I-Potash yigama elisetshenziswa kusawoti ahlukahlukene aqukethe i-potassium ngendlela encibilika emanzini, ikakhulukazi i-potassium chloride (KCl) kanye ne-sulfate ye-potassium (SOP). Ibaluleke kakhulu kwezolimo, isebenza njengomthombo oyinhloko we-potassium—enye yezakhamzimba ezintathu ezibalulekile ezidingwa yizitshalo. I-Potash ibalulekile ekuqaliseni umsebenzi we-enzyme, ukusekela i-photosynthesis, ukulawula ukuhamba kwamanzi ezitshalweni, nokuqinisa ukumelana nesomiso nezifo. Umnikelo wayo uholela ekuvuneni kwesivuno okwandisiwe, ikhwalithi yezithelo ethuthukisiwe, kanye nokuqina okukhulu ekulweni nezingcindezi zemvelo, okusekela ukulima okusimeme emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngaphakathi komkhakha wezimayini, inqubo yokumba i-potash iguqula amaminerali aqukethe i-potassium angokwemvelo abe umanyolo ohlanzekile kakhulu obalulekile ekondleni inani labantu elikhulayo. Le nqubo iqala ngokukhishwa kwe-potash ore, okungatholakala ngokumba ngaphansi komhlaba, ukumba isixazululo, noma ukumba ngaphezulu kuye ngokujula kwediphozithi kanye ne-geology. Ama-flowsheet okuzuza ngokuvamile asebenzisa inqubo yokuntanta i-potash, lapho usawoti we-potassium uhlukaniswa khona nobumba nosawoti, kulandelwe ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi ekucutshungulweni kwamaminerali kanye nezinyathelo zokwakheka kwe-thermal ukuze kufinyelelwe ubumsulwa obudingekayo.
Ukuthuthukisa isigaba ngasinye sezindlela zokukhiqiza i-potash kubalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwezitshalo, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Yilapho ukulinganiswa kobuningi be-potash slurry kuba khona phakathi. Amasu okulinganisa ubuningi obunembile be-slurry ezimayini asiza opharetha ukulawula imingcele yenqubo, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa kwamaminerali, kanye nokwandisa izinga lokubuyisa ukugxila. Ngokulondoloza ubuningi be-slurry obufanele, izikhungo zingathuthukisa ukubuyiselwa kokuntanta ezimayini ze-potash, zithuthukise ukwakheka kwe-potash ukuze kube nobumsulwa, futhi zisebenzise imikhuba emihle kakhulu yokuhlukanisa amandla adonsela phansi ezimayini. Umphumela uba yikhwalithi yokugxila eqhubekayo kanye nokusebenza okungabizi kakhulu.
Ukumbiwa kwePotash
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Ukuqonda Inqubo Yokumbiwa Kwe-Potash
1.1 Izinhlobo Zezibambiso Ze-Potash Nezindlela Zokumbiwa Kwezimayini
I-Potash ivela ezidiphozithini ze-geological ezakhiwe ngokuhwamuka kwamanzi anosawoti asendulo. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zediphozithi yi-sylvinite, i-carnallite, kanye nemikhiqizo yesibili evela ezinqubweni zokuhwamuka.
- Amadiphozithi e-Sylvinite:Lokhu kuqukethe ikakhulukazi i-potassium chloride (KCl, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-sylvite) exutshwe ne-sodium chloride (NaCl, noma i-halite). Zilawula ukukhiqizwa komhlaba wonke ngenxa yobukhulu bazo, izinga eliphezulu, kanye nokucutshungulwa okulula. Izibonelo ezinkulu zifaka phakathi iSaskatchewan Basin eCanada kanye nePermian Basin eRussia.
- Amadiphozithi e-Carnallitite:Lezi ziqukethe i-carnallite yamaminerali enamanzi (KMgCl₃·6H₂O) kanye ne-halite. Ukucubungula kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwe-magnesium. Izenzakalo ezibalulekile zitholakala eZechstein Basin (eJalimane/ePoland), eSolikamsk (eRussia), kanye nesifunda saseLwandle Olufile.
- Amadiphozithi Okuhwamuka (iSalt Lake):Emachibini anosawoti kanye nase-playas—njengalawo ase-Qinghai-Tibet Plateau—i-potash yakha ngokuhwamuka okulandelanayo kwamanzi ahlanzekile. Lezi zindawo zingakhiqiza amaminerali amaningi, okuhlanganisa i-sylvite, i-carnallite, i-polyhalite, kanye ne-langbeinite.
Izindlela Zokumba Eziqhathaniswayo
Ukukhishwa kwe-Potash kuncike kakhulu ezindleleni ezimbili: ukumbiwa kwemigodi okuvamile ngaphansi komhlaba kanye nokumbiwa kwesisombululo.
- Ukumba Ngaphansi Komhlaba:Isetshenziswa kakhulu emibhedeni engajulile, ejiyile, nesezingeni eliphezulu njenge-sylvinite. I-ore ikhishwa ngezindlela zegumbi nezinsika, okuhlinzeka ngokubuyisa izinsiza kusebenza kanye nokuphepha.
- Ukumbiwa Kwesixazululo:Kusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezijulile noma eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuhlanganisa nokwakheka okuningi kwe-carnallite. Amanzi noma usawoti uyajovwa ukuze kuncibilikiswe i-potash, bese ipompelwa phezulu ukuze icwebezele.
- Ukukhishwa kweSalt Lake:Ukuhwamuka kwelanga kusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezomile ukuthola i-potassium emanzini ahlanzekile.
Izindlela ezinhle kakhulu zisebenzisa ukuzenzekela okuthuthukisiwe, ukumbiwa kwezimayini okukhethiwe, kanye nezixazululo ezihlanganisiwe zokukhiqiza nokuphepha okuthuthukisiwe. Imisebenzi yesimanje ivame ukuhlanganisa ukumbiwa kwezimayini ngaphansi komhlaba kanye nezixazululo; izindawo ezihlanganisiwe zisebenzisa zombili, zikhetha indlela ngokusekelwe ekujuleni kwediphozithi kanye ne-mineralogy. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-potash okuthuthukisiwe manje kuhlanganisa lobu buchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene bokumbiwa kwezimayini kanye nokukhipha ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle kanye nekhwalithi.
1.2 Ukubuka Konke Kwamasu Okucubungula I-Potash Ore
Uma selikhishiwe, i-potash ore idlula ochungechungeni lwezigaba zokucubungula ezichazwe kahle ukuze kutholakale ukugxila okuhlanzekile okuphezulu.
