Ingqikithi yokukhipha ithusi ukusebenzisa i-leaching agent (njengesisombululo se-acid, i-alkali, noma usawoti) ukuze isabela ngamakhemikhali namaminerali ethusi ku-ore (njenge-malachite kuma-oxide ores kanye ne-chalcopyrite kuma-sulfide ores) ukuguqula ithusi eliqinile libe ama-ion ethusi ancibilikayo emanzini (Cu²⁺), okwakha "i-leachate" (isixazululo esiqukethe ithusi). Ngemva kwalokho, ithusi elihlanzekile (njengethusi le-electrolytic) likhishwa ku-leachate ngokukhipha, ukubeka i-electrode, noma ukuchelela.
Ukwenziwa ngcono kwesimanjeinqubo ye-hydrometallurgy yethusiKuncike kakhulu ekulinganisweni kwesikhathi sangempela nangokunembile kwezinguquko zenqubo. Phakathi kwalokhu, ukunqunywa kwe-inthanethi kobuningi kuma-slurries e-leach kungaphikiswana ngokuthi iphuzu lokulawula lobuchwepheshe elibaluleke kakhulu, elisebenza njengesixhumanisi esiqondile phakathi kokuguquguquka kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nokusebenza kokusebenza okuphansi.
Inqubo Eyinhloko yeCi-opperHi-ydrometallurgy
Ukusebenza kwe-copper hydrometallurgy kuhlelwe ngendlela ehlelekile ngezigaba ezine ezihlukene, ezincikene, okuqinisekisa ukukhululwa kanye nokubuyiselwa kwensimbi eqondiwe emizimbeni ehlukahlukene ye-ore.
Ukwelashwa Kwangaphambi Kokwelashwa Nokukhululwa
Isigaba sokuqala sigxile ekwandiseni ukufinyeleleka kwamaminerali ethusi ku-lixiviant. Lokhu kuvame ukuhilela ukuguqulwa kwemishini—ukuchoboza nokugaya—ukwandisa indawo ethile ebusweni be-ore. Ukuze uthole izinto ezisezingeni eliphansi noma eziqinile ze-oxide ezihloselwe inqubo yokukhipha inqwaba yethusi, ukuchoboza kungaba kuncane kakhulu. Okubaluleke kakhulu, uma isitokwe sokudla siqukethe i-sulfidic kakhulu (isb. i-chalcopyrite, i-CuFeS2), isinyathelo sokugcoba ngaphambi kokubhaka noma se-oxidative singadingeka. Lokhu "kugcotshwa kwe-oxidative" kuguqula ama-sulfide ethusi aphindaphindayo (njenge-CuS) abe ama-oxide ethusi angasebenzi kahle ngamakhemikhali (i-CuO2), okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo yokukhipha ithusi engezansi.
Isigaba Sokuhlanzwa Kwezimbiwa (Ukuncibilika Kwamaminerali)
Isigaba sokukhipha i-ore simelela ukuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali okuyinhloko. I-ore elashwe ngaphambilini ixhunyaniswa ne-agent yokukhipha i-ore (i-lixiviant), ngokuvamile isixazululo se-acidic, ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo zokushisa kanye ne-pH ukuze kuncibilikiswe amaminerali ethusi ngokukhetha. Ukukhetha indlela kuncike kakhulu ebangeni le-ore kanye ne-mineralogy:
Ukususa Imfucuza Eningi:Isetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-ore asezingeni eliphansi kanye namatshe angcolile. I-ore echotshoziwe ibekwa phezu kwama-pad angangeni, bese i-lixiviant ifuthwa ngokujikeleza phezu kwenqwaba. Isixazululo siyagobhoza siye phansi, sincibilikise ithusi, bese siqoqwa ngezansi.
Ukuhlanzwa Kwethangi (Ukuhlanzwa Okushukunyiswayo):Igcinelwe ukugxila okusezingeni eliphezulu noma okugayiwe kahle. I-ore ehlukaniswe kahle ishukunyiswa kakhulu yi-lixiviant emithanjeni emikhulu yokusabela, ihlinzeka nge-kinetics yokudlulisa isisindo ephezulu kanye nokulawula inqubo okuqinile.
Ukuhlanza Ngaphakathi Kwendawo:Indlela engakhiphi lapho i-lixiviant ifakwa khona ngqo emzimbeni wamaminerali ongaphansi komhlaba. Le ndlela inciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwendawo kodwa idinga ukuthi umzimba we-ore ube nokungena kwemvelo okwanele.
Ukuhlanzwa Nokucebisa Isixazululo Se-Leach
Isixazululo se-Pregnant Leach (PLS) esiphumelayo siqukethe ama-ion ethusi ancibilikisiwe kanye nokungcola okungafuneki okuhlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa insimbi, i-aluminium, ne-calcium. Izinyathelo eziyinhloko zokuhlanza nokugxila kwethusi zifaka:
Ukususwa Kokungcola: Ngokuvamile kufezwa ngokulungiswa kwe-pH ukuze kulungiswe ngokukhetha izinto eziphazamisayo futhi zihlukaniswe.
