Kumasu okubuyisa uwoyela othuthukisiwe ngamakhemikhali (i-EOR)—ikakhulukazi ukukhukhula kwe-polymer ekuthuthukisweni kwensimu kawoyela negesi emanzini ajulile—ukulawulwa okunembile kwe-viscosity yesisombululo se-polyacrylamide kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukufeza ukusebenza kahle kokushelela ezindaweni zokugcina uwoyela kudinga ukulungisa izakhiwo zesisombululo se-polymer ngokushesha. Izindlela zokulinganisa i-viscosity ezisekelwe elabhorethri zendabuko zihamba kancane kakhulu, zithembele ekuthathweni kwesampula okwenziwa ngesandla njalo kanye nokuhlaziywa okulibazisekile. Lesi sikhala singaholela ekulinganisweni kwe-polymer okungalingani, ukulawulwa kokuhamba okungekuhle kokufaka umjovo, futhi ekugcineni, ukwehla kokusebenza kahle kokubuyisa uwoyela noma izindleko zokusebenza ezikhuphukile. Amathuluzi okulinganisa i-viscosity e-inline manje avumela ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela, okuqhubekayo, ngqo emgudwini wokukhiqiza, ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokusebenza ezisheshayo zamasimu ajulile nokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa okungcono kwe-viscosity yama-polymer athuthukisiwe okubuyisa uwoyela.
Ukukhukhuleka Kwe-Polymer Nokubuyiselwa Kwamafutha Okuthuthukisiwe Emasimini Kawoyela Negesi Emanzini Ajulile
Ukuvuselelwa kwamafutha okuthuthukisiwe (i-EOR) kuhlanganisa amasu athuthukile athuthukiswe ukukhulisa ukukhishwa kwamafutha ngaphezu kwalokho okufezwa izindlela zokuqala nezesibili. Njengoba ukuhlola uwoyela negesi emanzini ajulile kukhula, lawa machibi avame ukuveza izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zejiyoloji kanye nezindleko eziphezulu zokusebenza, okwenza i-EOR ibaluleke kakhulu ekukhuliseni izindawo zokugcina nokuthuthukisa ezomnotho zokuthuthukiswa kwensimu kawoyela negesi.
Ukuvuselelwa kwamafutha athuthukisiwe okukhushulwa yi-polymer kuyindlela ehamba phambili yamakhemikhali i-EOR esetshenziswa kabanzi ezindaweni zamanzi ajulile. Ezikhukhuleni ze-polymer, ama-polymer ancibilika emanzini—avame ukuba yi-hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM)—anezelwa emanzini ajoviwe, okwandisa i-viscosity yawo futhi kwenze kube lula ukulawula ukuhamba ngaphakathi kwedamu. Le nqubo ibaluleke kakhulu ogwini lolwandle, lapho isilinganiso sokuhamba esingesihle phakathi kwamanzi ajoviwe namafutha aqinile sinciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhukhula kwamanzi okuvamile.
Ezindaweni ezivame ukugcwala amanzi, amanzi anomswakama omncane avame ukudlula uwoyela “ngokuwufaka emanzini” ezindaweni ezikwazi ukungena kalula, okushiya inani elikhulu lama-hydrocarbon lingatholakali. Izikhukhula ze-polymer zilwa nalokhu ngokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhukhula ezindaweni zokugcina uwoyela, zidale indawo yokufuduka ezinzile eqinisekisa ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yedamu iyakhukhulwa futhi uwoyela uthuthelwa emithonjeni yokukhiqiza. Idatha yasensimini ikhombisa ukuthi i-polymer EOR ingaletha ukwanda okufika ku-10% ekubuyiselweni kukawoyela okuqhubekayo phezu kokukhukhula kwamanzi, kanye nokuthuthuka okufika ku-13% ekufakweni kwesilinganiso sokuhlola.
Imikhawulo yezomnotho kanye neyokusebenza ezindaweni ezijulile zamanzi iphakamisa ukubaluleka kokusebenza kahle kwenqubo. Izikhukhula ze-polymer zibonise ikhono lokunciphisa ukunqunywa kwamanzi, okuhumusha izidingo zamandla eziphansi zokuphathwa nokwehlukaniswa koketshezi—izinzuzo ezibalulekile zokufakwa ogwini lolwandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ndlela inganciphisa umthelela wekhabhoni wokukhiqizwa kukawoyela ngokunciphisa izidingo zokuphathwa kwamanzi, isekele imigomo yokunciphisa ukukhishwa komoya.
Ukusebenza kahle kwezikhukhula ze-polymer kuncike ekulinganisweni okunembile kwe-viscosity kwama-polymer athuthukisiwe okubuyisa uwoyela. Ubuchwepheshe obufana nezinsimbi zokulinganisa i-viscosity kawoyela ezingaphakathi, imishini yokuhlola i-viscosity kawoyela, kanye nezinqubo zokuhlola i-viscosity kawoyela ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zibalulekile ekulawuleni izakhiwo zesisombululo se-polymer, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle ezimweni ezinzima zangaphansi kolwandle. Lezi zilinganiso zivumela ukuhlaziywa kwe-viscosity yesisombululo se-polyacrylamide okunembile, okwenza ngcono kokubili ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle kokuswayipha kanye nomnotho jikelele wezinhlelo zokusebenza zensimu yezikhukhula ze-polymer.
Insimu Kawoyela Negesi
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Indima Ebalulekile Yokugoba Kwezikhukhula Ze-Polymer
Kungani Ukuqina Kuyisici Esibalulekile Ekukhukhuleni Okuphumelelayo Kwe-Polymer
Ukuqina kuyisisekelo sezikhukhula ze-polymer ukuvuselelwa kwamafutha okuthuthukisiwe ngoba kulawula ngqo isilinganiso sokuhamba phakathi kokususwa noketshezi olususwa ngaphakathi kwedamu. Ekuthuthukisweni kwensimu kawoyela negesi emanzini ajulile, umgomo uwukuhlanganisa uwoyela osele omningi ngangokunokwenzeka ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi uketshezi olujovwe (ngokuvamile isixazululo samanzi se-polyacrylamide, ngokuvamile i-HPAM) luhamba nge-viscosity ehluke kahle kowoyela wendabuko. Lokhu kuqiniswa okuphezulu kuvumela isixazululo se-polymer ukuthi sidlule kumthamo omkhulu wedamu, sithuthukise ukuxhumana phakathi koketshezi olususwayo nama-hydrocarbon abanjwe.
Ukukhethwa kwe-viscosity yesisombululo se-polymer kuyisenzo sokulinganisela. Uma iphansi kakhulu, futhi amanzi alandela iziteshi zokungena okuphezulu ezazikhona kakade, edlula uwoyela omningi; kuphezulu kakhulu, futhi kuvela izinkinga zokufaka, okwandisa ingozi yokuvalwa kokwakheka, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingafani noma ezindaweni zokungena okuphansi okuvame ukutholakala ezimweni zamanzi ajulile. Ucwaningo luqokomisa ukuthi ukulungisa ngokucophelela amazinga e-HPAM—ngokuvamile ngaphakathi kuka-3000–3300 mg/L kokusetshenziswa kwamanzi ajulile—kuvumela abaqhubi ukuthi bandise ukufuduka kwamafutha ngaphandle kokubhekana nokucindezela okukhulu komjovo noma izinkinga zokusebenza.
Ubudlelwano Phakathi Kokuqina Kwesisombululo Se-Polymer Nokusebenza Kahle Kokusula
Ukusebenza kahle kokusula kumelela ingxenye yamafutha edamu elisuswa ngempumelelo yisisombululo se-polymer esifakwe ngaphakathi. Kuhlobene ngqo nesilinganiso se-viscosity (M), esichazwa njenge-viscosity yoketshezi olususwayo oluhlukaniswe yi-viscosity yamafutha asusiwe:
M = μ_ukususwa / μ_uwoyela
Uma i-M isondela ku-1, ingaphambili lihamba ngokufanayo, likhuthaza ukusebenza kahle kokushelela futhi linciphise ukugoba kweminwe okuqinile (ukuthambekela koketshezi olune-viscosity ephansi ukudlula uwoyela nokudala iziteshi zokuqhuma). Ukuthuthukisa i-viscosity yamanzi—ngokuvamile ngokuncibilikisa i-HPAM noma ama-hybrid ayo—kungashintsha isilinganiso sokuhamba siye enanini elifanele, kwandise kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokushelela uma kuqhathaniswa nokugcwala kwamanzi okuvamile.
Ubufakazi obubonakalayo bubonisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa izixazululo ze-polymer ezine-viscosity ephezulu kuholela ekubuyiselweni kwamafutha okuqhubekayo okungu-5%-10%, kodwa kungafinyelela phezulu ku-23% ezifundweni ze-microfluidic ezilawulwayo kusetshenziswa i-0.1% PAM. Lokhu kuthuthuka kuhumusha kube yizinzuzo ezibonakalayo esikalini sensimu, ikakhulukazi lapho ama-polymer enzelwe ukumelana nezinselele zokushisa kanye nosawoti ezivame kakhulu ekuhlolweni kukawoyela negesi emanzini ajulile.