1. Ukukhipha Nokuphula
- I-ore iyambiwa (kungaba isuswe ngaphansi komhlaba noma incibilikiswe bese ipompiwa ngesimo sesisombululo).
- Ukuphuka kwemishini kunciphisa amaqhubu amakhulu ukuze kube lula ukuwaphatha.
- I-ore ephukile idluliselwa ngepayipi lokuthutha noma ipayipi lodaka ezikhungweni zokucubungula.
- Ukwakheka kodaka kwenza kube lula ukunyakaza nokuphathwa kwezinto ezincane ngendlela ephumelelayo.
- Ama-crusher kanye nama-mill anciphisa i-ore ibe usayizi wezinhlayiya ezilawulwayo.
- Ukulinganisa okuqondiwe kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa kwamaminerali kanye namazinga okubuyisa ukugxila.
- Ukuntanta:Inqubo eyinhloko ye-sylvinite kanye nama-ore amaningi e-carnallitite. Amaminerali e-Potash ahlukaniswa ngokukhetha ne-halite kanye namanye ama-gangue. I-Desliming ithuthukisa ukululama kanye nobumsulwa, kanti amasekethe ajwayelekile okuntanta afinyelela amazinga okubuyisa angu-85-87% kanye nokusebenza kahle kwe-desliming okungu-95%.
- Ukuhlukaniswa Kwamandla Adonsela Phansi:Kusetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezithile; ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni ezithile ze-ore ezinobuningi obuhlukile, okusekela ukwenziwa ngcono kokusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa kwamaminerali.
- Ukushisa Okushisayo Nokukristala:Isetshenziselwa izinsimbi ezicebile nge-carnallite kanye nokuhlanzwa kokugcina. I-potash encibilikisiwe iphinda isetshenziswe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubumsulwa bomkhiqizo, ngokuvamile ifinyelela ku-95–99% okuqukethwe yi-KCl.
- Ukuhlanganiswa Kwenqubo:Cishe ama-70% ezitshalo ze-potash zomhlaba wonke zithembele ekujuleni kwegwebu njengendlela eyinhloko, ngokuncibilika kokushisa kanye ne-crystallization ukuze kutholakale amazinga aphezulu okuhlanzeka.
2. Ezokuthutha
3. Ukuchoboza Nokugaya
4. Izinqubo Zokuhlukanisa Amaminerali
5. Ukuphathwa Kodaka kanye Nokulawulwa Kobuningi
Kuyo yonke inqubo yokucubungula, umqondo we-slurry—ingxube yezinto eziqinile ezilenga oketshezini—ubalulekile. Ukulawulwa kobuningi be-potassium slurry kusekela ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa kanye nokusebenza kwemishini. Amasu okulinganisa ubuningi obunembile be-slurry ezimayini abalulekile ekulungiseni amazinga okugeleza, ukwenza ngcono ukubuyiselwa kokuntanta, kanye nokuthuthukisa amazinga okubuyisa okugxilile. Izinzwa nezinhlelo ezenzakalelayo ziqapha futhi zilawule ubuningi ukuqinisekisa ukukhishwa nokucubungula kwe-potassium okuphumelelayo.
Indima Ebalulekile Yokulinganisa Ubuningi Be-Slurry
2.1 Ukuchaza i-Slurry kumongo wokumbiwa kwe-Potash
Ekumbiweni kwe-potash, i-slurry iyinhlanganisela ye-potash ore egayiwe kahle kanye namanzi noma usawoti. Lokhu kumiswa kungase futhi kube nosawoti oncibilikisiwe kanye namakhemikhali enqubo, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuntanta kwe-potash, ukwakheka kwekristalu, noma izinyathelo zokuhlukanisa amandla adonsela phansi. Okuqukethwe kwezinto eziqinile kuyahlukahluka ngokuya ngesigaba sokucubungula, kusukela kuma-slurry ancibilikisiwe kumasekethe okuhlukanisa kuya kuma-slurry aminyene ekusingathweni kwemfucuza. Ukwakheka kanye nezakhiwo zomzimba zala ma-slurry ziyashintsha njalo, kuthonywa yi-geology ye-ore kanye nokulungiswa kwenqubo.
Ubuningi be-slurry—isisindo ngeyunithi ngayinye yevolumu yale ngxube—buvame ukulinganiswa ezigabeni eziningana ezibalulekile:
- Ngemva kokuchoboza nokugaya, ukulawula ukudla kuya kumasekethe okuntantayo
- Ngemva kokuntanta, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwe-thickener kanye ne-clarifier
- Ngesikhathi sokwakheka kwekristalu, lapho ubuningi obuqondile buqondisa khona ukuhlanzeka komkhiqizo kanye nokululama kwawo
- Ekuthuthweni kwamapayipi, ukunciphisa ukuguguleka kwamapayipi kanye nezindleko zokupompa
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi be-slurry okunembile kusekela ukulawulwa okuzenzakalelayo kwezinyathelo zokucubungula i-potassium futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi umsebenzi ngamunye uthola izinto zokuphakelayo ezinokuvumelana okuhle kakhulu.
2.2 Imiphumela Yokulinganisa Ubuningi Be-Slurry Ngokunembile
Ukusebenza Kahle Kwenqubo Nokusebenza Kahle
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi obuqondile kuthinta ngqo ukugeleza kwezitshalo eziphelele enqubweni yokumba i-potash. Amaphampu namapayipi makhulu ngokususelwa ekulindelweni kobuningi. Ama-slurry aminyene kakhulu angabangela ukuguguleka okukhulu, ukuvaleka, noma ukwehluleka kwephampu, kuyilapho ukwehlisa ama-slurry kuchitha amandla futhi kunciphise ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa kwamaminerali.
Izinga Lokubuyisela Ukugxila kanye Nekhwalithi Yomkhiqizo
Ukulawulwa kobuningi kumasekethe okuntanta kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukubuyiselwa kokuntanta ekumbeni i-potash. Ubuningi obukhulu noma obuphansi be-slurry bungaphazamisa ukuzinza kwegwebu, kunciphise ukukhetha, futhi kunciphise amazinga okubuyiselwa kwe-KCl. Isibonelo, ukugcina ubuningi bokuphakelayo obuhambisanayo kuya kokuntanta kuveza ukubuyiselwa okungu-85-87% kanye namazinga omkhiqizo angaphezu kuka-95% KCl. Ngokufanayo, enkambisweni yokwenza i-potash crystallization, ubuningi obungalungile buholela kumakristalu angcolile kanye nokwehla kwesivuno somkhiqizo, okubeka engcupheni ukusebenza kwezomnotho kwesitshalo.