Ukukhishwa Kwe-Solvent (SX): Lesi yisinyathelo esibalulekile sokuhlukanisa lapho kusetshenziswa khona i-extractant ekhethiwe kakhulu yezinto eziphilayo ukuhlanganisa ama-ion ethusi ngamakhemikhali kusuka ku-PLS enamanzi ibe yisigaba sezinto eziphilayo, okuhlukanisa ngempumelelo ithusi kokunye ukungcola kwensimbi. Ithusi libe selisuswa "esigabeni sezinto eziphilayo" kusetshenziswa isixazululo se-asidi egxilile, okuveza i-"Rich Copper Electrolyte" egxilile futhi emsulwa (noma isixazululo se-strip) efanelekile ukuwina ngogesi.
Ukubuyiswa Kwethusi Nokukhiqizwa Kwe-Cathode
Isigaba sokugcina ukubuyiswa kwethusi lensimbi elihlanzekile kusuka ku-electrolyte egxilile:
Ukunqoba nge-Electro (EW): I-electrolyte yethusi ecebile ifakwa esitokisini se-electrolytic. Ugesi udlula phakathi kwama-anode angasebenzisi i-inerte (ngokuvamile ama-lead alloys) nama-cathode (ngokuvamile amashidi okuqala ensimbi engagqwali). Ama-ion ethusi (Cu 2+) ayancishiswa futhi abekwe phezu kobuso be-cathode, okukhiqiza umkhiqizo we-hydrometallurgy yethusi ohlanzekile kakhulu, ovame ukwedlula ubumsulwa obungu-99.95%—owaziwa ngokuthi ithusi le-cathode.
Izindlela Ezihlukile: Okungavamile kakhulu kumkhiqizo wokugcina, ukuna kwamakhemikhali (isb., ukuqinisa insimbi kusetshenziswa izingcezu zensimbi) kungasetshenziswa ukuthola impuphu yethusi, yize ubumsulwa obuvelayo buphansi kakhulu.
ImisebenziUkulinganiswa Kobuningi Enqubweni Ye-Copper Hydrometallurgy
Ukungafani okungokwemvelo kwama-ore ethusi kudinga ukuzivumelanisa okuqhubekayo kumapharamitha okusebenza womabiliinqubo yokukhipha ithusikanye nezigaba zokukhipha i-solvent ezilandelayo (SX). Izindlela zokulawula zendabuko, ezithembele ekuhlolweni kwelebhu okuvamise ukuba sezingeni eliphansi, zethula izinga elingamukeleki lokubambezeleka, okwenza ama-algorithm okulawula aguquguqukayo kanye namamodeli e-Advanced Process Control (APC) angasebenzi. Ukushintshela ekulinganisweni kobuningi be-inthanethi kunikeza ukusakazwa kwedatha okuqhubekayo, okuvumela onjiniyela bezinqubo ukubala ukugeleza kwesisindo ngesikhathi sangempela futhi balungise umthamo we-reagent ngokulingana nomthwalo wesisindo esiqinile sangempela.
Ukuchaza Ukulinganiswa Kobuningi Ku-inthanethi: Okuqukethwe Okuqinile Nobuningi Be-Pulp
Amamitha okuqina angaphakathi asebenza ngokulinganisa ipharamitha ebonakalayo yokuqina (ρ), eguqulwa ibe amayunithi obunjiniyela asebenzayo njenge-mass percentage solids (%w) noma ukuhlushwa (g/L). Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi le datha yesikhathi sangempela iyaqhathaniswa futhi iyahambisana kuzo zonke izimo zokushisa ezihlukene, ukukala kumele kuvame ukufaka ukulungiswa kokushisa ngasikhathi sinye (Temp Comp). Lesi sici esibalulekile silungisa inani elilinganisiwe esimweni esijwayelekile sokubhekisela (isb., 0.997g/ml yamanzi ahlanzekile ku-20∘C), okuqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko ekufundeni zibonisa izinguquko zangempela ekuhlushweni okuqinile noma ukwakheka, kunokuba kube ukwanda kokushisa nje.
Izinselele Ezihambisana Nokulinganiswa Kodaka Oluphumayo
Indawo ezungezilei-hydrometallurgy yethusiiveza izinselele ezingavamile ekusebenziseni izinsimbi ngenxa yemvelo enamandla kakhulu ye-leach slurry.
Ukugqwala kanye nokucindezeleka kwezinto ezibonakalayo
Amakhemikhali asetshenziswa kuinqubo yokukhipha ithusi, ikakhulukazi i-sulfuric acid egxilile (engadlula u-2.5mol/L) kuhlanganiswe namazinga okushisa aphezulu okusebenza (ngezinye izikhathi afinyelela ku-55∘C), ibeka izinto zenzwa ekucindezelekeni okukhulu kwamakhemikhali. Ukusebenza okuphumelelayo kudinga ukukhethwa okusebenzayo kwezinto ezimelana kakhulu nokuhlaselwa kwamakhemikhali, njenge-316 stainless steel (SS) noma ama-alloy aphakeme. Ukwehluleka ukucacisa izinto ezifanele kuholela ekuwohlokeni okusheshayo kwenzwa kanye nokwehluleka kwangaphambi kwesikhathi.
Ukuguguleka kanye nokuguguleka komhlabathi
Izingxenyana eziqinile eziphakeme, ikakhulukazi emifudlaneni ephatha insalela ye-leach noma i-thickener underflow, ziqukethe izingcezu ze-gangue eziqinile neziyi-angular. Lezi zingcezu zidala ukuguguleka okukhulu kunoma yiziphi izingxenye zenzwa ezimanzi neziphazamisayo. Lokhu kuguguleka okuqhubekayo kubangela ukuguguleka kokulinganisa, ukwehluleka kwemishini, futhi kudinga ukungenelela okuvamile nokubizayo kokulungisa.
