Ukugcina ukugcwala kwe-oleum okuhle kakhulu kuletha izinselele ezihlukile kubuchwepheshe bokuncibilikisa ithusi lezimboni. Uhlobo lwe-oleum olusabela ngokwemvelo nolubhubhisayo ludinga ukuqina okukhulu.ukuhlushwa kwe-oleumimithaskanye nezindlela zokulinganisa, ezikwazi ukuletha ukufundwa okunembile nokuthembekile ngaphakathi kwezimo zokukhiqiza eziyingozi. Izinyathelo zokuncibilikisa ithusi—njengokukhiqizwa kwe-matte, ukuphathwa kwe-slag, kanye nokuhlanzwa kokugxila—ngokuvamile zidinga ukulawulwa okulungiselelwe kokugcwala kwe-oleum ukuze kulinganiswe ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo futhi kuncishiswe ukusabela okungafuneki okungase kukhiqize amagesi noma kwandise imfucuza eyingozi.
Ukuqonda i-Oleum ekuncibilikiseni ithusi
Umsebenzi kanye Nokusetshenziswa kwe-Oleum
I-Oleum iyisisombululo se-sulfur trioxide (SO₃) esincibilikisiwe ku-sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), kanti ukuhlushwa kwayo kuboniswa yiphesenti le-SO₃ yamahhala. Ekuncibilikiseni ithusi, i-oleum isebenza njenge-ejenti ebalulekile yokuthuthukisa ukuvuselelwa kwe-sulfuric acid. Izinyathelo zokuncibilikisa i-Copper ore zikhiqiza inani elikhulu legesi ye-sulfur dioxide (SO₂) njengoba kushiswa ama-sulfide ores. Le SO₂ i-oxidized phezu kwe-catalyst ibe yi-SO₃, okumele imuncwe ngempumelelo ukuze ikhiqize i-sulfuric acid ethengiswayo.
I-Oleum isetshenziswa emibhoshongweni yokumunca ngokukhethekile ukuze ibambe i-SO₃. Amandla ayo okumunca adlula lawo e-sulfuric acid ejwayelekile lapho okuqukethwe kwe-SO₃ kukhuphuka ngaphezu kwama-98%, okuvimbela ukwakheka kwenkungu ye-asidi nokuqinisekisa ukumuncwa okuphezulu. Ngokwakha i-oleum, inqubo ivumela ukubuyiselwa kwesibabule okuphumelelayo futhi inciphisa ukulahleka ngokudlula kwenkungu, obekungaphazamisa umkhiqizo kanye nokuhambisana nemvelo. Ngemva kokumuncwa, i-oleum ingancishiswa ngezinyathelo ezilawulwayo ukuze ikhiqize i-sulfuric acid ngamanani afunwayo, ngokuvamile kuma-98%. Lokhu kuguquguquka kugcina umsebenzi wokuncibilikisa usabela emazingeni e-SO₂ ashintshashintshayo avela ekudleni kwe-ore okuguquguqukayo kanye nezinguquko zokusebenza.
Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-sulfuric acid ejwayelekile, amandla e-oleum asemandleni ayo okuvimba imithwalo emikhulu ye-SO₃ futhi enze kube lula ukubuyisa i-asidi ngaphandle kokuxuba ngokweqile noma ukulahlekelwa yigesi ebalulekile. I-sulfuric acid ejwayelekile ayisebenzi kahle ekubambeni amazinga aphezulu e-SO₃ futhi ingakhiqiza inkungu eyingozi ebalekela izinhlelo zokubuyisa. Emisebenzini yensimbi yethusi, lo mehluko usekela ukusetshenziswa kwe-oleum njengento ephakathi nendawo kunokuthembela ekumuncweni kwe-sulfuric acid esigabeni esisodwa.
Inqubo Yokuncibilikisa Ithusi
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Ukubuka Konke Kwenqubo Yokuncibilikisa Ithusi
Inqubo yokukhipha ithusi ihlanganisa izinyathelo eziningana ezibalulekile:
- Ukugcoba Okugxilile: Ama-ore e-Copper sulfide ayashiswa, akhiqize i-SO₂.
- Ukuqoqwa Nokupholisa Igesi: I-SO₂ engenagesi equkethe i-SO₂ iyaqoqwa, ipholiswe, bese ihlanzwa ngezinhlayiya.