Imiphumela Yokuntanta Nokukristala
Izinyathelo ezibalulekile zokuhlukanisa ezifana nokugeleza kwe-potash kanye nokwakheka kwekristalu zidinga amafasitela aqinile okuxinene. Ubukhulu obuphansi kakhulu buholela emazingeni okushayisana aphansi phakathi kwezinhlayiya nama-bubbles ngesikhathi sokugeleza, kuyilapho ubuningi obukhulu bukhulisa ukungena kwe-gangue kanye nokungazinzi kwenqubo. Ekuguqulweni kwekristalu, ubuningi obunembile bufana nokulawula ukugcwala okuphezulu, ukukhula kwekristalu, futhi ekugcineni ubumsulwa bomkhiqizo wokugcina.
Ukuvimbela Izinkinga Zokucubungula
Ubuningi obuhlala njalo buvimbela nezinkinga zokusebenza ezifana nokuvinjelwa kwamapayipi, ukuguguleka okukhulu kwephampu, kanye namazinga angaguquki emikhiqizweni yokugcina ye-potash. Ukuphambuka ekubuneni okuqondiwe kungabangela ukuhlangana noma ukwahlukaniswa kwamapayipi, amathangi enqubo yokungcola, kanye nokukhiqiza amazinga okugxila ahlukahlukene—okuholela ekucutshungulweni kabusha, isikhathi sokungasebenzi, noma imicimbi engaphandle kwencazelo yomkhiqizo.
2.3 Izindinganiso Zemboni kanye Nobuchwepheshe Bokulinganisa Ubuningi Besimanje
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi be-potassium slurry okunembile kuncike ekuxubeni kobuchwepheshe obujwayelekile nobuthuthukisiwe obulungiselelwe inqubo:
1Amamitha Okugeleza Kwesisindo Se-Coriolis
Amamitha e-Coriolis alinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo kanye nobuningi ngokubona izinguquko zokushukuma kwamashubhu ezinzwa. Ahamba phambili ngokunemba futhi angakwazi ukuphatha izimonyo ze-slurry eziguquguqukayo, okwenza afanelekele ukulawulwa kwenqubo enembile. Naphezu kwezindleko eziphezulu zemali kanye nokuthambekela kokuguguleka kuma-slurry abrasive, akhethwa kakhulu kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezibeka phambili izinga lokuvuselela ukugxila kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwedijithali. Ukukhishwa kwawo okuqondile kwedijithali kuvumela izixhumanisi ezingenamthungo ezinhlelweni zokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela kwezitshalo kanye nokuhlaziya.
2Amamitha Obuningi be-Ultrasonic
Ngokusebenzisa ijubane lomsindo ku-slurry, amamitha e-ultrasonic anikeza ukuhlolwa kobuningi obungaphakathi ngaphandle kwezingxenye ezihambayo. Nakuba ekhangayo ngokombono wokuphepha nokugcinwa, ukunemba kwawo kungavinjelwa ngokushintshashintsha kosayizi wezinhlayiya noma ukuhlushwa—okuvamile emifudlaneni ye-potassium tailings.
3Ukusampula Ngesandla Nokuhlaziywa Kwelebhu
Ukulinganisa kwelabhorethri—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwenziwa nge-gravimetric noma nge-pycnometry—kubeka indinganiso yokulinganisa kanye nokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi. Kunikeza ukunemba okuphezulu kodwa akufanelekile ukulawulwa kwesikhathi sangempela ngenxa yezidingo zomsebenzi kanye nokubambezeleka kokuthatha amasampula.
Izindlela Zokukhetha
Ukukhetha ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa ubuningi ekucutshungulweni kwamaminerali e-potassium kumele kulinganise:
- Ukunemba (ukuzinza kwenqubo, ikhwalithi)
- Izidingo zokulungisa
- Ukuphepha kwabasebenzi (ikakhulukazi emithonjeni ye-radiometric)
- Amandla okuhlanganisa ngokuzenzakalelayo kwezitshalo kanye nokuhlaziywa kwenqubo yesikhathi sangempela
Imisebenzi eminingi ihlanganisa amamitha aku-inthanethi aqhubekayo nokuhlolwa kwelebhu okwenziwa njalo ukuze kutholakale ukulawula okuqinile nokulandelekayo.
Amathrendi Okwenza Idijithali Ibe Yidijithali
Izitshalo zanamuhla ziya ekuhlaziyeni kwesikhathi sangempela kanye nokulawulwa kwenqubo okuzenzakalelayo, zixhumanisa ama-density gauges ngqo nezinhlelo zokulawula ezisatshalaliswa (i-DCS) ukuze kulungiswe ngokushesha. Lokhu kusekela ukusebenza kahle kwamandla okuthuthukisiwe, ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ehambisanayo, futhi kunciphisa amaphutha abantu.
Amasu okulinganisa ubungako besimanje kanye nokulawula manje kubalulekile ezindleleni zokukhiqiza i-potash eziphumelelayo, ukuthuthukisa ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi ekucutshungulweni kwamaminerali, kanye nokuhlangabezana nezidingo eziqinile zomkhiqizo kanye nezemvelo.
Inqubo Yokuntanta Kwe-Potash: Ukwenza Kusebenze Kahle Ngokulawula Ubuningi
3.1 Inqubo Yokuntanta Kwe-Potash: Izisekelo
Ukuntanta kwe-Potash kusetshenziselwa kakhulu ukuhlukanisa i-sylvite (KCl) ne-halite (NaCl) kanye ne-insoluble. Le nqubo incike ekwehlukeni kwe-chemistry ebusweni phakathi kwamaminerali aqondiwe. I-Sylvite yenziwa ingabi manzi kusetshenziswa abaqoqi abakhethiwe, okuvumela ukuhlukaniswa kwegwebu, kuyilapho i-halite kanye nobumba kucindezelwa ngemithi yokucindezeleka.
UkuhlambalazaKubalulekile ngaphambi kokuntanta. Kususa ubumba olucolekile kanye nama-silicates, amboza izindawo zamaminerali, avimbele ukusebenza kahle kwe-reagent, kanye nokukhetha okuphansi. Ukususa i-sliming ngempumelelo kungafinyelela ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kuze kufike ku-95%, kusekele ngqo ukubuyiselwa kwezinga eliphezulu kumjikelezo wokuntanta. Ukusebenza kufinyelela njalo izinga lokugxilisa elingu-61–62% K₂O ngale ndlela, kugcizelela ukubaluleka kwe-sliming ekuhlukanisweni kosawoti we-potassium.