Ubunzima be-Rheological kanye nokungcoliswa
Inqubo yokukhipha ithusiAma-slurry avame ukubonisa ukuziphatha okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-rheological. Ama-slurry aqinile (amanye ama-sensor e-vibrating fork anqunyelwe ku-<2000CP) noma aqukethe ama-sediment noma ama-scaling agents abalulekile adinga ukufakwa okukhethekile kwemishini ukuqinisekisa ukuthintana okuqhubekayo nokuqina. Izincomo zivame ukufaka ukufakwa kwe-flange emathangini okugcina aphazamisekile noma ukugijima kwamapayipi aqondile ukuvimbela ukuhlangana okuqinile noma ukubopha i-sensor element.
Isisekelo Sobuchwepheshe se-Inline DensityMinaama-ter
Ukukhetha ubuchwepheshe obufanele bokulinganisa ubuningi kuyinto ebalulekile ekufinyeleleni ukunemba nokuthembeka kwesikhathi eside endaweni enobutha bamakhemikhali kanye nomzimba.i-hydrometallurgy yethusi.
Izimiso Zokusebenza Kokulinganisa Udaka
Ubuchwepheshe Bokudlidliza (Ifoloko Lokushuna)
Ama-densitometer okudlidliza, njenge-Lonnmeter CMLONN600-4, isebenza ngesimiso sokuthi ubuningi boketshezi buhambisana ngokuphambene nemvamisa yemvelo ye-resonance yento edlidlizayo (ifoloko yokulungisa) ecwiliswe endaweni yokuxhumana. Lawa mathuluzi ayakwazi ukufeza ukunemba okuphezulu, kanti imininingwane ivame ukufaka ukunemba okuqinile njengo-0.003g/cm3 kanye nesisombululo esingu-0.001. Ukunemba okunjalo kuwenza afaneleke kakhulu ukuqapha amazinga amakhemikhali noma ukusetshenziswa kwe-slurry okune-viscosity ephansi. Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka kwawo okungenelayo kuwenza aguge futhi kudinga ukunamathela okuqinile kokufakwa, ikakhulukazi maqondana nemikhawulo ephezulu ye-viscous (isb.,<2000CP) lapho kuphathwa uketshezi olune-viscous noma oluhlala phansi.
Ukulinganisa kwe-Radiometric
Ukulinganisa ubuningi be-Radiometric kuyindlela engathintani esebenzisa ukuncishiswa kwemisebe ye-gamma. Lobu buchwepheshe bunikeza inzuzo ebalulekile yamasu ekusetshenzisweni okunamandla kodaka. Njengoba izingxenye zenzwa ziboshwe ngaphandle epayipini, le ndlela ivikelekile ngokuphelele ezicini zobuhlungu zomzimba zokuhuzuka, ukuguguleka, kanye nokugqwala kwamakhemikhali. Lesi sici siphumela esixazululweni esingaphazamisi, esingadingi ukulungiswa esihlinzeka ngokuthembeka okuhle kwesikhathi eside emifudlaneni yenqubo enonya kakhulu.
I-Coriolis kanye ne-Ultrasonic Densitometry
Ama-flowmeter e-Coriolis angalinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo, izinga lokushisa, kanye nobuningi ngasikhathi sinye ngokunemba okuphezulu. Ukulinganisa kwawo okunembe kakhulu, okusekelwe kubuningi kuvame ukugcinelwa imifudlana yamakhemikhali enenani eliphakeme, ephansi noma ama-loop aqondile, ngenxa yezindleko kanye nengozi yokuguguleka kwamapayipi emifudlaneni yokudla ehluphayo kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwalokho,amamitha wobuningi be-ultrasonic, ezisebenzisa ukulinganisa i-acoustic impedance, zinikeza inketho eqinile, engeyona eyenuzi. Njengoba zenzelwe ngqo ama-slurry amaminerali, lezi zinsimbi zisebenzisa izinzwa ezingamelani nokuguguleka, zinikeza ukuqapha okuthembekile kokuqina ngisho nangaphansi kwemithwalo ephezulu yobuningi emapayipini amakhulu. Lobu buchwepheshe bunciphisa ngempumelelo ukukhathazeka kokuphepha kanye nokulawula okuhlobene nama-gauge enuzi.