Umphumela Wokugqama Kwe-Polyacrylamide Ekukhulisweni Kakhulu Kokufuduka Kwamafutha
I-viscosity enikezwa yi-polyacrylamide iyisishukumisi esiyinhloko sokusebenza kahle kumasu okubuyisa uwoyela athuthukisiwe ngamakhemikhali, okulawula kokubili ukufinyelela kanye nokufana kwesikhukhula esifakwe. Izifundo zelebhu, zensimu, kanye nokulingisa zigcizelela izindlela eziningana lapho i-viscosity ekhulayo ye-polyacrylamide ikhulisa khona ukufuduka kwamafutha:
- Ukulawulwa Kokuhamba Okuthuthukisiwe:Ukwanda kwe-viscosity kunciphisa ngempumelelo isilinganiso sokuhamba kwamanzi kuya kumafutha, kuvimbela ukugoba kweminwe okuqinile kanye nokujikeleza ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa ukuthintana namafutha angakahlanzwa ngaphambilini.
- Ukuthuthukiswa Kokufuduka Emachibini Ahlukahlukene:Ukumelana okuphezulu kokugeleza kuphoqa ingaphambili elihambayo liye ezindaweni eziphansi zokungena kwamanzi, lithinta ama-hydrocarbon angadluliswanga ngenye indlela.
- Imiphumela Yokuhamba Okuhambisanayo kanye Nokubamba Ama-Capillary:Uma kuhlanganiswa nezinye izinto (isb., ama-nanoparticles, ama-branched gels), izinhlelo ze-polyacrylamide ezine-viscosity ephezulu zibonisa ukuthuthuka okwengeziwe ekusebenzeni kahle kokushelela kanye nokufuduka, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa okuphezulu noma usawoti ophezulu.
Isibonelo, izinhlanganisela ze-polymer/nano-SiO₂ zibonise i-viscosity efinyelela ku-181 mPa·s ku-90°C, okwenza zibe zilungele izimo zamanzi ajulile lapho i-HPAM evamile izobola khona noma ixutshwe kakhulu. Ngokufanayo, i-polyacrylamide exutshwe ne-polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) yenza kahle kakhulu kune-polymers ezingezona ezixubile ekugcineni i-viscosity ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kosawoti kanye nokushisa. Lezi ntuthuko zivumela ukusetshenziswa kwensimu yezikhukhula ze-polymer okuthembekile futhi okusebenzayo, okuholela ngqo ekufudukeni okukhulu kwamafutha ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi eziyinselele.
Ekugcineni, ikhono lokulinganisa ngokunembile nokuthuthukisa i-polyacrylamide solution viscosity—ukusebenzisa izindlela zokulinganisa i-polymer solution viscosity ezithuthukisiwe kanye namathuluzi okulinganisa i-inline oil viscosity—lisalokhu liyisisekelo samaphrojekthi ezikhukhula ze-polymer aphumelelayo futhi angabizi kakhulu emikhakheni yanamuhla kawoyela negesi.
Izimiso kanye Namasu Okulinganisa Ukuthambekela Kwesisombululo Se-Polymer
Ukulinganiswa kokuqina kuyisisekelo ekubuyiselweni kwamafutha athuthukisiwe okukhukhulekayo kwe-polymer (i-EOR), okuthonya ukuhamba koketshezi, ukusebenza kahle kokukhuculula ema-oven reservoirs kawoyela, kanye nempumelelo iyonke yezindlela zokubuyisa amafutha athuthukisiwe ngamakhemikhali. I-Polyacrylamide kanye nezinto ezitholakala kuyo njenge-hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) zivame ukusetshenziswa ngama-polymer. Isixazululo sabo se-rheology—ikakhulukazi i-viscosity—sithinta ngqo ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle kokukhuculula kwamafutha akhukhulekayo kwe-polymer, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nosawoti ojwayelekile ekuthuthukisweni kwensimu kawoyela negesi emanzini ajulile.
Ama-Viscometer e-Capillary
Ama-viscometer e-capillary anquma i-viscometer ngokubeka isikhathi sokugeleza kwesisombululo se-polymer ngepayipi elincane ngaphansi kwengcindezi noma amandla adonsela phansi asethiwe. Le ndlela ilula futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlolweni kwemishini yokuhlola i-viscometer yamafutha ejwayelekile yoketshezi olufana namanzi noma olune-viscous eliphakathi. I-viscometer ejwayelekile ye-capillary ithatha ukuziphatha kwe-Newtonian, okwenza kube okuthembekile ekulawulweni kwekhwalithi lapho amazinga okucheba kwezixazululo ze-polymer ehlala ephansi kakhulu futhi izakhiwo zingaguquki kakhulu.
Imikhawulo:
- Ama-polymer angewona ama-Newtonian:Ama-polymer amaningi e-EOR abonisa ukuziphatha okuncibilikisayo kanye nokunamathela okungabambi izindlela zakudala ze-capillary, okubangela ukunganakwa noma ukungaqondi kahle kwe-viscosity yangempela yensimu.
- Imiphumela ye-Polydispersity kanye nokuhlushwa:Ukufundwa kwe-capillary viscometer kungaphambukiswa ezixazululweni ze-polymer ezinesisindo sama-molecule esihlukahlukene, noma ezingxubeni ezincibilikisiwe/eziyinkimbinkimbi ezivamile ekusebenzeni kwensimu.
- Ubunzima bokuncipha kwe-Elastocapillary:Nakuba ama-rheometer okunweba ama-capillary break-up extensional rheometers angahlola i-extension viscosity, imiphumela incike kakhulu ku-geometry kanye nemingcele esetshenzisiwe, okwengeza ukungaqiniseki emiphumeleni yoketshezi olukhukhula lwe-polymer.
Ama-Viscometer ajikelezayo
Ama-viscometer ajikelezayo ayitshe lesisekelo se-ukuhlaziywa kwe-viscosity yesisombululo se-polyacrylamidekuzo zombili izindawo zokucwaninga kanye nezindawo zokuhlola izitshalo. Lezi zinsimbi zisebenzisa i-spindle noma i-bob ejikelezayo ecwiliswe kusampula, ilinganisa ukumelana nokunyakaza kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinga lokugunda ezibekiwe.
Amandla:
- Uyakwazi ukuchaza izindlela zokuziphatha ezingezona ezeNewtonian, njengokunciphisa ukusika, lapho i-viscosity incipha khona njengoba izinga lokusika likhuphuka—isici esichazayo seziningi ze-polymer ezikhukhula uketshezi lwe-EOR.
- Vumela ukufakwa kwemodeli (isb., umthetho wamandla, iBingham) ukuthi kulinganiswe ukuncika kwe-viscosity ngesilinganiso sokucheba.
- Sekela ukuhlolwa kwezinga lokushisa kanye nosawoti ngokulingisa izimo ezifana nedamu kanye nokubuka imiphumela yazo ekuqineni.
Izibonelo:
- Uma amazinga aphezulu okusika noma amazinga okushisa aphezulu/usawoti, i-HPAM kanye nama-polymer angokwezifiso ayawohloka noma aqondaniswe, okwehlisa i-viscosity esebenzayo; lezi zindlela zibonakala kalula ku-viscometry yokujikeleza.
- Ama-rheometer ajikelezayo angalingisa izimo zokucindezeleka ezilindelekile zomgodi ophansi ukuze ahlole ukulahleka kwe-viscosity kanye nokuwohloka kweketanga—okubalulekile kokubili ekuhlolweni kwe-viscosity ye-polymer esebenza kahle kanye nokukhethwa kwe-polymer okuqinile.
Ukulinganisa Ukuqina Okuqondile: Izindlela Zanamuhla Nokusetshenziswa Kwezinsimbi
Izinsimbi Zokulinganisa Ukuthamba Okungaphakathi: Incazelo kanye Nokusebenza
Ama-viscometer anamuhla angaphakathi aklanyelwe ukucwiliswa ngqo emigqeni yenqubo, enikeza ukuhlaziywa okuqhubekayo kwe-viscosity ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuphazamiseka kwesampula. Ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko buhlanganisa:
Ama-Viscometer Ashukumisayo:Amadivayisi afana nama-viscometer e-Lonnmeter asebenzisa izakhi ezinyakazayo ezicwiliswe kusisombululo se-polymer. Ubukhulu kanye nokufiphaza kokudlidliza kuhlobene ngqo ne-viscosity kanye nobuningi, okuvumela ukulinganiswa okuthembekile koketshezi olunezigaba eziningi noma olungeyona i-Newtonian njengezixazululo ze-polyacrylamide. Lezi ziqinile ngokumelene nokushisa okuphezulu kanye nokucindezela, futhi zilungele kahle imisebenzi yasensimini kawoyela.