- Ukuxutshwa kwe-Catalytic: I-SO₂ idlula emibhedeni ye-catalyst, iyiguqula ibe yi-SO₃.
- Isigaba Sokumunca:
- Umbhoshongo Wokuqala: I-asidi ye-sulfuric egxilile imunca i-SO₃ kuze kufike emkhawulweni wayo wokuncibilika (≈98% H₂SO₄).
- Umbhoshongo we-Oleum: I-SO₃ eseleyo imuncwa yi-oleum elungisiwe, okwandisa ukuhlushwa kwe-SO₃ futhi kuvimbele ukwakheka kwenkungu ye-asidi.
- Ukuxutshwa kwe-Oleum: I-Oleum ixutshwa ngokucophelela namanzi noma imifudlana ye-asidi encibilikisiwe ukuze ivuselele i-asidi ye-sulfuric yezinga lokuhweba.
- Ukubuyiselwa kwe-Sulfuric Acid: Umkhiqizo wokugcina we-asidi uyagcinwa noma usetshenziswa ezinqubweni ezingezansi.
Umdwebo wenqubo yokuncibilikisa ithusi onezincazelo uvame ukugqamisa:
- Amaphuzu lapho kuqondiswa khona ngaphandle kwegesi ukuze kubanjwe i-SO₂.
- Imibhoshongo lapho i-SO₃ imuncwa khona ku-oleum.
- Izindawo zokuxutshwa kwe-oleum kanye nokubuyiselwa kwe-asidi.
- Amathangi okubuyisa kanye nezindawo zokuqapha ukukhishwa komoya.
Iphuzu ngalinye lokumunca, ukusabela, kanye nokululama liphawula isigaba esibalulekile sokulawula lapho kusetshenziswa khona amasu okuhlaziya ukuhlushwa kwe-oleum. Abaqhubi bezitshalo basebenzisa izinzwa zokuhlushwa kwe-oleum ukuze baqaphe ngesikhathi sangempela, baqinisekise ukuthi i-SO₃ ibanjwe ngokwanele futhi ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kuhlala kuphezulu. Izindlela zokulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwe-oleum ezivamile zigcina ukwenziwa ngcono kwenqubo futhi zisiza ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zemvelo ngokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-SO₂ kanye nokulahlekelwa yi-acid mist.
Isayensi Nokubaluleka Kokuhlushwa Kwe-Oleum
Izimiso Zamakhemikhali kanye Nomthelela
I-Oleum, ingxube enamandla ye-sulfur trioxide (SO₃) ku-sulfuric acid, idlala indima ebalulekile enkambisweni yokuncibilikisa ithusi, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sezigaba ze-sulfur kanye ne-oxidation. Ukulawulwa okunembile kokuhlushwa kwe-oleum kuthonya ngqo izindlela zamakhemikhali kanye ne-kinetics yalezi zindlela zokusabela.
Esigabeni sokuxuba, ama-oxide ethusi kanye nezinye izinsalela zamaminerali zisabela ne-oleum, ziwaguqule abe ama-sulfate ethusi ancibilikayo. Lokhu kuguqulwa kuyisisekelo sezinyathelo ezilandelayo zokukhipha ithusi enqubweni yokukhipha ithusi, njengoba kwenza kube lula ukuncibilika kahle kwethusi futhi kwandisa isivuno. Amazinga aphezulu e-oleum ahambisana nokutholakala kwe-SO₃ okwandisiwe, okusheshisa ukuguqulwa kwamaminerali aphethe ithusi ngamandla athuthukisiwe e-sulfonating. Njengoba kuqinisekiswe yizifundo zokuhlola zokukhipha ikholomu, ukukhulisa imithamo ye-oleum kuholela ekusebenzeni kahle kwe-sulfation okufika ku-49.7%, kuqinisekisa amamodeli enkolelo-mbono njengemodeli yokuncipha kwe-core ye-leaching kinetics.