Amasekethe okuntanta ahlelwe ngokwehlukanisa ukudla kube yizingxenyana ezincane nezincane ngemuva kokususwa kwe-sliming. Ingxenye ngayinye idlula ekulinganisweni nasekulungisweni kwe-reagent okukhethekile ukuze kwandiswe ukubuyiswa kwe-sylvite. Ama-reagent abalulekile afaka:
- Abaqoqi bohlobo lukasawoti(nge-sylvite),
- Izidambisi-zinhlungu ze-polymer ezenziwe ngokwenziwa(njenge-KS-MF) ukucindezela i-halite engafuneki kanye nezinto ezinganyibiliki,
- Ama-surfactants kanye nama-dispersantsukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhetha nokunciphisa imiphumela ye-slime.
Amapharamitha okusebenza afana namazinga okugeleza, isivinini sokushukuma kwamaseli, kanye nemithamo ye-reagent ilungiswa ukuze kuhlukaniswe kahle. Emhlabeni jikelele, cishe u-70% wokukhiqizwa kwe-potassium kuncike ekujuleni kwe-froth, ngemikhiqizo ehlanzekile kakhulu etholakala ngokuhlanganisa ukujula nezindlela zokuncibilika kokushisa-ukukristali.
3.2 Ukulinganiswa Kobuningi Esifundeni Sokuntanta
Ubuningi be-slurry kumjikelezo we-flotation buyisici esibalulekile sokulawula. Kuthinta ngqo ukusebenzisana kwama-bubble-particle, kuthinta ukusebenza kahle kokunamathisela kwe-sylvite, amazinga okusetshenziswa kwe-reagent, kanye nokuhlukaniswa ekugcineni.
Imiphumela Yobuningi Bokudaka:
- Ubuningi obuphansi:Ukuthintana kwezinhlayiya nezinhlayiya kuyathuthuka, kodwa ukululama kungaphazamiseka ngenxa yokuqina kwegwebu okubuthakathaka kanye nokwanda kokuhamba kwamanzi.
- Ubuningi obukhulu:Kuvela ukushayisana okwengeziwe, kodwa izinto eziqinile ngokweqile zivimbela ukunamathela okukhethiwe, zidinga imithamo ephezulu ye-reagent, futhi zinganciphisa ikhwalithi yokugxila.
Kudingeka ukulungiswa kobuningi obuhle kokubili kuma-coarse kanye nama-fine fraction ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa kwamaminerali futhi kuncishiswe ukulahlekelwa. Abaqhubi basebenzisa amamitha obuningi, ama-nuclear gauges, kanye nezinzwa eziku-inthanethi ukuze banikeze impendulo yesikhathi sangempela, okuvumela ukulungiswa okuqhubekayo okuthuthukisa ibanga lokugxila kanye nokubuyiselwa.
Indima kaDesliming:
Izifundo zamacala zibonisa ukuthi ukususwa kwe-sliming okuqinile—okuqashwe ngokulinganisa ubuningi—kuveza amazinga okubuyisa angu-85–87% we-sylvite futhi kugcina ukukhetha okuphezulu kokuntanta. Ukususa izinto ezingancibiliki ngaphambi kwesinyathelo sokuntanta kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwe-reagent futhi kuphakamisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wokugcina, ikakhulukazi uma kuhlanganiswa nokulawulwa kobuningi obunembile.
Isibonelo, ezindaweni ezisebenzisa izidakamizwa zokucindezeleka zokwenziwa, ukwenziwa ngcono kobuningi ngemva kokususwa kwe-sliming kuboniswe ukuthi kukhulisa amazinga okululama ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-2—umthelela omkhulu kumasu okucubungula amaminerali e-potassium amaningi.
Inqubo Yokwenza Amakristalu E-Potash: Indima Yobuningi Bokudla
4.1 Ukubuka Konke Isinyathelo Sokwenza I-Potash Crystallization
Ukubumbana kwe-Potash kuyinqubo yokushisa elandela ukuntanta kanye nokuwohloka kwenqubo yokumba i-potash. Ngemva kokuntanta—lapho i-sylvite (KCl) ihlukana khona ne-halite (NaCl) kanye nezinye i-gangue—i-concentrate idlula ekukhucululweni okushisayo. Lokhu kuhilela ukuxuba i-sylvinite ore echotshoziwe ne-brine efudumele, ngokuvamile ku-85–100°C, incibilikise i-KCl eningi kune-NaCl ngenxa yokuncibilika kwayo okuhlukile emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
I-leachate, ecebile nge-KCl, ihlukaniswa nezinto eziqinile ezinganyibiliki. Bese ipholiswa, okwenza i-KCl ikhiphe i-crystallize ngokukhetheka njengoba ukuncibilika kwayo kwehla kakhulu ngokushisa. Lawa makristalu e-KCl atholakala ngokuhlunga noma nge-centrifugation, agezwe, futhi omiswe. Lokhu kulandelana—ukuntanta, ukuncibilikisa okushisayo, kanye nokukhipha i-crystallize—kukhulisa kokubili ukubuyiswa kwe-potassium kanye nobumsulwa bomkhiqizo, kukhiqize imikhiqizo yokugcina enokubuyiswa okungu-85-99% kanye nokuqukethwe okungu-95-99% kwe-KCl.
4.2 Indlela Ubuningi Be-Slurry Obuthinta Ngayo Ukusebenza Kahle Kokwenza Amakristalu
Ubuningi be-slurry buyisici esibalulekile enkambisweni yokwenza i-potassium crystallization. Kubhekisela ebuningini bezinto eziqinile ezilenga esigabeni soketshezi futhi kuthinta ngqo amazinga e-nucleation, ukukhula kwe-crystal, kanye nobumsulwa.
- Amanani e-Nucleation: Ubuningi obukhulu be-slurry kwandisa amathuba okuba ne-crystal nucleation, okuholela kumakristalu amaningi kodwa amancane. Ubuningi obukhulu bungabangela ukuthi uhlelo luthande i-nucleation kunokukhula, okuholela ezinhlayiyeni ezincane kunokuba kube namakristalu amakhulu, angabuyiselwa.
- Ukusatshalaliswa Kosayizi Wekristalu: Ukufakwa okujiyile kuvame ukukhiqiza amakristalu e-KCl amahle kakhulu, okungase kube nzima ukuhlunga nokuwasha phansi komfula. Ubuningi obuphansi buthanda ama-nuclei ambalwa kanye nokukhula kwamakristalu amakhulu, okwenza kube lula ukululama.