Izinzuzo Zokuqapha Okuqhubekayo Ku-inthanethi Emisebenzini Yokukhukhula Kwe-Polymer
Ukushintshela ekulinganisweni okuqhubekayo, okuqondile kwe-viscosity ekusetshenzisweni kwensimu yezikhukhula ze-polymer kuletha izinzuzo zokusebenza ezisezingeni eliningi:
Ukusebenza Kahle Kokushanela Okuthuthukisiwe:Ukuqapha njalo kwenza kube lula ukungenelela okusheshayo uma i-polymer viscosity idlula ngaphandle kwebanga elifanele, okwandisa isilinganiso sokuhamba kanye nokufuduka kwamafutha ngesikhathi sokukhukhula kwe-polymer izinhlelo zokubuyisa uwoyela ezithuthukisiwe.
Ukulungiswa Kwenqubo Okuzenzakalelayo:Amathuluzi okulinganisa i-viscosity kawoyela axhumene namapulatifomu e-SCADA alula ukulawula i-closed-loop, lapho i-dosage noma izinga lokushisa kungalungiswa ngokuzenzakalelayo ngokuphendula ukuhlaziywa kwe-viscosity yesisombululo se-polyacrylamide ngesikhathi sangempela. Lokhu kwandisa ukuzinza kwenqubo, kugcina ingxube yomkhiqizo ngaphakathi kwemininingwane eqinile (±0.5% kwezinye izifundo zamacala), futhi kunciphisa imfucuza ye-polymer.
Isikhathi Sokungasebenzi Esincishisiwe kanye Nomsebenzi:Izinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo, ezisebenza ngaphakathi zithatha indawo yokuthatha amasampula avamile ngesandla, zisheshisa isikhathi sokuphendula futhi zinciphise isidingo sabasebenzi basensimini abazinikele ekuhlolweni okuvamile.
Inqubo Nokusebenza Kahle Kwezindleko:Njengoba kuboniswe ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni njengeSolartron 7827 kanye ne-CVI's ViscoPro 2100, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwe-viscosity kungakhuphula umkhiqizo kawoyela ngamaphesenti afinyelela ku-20, kunciphise ukusetshenziswa kwe-polymer, futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwe-reactor noma umthombo ngokulawula ikhwalithi okunembile.
Idatha Ethuthukisiwe Yokuhlaziya:Ukusakaza kwedatha kwesikhathi sangempela kunika amandla ukuhlaziya okuthuthukisiwe, kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwenqubo ejwayelekile kuya ekulungisweni kokubikezela, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko kanye nokubikezela kokusebenza kwezikhukhula ze-polymer.
Izindlela Eziyinhloko Zokusebenza Zokukhetha Amathuluzi Okulinganisa Ukujiya Kwamafutha Okusetshenziswa Ensimini
Uma ukhetha imishini yokulinganisa i-viscosity yama-polymer athuthukisiwe okubuyisa uwoyela ezindaweni ezinzima nezikude ze-oyela, lezi zindlela zibaluleke kakhulu:
Ukuqina kanye nokumelana nemvelo:Izinsimbi kumele zikwazi ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu, umfutho ophezulu (HTHP), uketshezi olubolayo, kanye nezinhlayiya ezirhabaxa ezivamile ezindaweni zamanzi ajulile. Insimbi engagqwali kanye nezindawo ezivalwe kahle, njengase-Rheonics SRV, zibalulekile ukuze ziphile isikhathi eside.
Ukunemba Nokuzinza Kokulinganisa:Isinxephezelo sesisombululo esiphezulu kanye nokushisa kuyimpoqo ngoba ukuphambuka okuncane ekuqineni kungathinta kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokushanela kanye nokubuyiselwa kukawoyela. Amathuluzi kufanele abe nokunemba okubhaliwe ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa lokusebenza kanye nobubanzi bokucindezela.
Ukuhlanganiswa kanye nokulungela ukwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela:Ukuhambisana ne-SCADA, i-IoT telemetry, kanye namabhasi edatha edijithali okuqapha kude manje sekuyinto elindelekile. Funa izindlela zokuzihlanza, ukulinganisa kwedijithali, kanye nokudluliswa kwedatha okuphephile ukuze unciphise ukulungiswa.
Amandla Okusebenza Okuqhubekayo:Amadivayisi kumele asebenze ngaphandle kokuvalwa okuvamile noma ukulinganiswa kabusha, alethe ukusebenza ubusuku nemini futhi anciphise izidingo zokungenelela—isihluthulelo sokufakwa okungenamuntu noma okwenziwa ngaphansi kolwandle.
Ukuthobela Imithetho Nemigomo Yemboni:Imishini kufanele ihlangabezane nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke zokuphepha, ukuhambisana kwe-electromagnetic, kanye nezinsimbi zenqubo njengoba kuphoqelelwa emkhakheni kawoyela negesi.
Ukusetshenziswa kwangempela kudinga ukuthi imishini yokuhlola i-viscosity eqondile ibe namandla, izenzekele, ilungele inethiwekhi, futhi inembile—inikeze ukulawula i-viscosity okungaphazamiseki njengesisekelo se-EOR yesimanje kanye nokuhlolwa kukawoyela negesi emanzini ajulile.
Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele Ekuphathweni Kokugoba Kwesisombululo sePolyacrylamide
Ukuphathwa kwe-viscosity okuphumelelayo kubalulekile ekukhuculweni kwamafutha athuthukisiwe (i-EOR) ngezikhukhula ze-polymer, ikakhulukazi ekuthuthukisweni kwensimu kawoyela negesi emanzini ajulile lapho izinto ezibangela ukucindezeleka kwemvelo zibalulekile khona. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-viscosity yesisombululo se-Polyacrylamide kudlala indima ebalulekile ekufezeni ukusebenza kahle kokukhuculula okuhlosiwe ezindaweni zokugcina uwoyela.
Izici Ezithonya Ukuqina Kwesixazululo Se-Polyacrylamide Ezimweni Zamanzi Ajulile
Usawoti
- Imiphumela Ephezulu Yosawoti:Amadamu amanzi ajulile ngokuvamile aquketheukugcwala kukasawoti, kufaka phakathi ama-cation e-monovalent (Na⁺) kanye ne-divalent (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺). Lawa ma-ion acindezela ungqimba oluphindwe kabili lukagesi oluzungeze amaketanga e-polyacrylamide, okubangela ukugoqa nokunciphisa i-viscosity yesisombululo. Ama-cation e-divalent anomphumela ophawuleka kakhulu, anciphisa kakhulu i-viscosity futhi anciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle kwe-polymer flooding sweep.
- Isibonelo:Ezimweni zasensimini njenge-reservoir ye-Qinghai Gasi, izinhlelo ze-polymer kanye ne-surfactant-polymer (SP) eziklanyelwe zona zazidingeka ukuze kufezwe ukugcinwa kwe-viscosity nokugcina ukusebenza kahle kokushelela ezindaweni ezinosawoti omningi.
- Ukuwohloka Kokushisa:Amazinga okushisa aphezulu emanzini ajulile asheshisa i-hydrolysis kanye nokuwohloka kwamaketanga e-polyacrylamide. Izixazululo ezijwayelekile ze-hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) zilahlekelwa yi-viscosity ngokushesha njengoba izinsimbi zama-molecule zincipha ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kokushisa.
- Izixazululo Zokuzinza Kokushisa:Izinhlelo ze-HPAM ze-Nanocomposite, ezinezinhlayiya ezincane ezihlanganisiwe (njenge-silica noma i-alumina), zibonise ukuzinza okukhulu kokushisa, zigcina i-viscosity kangcono emazingeni okushisa afinyelela ku-90°C nangaphezulu.
- Umthelela Wemishini:Amazinga aphezulu okucheba okuvela ekumpompeni, ekufakeni, noma ekugelezeni ngokusebenzisa ukwakheka okunezimbobo abangela ukuqhekeka kwamaketanga e-polymer, okuholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu kwe-viscosity. Ukudlula kwephampu okuphindaphindiwe kunganciphisa i-viscosity ngamaphesenti afinyelela ku-50, okuphazamisa ukusebenza kahle kokubuyisa uwoyela.
- Ukuziphatha Kokunciphisa Ukugunda:Izixazululo ze-Polyacrylamide zibonisa ukuncipha kwe-shear—i-viscosity iyancipha njengoba izinga lokugunda likhuphuka. Lokhu kumele kucatshangelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwensimu yezikhukhula ze-polymer, njengoba izilinganiso ze-viscosity kumazinga ahlukene okugunda zingahluka kakhulu.