Ukuba khona kwe-SO₃, okulawulwa ukuhlushwa kwe-oleum, akugcini nje ngokukhulisa i-sulfation kodwa futhi kuthinta ukusabela kwe-oxidation okusizayo okubangela ukuguqula ama-sulfide nokunye ukungcola. Amazinga e-SO₃ endawo endaweni yokuncibilikisa alawulwa kokubili ngokungezwa kwe-oleum okuqondile kanye ne-oxidation e-catalytic ye-SO₂ phezu kothuli lokuncibilikisa oluqukethe ama-oxide afana ne-Fe₂O₃ kanye ne-CuO. Ukuguquguquka kwala mazinga kungashintsha izinga, ukuphelela, kanye nokukhetha kwe-oxidation kanye ne-sulfation, ngaleyo ndlela kuthinte ukususwa kokungcola—okubalulekile kwikhwalithi yethusi elicwengisisiwe—kanye nokwakheka kwezinhlobo eziphakathi noma ezilandelanayo.
Ukuguquguquka kokuhlushwa kwe-oleum kungaholela ekuguqulweni okungaphelele kwamaminerali ethusi, ukuncipha kokuncibilika, noma ukwakheka komkhiqizo ongafunwa njenge-sulfates eyisisekelo yethusi, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlukaniswa komfula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuphuzisa ngokweqile kubangela i-asidi eningi kanye nokugqwala okukhulu, okuletha izinselele zokusebenza nokuphepha. Lokhu kudinga ukuphuzisa ngokucophelela kanye nokuqapha, lapho amathuluzi afana namamitha okuqina angaphakathi kanye namamitha okulinganisa angaphakathi—njengalawo akhiqizwa yiI-Lonnmeter—ukunikeza ukuqonda kwesikhathi sangempela mayelana nokuhlushwa kweqiniso kwe-oleum ngesikhathi sezinyathelo zokuncibilikisa ithusi lezimboni.
Imiphumela Yezemvelo Neyokusebenza
Ukuhlala njalo kokuhlushwa kwe-oleum akubalulekile nje kuphela emiphumeleni yensimbi kodwa futhi nasekuvikelweni kwemvelo kanye nokuzinza kokusebenza. Ukufakwa kwe-oleum okungaguquki kuholela ekuphazamisekeni kwenqubo, okungabangela ukukhishwa okungalawuleki, ukugcwala kwe-sulfur okungaphelele, kanye nokukhiqizwa okwandisiwe kwe-acid inkungu. Amazinga aphezulu e-SO₃ avela ku-oleum eningi angase aphunyuke njengokukhishwa okubalekayo, kuyilapho ukulinganiselwa okunganele kuvumela amakhemikhali esibabule angaphathwanga noma ukungcola kwensimbi ukuthi kudlulele emifudlaneni yemfucuza.
Imidwebo yesimanje yenqubo yokuncibilikisa ithusi ibonisa ukuhlanganiswa okuqinile phakathi kokuphathwa kwe-oleum, imibhoshongo yokumunca igesi, kanye nezinhlelo zokwelashwa kokungcola. Ukugcina ukuhlushwa kwe-oleum okunembile kubalulekile kokubili ekuzinzeni kwenqubo—okusho isivuno esiqhubekayo kanye nesikhathi esincishisiwe sokungasebenzi—kanye nokuhlangabezana nemikhawulo yokukhishwa kwemithetho, ikakhulukazi mayelana ne-acid mist (SO₃) kanye nokuqukethwe kwensimbi esindayo ku-gaseous noma uketshezi oluphumayo.
Ukuthobela imithetho yemvelo kudinga ukuqapha okuqinile nokulawula ukugcwala kwe-oleum ukuze kuncishiswe umthwalo wemvelo. Ukulawulwa okunganele kungaholela ezenzakalweni zokungalandeli imithetho, njengokukhishwa kwesulfure ngokweqile noma ukukhishwa okungagunyaziwe kwe-acidic. Lezi zimo ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngenxa yezakhiwo zomzimba ze-oleum: ukuthambekela kwayo kokuqina noma ukwakha inkungu eyingozi ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa elingazinzile noma izimo zokugcwala, okungabeka engcupheni ukucubungula nokuphatha ukuphepha.