Izindlela Zokukhetha Izinzwa Zezindawo Zenqubo Yokukhipha Ithusi
Uma ukhetha izinsimbi zomculo ze-activative streams feature yei-hydrometallurgy yethusi, indlela yokwenza izinqumo kumele ibeke phambili ukuphepha kokusebenza kanye nokutholakala kwezitshalo kunokuthuthukiswa okuncane ngokunemba okuphelele. Amathuluzi aphazamisayo, anembe kakhulu (iCoriolis, Vibrational) kumele akhawulelwe emifudlaneni engagugi noma ehlukaniswa kalula, njengokwakheka kwe-reagent noma ukuxubana kwamakhemikhali, lapho ukunemba kuqinisekisa khona ingozi yokuguguleka kanye nesikhathi esingaba khona sokungasebenzi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, emifudlaneni enengozi ephezulu, egugisekayo njenge-thickener underflow, ubuchwepheshe obungaphazamisi (i-Radiometric noma i-Ultrasonic) bungcono kakhulu ngokwecebo. Nakuba kungenzeka bunikeze ukunemba okuphelele okuphansi kancane, uhlobo lwazo lokungathintani luqinisekisa ukutholakala kwezitshalo okuphezulu kanye nezindleko zokusebenza ezincishisiwe kakhulu (i-OpEx) ezihlobene nokugcinwa, into enenani layo lezomnotho elidlula kakhulu izindleko zokulinganisa okungaqondile kancane, kodwa okuzinzile. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuhambisana kwezinto kubaluleke kakhulu: iziqondiso zokumelana nokugqwala zincoma ama-Nickel Alloys ngokusebenza okuphezulu ezisetshenzisweni ezinzima zokuguguleka, zidlula i-316 SS ejwayelekile evame ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezingakhuguzi kakhulu.
Ithebula 1: Ukuhlaziywa Kokuqhathanisa Kobuchwepheshe Bemitha Yobuningi Be-inthanethi ye-Copper Leach Slurry
| Ubuchwepheshe | Isimiso Sokulinganisa | Ukuphathwa Okubi/Okuqinile | Ukufaneleka Kwemidiya Eyonakalisayo | Ukunemba Okuvamile (g/cm3) | Izinsika Zokusebenza Eziyinhloko |
| I-Radiometric (Umsebe weGamma) | Ukunciphisa Imisebe (Akuphazamiseki) | Kuhle kakhulu (Kwangaphandle) | Kuhle kakhulu (Inzwa yangaphandle) | 0.001−0.005 | Ukugeleza Okungaphansi Kokujiya, Amapayipi Agubha Kakhulu, Udaka Olukhulu Olunobuthi |
| Ukudlidliza (Ifoloko Yokushuna) | Imvamisa Yokuzwakala Komsindo (I-Probe Emanzi) | Uphenyo Olulungile (Oluphazamisayo) | Kuhle (Okuncike ezintweni ezibonakalayo, isib., 316 SS) | 0.003 | Ukulinganisa Amakhemikhali, Ukudla Okuqinile Okuphansi, Ukuqina Okungaphansi kuka-2000CP |
| I-Coriolis | Ukugeleza Okukhulu/Ukungabi Namandla (Ipayipi Elimanzi) | Okufanelekile (Ingozi yokuguguleka/ukuvaleka) | Kuhle kakhulu (Kuncike ezintweni ezibonakalayo) | Okuphezulu (Okusekelwe ku-Mass) | Ukulinganisa kwe-Reagent Enenani Eliphezulu, Ukugeleza kwe-Bypass, Ukuqapha ukuhlushwa |
| I-Ultrasonic (Ukuvimba Kwe-Acoustic) | Ukudluliselwa Kwesignali Ye-Acoustic (Okumanzisiwe/Okucindezelwe) | Kuhle kakhulu (izinzwa ezingamelani nokuguguleka) | Kuhle (Kuxhomeke ezintweni ezibonakalayo) | 0.005−0.010 | Ukuphathwa Kwemisila, Ukudla Okudakayo (Okungathandwa Yinyukliya)
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Ukuthuthukisa Ukuhlukaniswa Okuqinile Noketshezi (Ukuqina Nokuhlunga)
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi kubalulekile ukuze kukhuliswe kokubili ukugeleza kwamanzi kanye nokubuyiselwa kwamanzi kumayunithi okuhlukanisa uketshezi oluqinile, ikakhulukazi izithisi kanye nezihlungi.
Ukulawulwa Kobuningi Ekugelezeni Okukhulu: Ukuvimbela I-Over-Torque Nokuxhuma
Umgomo oyinhloko wokulawula ekuqineni ukufeza ukuqina okuzinzile, okuphezulu kokugeleza kwamanzi (UFD), okuvame ukuhlosa okuqukethwe kwezinto eziqinile ezingaphezu kuka-60%. Ukufeza lokhu kuzinza kubalulekile hhayi nje kuphela ekukhuliseni ukuphinda kusetshenziswe amanzi kabusha.inqubo ye-hydrometallurgy yethusikodwa futhi nokuletha ukugeleza kobuningi okuqhubekayo emisebenzini engezansi komfula. Nokho, ingozi ingokwe-rheological: ukwandisa i-UFD kuphakamisa ngokushesha ukucindezeleka kwesivuno se-slurry. Ngaphandle kwempendulo enembile, yesikhathi sangempela, imizamo yokufinyelela ekuhlosweni kobuningi ngokupompa ngamandla ingasunduza i-slurry idlule umkhawulo wayo wepulasitiki, okuholela ku-torque enkulu ye-rake, ukwehluleka okungenzeka komshini, kanye nokuvinjelwa okubalulekile kwamapayipi. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Model Predictive Control (MPC) kusetshenziswa ukulinganisa kwe-UFD kwesikhathi sangempela kwenza ukulungiswa okunamandla kwesivinini sephampu engaphansi kwamanzi, okuholela emiphumeleni ebhaliwe, okuhlanganisa nokwehla okungu-65% esidingweni sokujikeleza kabusha kanye nokwehla okungu-24% kokuhlukahluka kobuningi.