- Ithonya Lokungcola:Amanzi ageleza emanzini ahlanzekile kanye namanzi akhiqizwa yi-oyili ngokuvamile aqukethe ukungcola okufana nensimbi, ama-sulfide, noma ama-hydrocarbon. Lokhu kungabangela ukuwohloka okuqhubekayo noma imvula ezixazululweni ze-polymer, okwenza kube nzima ukuphathwa kwe-viscosity.
- Ukuphazamiseka Kwezithasiselo:Ukusebenzisana kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwe-polyacrylamide nama-surfactants noma ama-crosslinking agents kungashintsha iphrofayili ye-viscosity elindelekile, kungaba ukuthuthukisa noma ukuphazamisa ukusebenza kwe-EOR.
- Ukukhethwa Kwe-Polymer Eyenziwe Ngokwezifiso:Ukukhetha izinhlobo ze-HPAM noma ukuthuthukisa ama-copolymer e-polyacrylamide afakwe i-sulfonated afanele usawoti olindelekile kanye nokushisa kuthuthukisa ukugcinwa kwe-viscosity. Izindlela zokulinganisa i-viscosity yesisombululo se-polymer esisekelwe elabhorethri ziqondisa ukukhetha kokuqala, kodwa idatha yasensimini kumele iqinisekise imiphumela ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza zangempela.
- Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Nanomaterials:Ukufaka ama-nanoparticles—njenge-SiO₂, i-Al₂O₃, noma i-nanocellulose—kuthuthukisa ukumelana kwe-polymer ekuwohlokeni kokushisa kanye nokwemishini, njengoba kuboniswe ezivivinyweni zezikhukhula ze-nanocomposite. Le ndlela isetshenziswa kakhulu ukulwa nemiphumela emibi evela ebunzimeni bezindawo zokugcina amanzi.
- Ukulawulwa Kokuhlushwa Kwe-Ion:Ukunciphisa izinga lama-divalent cations ngokwelashwa ngamanzi noma ukuhlanza ngamanzi athambile kunciphisa ukuhlangana kwe-ionic futhi kugcina ukunwetshwa kwe-polymer chain, ngaleyo ndlela kwandisa i-viscosity ejojiwe.
- Ukuhambisana kwe-Surfactant kanye ne-Cross-linker:Ukuvumelanisa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwama-surfactants noma ama-cross-linkers ukuze kuhambisane nezinhlobo ze-polymer ezivelele kugwema imvula kanye nokwehla kwe-viscosity okungalindelekile.
- Ukunciphisa Ukuvezwa Kwe-Shear:Ukwakha uhlelo lokujova (ukusebenzisa amaphampu athambile, ukuxuba ngobumnene, kanye namapayipi abushelelezi) kunciphisa ukuqhekeka kwe-polymer chain. Ukuklama izindlela ezimbozwe kahle ukuze kuncishiswe ukugeleza okuguquguqukayo nakho kunegalelo ekugcineni i-viscosity.
- Ukusebenzisa Izinsimbi Zokulinganisa Ukuthamba Kwamafutha Ezisemgqeni:Ukusebenzisa amamitha okunamathela ngaphakathi noma amamitha okunamathela abonakalayo (i-VVM) kuvumela ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kwe-polyacrylamide viscosity ngesikhathi somjovo, okuvumela izimpendulo ezisheshayo kunoma yikuphi ukulahleka kwe-viscosity.
- Izindlela Zokuqapha Ukuthambekela:Ukuhlanganisa imishini yokuhlola i-viscosity yamafutha elebhu kanye nokulinganisa okungaphakathi kwensimu kunikeza okupheleleukulawula ukujiyauhlelo, olubalulekile ekugcineni uzinzo kusukela ekugcinweni kuya ekungeneni kwedamu.
- Amamodeli Okugobeka Okuqhutshwa Yidatha:Ukusebenzisa amamodeli aguquguqukayo, aqhutshwa idatha achaza izinga lokushisa, usawoti, kanye nemiphumela yokugunda kwenza kube lula ukwenza ngcono amapharamitha okujova—ukuhlushwa kwe-polymer, izinga lokujova, kanye nokulandelana—ngesikhathi sangempela.
- I-Adaptive CMG noma i-Eclipse Simulations:Izilingisi zezizinda ezithuthukisiwe zisebenzisa amanani e-viscosity alinganisiwe futhi amodeliwe ukuze zivumelanise amaphethini ezikhukhula, zithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokukhukhula ezizindeni zikawoyela, futhi zinciphise ukulahleka kwe-polymer ngokuwohloka noma ukumuncwa.
- Ukuqinisekiswa Kwensimu:Emasimini ajulile aseBohai Bay naseSouth China Sea, ukusetshenziswa kokuhlola kusebenzise i-HPAM enama-nanocomposite enokuqapha kwe-viscosity okuqondile ukuze kufezwe izikhukhula ze-polymer ezizinzile nezisebenza kahle ngaphansi kokushisa okukhulu kanye nosawoti.
- Impumelelo Yezikhukhula ze-SP:Izindawo zokugcina amanzi ezisogwini ezishisa kakhulu nezinosawoti omningi zibike ukuthuthuka kokubuyiselwa kukawoyela okufika ku-15% ngemuva kokwenziwa ngcono kwe-polymer viscosity nge-SP blends kanye nokuzinza kwe-nanoparticle.
Izinga lokushisa
Ukuwohloka Kokucheba
Ukungcola kanye nokusebenzisana kwamakhemikhali
Amasu Okugcina Ukunamathelana Okuzinzile Kwe-Polyacrylamide Kuyo Yonke Ijovo
Ukuthuthukisa Ukwakheka
Ukuphathwa kwe-Electrolyte kanye nokwengezwa
Imikhuba Yokusebenza Nokusebenza Kwemishini
Ukumodela Inqubo Nokulungiswa Okuguquguqukayo
Izibonelo ezivela kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zasensimini
Ukulinganisa okusebenzayo kwe-viscosity kwama-polymer athuthukisiwe okubuyisa uwoyela kudinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela kwalezi zici ezinethonya kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi asezingeni eliphezulu—kusukela ekwakhiweni kuya ekuqapheni okuqondile—ukuqinisekisa impumelelo yezikhukhula ze-polymer ezindaweni zokuhlola uwoyela negesi emanzini ajulile eziyinselele.
I-Polyacrylamide Yokuthuthukisa Ukubuyiswa Kwamafutha
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Ukuqinisekisa Ukusebenza Okuqhubekayo kwe-Polymer: Izinselele Nezixazululo
Izikhukhula ze-polymer ezithuthukisiwe ekuhlolweni kukawoyela emanzini ajulile zibhekene nezingqinamba eziningi zokusebenza ezingaphazamisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhuculula kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-polymer. Ukugcina i-viscosity yesisombululo se-polyacrylamide efanelekile kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba ngisho nokuphambuka okuncane kunganciphisa ukusebenza kwedamu kanye nomnotho wephrojekthi.
Izinselele Zokusebenza
1. Ukuwohloka Kwemishini
Ama-polymer e-Polyacrylamide asengozini yokuwohloka komshini kuyo yonke inqubo yokujova nokugeleza. Amandla aphezulu okucheba—avame kakhulu kumaphampu, emigqeni yokujova, kanye nasemithanjeni ye-pore evalekile—aphula amaketanga amade e-polymer, okunciphisa kakhulu i-viscosity. Isibonelo, ama-polymer e-HPAM anesisindo sama-molecule aphezulu (>10 MDa) angaba nokwehla okukhulu kwesisindo sama-molecule (ngezinye izikhathi kuze kufike ku-200 kDa) ngemva kokudlula emishinini eshefa kakhulu noma edwaleni eliqinile. Lokhu kuncipha kuholela ekusebenzeni kahle kokushefa okulahlekile kanye nokulawulwa kokuhamba okubi, ekugcineni okuholela ekubuyiselweni kwamafutha okuphansi okuqhubekayo. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nomoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe kubhebhethekisa amazinga okuwohloka, yize izinguquko ekucindezelweni kanye nosawoti zingaba nomthelela omncane kulokhu.
2. Ukumuncwa Nokugcinwa Kwamanzi Ekwakhekeni Kwedamu
Ama-molecule e-Polyacrylamide angamuncwa ngokomzimba noma abanjwe ezindaweni zamaminerali ngaphakathi kwedwala eligcina amanzi, okunciphisa ukugcwala kwe-polymer okusebenzayo okusakazeka ngemidiya enezimbobo. Ematsheni esihlabathi, ukumuncwa ngokomzimba, ukubanjwa kwemishini, kanye nokusebenzisana kwe-electrostatic kudlala indima evelele. Izindawo ezinosawoti omningi, ezivame kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwensimu kawoyela negesi emanzini ajulile, zandisa le miphumela, kuyilapho izakhiwo zamadwala eziqhekekile zenza kube nzima kakhulu ukudlula kwe-polymer—ngezinye izikhathi kunciphisa ukugcinwa kodwa ngezindleko zokufana kokushelela. Ukumuncwa ngokweqile akugcini nje ngokunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwamakhemikhali kodwa kungashintsha ne-viscosity yangaphakathi, kunciphise ukulawulwa kokuhamba okuhlosiwe.
