenisa ukungcola enkambisweni. Ngisho noma evezwe isikhathi eside, agcina ubuqotho bezinzwa futhi anikeze ukufundwa okunembile, okubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwe-reactor okuphephile nokwesikhathi eside ekukhiqizweni kwe-nitrobenzene.
Izinselele zokusabela kwesigaba sesithathu segesi-uketshezi zithinta kanjani ukulinganiswa kwengcindezi kuma-reactor e-nitrate?
Ukusabela kwezigaba ezintathu okuqinile kwegesi-uketshezi kuvamile ezinqubweni ze-nitration futhi kwethula izinselele ezihlukile. Amabhamuza egesi noma izinhlayiya eziqinile zingavimba amaphuzu okucindezela kanye nemigqa yokushukuma, okuholela ekufundweni okungathembekile noma okungamanga kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kokudlulisela. Ukuvaleka kungabangela izikhathi zokuphendula ezibambezelekile futhi kudale izingozi zokuphepha. Ama-transmitter okucindezela akamuva afaka izici ezifana nama-diaphragm azihlanzayo noma ama-alamu okuthola ukuvaleka, okusiza ukuqinisekisa ukunemba nokuthembeka kwedatha yokucindezela, ngisho nokushintsha kwesigaba okuvamile kanye nezingozi zokungcola ekwakhiweni kwe-reactor ye-nitrate.
Yiziphi izidingo zokugcinwa kwe-pressure transmitter Rosemount 3051 kuma-nitration reactors?
I-Rosemount 3051, ikakhulukazi uma ifakwe i-tantalum diaphragm, yenzelwe ukunciphisa ukulungiswa okuvamile kanye nokulinganiswa okulula. Ukuhlolwa kokuhlola okuhleliwe kanye nokuhlolwa kokulinganisa njalo kusiza ukugcina ukunemba. Ukuhlanza okuvimbelayo kwemigqa yokushukuma kanye nokuhlolwa kwezimpawu zokungcola noma ukuvaleka endaweni ye-diaphragm kuyanconywa. Ukugcinwa njalo kulondoloza ukuthembeka kokulinganisa, kuthola ngokushesha ukuzulazula kwenzwa okungenzeka, futhi kunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi kahle esingahleliwe enqubweni yokukhiqiza i-nitrobenzene.
Kungani ukuqapha ingcindezi ngesikhathi sangempela kuyadingeka ukuze kuphephe i-benzene nitration?
Ukuqapha ingcindezi ngesikhathi sangempela kubalulekile ekutholakaleni ngokushesha kokushintsha kwengcindezi okusheshayo noma okungajwayelekile enqubweni ye-benzene nitration. Amandla anjalo avumela abaqhubi ukuthi bangenelele ngaphambi kokuba izimo zikhuphuke zibe yizimo eziyingozi njengokucindezela ngokweqile kwe-reactor noma ukulahlekelwa kokulawula. Lokhu kubalulekile ekukhiqizeni ngokuthembekile ama-intermediate amakhemikhali amahle emithi nakwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza. Ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela, okuhlanganiswe nezinzwa eziqinile nezinhlelo ze-alamu ezithuthukisiwe, kubalulekile ekugcineni amazinga aphezulu okuphepha kuma-reactor amakhemikhali anamuhla.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Jan-16-2026