- UbumsulwaUma udaka luminyene kakhulu, ukungcola okufana ne-NaCl kanye nezinhlayiya ezinganyibiliki kungamanzi ndawonye, kunciphisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Ukulawulwa kobuningi obufanele kunciphisa lokhu kufakwa, kuthuthukisa ubumsulwa.
- Ukusebenza Kokukhipha Amanzi: Amakristalu acwebezelayo avela ekudleni okunobuningi obukhulu angapakishwa ngokuqinile, avimbele ukugeleza kwamanzi ekuhlungeni noma ekugxilweni. Lokhu kwandisa okuqukethwe komswakama kumkhiqizo wokugcina futhi kwandisa izidingo zamandla okomisa.
Ubuningi be-slurry buhlangana namazinga okubuyisa ukugxila, izinga lomkhiqizo, kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa kwamaminerali. Ukulawulwa okunganele kunganciphisa kokubili isivuno se-KCl kanye nobumsulwa, kuphazamise imiphumela yezomnotho kanye nokusebenza kwenqubo yokwenza i-potassium crystallization.
4.3 Amaphuzu Okuqapha Nokulawula Ubuningi Ngesikhathi Sokwenziwa Kwekristalu
Ukulinganisa okunembile kanye nokulawulwa kobuningi be-slurry kubalulekile ekukhishweni kwe-potassium okuphumelelayo kanye nemiphumela ye-crystallization esezingeni eliphezulu. Ukuthatha isampula yobuningi be-inline kuyindlela ejwayelekile, kusetshenziswa ama-densitometer e-vibrating tube, amamitha e-Coriolis, noma ama-gauge e-nuclear density. Idatha yesikhathi sangempela ivumela ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kanye nokulungiswa okusheshayo lapho kwenzeka ukuphambuka.
Imikhuba emihle kakhulu ihlanganisa:
- Ukubekwa Kwama-Sensor Ngendlela Ehlelekile: Thola amathuluzi okuthatha amasampula emigqeni yokuphakelayo engena ku-crystallizer kanye nasezingodweni zokujikeleza kwegazi. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukufundwa okufika ngesikhathi nangokunembile okufanelekelayo ukulawula inqubo.
- Ukulawulwa Kwempendulo Okuzenzakalelayo: Hlanganisa izimpawu zobuningi nabalawuli be-logic abahlelekayo (ama-PLC) noma izinhlelo zokulawula ezisatshalaliswa (ama-DCS). Lezi zinhlelo zilungisa ukugeleza kwe-slurry, amazinga okuphinda usebenzise, noma ukwengeza usawoti ukuze kugcinwe ububanzi bobuningi obuqondiwe.
- Ukuhlanganiswa Kwedatha Nezinhlelo Zokuntanta: Ngenxa yokuthi ubuningi be-slurry obuphuma kumjikelezo we-flotation bubeka isimo sokuqala se-crystallization, ukugcina ubuningi be-float concentrate obuhambisanayo kwenza kube lula ukusebenza kwe-crystallizer okuzinzile. Ukufundwa kobuningi obuvela kumayunithi e-flotation kanye ne-crystallization kufanele kuxhunywe ku-feedback loop, okuvumela ukulungiswa okuhlanganisiwe okuthuthukisa izinga lokubuyisa ukugxila kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa kwamaminerali.
Izibonelo zifaka phakathi amasekethe okukhipha amanzi aphikisanayo, lapho ukulawulwa kobuningi esigabeni ngasinye kusekela ukukhula okuhle kwekristalu kanye nokususwa kwamanzi okuphansi komfula. Izitshalo zivame ukusebenzisa ama-alamu obuningi kanye nokuxhumanisa inqubo ukuvimbela izehlakalo zobuningi obukhulu noma obungaphansi, zivikele kokubili ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nemishini.
Ukulawulwa okuphumelelayo kobuningi be-slurry kuyisisekelo sezindlela zesimanje zokukhiqiza i-potash, okunikeza izindlela zokuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwekristalu ukuze kube nobumsulwa, ukwandisa ukululama, nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla namanzi ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokucubungula amaminerali e-potash.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwamandla Adonsela Phansi Ekucubungulweni Kwamaminerali: Ukwengeza Ukubuyiselwa Kwe-Potash
5.1 Isingeniso Sezindlela Zokuhlukanisa Amandla Adonsela Phansi Ezihlobene Ne-Potash
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi kuyindlela yokucubungula amaminerali esebenzisa umehluko wobuningi bezinhlayiya kanye nesivinini sokuxazulula ukuze kufezwe ukuhlukaniswa. Enqubweni yokumba i-potash, ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi kunezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukile, okwengeza ezinye izindlela zokwelapha eziyinhloko ezifana nokuntanta, ukuqeda ukwakheka, kanye nokwakheka kwekristalu. Izindlela zokuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi ezihlobene ne-potash zifaka phakathi ukuhlukaniswa kwemidiya esindayo (i-HMS), ukujigging, kanye nama-concentrator ajikelezayo, yize ukuntanta kusalokhu kuvelele kuma-flowsheet e-potash.
Isimiso sokuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi sincike ezinhlayiyeni zobukhulu obuhlukene nobukhulu obuhlukene ezihlala ngamazinga ahlukene lapho zilenga oketshezini. Ezitshalweni ze-potash, lesi simiso sisetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa izakhi ezixineneyo njengobumba, amaminerali angancibiliki, noma i-sodium chloride (halite) kusuka ezingxeni ze-sylvite (potash ore). Le nqubo isebenza kahle kakhulu lapho kunomehluko owanele phakathi kobukhulu bamaminerali—i-sylvite (KCl) inobukhulu obungaba ngu-1.99 g/cm³, kuyilapho i-halite (NaCl) ingu-2.17 g/cm³. Nakuba umehluko wobukhulu uncane, ezigabeni ezithile zeshidi lokugeleza, kusetshenziselwa ukugxila i-potash futhi kususwe ukungcola kanye nezinyathelo zokuntanta kanye nokwakheka kwekristalu.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi kuvame ukwenziwa ngemva kokuhlolwa kokuqala kanye nokususwa kwe-sliming, ngokuvamile kuhambisana nezinye izindlela zokucubungula amaminerali e-potassium. Kusebenza njengesinyathelo esengeziwe lapho ukuhlanzeka okubalulekile noma ukubuyiselwa kokugxila kufanele kufezwe khona futhi kunikeza indlela engabizi kakhulu yokuhlukaniswa okuqinile/okuncane lapho ukukhetha kokuntanta kunganele. Isibonelo, ukususwa kobumba olunganyibiliki ekudleni kuya kokuntanta, noma ukuthuthukisa izingxenyana ezincane ezingaphansi kokugeza isikrini, kungazuza kokubili ekuhlukanisweni kwamandla adonsela phansi. Kwezinye izitshalo, izifunda ezindala zamandla adonsela phansi zihlala zisebenza ekusingatheni izingxenyana ezithile zemfucuza noma usawoti, ikakhulukazi lapho ukusebenza kokuntanta kungalungile kakhulu ezinhlayiyeni ezinkulu noma emanzini anosawoti athinta i-reagent chemistry.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi akuyona indawo yenqubo yokuntanta kwe-potash, kodwa kuyayigcwalisa, ikakhulukazi ezimweni lapho ukuthuthukisa ukubuyiselwa kwamandla okuntanta ekumbeni kwe-potash noma ukwandisa izinga lokubuyiselwa kwamandla okugxilile kubalulekile. Lapho kudingeka ukulungiswa kokusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa kwamaminerali athile—njengokufinyelela ubumsulwa bomkhiqizo obuphezulu kakhulu noma ukususa i-gangue eqhubekayo—ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi kubalulekile njengendlela yesibili.