Ukulawulwa kokuhlushwa kwe-oleum okuqinile, okusekelwe amasu okuhlaziya ukuhlushwa okuqondile kanye nezinzwa, ngakho-ke kuyisivikelo esiyisisekelo. Amadivayisi eLonnmeter, asebenza ngaphakathi kwendawo yamakhemikhali enzima yokuncibilikisa, asiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphambuka kwesikhathi sangempela kokuhlushwa kwe-oleum kutholakala ngokushesha. Lokhu kwenza isinyathelo sokulungisa ngokushesha ukugcina ukusebenza okuzinzile kwesitshalo ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuphathwa kwemvelo kanye nezindinganiso zomthetho zenqubo yokukhipha ithusi.
Izindlela Zokulinganisa Ukuhlushwa kwe-Oleum
Amasu Okulinganisa Endabuko
Ngokomlando, ukuhlushwa kwe-oleum emifudlaneni yenqubo yokuncibilikisa ithusi kwakulinganiswa ngamasu elebhu enziwa ngesandla, ikakhulukazi i-titration kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-gravimetric. Indlela yesisekelo iyinqubo ye-titration enezigaba ezimbili. Okokuqala, abahlaziyi banquma i-trioxide yesulfure yamahhala (SO₃). Isampula incibilikiswa emanzini abandayo, kunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwe-SO₃. I-sulfuric acid ekhiqizwayo i-titrated ngokumelene ne-alkali ejwayelekile, kusetshenziswa izinkomba ezifana ne-methyl orange, ekhombisa ngokuthembekile ukuphela kwesisombululo se-asidi eqinile. Okulandelayo, i-aliquot ehlukile idlula ekuhluzweni okugcwele futhi i-titrated ukuze ithole i-asidi ephelele—ilinganisa kokubili i-H₂SO₄ yokuqala kanye ne-asidi ethathwe ku-SO₃.
Ukunemba kuncike ekuphathweni kwesampula okusheshayo kanye nekhono lochwepheshe, ikakhulukazi ukuvimbela ukulahlekelwa yi-SO₃, okungabangela ukunganakwa. Ukwehluka kungavela ekutholakaleni kwe-endpoint okuzimele, ukudlula kancane, kanye nezinyathelo eziphindaphindwayo ezenziwe ngesandla. Lezi zindlela zakudala zisasekela ukuhlaziywa kwesitifiketi sokulawula kanye nese-batch, okubaluleke kakhulu ngokuqina kanye nezindleko zokusebenza eziphansi, kodwa ezingafaneleki ukulawula kwesikhathi sangempela noma ukulungiswa kwenqubo okusheshayo ngesikhathi sezinyathelo zokuncibilikisa i-ore yethusi kanye nemidwebo yenqubo yokukhipha ithusi yezimboni.
Izindlela Zanamuhla Zokuhlaziya
Intuthuko yakamuva ishukumisele ukuhlaziywa kokuhlushwa kwe-oleum ezindleleni ezisheshayo, ezenzakalelayo, nezingabhubhisi. Amasu e-Spectrophotometric, njenge-Vis-SWNIR absorption spectroscopy, avumela ukunqunywa okusheshayo, okungaphakathi kwe-oleum concentration ngokuhlola izimpawu zokuhlushwa ezihlukile zezingxenye ze-oleum. Izindlela eziqhutshwa yi-Chemometrics zicubungula idatha ye-spectral zisebenzisa amamodeli ezibalo, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukukhetha kanye nokunemba kwesilinganiso kuyo yonke imifudlana yenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi.
Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlaziya obuku-inthanethi buhlanganisa izinzwa emishinini yenqubo yokuncibilikisa ithusi, okuvumela ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kokuhlushwa kwe-oleum ngaphandle kokukhishwa kwesampula. Lezi zindlela zesikhathi sangempela ziletha impendulo esheshayo, zisekela ukulawula okunamandla kwenqubo yokuncibilikisa ithusi. Izinhlelo ze-potentiometric titration ezizenzakalelayo, ngenkathi zisasekelwe ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali okungasebenzi kahle, zilula ukuthola indawo yokugcina futhi zikhawulele iphutha elenziwe ngesandla, yize zingase zingasiqedi ngokuphelele isidingo sokuphathwa kwesampula okunembile.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zakudala, izindlela zesimanje zinikeza:
- Izilinganiso ezingonakalisi, eziqhubekayo
- Ukuhlaziywa okusheshayo okufanele ubuchwepheshe obukhulu bokuncibilikisa ithusi lezimboni
- Ukuncipha kwephutha elixhomeke kubantu
- Ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha okuthuthukisiwe ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo zokuqapha ukuhlushwa kwe-oleum
Kodwa-ke, izindinganiso zomthetho zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yeqembu zivame ukuqinisa izindlela ze-titrimetric njengereferensi yokuxazulula izingxabano kanye nesitifiketi.