3. Isixazululo Ukuguga Nokuhambisana Kwamakhemikhali
Izixazululo ze-polymer zingase zonakale ngamakhemikhali noma ngebhayoloji ngaphambi, ngesikhathi, nangemva kokujova. Ama-divalent cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺) emanzini okwakheka enza kube lula ukuxhumanisa kanye nokwena kwemvula, okuholela ekunciphiseni okusheshayo kwe-viscosity. Ukungahambisani ne-saline noma ama-brine aqinile kuyinselele ukugcinwa kwe-viscosity. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ezithile zamagciwane kungabangela ukubola kwe-bio, ikakhulukazi ezimweni zokuvuselela amanzi akhiqizwe. Amazinga okushisa edamu kanye nokutholakala komoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe kwandisa ingozi yokuqhekeka kweketanga eliqhutshwa yi-free-radical, okubangela kakhulu ukuguga kanye nokulahlekelwa yi-viscosity.
Izilawuli Zenqubo Ezinokulinganiswa Kokugoba Okuqhubekayo
Ukulinganiswa kwe-viscosity okuqhubekayo okusemgqenikanye nokulawulwa kwempendulo okuzenzakalelayo ngesikhathi sangempela kuyizindlela zokungenelela eziqinisekiswe ensimini zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yokusebenza kwezikhukhula ze-polymer. Amathuluzi okulinganisa i-viscosity kawoyela asezingeni eliphezulu, njenge-data-driven viscosity meter (VVM), aletha ukufundwa okuzenzakalelayo, okuqhubekayo kwe-viscosity yesisombululo se-polymer ezindaweni ezibalulekile zenqubo. Lawa mathuluzi asebenza kanye nezilinganiso zendabuko zelebhu kanye nezinga elingaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi, ahlinzeka ngephrofayili ephelele ye-viscosity kuyo yonke indlela yokusebenza yokubuyisa uwoyela ethuthukisiwe ngamakhemikhali.
Izinzuzo ezibalulekile kanye nezixazululo ezisebenza ngalezi zinhlelo zifaka:
- Ukunciphisa Ukuwohloka Kwemishini:Ngokuqapha i-viscosity ngesikhathi sangempela, opharetha bangalungisa amazinga ephampu futhi bahlele kabusha imishini engaphezulu ukuze banciphise ukuvezwa kwe-shear. Isibonelo, ukutholakala kusenesikhathi kokwehla kwe-viscosity—okubonisa ukuwohloka kwe-polymer okuzayo—kubangela ukungenelela okusheshayo komsebenzi, kulondoloza ubuqotho be-polyacrylamide.
- Ukuphatha Izingozi Zokumuncwa Nokugcina I-Accumulator:Ngedatha ye-viscosity ezenzakalelayo evame ukwenzeka, amabhange e-polymer kanye nezinqubo zokujova zingalungiswa ngokuguquguqukayo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlushwa kwe-polymer okusebenzayo okungena echibini kukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhuhla, okukhokhela ukulahlekelwa kwensimu okubonwayo ekugcinweni.
- Ukugcina Ukuhambisana Kwamakhemikhali Ezindaweni Ezinzima:Ukulinganiswa kwe-inline viscosity kwama-polymer athuthukisiwe okubuyisa uwoyela kuvumela ukutholakala okusheshayo kwezinguquko ze-viscosity ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-brine noma ukuguga kwesisombululo. Abasebenzi bangashintsha kusengaphambili ukwakheka kwe-polymer noma ukulandelana kwama-slugs amakhemikhali ukuze balondoloze izakhiwo ze-rheological, bavimbele izinkinga zomjovo kanye nemingcele yokungalingani yokufuduka.
- Ukulinganisa Okujwayelekile Okusemgqeni:Hlanganisa ukulinganiswa kwe-viscosity oku-inthanethi okuvame kakhulu kulo lonke uchungechunge lokulethwa—kusukela ekuzilungiseni kuya ekujovweni kanye nasekhanda lomthombo.
- Ukulawulwa Kwenqubo Okuqhutshwa Yidatha:Sebenzisa izinhlelo zempendulo ezenzakalelayo ezilungisa izilinganiso ze-polymer, ukuxuba, noma amapharamitha okusebenza ngesikhathi sangempela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhambi elijoviwe lihlangabezana njalo ne-viscosity eqondiwe.
- Ukukhethwa Nokulungiswa Kwe-Polymer:Khetha ama-polymer aklanyelwe ukuzinza kwe-shear/thermal futhi ahambisana nendawo ye-ionic yedamu. Sebenzisa ama-polymer aguquliwe ebusweni noma ahlanganisiwe (isb., i-HPAM enezinhlayiya ezincane noma ukuthuthukiswa kweqembu elisebenzayo) lapho usawoti omningi noma ama-cation ahlukene engenakugwenywa.
- Imishini Elungiselelwe Ukugunda:Dizayina futhi ubuyekeze njalo izingxenye zesakhiwo somphezulu (amaphampu, ama-valve, imigqa) ukuze unciphise ukuvezwa ekucindezelekeni kokucheba, njengoba kuboniswe ukuhlolwa kwensimu kanye nemodeli.
- Ukuqinisekiswa Okuvamile Okuphambene:Qinisekisa imiphumela yokulinganisa i-viscosity eku-inthanethi ngokuhlaziywa kwe-viscosity yesisombululo se-polyacrylamide esisekelwe elebhu kanye ne-rheology yesampula yasensimini.
Izincomo Zokuphathwa Kokugoba Okuqinisekisiwe Ensimini
Ukulandela le mikhuba emihle kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwensimu yezikhukhula ze-polymer kusekela ngqo ukusebenza kahle kokukhuculula okuthembekile ezindaweni zokugcina uwoyela, ukugcina ukusebenza kwephrojekthi yokubuyisa uwoyela ethuthukisiwe ngamakhemikhali, kanye nokwenza ngcono ukuthuthukiswa kwensimu kawoyela negesi ezindaweni zamanzi ajulile eziyinselele.
Ukukhulisa Ukusebenza Kahle Kokushanela Ngokusebenzisa Ukuthuthukisa Ukuthambekela Kokuthamba
Ukusebenza kahle kokukhuculula kuyisici esiyinhloko empumelelweni yamasu okuvuselela ukukhuculula uwoyela (i-EOR), ikakhulukazi ezikhukhuleni ze-polymer. Kuchaza ukuthi uketshezi olufakwe ngaphakathi ludlula kanjani kahle echibini, lusuka ekukhucululweni luye emithonjeni yokukhiqiza, futhi lususa uwoyela ezindaweni zombili ezinezimbobo eziphakeme neziphansi. Ukusebenza kahle kokukhuculula kuqinisekisa ukuthintana okufanayo nokubanzi phakathi kwezinto ezifakwe ngaphakathi kanye namafutha asele, kunciphisa izindawo ezidlule futhi kukhulisa ukufuduka nokukhuculula uwoyela.
Indlela Ukuthuthukiswa Kokubonakala Kwe-Viscosity Okuyithuthukisa Ngayo Ukusebenza Kahle Kokushanela
Ama-polymer asekelwe ku-Polyacrylamide, avame ukuba yi-hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), abalulekile ekubuyiselweni kukawoyela okhushuliwe yi-polymer. Lawa ma-polymer andisa i-viscosity yamanzi ajoviwe, ngaleyo ndlela anciphise isilinganiso sokuhamba (ukususa ukuhamba koketshezi uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhamba kukawoyela okhushuliwe). Isilinganiso sokuhamba esingaphansi noma esilingana nesinye sibalulekile; sicindezela ukugoba kweminwe okuqinile futhi sinciphise ukuhamba kwamanzi, izinkinga ezivame ukubonwa ngesikhathi sokukhukhula kwamanzi okuvamile. Umphumela uba yindawo yezikhukhula ezinzile futhi eqhubekayo, ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle kokukhukhula kwe-polymer ezindaweni zokugcina uwoyela.
Intuthuko ekwakhiweni kwe-polymer—kufaka phakathi ukwengezwa kwama-nanoparticles afana ne-nano-SiO₂—inokulawula okwengeziwe kwe-viscosity. Isibonelo, izinhlelo ze-nano-SiO₂-HPAM zakha izakhiwo zenethiwekhi ezihlanganayo esixazululweni, zithuthukisa kakhulu i-viscosity kanye nokuqina. Lezi zinguquko zithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-macroscopic sweep ngokukhuthaza i-front displacement efanayo futhi zivimbele ukugeleza ngeziteshi ezivumela ukungena kwamanzi amaningi, ngaleyo ndlela zihlose uwoyela obekungadlula kuwo. Izifundo zasensimini nezelebhu zikhomba ukwanda okumaphakathi okungu-6% ekubuyiselweni kwamafutha kanye nokwehla okungu-14% kwengcindezi yomjovo ngezinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe ze-nano uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhukhula kwe-polymer okuvamile, okuhumusha ekunciphiseni ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali kanye nezinzuzo zemvelo.
Ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ezinokungafani okukhulu, amasu okujova i-polymer ajikelezayo—njengokushintshana kwama-slugs ezixazululo ze-polymer ezinosawoti ophansi nosawoti ophezulu—kwenza kube lula ukwenza ngcono i-viscosity endaweni. Le ndlela ehleliwe ibhekana nezinselele zokufaka amanzi endaweni eduze kwemithombo futhi ifinyelela amaphrofayili afunwayo e-viscosity ephezulu ajulile ekwakhekeni, okwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokuswayipha ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ukusebenza kahle kokusebenza.
Ubudlelwano Obuningi Phakathi Kokuqina, Ukushanela, kanye Nokubuyiselwa Kwamafutha
Ucwaningo olunzulu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwensimu kudala izixhumanisi ezicacile zobuningi phakathi kwe-viscosity yesisombululo se-polymer, ukusebenza kahle kokukhuhla, kanye nokubuyiselwa kwamafutha okuphelele. Ukukhukhula okuyinhloko kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-rheological kukhombisa njalo ukuthi ukwandisa i-viscosity ye-polymer kuthuthukisa ukubuyiselwa; isibonelo, ukukhulisa i-viscosity yesisombululo ku-215 mPa·s kuboniswe ukuthi kuphakamisa izici zokubuyiselwa zibe ngaphezu kuka-71%, okubonisa ukuthuthuka okungu-40% uma kuqhathaniswa nezisekelo zokukhukhula kwamanzi. Kodwa-ke, kukhona okungcono okusebenzayo: ukudlula imingcele ye-viscosity efanele kungaphazamisa ukusebenza noma kukhuphule izindleko zokusebenza ngaphandle kokuzuza okulingana ekubuyiselweni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufanisa noma ukudlula kancane i-viscosity kawoyela ongahluziwe osendaweni nesisombululo se-polymer esijovwe—okubizwa ngokuthi i-viscous/gravity ratio optimization—kuye kwabonakala kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwensimu kawoyela negesi ehlukahlukene nejulile. Le ndlela ikhulisa ukufuduka kukawoyela ngokulinganisa amandla e-capillary, amandla adonsela phansi, kanye namandla aqinile, njengoba kuqinisekiswa kokubili ukulingisa (isb., amamodeli e-UTCHEM) kanye nedatha yensimu yangempela.
Amasu okuhlola athuthukisiwe, kufaka phakathi amathuluzi okulinganisa i-viscosity kawoyela angaphakathi kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-viscosity ye-polymer esebenza kahle kakhulu, kuvumela ukuhlaziywa kwe-viscosity yesisombululo se-polyacrylamide okuqinile ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwe-EOR. Lawa mathuluzi abalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono okuqhubekayo, okuvumela ukulungiswa kwesikhathi sangempela kanye nokugcina ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kuyo yonke impilo yezikhukhula.
Ngamafuphi, ukwenziwa ngcono okuhlelekile kwe-polymer flooding viscosity—okusekelwa ukulinganiswa kwe-viscosity okusebenza ensimini kwama-polymer athuthukisiwe okubuyisa uwoyela futhi okusekelwa ukumodela okuyinkimbinkimbi—kumi njengetshe lesisekelo lokukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhuculula kanye nokuzuza kokubuyisa okuphelele ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zensimu kawoyela negesi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezijulile.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwezikhukhula Ze-Polymer inIzinkundla Zikawoyela Negesi Zasemanzini Ajulile
Ukulungiswa Kwe-Polymer Ehlelekile, Ukuxuba, kanye Nokulawula Ikhwalithi
Ekuthuthukisweni kwensimu kawoyela negesi emanzini ajulile, isisekelo sokubuyiselwa kwamafutha okuthuthukisiwe okukhuliswe yizikhukhula ze-polymer ukulungiswa ngokucophelela nangokuqhubekayo kwezixazululo ezisekelwe ku-polyacrylamide. Ukunaka kakhulu ikhwalithi yamanzi kubalulekile; ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ahlanzekile, athambile kuvimbela ukusebenzisana okungafuneki okunciphisa ukuxinana kwe-polyacrylamide ekubuyiselweni kwamafutha. Inqubo yokuncibilika kumele ilawulwe—impuphu ye-polymer ifakwa kancane kancane emanzini ngokushukuma okumaphakathi. Ukuxuba okusheshayo kakhulu kubangela ukuwohloka kweketanga le-polymer, kuyilapho kuhamba kancane kakhulu kuphumela ekuhlanganeni nasekubunjweni kwesisombululo okungaphelele.
Ijubane lokuxuba lilungiswa ngokusekelwe ku-polymer kanye nohlobo lwemishini, ngokuvamile kugcinwa ama-RPM aphakathi nendawo ukuze kukhuthazwe ukumuncwa okugcwele kanye nokulingana. Ubude bokuxuba buqinisekiswa ngokusebenzisa amasampula avamile kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-viscosity yesisombululo se-polyacrylamide ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa. Ukuhlushwa kwesisombululo kunqunywa yizidingo zedamu futhi kubalwe kusetshenziswa imishini yokuhlola i-viscosity kawoyela, kulinganiswa phakathi kokuthuthukiswa kwe-viscosity okuphumelelayo kanye nokugwema izinkinga zokujova.
Izimo zokugcina ogwini lolwandle kumele ziphathwe ngokuqinile. I-Polyacrylamide iyazwela ekushiseni, ekukhanyeni, kanye nasemswakama, idinga izindawo ezipholile nezomile. Lungisa izixazululo eduze nesikhathi somjovo ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze uvimbele ukuwohloka. Sebenzisa ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yensimu ngokuthatha amasampula ajwayelekile nokwenza ukuhlolwa kwe-polymer viscosity esebenza kahle endaweni, usebenzisa izindlela zokulinganisa i-polymer solution viscosity ezijwayelekile. Idatha yesikhathi sangempela iqinisekisa ukuthi izixazululo zihlala ngaphakathi kwezidingo eziqondiwe, zithinta ngqo ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle kokukhukhula kwe-polymer.
Ukubaluleka Kokuqapha Okuqhubekayo Nokulungiswa Kwesikhathi Sangempela
Ukugcina ukusebenza kahle kwesixazululo se-polymer ngaphansi kwezimo zokuhlola uwoyela negesi emanzini ajulile kudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwe-viscosity okuqondile. Ubuchwepheshe obufana namamitha e-viscosity aqhutshwa idatha (ama-VVM), ama-rheometer e-ultrasonic, kanye namathuluzi okulinganisa i-viscosity kawoyela okuqondile buhlinzeka ngokulandelela ngesikhathi sangempela kwezakhiwo zoketshezi—ngisho nangaphansi kokucindezela okuphezulu, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu (i-HPHT), kanye nezindawo eziguquguqukayo zosawoti.
Ukulinganisa okuqhubekayo okuqondile kuvumela ukutholakala kwezinguquko ku-rheology ye-polymer ngesikhathi sokugcina, ukuxuba, ukuthuthwa, kanye nokujova. Lezi zinhlelo zembula ngokushesha ukuwohloka, ukungcola, noma izehlakalo zokuxuba ezingalimaza ukusetshenziswa kwensimu yezikhukhula ze-polymer. Isibonelo, izinzwa zentambo yokudlidliza embobeni ephansi zinikeza amaphrofayili e-viscosity abukhoma, zisekela ukulawula okuguquguqukayo phezu kwamapharamitha okujova ukuze kuhambisane nezidingo zedamu elingaphakathi.
Abaqhubi basebenzisa le mpendulo yesikhathi sangempela ukwenza ukulungiswa okunembile komthamo—ukuguqula ukuhlushwa kwe-polymer, izinga lokujova, noma ngisho nokushintsha izinhlobo ze-polymer uma kudingeka. Ama-polymer athuthukisiwe e-nanocomposite, njenge-HPAM-SiO₂, abonisa ukuzinza kwe-viscosity okwandisiwe, futhi amathuluzi aqinisekisa ngokuthembekile ukusebenza kwawo ngaphezu kwama-HPAM avamile, ikakhulukazi lapho ukusebenza kahle kokushanela ezindaweni zokugcina uwoyela kubekwa phambili.