5.2 Ukusebenza Kokuhlukaniswa Kodaka kanye Nokuhlukaniswa Kwamandla Adonsela Phansi
Ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi enkambisweni yokwenza i-potassium crystallization kanye nezinye izindlela zokukhiqiza i-potassium kuhlobene ngqo nobuningi be-slurry. Ubuhlobo obuyisisekelo lapha buphakathi kobuningi be-slurry, ijubane lokuxazulula izinhlayiya, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuhlukanisa.
Njengoba kuchazwe yi-Stokes' Law, ekugelezeni kwe-laminar, ijubane lokuhlala kwenhlayiya liyanda ngomehluko phakathi kobuningi benhlayiya noketshezi kanye nosayizi wenhlayiya ukhuphuka. Enqubweni yokumba i-potassium, ukulawula ubuningi be-slurry kuvumela opharetha ukuthi balungise i-medium ukuze i-sylvite noma amaminerali ahlobene ahlale noma antante ngamanani afanele. Ubuningi be-slurry obuphezulu kakhulu buholela ekuhlaliseni okuvinjelwe—izinhlayiya zivimbela ukunyakaza komunye nomunye—okunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa kwamaminerali futhi kunikeze amazinga aphansi okugxila. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ubuningi obuphansi kakhulu bunganciphisa ukuphuma kokuhlukaniswa futhi kuholele ekufakweni kwe-gangue encane, kunciphise ukululama.
Ukuthuthukisa ubuningi bokudla, okulinganiswe ngamasu okulinganisa ubuningi be-potassium slurry anembile, kubhekwa njengenye yezindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokuhlukanisa amandla adonsela phansi ekumbeni:
- Ama-slurries Aphezulu:
- Umphumela ekusebenzelaneni kwezinhlayiya nezinhlayiya (ukuhlala okuvinjiwe)
- Ubukhali bokuhlukaniswa okuphansi
- Ukwenyuka kwezinhlawulo ezidluliselwa phambili
- Ama-slurries Aphansi:
- Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kanye namandla okwandisiwe ekuphatheni udaka
- Ukuncipha kokusetshenziswa kwenqubo
- Kungenzeka ukuthi kulahlekelwe amaminerali amahle ayigugu
Ubuningi bokusebenza okuqondiwe buvame ukusuka ku-25% kuya ku-40% wezinto eziqinile ngesisindo, kuye ngedivayisi ethile yokuhlukanisa amandla adonsela phansi kanye ne-mineralogy. Abaqhubi bavame ukulungisa la mazinga ngesikhathi sokuqala kanye nezigaba zokuwasha, belinganisa izidingo ezincintisanayo zesilinganiso sokubuyisa okugxilile kanye nobumsulwa bomkhiqizo.
Isibonelo, kumjikelezo ojikelezayo we-potash, ukulungisa ubuningi bokuphakelayo ngaphakathi kwalolu hlu olufanele kuthinta ukuhlukaniswa kwe-KCl ekugxiliseni okuhlanzekile uma kuqhathaniswa ne-middlings kanye nemisila. Ukususa ubumba oluphezulu, okususa ubumba olucwebezelayo kanye nodaka, kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile sokulawula ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kokuphakelayo kuya ekudonseni amandla kuhlala efasiteleni lobukhulu obufanele. Amasu okulinganisa ubuningi obuphezulu bokudonseka kwendle ezimayini, njengezilinganiso zobuningi benuzi noma amamitha e-Coriolis, avumela izinhlelo zokulawula ezenzakalelayo ukugcina lezi zinhloso, okuholela ekusebenzeni kwenqubo okuqhubekayo kanye nokukhishwa kwe-potash okuphumelelayo.
Ukulawulwa okuqinile kobuningi be-slurry kulesi sigaba akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa imiphumela ye-flotation noma i-crystallization engezansi komfula kodwa futhi kubhekana ngqo nezindlela zokwandisa ukubuyiselwa kokugxila ekucutshungulweni kwamaminerali ngokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa ngesikhathi sezinyathelo zokuhlukaniswa okuphakathi. Lokhu kunakwa okuningiliziwe kobuningi be-slurry ngaphakathi kwezifunda zamandla adonsela phansi kubalulekile kumasu esimanje okucubungula amaminerali e-potash futhi kusekela amasu abanzi okwenza ngcono i-potassium crystallization ukuze kube nobumsulwa kanye nesivuno.
Ukubuyiselwa Kwemfucuza Ye-Potash Brine
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Kusukela Kudatha Kuya Ezinqumweni: Ukuqapha Inqubo Nokuzenzakalela
6.1 Ukuhlanganiswa Kokulinganiswa Kobuningi Ekulawulweni Kobubanzi Bezitshalo
Ukuzenzakalela kwezitshalo enqubweni yokumba i-potash kuncike ekuhlanganiseni izilinganiso ezinembile zobuningi be-slurry ku-SCADA (Ukulawulwa Kokuphatha Nokutholwa Kwedatha), i-DCS (Izinhlelo Zokulawula Ezisatshalaliswayo), kanye nabalawuli abazimele. Lezi zinhlelo zihlela ukulawulwa kwenqubo yesikhathi sangempela, zivumela ukusabela okuguquguqukayo ekushintsheni kwenqubo okuthinta ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye namazinga okutakula.
Ukuqinisekisa Ukuthembeka Kwedatha kanye Nokusebenza Komqhubi:
- Ukulinganisa Nokuqinisekisa:Ukulinganiswa okuhlelekile kusetshenziswa amazinga aziwayo kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-in situ kubhekwana nokugeleza kwezinsimbi, ikakhulukazi okubaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni ezine-slurry ekhuhlayo noma eqinile efana nezindlela zokukhiqiza i-potassium.