Izinsimbi Eziyinhloko Zokuqapha Okusenquboni
Amathuluzi okuqapha ukuhlushwa kwe-oleum emugqeni adlala indima ebalulekile ethusi lanamuhlaizinqubo zokukhipha. Amamitha okuqina angaphakathi kanye namamitha e-viscosity avela eLonnmeter akha isisekelo sezinzwa zokuhlushwa kwe-oleum ezingangenisi. Ukwakheka kwazo okuqinile kuvumela ukufakwa ngqo kumapayipi enqubo, kuqhubeka nokubika izakhiwo zoketshezi ezibalulekile ekubalweni kokuhlushwa. Lawa madivayisi awadingi ukwengezwa kwe-reagent futhi alondoloza ubuqotho besampula, okwenza ahambisane kakhulu nobuchwepheshe bokuncibilikisa ithusi lezimboni.
Ihadiwe yokuzenzakalela, njengezilawuli zokugeleza kanye nama-valve okuthatha isampula, ivumela ukulawulwa okunembile kanye nokuphathwa okuphephile kwemifudlana ye-oleum. Idatha yokulinganisa evela kumamitha e-Lonnmeter ingafakwa ngqo ezinhlelweni zokulawula izitshalo. Lokhu kugeleza kwedatha okungenamthungo kunikeza impendulo eqhubekayo yokulungiswa kwesikhathi sangempela, kuthuthukisa ukulawulwa kokuhlushwa kwe-oleum kuzo zonke izinyathelo zokuncibilikisa i-ore yethusi.
Ngokuhlanganisa izinsimbi zokuzwa ezithuthukisiwe nezilawuli zezitshalo ezenzakalelayo, abaqhubi bezimboni bagcina ukubekezelelana kwenqubo okuqinile, bathuthukisa ukuphepha ngenxa yokuphathwa ngesandla okuncishisiwe, futhi bafinyelele ukuhlushwa kwe-oleum okuhle kakhulu kwemininingwane yomkhiqizo oqondiwe. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinzwa zokuhlushwa kwe-oleum manje kuyisici esibalulekile sokwenza ngcono ukuhlushwa kwe-oleum ezisetshenziswayo zezimboni, ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka nokuhambisana kuyo yonke imidwebo yenqubo yokuncibilikisa ithusi.
Amasu Okulawula Ukuhlushwa kwe-Oleum
Izisekelo Zokulawula Inqubo
Izitshalo zokuncibilikisa ithusi zigcina ukuhlushwa kwe-oleum zisebenzisa kokubili izinhlelo zokulawula impendulo kanye nezokuphakelayo. Ukulawulwa kwempendulo kusebenzisa ukulinganisa kwesikhathi sangempela kokuhlushwa kwe-oleum. Uma inani lisuka endaweni yalo, uhlelo lulungisa iziguquguquki zokusebenza, njengezinga lokwengeza amanzi, amazinga okushisa egesi, noma amazinga okugeleza kommunca, ukuze kulungiswe ukuphambuka. Isibonelo, isilawuli se-PID sibala umehluko phakathi kokuhlushwa okuqondiwe kanye nokuhlushwa okulinganisiwe, bese siguqula okufakwayo ngokulinganayo, sihlanganise ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukunciphisa amaphutha aqhubekayo futhi silungise izinguquko ezisheshayo ezimweni zenqubo.
Ukulawulwa kwe-Feedforward kulindela ukuphazamiseka ngaphambi kokuba kuthinte ukugcwala kwe-oleum. Laba balawuli babikezela izimpendulo ezinguqukweni ekugcwalisweni kwegesi ye-SO₂ ephezulu, amazinga okugeleza kwenqubo, noma ukuhlukahluka kokukhishwa kwesithando. Ngokushintsha iziguquguquko zenqubo yokumunca kusengaphambili, ukulawulwa kwe-feedforward kuvimbela ukushintsha okungafuneki ekugcwalisweni. Ukuhlanganisa amasu okuphendula kanye ne-feedforward kuqinisekisa ukwenqatshwa okusheshayo kokuphazamiseka kanye nokulungiswa kwamaphutha emodeli noma ezinsimbi. Izitshalo zivame ukusebenzisa lokhu ezinhlelweni zokulawula ezisatshalaliswayo (i-DCS) ukuze kuguqulwe kalula phakathi kwezimo zokulawula kanye nokulungiswa okuguquguqukayo kuzo zonke izigaba zokuncibilikisa ithusi.