Ukuqonda okubalulekile ukuhambisana kokusebenza kwe-UFD kanye ne-Solvent Extraction (SX). Ukugeleza kwe-thickener kuvame ukumelela umfudlana wokudla we-Pregnant Leach Solution (PLS), othunyelwa kamuva kusekethe ye-SX. Ukungazinzi ku-UFD kusho ukuhlanganiswa okungaguquki kwezinto eziqinile ezincane ku-PLS. Ukufakwa kwezinto eziqinile kuphazamisa ngqo inqubo yokudlulisa isisindo se-SX eyinkimbinkimbi, okubangela ukwakheka kwe-crud, ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba okungekuhle, kanye nokulahlekelwa yi-extractant ebizayo. Ngakho-ke, ukuzinza kobuningi ku-thickener kubhekwa njengesinyathelo esidingekayo sokulungisa isimo sokugcina ukudla okuhlanzekile okudingwa yisekethe ye-SX, ekugcineni kugcinwe ikhwalithi yokugcina ye-cathode.
Ukuthuthukisa Ukuhlunga Nokusebenza Kahle Kokukhipha Amanzi
Izinhlelo zokuhlunga, njengezihlungi ze-vacuum noma zengcindezi, zisebenza kahle kakhulu kuphela uma ubuningi bokudla buhambisana kakhulu. Ukuguquguquka kokuqukethwe kwezinto eziqinile kubangela ukwakheka kwekhekhe lokuhlunga okungaguquki, ukufiphaza kwemidiya ngaphambi kwesikhathi, kanye nokuqukethwe komswakama wekhekhe okuguquguqukayo, okudinga imijikelezo yokuwasha evame ukwenzeka. Izifundo ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukusebenza kokuhlunga kuzwela kakhulu okuqukethwe kwezinto eziqinile. Ukuzinza kwenqubo okuhlelekile okutholakala ngokuqapha ubuningi okuqhubekayo kuholela ekuthuthukisweni kokusebenza kokuhlunga kanye nezilinganiso zokuzinza, okuhlanganisa nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuhambisana nokuwasha izihlungi kanye nezindleko ezincane ezihambisana nesikhathi sokungasebenzi.
Ukuphathwa Kwezinto Ezingashintshi kanye Nokunciphisa Izindleko Enqubweni Yokukhuculula Ithusi
Ukwenziwa ngcono kwe-reagent, okuqhutshwa ukulawulwa kwe-PD okuguquguqukayo, kunikeza ukwehliswa okusheshayo nokulinganiselwe kwezindleko zokusebenza.
Ukulawulwa Okunembile Kokuhlushwa Kwe-Acid Enqubweni Yokukhipha Inqwaba Yethusi
Kokubili ukukhushulwa kwe-angived kanyeinqubo yokukhipha inqwaba yethusi, ukugcina ukuhlushwa kwamakhemikhali okunembile kwama-leaching agents (isb., i-sulfuric acid, ama-iron oxidizing agents) kubalulekile ukuze kube nokusebenza kahle kwe-kinetics yokuncibilika kwamaminerali. Kuma-reagent streams agxilile, amamitha obuningi angaphakathi ahlinzeka ngokulinganisa okunembile kakhulu, okukhokhelwa izinga lokushisa. Leli khono livumela uhlelo lokulawula ukuthi lulinganise ngokuguquguqukayo inani eliqondile le-reagent elidingekayo. Le ndlela ethuthukisiwe idlula ukulinganisa okujwayelekile, okunokulinganisela kokugeleza, okuholela ekusetshenzisweni ngokweqile kwamakhemikhali kanye ne-OpEx ephezulu. Umphumela wezezimali ucacile: inzuzo yesitshalo se-hydrometallurgical ibucayi kakhulu ekushintsheni kokusebenza kahle kwenqubo kanye nezindleko zezinto zokusetshenziswa, okugcizelela isidingo sokulinganisa okunembile okusebenza ngobuningi.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Flocculant ngokusebenzisa impendulo yokugxila kwe-Solids
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Flocculant kuyindleko eguquguqukayo enkulu ekuhlukanisweni kwe-solid-liquid. Isilinganiso esihle kakhulu samakhemikhali sincike ngqo kusisindo esisheshayo sezinto eziqinile ezidinga ukuhlanganiswa. Ngokulinganisa njalo ubuningi bomfudlana wokuphakelwa, uhlelo lokulawula lubala ukugeleza kwesisindo esisheshayo sezinto eziqinile. Umjovo we-Flocculant ube usulungiswa ngokuguquguqukayo njengesilinganiso esilinganayo nesisindo sezinto eziqinile, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ukugeleza okuhle kufinyelelwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kunokuguquguquka kokusetshenziswa kokudla noma ibanga le-ore. Lokhu kuvimbela kokubili umthamo ongaphansi (okuholela ekumisweni okubi) kanye nomthamo oweqile (ukuchitha amakhemikhali abizayo). Ukuqaliswa kokulawulwa kokuqina okuzinzile nge-MPC kuveze imbuyiselo yezezimali elinganisekayo, ngokulondolozwa okubhaliwe okuhlanganisaUkwehla okungu-9.32% ekusetshenzisweni kwe-flocculantkanye nokuhambisanayoUkwehliswa okungu-6.55% kokusetshenziswa kwelayisi(kusetshenziselwa ukulawula i-pH). Njengoba izindleko zokudonsa amanzi kanye nezindleko zokumunca/ukususa amanzi ezihlobene nazo zinganikela cishe ku-6% ezindlekweni zokusebenza eziphelele, lokhu konga ngqo futhi kuthuthukisa kakhulu inzuzo.