- Ukuhlunga Amasignali:Ukuhlunga kwedijithali okuthuthukisiwe kulungisa izimpawu zobuningi, kunciphisa umthelela wamabhamuza omoya aqediwe, ukungcoliswa kwezinzwa, noma ukuphazamiseka kwenqubo yesikhashana ngenkathi kugcinwa impendulo esheshayo ezinguqukweni zenqubo yangempela.
- Ukuboniswa Kwekhwalithi Yedatha:Izixhumi ze-SCADA/DCS zifaka izinkomba zekhwalithi yedatha yesikhathi sangempela, amafulegi okuqiniseka, kanye nokugqagqana kwemikhuba yomlando. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi opharetha bangahlukanisa kalula phakathi kwezimpawu ezisebenzisekayo kanye nokungafani, okwandisa ukuthembeka kwezimpendulo zopharetha.
Isibonelo, lapho igeyiji yobuningi kagesi ibona ukwanda okungalindelekile kobuningi be-slurry kuseli lokuntanta, uhlelo lokulawula lungaxwayisa ngokuzenzakalelayo umqhubi, luqalise ama-alamu enqubo, noma lulungise umthamo wama-reagent ukuze kugcinwe izindawo ezibekiwe—ukuqinisa ukulawula ekubuyiselweni kokugxila kanye nokusebenza kahle kokukhipha amanzi.
6.2 Ukuthuthukiswa Okuqhubekayo: Ukuhlaziya Kokululama Nokusebenza Kahle
Ukukhulisa ukubuyiswa kwe-potassium kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezitshalo kuncike ekusebenziseni idatha yobuningi yomlando neyesikhathi sangempela ukuhlonza amaphethini, ukubikezela izinkinga, kanye nokukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo.
Ukuthuthukisa Izinga Lokubuyisa I-Concentrate:
- Ukuhlaziywa Kwedatha:Ngokuthambekela ekufundweni kobuningi besikhathi esidlule nesamanje kuyo yonke inqubo yokuntanta kwe-potash, onjiniyela bezitshalo bangakhomba izithiyo zenqubo noma ukukhukhuleka ekuziphatheni okulindelekile—njengokukhuphuka kobuningi be-tailings okubonisa izimo zokuntanta ezingaphansi kwe-quality. Idatha yobuningi enesinqumo esiphezulu iphakela amadeshibhodi okuhlaziya ahlobanisa ukulungiswa kwenqubo (njengosayizi wokugaya, amazinga e-reagent, noma ukuhamba komoya kumaseli) nokuthuthukiswa kwesivuno se-KCl concentrate.
- Ukulungiswa Kwezindawo Zokusetha:I-logic yokulawula eqhutshwa idatha ingalungisa ngokuzimela izindawo zokusetha zobuningi ezigabeni ezahlukahlukene zenqubo, iqinisekise ukuthi iyunithi ngayinye (isb., ama-thickeners, amaseli e-flotation) isebenza endaweni yayo esebenza kahle kakhulu, inciphisa ukuguquguquka kokwakheka kwekristalu phansi futhi ithuthukise ubumsulwa.
Ukuhlanganiswa okuqinile kwamasu okulinganisa ubuningi nezinhlelo zokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela zezitshalo zonke—kuhlanganiswe nokuhlaziya—kubeka isisekelo sokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kuyo yonke inqubo yokumba i-potash. Le ndlela isekela kokubili ukuthuthukisa ukubuyiselwa kokuntanta ekumbeni i-potash kanye nokwenza ngcono ukwakheka kwe-potash ukuze kube nobumsulwa ngenkathi kuqhutshwa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuphathwa kwempahla okusebenzayo.
Izinzuzo Zemvelo, Ezomnotho, kanye Nezokusebenza
7.1 Ukuthuthukiswa Kwenqubo Eqondile kanye Nekhwalithi Yomkhiqizo
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi be-potassium slurry kwenza kube lula ukulawula inqubo yokuntanta kwe-potassium. Ukugcina ubuningi be-slurry obufanele kuqinisekisa ukuhlukaniswa okuphumelelayo phakathi kwe-sylvite (KCl) kanye namaminerali e-gangue, okunikeza ama-concentrates aphezulu. Isibonelo, amasekethe e-flotation abambe ubuningi be-slurry ngaphakathi kwebanga eliqondiwe ahlala egcina amazinga e-K2O angu-61-62% kanye nokusebenza kahle okunciphisayo okusondela ku-95%. Lokhu kuvumelana kuchaza ngokuqondile ukwehla kokucubungula okuncane, njengoba ukudla kwe-slurry okufanayo kusekela ukwakheka kwe-froth okuzinzile kanye nokusebenzisana kwe-reagent okulawulwayo.
Ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo nayo iyazuza njengoba ukulawulwa kobuningi obuthuthukisiwe kusho ukuthi i-potash yokugcina ihlangabezana njalo nezimfuneko eziqinile zemakethe—kokubili kwezicelo zezimboni nezolimo. Ukwehluka kwebanga lokugxila, okuqukethwe komswakama, noma usayizi wezinhlayiya kuyancishiswa, okuthuthukisa ukwaneliseka kwamakhasimende kanye nokuhambisana nenkontileka. Kudingeka ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zomkhiqizo eziqondile ezimakethe ezifana nokukhiqizwa komanyolo, lapho izidingo zomthengi zinquma ukwakheka kwezinhlayiya kanye nobumsulwa.
7.2 Inani Lezomnotho Lokulinganisa Okunembile Kwe-Slurry
Ukulinganisa ubuningi obunembile kunemiphumela emikhulu kwezomnotho. Ukuqinisa ubuningi be-slurry kuthuthukisa amazinga okubuyisa—amasekethe okuntanta angakhuphula ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa kwamaminerali, okufakazelwa amazinga okubuyisa angu-85-87% lapho ubuningi bulawulwa khona ngokuqinile. Lokhu kusebenza kahle kusho ukuthi kutholakala i-potassium eningi ngethani le-ore elimbiwe, kunciphisa imfucuza futhi kukhuphule inzuzo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla nakho kuyehla. Ubuningi obufanele bugcina amaphampu kanye nabaxubi besesimweni sabo sokusebenza esifanele, futhi kuvimbela ukudonsa kwamandla ngokweqile. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-reagent kuyehla, ngoba ubuningi obufanele buqinisekisa ukuthintana okusebenzayo kwama-reagent nezinhlayiya, ngakho-ke kuncane okuchithwayo kumaminerali angahlosiwe. Izindleko zokulungisa ziyancipha ngenxa yokuzinza kwenqubo okuthuthukisiwe; ubuningi be-slurry obufanayo bunciphisa ukuguguleka nokuklebhuka kwamaphampu, amapayipi, kanye namaseli okuntanta ngokugwema ukuvinjelwa kanye nokushaya ngamandla okukhulu.