Amasu Okuthuthukisa
Ukuthuthukisa ukwengeza i-oleum, ukujikeleza kabusha, kanye nokubuyiselwa kubalulekile ukuze umkhiqizo uqine. Izitshalo zisebenzisa izibalo zebhalansi yesisindo, idatha yenqubo yomlando, kanye nokuqapha okuqhubekayo ukuze kulungiswe inani le-sulfur trioxide, amanzi, kanye ne-asidi emibhoshongweni yokumunca. Ukujikeleza kabusha kwe-oleum—ukubuyisela ingxenye yomkhiqizo emuva ku-absorber—kusiza ukugcina ukuhlushwa okuqondiwe ngesikhathi sokuguquguquka kokudla noma ukuphazamiseka kokucubungula; le ndlela iphinde ikhulise ukusetshenziswa kwe-SO₃, inciphise ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa.
Izinzwa ezithuthukisiwe zidlala indima ebalulekile. Amamitha okuqina angaphakathi kanye namamitha e-viscosity—njengalawo avela eLonnmeter—anikeza ukufundwa kwesikhathi sangempela nokunembile komfudlana wenqubo. Lawa mamitha anika amandla amamodeli e-chemometric ukuhlanganisa idatha yezinzwa nokugcwala kwe-oleum okuqondile. Besebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwe-multivariate, opharetha bangaxhumanisa izici ezifana nokushisa, ukugeleza, noma amandla e-asidi namanani okugcwala futhi babikezele izidingo zenqubo. Ngale ndlela, izitshalo zithuthukisa ngenkuthalo umthamo we-oleum kanye nokubuyiselwa ukuze kuhambisane nesidingo, kuncishiswe imfucuza, futhi kugcinwe ukuhambisana nemininingwane yomkhiqizo.
Ukuxazulula Izinkinga Nokulinganisa
Ukulawulwa kokuhlushwa kwe-oleum kubhekene nezingibe eziningana ezivamile:
- Ukuzulazula Kwenzwa:Amaphutha avela ekugugeni kwezinzwa noma ekungcoleni angadala ukufundwa okudukisayo, okubangela umkhiqizo ongacacisiwe noma izenzo zokulungisa ngokweqile.
- Ukungalungi kwenqubo:Izinguquko ezingazelelwe ekwakhekeni noma ekugelezeni kwegesi zinganqoba izihibe zokulawula, okuholela ekungazinzini noma ekunyakazeni.
- Ukulibaziseka Kwezinsimbi:Ukulibaziseka kwesikhathi esenzweni sokulinganisa noma sokulawula kungalibazisa impendulo yesistimu, ikakhulukazi ekusethweni okuyinkimbinkimbi kokumuncwa kwezigaba eziningi.
Izixazululo zobuchwepheshe zifaka phakathi ukukhethwa kwezinzwa okucophelelayo, ama-algorithm okulawula aqinile, kanye nemikhuba yokuxilonga amaphutha ngezikhathi ezithile. Isibonelo, ukusethwa kwezinzwa ezimbili kungahlola ukufundwa kokuhlushwa kwe-oleum ukuze kutholakale ukungalingani okusheshayo. Abalawuli be-split-range bashintshashintsha kahle kuzo zonke izigaba zokumunca lapho amapharamitha enqubo eshintsha ngokungalindelekile.