Ithebula 2: Amaphuzu Okulawula Inqubo Ebucayi kanye namaMethrikhi Okuthuthukisa Ubuningi kuI-Copper Hydrometallurgy
| Iyunithi Yenqubo | Iphuzu Lokulinganisa Ubuningi | Okuguquguqukayo Okulawulwayo | Umgomo Wokuthuthukisa | Isikhombisi Sokusebenza Esiyinhloko (i-KPI) | Ukonga Okubonisiwe |
| Inqubo Yokukhipha Ithusi | Ama-Reactors Okukhipha Umswakama (Ubuningi Be-Pulp) | Isilinganiso Esiqinile/Esiwuketshezi (PD) | Lungiselela i-reaction kinetics; khulisa ukukhishwa | Izinga lokubuyisa ithusi; Ukusetshenziswa kwe-reagent ethile (kg/t Cu) | Kufika ku-44% Izinga lokuphuma kwamanzi liyakhuphuka ngokugcina i-PD efanele |
| Ukuhlukaniswa Okuqinile Noketshezi (Okuqina) | Ukukhishwa Okungaphansi Kokugeleza | Ubuningi Bokugeleza Okungaphansi (UFD) kanye Nokugeleza Okukhulu | Khulisa ukubuyiselwa kwamanzi; qinisa ukuphakelwa kwamanzi kuya phansi komfula i-SX/EW | I-UFD % Solids; Izinga Lokuvuselela Amanzi; Ukuzinza Kwe-Torque Ye-Rake | Ukusetshenziswa kwe-flocculant kuncishiswe ngo-9.32%; ukuhlukahluka kwe-UFD kuncishiswe ngo-24% |
| Ukulungiswa kwe-Reagent | Izimonyo ze-Acid/Solvent | Ukugxila (%w noma g/L) | Ukulinganisa okunembile; nciphisa ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwamakhemikhali | Ukweqisa i-Reagent %; Isixazululo Ukuzinza kweKhemistri | Ukunciphisa i-OpEx yamakhemikhali ngokulawula isilinganiso esinamandla |
| Ukususa amanzi/Ukuhlunga | Ubuningi Bokuphakela Kokuhlunga | Umthwalo Oqinile Ozohlungwa | Qinisa i-throughput; nciphisa ukulungiswa | Isikhathi Sokujikeleza Kokuhlunga; Okuqukethwe Komswakama Wekhekhe; Ukusebenza Kahle Kokuhlunga | Izindleko ezincishisiwe ezihlobene nokuhlanzwa kwezihlungi kanye nesikhathi sokungasebenzi |
I-Reaction Kinetics kanye nokuqapha i-Endpoint
Impendulo yobuningi ibalulekile ekugcineni izimo eziqondile ze-stoichiometric ezidingekayo ukuze kuqhutshwe ukuncibilika kwensimbi nokuguqulwa kwayo yonke indawo.inqubo ye-hydrometallurgy yethusi.
Ukuqapha Kwangempela Kobuningi Be-Pulp (PD) kanye ne-Leach Kinetics
Isilinganiso se-solid-liquid (PD) sihlobene kakhulu nokuhlushwa kwezinhlobo zensimbi encibilikisiwe kanye nesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwe-ejenti yokuncibilikisa. Ukulawulwa okunembile kwalesi silinganiso kuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okwanele phakathi kwe-lixiviant kanye nobuso beminerali. Imininingwane yokusebenza isikisela ngokuqinile ukuthi i-PD iyi-lever yokulawula ebalulekile, hhayi nje ipharamitha yokuqapha. Ukuphambuka kusuka kusilinganiso esifanele kunemiphumela emibi kakhulu ekuvuneni kokukhipha. Isibonelo, ezindaweni zelebhu, ukwehluleka ukugcina isilinganiso se-solid-liquid esifanele esingu-0.05g/mL kuholele ekwehleni okukhulu kokubuyiselwa kwethusi kusuka ku-99.47% kuya ku-55.30%.
Ukusebenzisa Amasu Okulawula Okuthuthukisiwe
Ubuningi busetshenziswa njenge-primary state variable ku-Model Predictive Control (MPC) yamasekethe okukhipha kanye nokuhlukanisa. I-MPC ifaneleka kahle ekusebenzeni kwenqubo kwe-i-hydrometallurgy yethusi, njengoba iphatha kahle ukubambezeleka kwesikhathi eside kanye nokusebenzisana okungekhona okuqondile okukhona ohlelweni lwe-slurry. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi amazinga okugeleza kanye nokwengezwa kwe-reagent kuthuthukiswa ngokuqhubekayo ngokusekelwe kumpendulo ye-PD yesikhathi sangempela. Ngenkathi ukulinganiswa kokuhlushwa okususelwa ekuxineni kuvamile ezinqubweni zamakhemikhali ezijwayelekile, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kudlulela ezinyathelweni ezikhethekile ze-hydrometallurgical, njengokuqapha ukulungiswa kokudla kokukhipha i-solvent ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusabela kufinyelela amazinga okuguqulwa afanele, ngaleyo ndlela kukhulisa isivuno sensimbi kanye nobumsulwa.