7.3 Ukusimama kanye Nokunciphisa Imfucuza
Ukuthuthukisa ubuningi be-slurry enkambisweni yokumba i-potash kuveza izinzuzo ezinkulu zemvelo. Ngokubunjwa okulawulwayo, i-ore, amanzi, kanye nezinsiza zamandla kusetshenziswa kahle—kuphela lokho okudingekayo ukuze kuhlukaniswe ngempumelelo kusetshenziswa. Lokhu kuholela ekunciphiseni inani lemisila kanye nokuncipha kwezidingo zamanzi ahlanzekile.
Ukuphathwa kwemisila nakho kuyathuthuka. Ukuhlukaniswa kwamaminerali okuthuthukisiwe kusho ukuthi imisila ihlanzekile nge-potassium encishisiwe, kunciphisa ingozi yemvelo futhi kwenza kube lula ukulahla. Eminye imisebenzi ihlanganisa imfucuza yokuntanta ezinhlelweni zokugcwalisa i-paste (CPB) nge-cemented paste backfill—kusetshenziswa imisila ukugcwalisa amakamelo akhishwe emgodini kanye nokuzinzisa ukusebenza komhlaba. Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi amandla kanye nokugeleza kwe-CPBs kulungiswa ngokulawula okunembile kobuningi be-slurry, kulinganisela kalula ukuphathwa nobuqotho besakhiwo ngenkathi kugwenywa ukukhishwa ngokweqile kwezinto ezintsha.
Ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo kuncishiswa kakhulu ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokugcwalisa emuva obusekelwe emfucumfucwini yokuntanta, kuhlanganiswe nemithamo yelayimu elungiswe ngokucophelela. Ukuhlanganiswa okunjalo akugcini nje ngokuqinisa izakhiwo ezingaphansi komhlaba kodwa futhi kunciphisa umthelela wesikhathi eside wokumbiwa kwemvelo. Ngokubambisana, lezi zinyathelo zimelela izindlela ezinhle kakhulu eziqhubekayo ekucutshungulweni kwamaminerali e-potash.
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi be-slurry kuyisisekelo senqubo yokumba i-potash, okulawula ukusebenza kokukhishwa kwe-ore ngokukhiqizwa kokugxila. Ukuqapha nokulawula ubuningi be-slurry akunakuxoxiswana ngakho ukuze kulondolozwe ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukanisa ngesikhathi sokuntanta, ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi ekucutshungulweni kwamaminerali, kanye nezinyathelo ezilandelayo zokwakheka kwe-potassium. Lezi zinhlaka zilawula ngqo ukuthi i-sylvite kanye nezinye izimbiwa eziyigugu zihlukaniswe kahle kangakanani nokungcola, okuthinta hhayi kuphela ukwenziwa ngcono kokusebenza kahle kokuhlukanisa amaminerali kodwa futhi nobumsulwa bokugcina kanye nezinga lokugxila. Ubuningi obungalungile buvame ukuholela ekulahlekelweni kokululama, ukwanda kwe-tailings, kanye nokuphazamiseka kokusebenza, okugcizelela isidingo sokulinganisa okunembile esinyathelweni ngasinye samasu okucubungula amaminerali e-potash.
Ubuhlobo obuseduze phakathi kobuningi be-slurry obulawulwayo kanye nezinga lokubuyisa elithuthukisiwe lokugxila bubonakala kokubili idatha yasensimini kanye nemikhuba emihle yemboni. Isibonelo, ukugcina ubuningi obuhle kakhulu kusekethe yokuflotha kuthuthukisa ukubuyiselwa kwe-flotation ekumbeni kwe-potash ngokwandisa ukuxhumana kwe-bubble-particle nokunciphisa ukuvalelwa kwamaminerali e-gangue. Lokhu kuphumela emazingeni aphezulu okubuyisa e-KCl - ngokuvamile angu-85-99% njengoba kuphawulwe abakhiqizi abaphambili. Ekubunjweni kwekristalu, ukulawulwa kobuningi kuvumela ukwenza ngcono amazinga okugcwala ngokweqile, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, kanye nokuqinisekisa imigomo yobumsulwa bomkhiqizo, okubalulekile ekucutshungulweni okuphansi noma ukuthengiswa okuqondile. Isigaba ngasinye, kusukela ekugayweni kuya ekuhlukanisweni kwamandla adonsela phansi ekumbeni, kuzuza ekuphathweni kobuningi - ukunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi kwemishini, ukuthuthukisa ukulondolozwa kwamanzi, kanye nokuthuthukisa umkhiqizo wezitshalo jikelele.
Ukusungula izinto ezintsha okuqhubekayo kumasu okulinganisa ubuningi be-slurry ezimayini kukhuthaza ukusebenza kahle kulo lonke imboni. Ukusuka ekuhlaziyweni kwelebhu okwenziwa ngesandla, okuhamba kancane kanye nama-gauge enuzi kuya kubuchwepheshe be-ultrasonic obusebenzisa i-ultrasonic kanye ne-Coriolis ngesikhathi sangempela, obungangenisi umswakama kusho ukuthi abaqhubi basabela ngokushesha ekushintsheni kwenqubo, kunciphisa kokubili ukulahlekelwa ngokomzimba nangokwezimali. Ukuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo zokulawula inqubo ezithuthukisiwe kuqinisekisa ukulungiswa okuzenzakalelayo, kunciphisa amaphutha abantu kanye nokusekela izindlela zokukhiqiza i-potash eziphephile nezisimeme. Njengoba imithethonqubo iqina futhi amandla emakethe ethuthuka, imikhuba emihle manje igcizelela ukuqapha ubuningi obuqhutshwa yinzwa, ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi okuqhubekayo, kanye nokuvuselelwa kwemishini njalo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo esikhulayo kanye namazinga okuncipha kwe-ore. Ukwamukela lezi zimiso kuzokhulisa ukusebenza kahle, kwandise ukubuyiselwa kokugxila kusetshenziswa izindlela zokwandisa ukubuyiselwa kokugxila ekucutshungulweni kwamaminerali, futhi kuhlinzeke njalo ngemikhiqizo ye-potash esezingeni eliphezulu.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba-02-2025