Izinhlelo zoketshezi ezihlakaniphile kanye namapulatifomu okulawula edijithali ahlanganisa ukulinganiswa kwe-viscosity kwama-polymer athuthukisiwe okubuyisa uwoyela ngqo kuma-skid asogwini noma emakamelweni okulawula. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukwenza ngcono izinhlelo zokufaka umjovo ngesikhathi sangempela, ngokusekelwe ekulingiseni kanye nokunciphisa ngokushesha izinkinga ezifana nokulahlekelwa umjovo noma ukushanela okungalingani.
Imikhuba Yokusebenzisa Ephephile Nephumelelayo Emanzini Asogwini Nasemanzini Ajulile
Ukusebenzisa amasu okubuyisa uwoyela athuthukisiwe ngamakhemikhali ogwini lolwandle kuhilela izidingo ezihlukile zokusebenza nokuphepha. Izinhlelo ze-modular skid ziyindlela ekhethwayo, enikeza amayunithi enqubo aguquguqukayo, akhiwe ngaphambilini angafakwa futhi anwetshwe njengoba insimu ithuthuka. Lokhu kunciphisa ubunzima bokufaka, isikhathi sokungasebenzi, kanye nezindleko ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa ukulawulwa kokufakwa kanye nokuphepha endaweni.
Ubuchwepheshe be-polymer obuhlanganisiwe buqinisa ukujova okuphephile nokusebenzayo. Ama-polymer ambozwe ngezingubo zokuzivikela amelana nokuwohloka kwemvelo, ukucheba ngomshini, kanye nokumanzisa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kuze kube yilapho echayeka emanzini agciniwe. Lokhu kulethwa okuqondiwe kunciphisa ukulahleka, kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okugcwele lapho kuxhumana, futhi kunciphisa ingozi yokuphazamiseka kokujova.
Izixazululo kumele futhi zihlolwe ukuthi ziyahambisana yini nengqalasizinda ekhona engaphansi kolwandle. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukusebenzisa imishini yokuhlola i-oyili viscosity endaweni ukuqinisekisa imininingwane ngaphambi kokufaka uketshezi ohlelweni. Ukufakwa okuvamile kuhlanganisa namasu okujova e-Polymer-Alternating-Water (PAW), okuthuthukisa ukulawulwa kokuhamba kanye nokukhukhuleka ezindaweni zamanzi ajulile ezihlukene noma ezihlukaniswe ngezigaba.
Kudingeka ukunamathela ngokuqinile ezimisweni zokuphepha zasogwini lolwandle esinyathelweni ngasinye: ukuphathwa kwamakhemikhali aqoqene, imisebenzi yokuxuba, ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi, ukuhlanzwa kwesistimu, kanye nokuhlela impendulo ephuthumayo. Ukulinganiswa okuqhubekayo kwe-viscosity yesisombululo se-polyacrylamide—ngezimpawu zokuphindaphindeka kanye ne-alamu—kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphambuka kubanjwa ngaphambi kokuba kukhuphukele ezigamekweni zezempilo, ukuphepha, noma ezemvelo.
Ama-algorithm okuthuthukisa ukubekwa kwemithombo asiza ekuqondiseni amasu okugcwalisa, ukuthuthukisa ukubuyiswa kwamafutha kanye nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-polymer. Lezi zinqumo eziqhutshwa yi-algorithm zilinganisela ukusebenza kobuchwepheshe nokucabangela ezemvelo kanye nezomnotho, zisekela imisebenzi ye-EOR eqhubekayo yolwandle.
Ukukhukhula kwe-polymer emanzini ajulile kuncike ekulawuleni okusuka komunye kuya komunye: kusukela ekulungiseleleni okuhlelekile ngokuxuba nokulinganisa okulinganisiwe, ngokuqapha okuqinile okuqondile kanye nokulungiswa kwesikhathi sangempela, kuya emikhubeni yokujova esezingeni eliphakathi, ehlanganisiwe, nephephile yolwandle. Ingxenye ngayinye iqinisekisa ukuthembeka kokufakwa, ihlose ukubuyiselwa kwamafutha okuthuthukisiwe, futhi ihambisana nezindinganiso zemvelo eziqinile.
Ukuhlanganisa Ukulinganisa Ukuthambekela Emsebenzini Wensimu ukuze Kube Ne-EOR Efanele
Ukuhamba Komsebenzi Kokuhlanganisa Ukuqapha Ukuthambekela Okungaphakathi Kwe-Viscosity Ezinqubweni Zensimu
Ukuhlanganisa ukulinganiswa kwe-inline viscosity ekubuyiselweni kwamafutha athuthukisiwe okukhukhula kwe-polymer (i-EOR) ekuhlolweni kwamafutha ajulile kanye negesi kuguqula ukuhamba komsebenzi kwensimu kusuka ekuthathweni kwesampula ngesandla ngezikhathi ezithile kuya ekuphenduleni okuzenzakalelayo, okuqhubekayo. Ukuhamba komsebenzi okuqinile kuhlanganisa:
- Ukukhethwa Nokufakwa Kwezinzwa:Khetha amathuluzi okulinganisa i-viscosity kawoyela ahambisana nezidingo zokusebenza. Ubuchwepheshe buhlanganisa izinzwa zokudlidliza eziqhutshwa yi-piezoelectric, ama-viscometer e-Couette ajikelezayo aku-inthanethi, kanye nezinzwa ze-acoustic rheology, ngayinye efanelana nokuziphatha kwe-viscoelastic futhi okuvame ukungewona ama-Newtonian kwezixazululo ze-polyacrylamide ezisetshenziswa ku-EOR.
- Ukulinganisa kanye Nokusungulwa Kwesisekelo:Linganisa izinzwa usebenzisa amaphrothokholi athuthukisiwe e-rheological, usebenzisa kokubili ukulinganisa okuqondile-okunwebekayo kanye nokugoba ukuze uqinisekise ukunemba kuzo zonke izimo ezishintshayo zedamu kanye namakhemikhali. Idatha ye-tensorial evela ekulinganisweni kwe-tensile kanye ne-DMA ivame ukuholela emiphumeleni ethembekile kakhudlwana, ebalulekile kumongo oguquguqukayo wokuthuthukiswa kwensimu kawoyela negesi emanzini ajulile.
- Ukutholwa Kwedatha Okuzenzakalelayo Nokuhlanganiswa:Lungiselela amathuluzi okuqoqwa kwedatha ngesikhathi sangempela. Hlanganisa nezinhlelo ze-SCADA noma ze-DCS zasensimini ukuze idatha ye-viscosity ihlanganiswe kanye nezilinganiso zokusebenza ezibalulekile. Izindlela zokulinganisa eziqondile kanye nokubuyekezwa kwesisekelo okuzenzakalelayo kunciphisa ukukhukhuleka futhi kuthuthukise ukuqina.
- Ama-Loop Empendulo Aqhubekayo:Sebenzisa idatha ye-viscosity yesikhathi sangempela ukuze ulungise ngokuguquguqukayo umthamo we-polymer, izilinganiso zamanzi-kuya-polymer, kanye namazinga okujova. Ukufunda komshini noma ukuhlaziywa okunikwe amandla yi-AI kuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali kanye nokusebenza kahle kokukhuculula ezindaweni zokugcina uwoyela, kusekela abasebenzi basensimini ngezincomo ezisebenzayo.
Isibonelo:Kuphrojekthi ye-EOR ejulile, ukufaka esikhundleni izivivinyo ezisekelwe elabhorethri ngezinzwa ze-piezoelectric ezihambisana namamitha e-virtual viscosity kwaholela ekutholakaleni nasekulungisweni okusheshayo kokuhamba kwe-viscosity, kunciphisa ukumosheka kwe-polymer futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokukhuhla.
Ukuphathwa Kwedatha Nokuhunyushwa Kokusekelwa Kwezinqumo
Imisebenzi yasensimini ithembela kakhulu ekwenzeni izinqumo ngesikhathi sangempela, eziqhutshwa idatha yezinhlelo zokusebenza zasensimini yezikhukhula ze-polymer. Ukuhlanganiswa kokulinganiswa kwe-viscosity kwama-polymer athuthukisiwe okubuyisa uwoyela kuhilela:
- Amapulatifomu Edatha Ahlanganisiwe:Idatha ye-viscosity yesikhathi sangempela igeleza emachibini edatha ahlanganisiwe noma ezinhlelweni zamafu, okwenza kube lula ukuhlaziywa kwesizinda esiphakathi kanye nokugcinwa okuphephile. Ukuqinisekiswa kwedatha okuzenzakalelayo kanye nokutholwa kwedatha okungaphandle kuthuthukisa ukuthembeka.
- Ukuphathwa kwe-alamu kanye nokwahluka:Izexwayiso ezizenzakalelayo zazisa opharetha nonjiniyela mayelana nokuphambuka kwe-viscosity kusuka ezindaweni ezibekiwe, okuvumela impendulo esheshayo ezinkingeni ezifana nokuwohloka kwe-polymer noma ukuxubana koketshezi okungalindelekile.