Ukuvikelwa Kwemishini Nokuphathwa Kwe-Rheological
Idatha yobuningi be-inthanethi inikeza okokufaka okubalulekile kwezinhlelo zokulungisa ezibikezelayo, iguqula ngokuhlelekile ukwehluleka kwemishini okungenzeka kube ukushintshashintsha kwenqubo okulawulekayo.
Ukulawula I-Slurry Rheology kanye Nokuqina
Ubuningi be-slurry buyinguquko ebonakalayo eyinhloko ethonya ukungqubuzana kwangaphakathi kwe-slurry (ukujiya) kanye nokucindezeleka kwesivuno. Uhambo lobuningi olungalawulwa, ikakhulukazi ukwanda okusheshayo, lungaguqula i-slurry ibe uhlelo lokugeleza olungeyona i-Newtonian kakhulu. Ngokuqhubeka nokuqapha ubuningi, onjiniyela bezinqubo bangalindela ukungazinzi kwe-rheological okuseduze (njengokusondela kwemikhawulo yokucindezeleka kwesivuno sepompo) futhi basebenzise amanzi okuxuba noma baguqule isivinini sepompo. Lokhu kulawula kokuvimbela kuvimbela izehlakalo ezibizayo njengokukala kwamapayipi, ukugoba, kanye nokufakwa kwepompo okubi kakhulu.
Ukunciphisa Ukuguga Okugugulekayo
Inzuzo yangempela yezezimali yokulawula ukuqina okuzinzile ivame ukutholakala hhayi ekongeni okulinganiselwe kwe-reagent, kodwa ekwehleni okukhulu kwesikhathi sokungasebenzi esingahleliwe okubangelwa ukwehluleka kwengxenye. Ukugcinwa kwephampu yodaka kanye nokufakwa esikhundleni kwephayiphi, okubangelwa ukuguguleka okukhulu kokuguguleka, kwakha isici esiyinhloko se-OpEx. Ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi kusheshiswa kakhulu ukungazinzi kwejubane lokugeleza, okuvame ukubangelwa ukushintshashintsha kobuningi. Ngokuzinzisa ubuningi, uhlelo lokulawula lungalawula ngokunembile ijubane lokugeleza kwesivinini sokuthutha esibalulekile, kunciphise ngempumelelo kokubili ukuchitheka kwenhlabathi kanye nokuguguleka ngokweqile. Ukwandiswa okubangelwa yi-Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) yemishini yemishini enenani eliphezulu, kanye nokugwema ukwehluleka kwengxenye eyodwa, kudlula kakhulu ukutshalwa kwezimali kwemali kumamitha obuningi ngokwawo.
Isu Lokusebenzisa kanye Nemikhuba Emihle Kakhulu
Uhlelo lokusebenzisa oluphumelelayo ludinga izinqubo zokukhetha ngokucophelela, zokufaka, kanye nezokulinganisa ezibhekana ngqo nezinselele zezimboni ezisakazekile zokugqwala kanye nokuguguleka.
Indlela Yokukhetha: Ukuqondanisa Ubuchwepheshe Be-Densitometer Nezimpawu Zokushelela
Indlela yokukhetha kumele iqinisekiswe ngokusemthethweni ngokuqopha ubukhali bezimpawu ze-slurry (ukugqwala, usayizi wezinhlayiya, i-viscosity, izinga lokushisa). Kuma-high-solids, imifudlana yokuguguleka ephezulu, njengemigqa ye-tailings, ukukhetha kumele kubeke phambili izinketho ezingaphazamisi, ezingangenisi amakhemikhali, njengamadivayisi e-radiometric. Nakuba lezi zinzwa zingase zibe nebhendi yamaphutha elikhulu kancane elishiwo kunamadivayisi angena kakhulu, ukuthembeka kwazo kwesikhathi eside kanye nokuzimela ezimpahleni zomzimba ze-medium kubaluleke kakhulu. Ezingxenyeni ezine-acid ephezulu, ukucacisa izinto ezikhethekile, njenge-Nickel Alloys, ngaphezu kwe-316 SS ejwayelekile yezingxenye ezimanzi kuqinisekisa ukumelana nokuguguleka okukhulu futhi kwandise kakhulu impilo yokusebenza.
Izindlela Ezinhle Zokufaka: Ukuqinisekisa Ukunemba Nokuhlala Isikhathi Eside Ezindaweni Ezinolaka
Izinqubo ezifanele zokufaka imishini kanye nogesi zibalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukonakala kwesignali nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ithuluzi lihlala isikhathi eside. Izinzwa ezimanzi kumele zifakwe ezindaweni zamapayipi eziqinisekisa ukucwiliswa ngokuphelele futhi zisuse ukubhajwa komoya. Ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibandakanya uketshezi oluqinile noma oluthanda ukunamathela, iziqondiso zokufaka zincoma ngokusobala ama-flange ethangi noma ukugijima kwamapayipi aqondiswe phezulu ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuqina noma ukwakheka kwamaphrofayili obuningi obungalingani azungeze isici senzwa. Ngogesi, ukuhlukaniswa okufanele kuyadingeka: i-densitometer casing kumele isekelwe kahle, futhi izintambo zikagesi ezivikelwe kufanele zisetshenziswe ukunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic kusuka emishinini enamandla amakhulu, njengezimoto ezinkulu noma ama-variable frequency drive. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uphawu lwegumbi likagesi (i-O-ring) kumele luqiniswe kahle ngemva kwanoma yikuphi ukulungiswa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungena komswakama kanye nokwehluleka kwesekethe okulandelayo.