- Ukubona Nokubika:Amadeshibhodi abonisa amaphrofayili e-viscosity, izitayela, kanye nokuphambuka ngesikhathi sangempela, okusekela ukulawulwa kokusebenza kahle kwe-sweep kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga ngokushesha.
- Ukuhlanganiswa Nokuthuthukiswa Kokukhiqiza:Idatha ye-viscosity, uma ihambisana namazinga okukhiqiza kanye nokufundwa kwengcindezi, iqondisa ukulungiswa okuguquguqukayo kokuhlushwa kwe-polymer kanye namasu okujova ukuze kwandiswe isivuno sokubuyisa uwoyela.
Ukufaka ukuhlaziywa kwe-viscosity kanye nezinsimbi emisebenzini yansuku zonke kuqinisa isisekelo se-polymer flooding EOR—okuvumela abaqhubi basensimini ukuthi balawule ukusebenza kahle kokukhuculula, baphendule ekuphambukeni kwenqubo, futhi banikeze ukubuyiswa kukawoyela okuthembekile nokungabizi kakhulu esimweni esidingakalayo sokusebenza kukawoyela negesi emanzini ajulile.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa)
1. Kungani i-viscosity yesisombululo se-polyacrylamide ibalulekile ekukhukhuleni kwe-polymer ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukubuyiswa kwamafutha?
I-viscosity yesisombululo se-Polyacrylamide ilawula ngqo isilinganiso sokuhamba phakathi kwamanzi ajoviwe kanye namafutha ahlala ngesikhathi sokukhukhula kwe-polymer. I-viscosity ephezulu yesisombululo inciphisa ukuhamba kwamanzi ajoviwe, okuholela ekusebenzeni kahle kokukhuculula kanye nokwehla komzila wamanzi. Lokhu kwenza isixazululo se-polymer sisuse uwoyela ovalelekile ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu, okuholela ekukhucululweni kwamafutha amaningi ezindaweni zikawoyela negesi emanzini ajulile. I-viscosity ethuthukisiwe iphinde inciphise ukugqashuka kwamanzi kusenesikhathi futhi ithuthukise ukufuduka kwamafutha ngaphambili, okuyisihluthulelo sokwandisa umkhiqizo kusetshenziswa amasu okubuyisa uwoyela athuthukisiwe ngamakhemikhali. Ucwaningo luqinisekisa ukuthi ukugcina i-viscosity ephezulu ye-polyacrylamide kubalulekile ekukhucululweni okuphumelelayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwensimu okuphumelelayo ekukhuculweni kwamafutha athuthukisiwe.
2. Yiziphi izici ezibalulekile ezithinta i-viscosity yesisombululo se-polymer ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwe-EOR?
Izici eziningana zokusebenza kanye nezinto ezihlobene nedamu zithinta i-viscosity yesisombululo se-polymer:
- Usawoti:Usawoti ophakeme, ikakhulukazi ngama-divalent cations njenge-calcium ne-magnesium, kunganciphisa i-polyacrylamide viscosity. Izixazululo kumele zenziwe ukuze zihlale zizinzile ngaphansi kwezimo zamanzi agciniwe.
- Izinga lokushisa:Amazinga okushisa aphezulu edamu ngokuvamile anciphisa i-viscosity yesisombululo futhi angasheshisa ukuwohloka kwe-polymer. Ama-polymer noma izithasiselo ezizinzile ngokwezinga lokushisa zingadingeka emanzini ajulile noma ezindaweni zokushisa eziphakeme.
- Izinga Lokugunda:Ukucheba kusuka kumaphampu, amapayipi, noma imithombo evulekile kungabangela ukulahlekelwa yi-viscosity ngokuwohloka komshini. Ama-polymer anciphisa ukucheba ayathandwa ngenxa yokuqina kwawo ezindaweni ezinejubane elikhulu.
- Ukuhlushwa kwe-Polymer:Ukwandisa ukuhlushwa kwe-polymer kukhulisa ukujiya kwesisombululo, kuthuthukisa ukushanela kodwa kungandisa izinselele zokufaka noma izindleko.
- Ukungcola:Ukuba khona kwamafutha, izinto eziqinile ezilengayo, kanye nama-microorganisms kungalimaza i-polymer futhi kunciphise ukujiya.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwama-nanoparticles njengezithasiselo (isb., i-SiO₂) kubonise ithemba ekukhuliseni i-viscosity kanye nokuzinza, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima zosawoti kanye nokushisa, kodwa izingozi zokuhlanganisa kumele zilawulwe.
3. Ukulinganiswa kwe-inline viscosity kuthuthukisa kanjani ukusebenza kahle kwezikhukhula ze-polymer?
Ukulinganiswa kwe-viscosity okuqondile kunikeza idatha eqhubekayo, yesikhathi sangempela kusisombululo se-polymer njengoba silungiswa futhi sijovwa. Lokhu kunikeza izinzuzo eziningana:
- Impendulo Esheshayo:Abasebenzi bangakwazi ukubona ukushintsha kwe-viscosity ngokushesha futhi benze izinguquko ezisheshayo kumapharamitha okuhlushwa kwe-polymer noma okujova.
- Ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi:Iqinisekisa ukuthi i-polymer batch ngayinye ihlangabezana ne-viscosity eqondiwe, igcina ukuhambisana kwenqubo futhi inciphisa imfucuza.
- Ukusebenza Kahle Kokusebenza:Kunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi, njengoba ukuphambuka kungadingeki kulinde imiphumela yelebhu ehamba kancane. Ukulawulwa kwesikhathi sangempela kusekela ukuzenzekela, ukunciphisa izindleko zabasebenzi kanye nokuthuthukisa ezomnotho zephrojekthi ye-EOR.
- Ukuthuthukisa Ukusebenza Kahle Kokushanela:Ngokulondoloza i-viscosity efanele ngesikhathi sokufakwa, ukulinganisa okuqondile kukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhuhla kanye nokusebenza kahle kokufuduka kwamafutha, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezilukhuni zamanzi ajulile kawoyela negesi.
4. Yiziphi izinhlobo zezinsimbi ezisetshenziswayo ekulinganisweni kwe-viscosity kawoyela ngesikhathi se-EOR?
Izinhlobo eziningi zemishini yokuhlola i-viscosity kawoyela ziyasetshenziswa kuyo yonke imisebenzi yokuvuselela uwoyela ethuthukisiwe:
- Ama-Viscometer angaphakathi:Nikeza isilinganiso sesikhathi sangempela, esiqhubekayo ngqo ohlelweni lwenqubo. Ziqinile futhi zifanelekile ukuhlanganiswa ezinhlelweni zokulawula ezenzakalelayo.
- Ama-Viscometer ajikelezayo:Amadivayisi afana ne-Fann-35 noma ama-rheometer asebenzisa i-spindle ejikelezayo ukuze alinganise i-viscosity yoketshezi. Lokhu kuvamile kokubili elabhorethri kanye nasesampula ye-batch endaweni.
- Ama-Marsh Funnels kanye nama-Viscometer e-Vibrating Wire:Amathuluzi alula, aphathekayo anikeza ukuhlolwa kwe-viscosity okusheshayo, noma okungaqondile kangako.
- Ukuhlolwa Kokusebenza Okuphezulu:Amathuluzi okulinganisa i-viscosity kawoyela athuthukisiwe anezibikezelo zokufunda komshini, imodeli yezibalo, noma isinxephezelo sokushisa/ingcindezi asetshenziswa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ekuthuthukisweni kwensimu kawoyela yedijithali kanye nemisebenzi eqhubekayo yokukhukhula kwe-polymer.
Izilinganiso zokukhetha amathuluzi zidinga ukunemba, ukuqina kwensimu, izindleko, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwedatha ekusebenzeni.
5. Ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhuculula kunikela kanjani ekubuyiselweni kukawoyela ezindaweni ezijulile?
Ukusebenza kahle kokukhuhla kubhekisela engxenyeni yesitsha sikawoyela esithintekile futhi esisusiwe uketshezi olufakwe. Ekuthuthukisweni kwensimu kawoyela negesi emanzini ajulile, ukungafani, izilinganiso zokuhamba okuphezulu, kanye nokuxhumanisa imisele kunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhuhla futhi kushiya uwoyela omkhulu ungadluli.
Ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhuhla ngokuphathwa kwe-viscosity kuqinisekisa:
- Ukuxhumana Okubanzi:Isixazululo se-polymer esiqinile sisakaza umngcele wezikhukhula, sinciphisa ukugeleza kwemisele kanye nokuthintana kweminwe.
- Uwoyela Ongadluliswa Kancane:Ukuhambisana okuthuthukisiwe kuqinisekisa ukuthi izindawo ezingakashaywa ngaphambili zithintana noketshezi olujovwe.
- Isici Sokululama Esithuthukisiwe:Ukufuduka okuphumelelayo kuhumusha ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela okuphezulu.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-07-2025