Ukuhlolwa Kwezomnotho kanye Nokuqiniswa Kwezezimali
Ukuze kutholakale imvume yokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokulawula ubuningi ezithuthukisiwe, kudingeka uhlaka lokuhlola isu oluzohumusha ngokujulile izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe zibe izibalo zezimali ezingalinganiswa.
Uhlaka Lokulinganisa Izinzuzo Zezomnotho Zokulawulwa Kokuxinana Okuthuthukisiwe
Ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwezomnotho kumele kuhlole kokubili ukonga izindleko okuqondile kanye nabashayeli benani elingaqondile. Ukwehliswa kwe-OpEx kufaka phakathi ukonga okulinganiselwe okutholakala ekulawulweni kwe-reagent okuguquguqukayo, njengokwehliswa okungu-9.32% kokusetshenziswa kwe-flocculant okubhaliwe. Ukonga ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla kubangelwa ukulawulwa kwejubane lephampu okulungiselelwe kanye nezidingo zokunciphisa ukujikeleza kwegazi. Okubaluleke kakhulu, inani lezomnotho lokwelula i-Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) yezingxenye eziguga kakhulu (amaphampu, amapayipi) kumele libalwe, kuhlinzekwe inani elibonakalayo lokuphathwa kwe-rheological okuzinzile. Ngasohlangothini lwemali engenayo, uhlaka kumele lulinganise ukubuyiselwa kwethusi okuqhubekayo okufezwa ngokugcina i-PD efanele kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-reagent.
Umthelela Wokunciphisa Ukuguquguquka Kobuningi Enzuzweni Yesitshalo Sisonke
Isilinganiso sezezimali esiphezulu sokuhlola i-APC kui-hydrometallurgy yethusiukuncishiswa kokuguquguquka kwenqubo (σ) ekulinganisweni kobuningi obubalulekile. Inzuzo ibucayi kakhulu ekuphambukeni endaweni yokusebenza efiselekayo (ukuguquguquka). Isibonelo, ukuthola ukwehla okungu-24% kokuguquguquka kobuningi kuhumusha ngqo kumafasitela enqubo aqinile. Lokhu kuzinza kuvumela isitshalo ukuthi sisebenze ngokuthembekile eduze kwemikhawulo yamandla ngaphandle kokubangela ukuvalwa kokuphepha noma ukuqala ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-control loop. Lokhu kuqina kokusebenza okwandisiwe kumelela ukwehla okuqondile kwengozi yezezimali kanye nokungaqiniseki kokusebenza, okumele kubhekwe ngokucacile ngaphakathi kokubalwa kwe-NPV.
Ithebula 3: Uhlaka Lokulungisa Ezomnotho Lokulawula Ubuningi Okuthuthukisiwe
| Umshayeli Wenani | Indlela Yenzuzo | Umthelela Ezomnotho Wezitshalo (Isilinganiso Sezezimali) | Isidingo Sesu Lokulawula |
| Ukusebenza Kahle Kwe-Reagent | Umthamo we-acid/flocculant osekelwe kubuningi ngesikhathi sangempela. | I-OpEx Encishisiwe (Ukonga izindleko zezinto eziqondile, isib., ukunciphisa i-flocculant ngo-9.32%). | Impendulo yokuqina okuzinzile kuma-loops okulawula isilinganiso sokugeleza (i-MPC). |
| Isivuno Sokukhiqiza | Ukuzinza kwe-PD setpoint efanele kuma-reactor. | Imali Engenayo Eyengeziwe (Ukululama kwe-Cu Ephakeme, ukudluliselwa kwesisindo okuzinzile). | Ukuhlaziywa okuhlanganisiwe kobuningi/ukuhlushwa kokuqapha indawo yokugcina. |
| Ukutholakala Kwezitshalo | Ukunciphisa ingozi ye-rheological (ukuvaleka, i-torque ephezulu). | I-OpEx ne-CapEx ezincishisiwe (Ukulungiswa okuphansi, isikhathi sokuphumula esingahleliwe sincishisiwe). | Ukulawula okubikezelayo kwejubane lephampu ngokusekelwe kumamodeli e-viscosity atholakala ku-UFD. |
| Ukuphathwa Kwamanzi | Ukwandisa ubuningi bokugeleza kwamanzi okujiyile. | I-OpEx encishisiwe (Isidingo samanzi ahlanzekile esiphansi, izinga eliphezulu lokusebenzisa amanzi kabusha). | Ukukhetha ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa ukuminyana obuqinile, obungaphazamisi. |
Inzuzo eqhubekayo kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo wezemvelo wesimanjei-hydrometallurgy yethusiimisebenzi ihlobene ngokoqobo nokuthembeka kokulinganiswa kobuningi be-inthanethi kuma-slurries e-leach.
Ubuchwepheshe obuphazamisayo njengemitha ye-Vibrational noma ye-Coriolis bungase bugcinelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethekile, ezingaphazamisi lapho ukunemba okukhulu kokugxilisa (isb., izimonyo ze-reagent) kubaluleke kakhulu. Xhumana ne-Lonnmeter bese uthola izincomo zobungcweti mayelana nokukhethwa kwemitha yobuningi.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-29-2025