Ukulinganisa njalo, ukuqinisekiswa, kanye nokugcinwa kubalulekile ukuze kube nokunemba okuqhubekayo kokulinganisa. Ukulinganisa kuhilela ukuqhathaniswa okuvamile kwemiphumela yenzwa eqondile (ubuningi be-Lonnmeter noma amamitha e-viscosity) nezindinganiso ezisekelwe elebhu ezithembekile, kulungisa ukuphambuka ngokushesha. Ukuhlola ukuqinisekiswa kuhlola lonke uchungechunge lokulinganisa ukuze kutholakale impendulo efanele ngaphansi kwezimo zenqubo ezilingisiwe. Izinqubo zokulungisa—ukuhlanza ama-sensor probes, ukuhlola imigqa yokudlulisa, kanye nokuhlola izindawo zokufaka—kusiza ukuvimbela ukwakheka nokwehluleka kwemishini, ukuqinisekisa ukuqapha okuthembekile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ngokuhlanganisa amasu okulawula aqinile nokulinganisa okuthuthukisiwe okuqondile, ukwenza ngcono okusebenzayo, kanye nokulinganisa ngokucophelela, izitshalo zokuncibilikisa ithusi zihlala zithola ukuhlushwa kwe-oleum okunembile nokuzinzile kuzo zonke izinyathelo zenqubo yokukhipha ithusi.
Ukuphathwa Kwemvelo Nokunciphisa Imfucuza
Ukuphatha Ukungcola Okune-Acid Nosawoti
Inqubo yokuncibilikisa ithusi ikhiqiza ukungcola okune-acidic kanye nosawoti, ikakhulukazi lokho okuqukethe amakhemikhali aqukethe i-chlorine kanye namazinga aphezulu e-chloride. Le mithombo yemfucuza iveza izinselele ngenxa yokugqwala, imikhawulo yemithetho, kanye nengozi yokulimala kwemvelo. Ukuphathwa ngempumelelo kuhilela ukucubungula okukhethekile kokubili okuqukethwe kwe-acidic kanye nosawoti okuvamile ezinyathelweni zenqubo yokukhipha ithusi.
Izindlela zokukhipha usawoti zinikeza ukuhlanzwa okuqondiwe kwamanzi amdaka okuncibilikisa ithusi. Esigabeni sokukhipha, ama-ion e-chloride ahlukaniswa ngokukhetha kusetshenziswa ama-extractants asekelwe kusawoti we-quaternary ammonium. Lawa ma-ejenti abonisa ukuhambisana okuphezulu kwe-chloride ngenkathi enciphisa ukukhishwa kwamanye ama-ion. I-extractant elayishiwe bese ikhishwa, idlulisela i-chloride esigabeni samanzi esilawulwayo ukuze kube lula ukuphathwa noma ukubuyiselwa kwemithombo okungenzeka.
Kusetshenziswa usawoti. Ngokufaka izinto ezifana ne-potassium nitrate noma i-sodium sulfate, ukuncibilika kwe-chloride esigabeni samanzi kuyancishiswa, okuqhuba ukuhlukaniswa okwengeziwe ngemvula noma ukuhlukana kwesigaba. Le ndlela ifinyelela ukusebenza kahle kokususa i-chloride okungaphezu kuka-90% futhi inciphisa ukungcola kwesibili uma kuqhathaniswa nobuchwepheshe bendabuko bemvula noma be-membrane.
Amaphuzu okulawula abalulekile ale nqubo afaka phakathi izinga lokushisa kanye ne-pH—lokhu kuthinta ukukhetha kwe-chloride, izingozi zokukhipha kanyekanye, kanye nezindleko zokusebenza. Izinzwa eziqondile zobuningi kanye ne-viscosity, njengalezo ezikhiqizwe yi-Lonnmeter, zithuthukisa ukuhlanganiswa kwenqubo, okuvumela ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kokubili izigaba zokukhipha kanye nokukhipha usawoti kubuchwepheshe bokuncibilikisa ithusi lezimboni.
Inqubo Yokuncibilikisa I-Copper Flash cc
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Izinzuzo Zokulawulwa Kwe-Oleum Okuqinile
Ukulawulwa kokuhlushwa kwe-oleum okunembile kuthuthukisa ngqo ubumsulwa bokungcola ezinyathelweni zokuncibilikisa i-ore yethusi. Ukugcina amandla e-asidi athuthukisiwe kanye ne-viscosity kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-sulfur trioxide ngokweqile, kuzinzise izimo zenqubo yokukhipha ithusi futhi kunciphise ingozi yokungcola okungafuneki. Lapho ukuhlushwa kwe-oleum kulawulwa ngokuqinile ngezindlela zokulinganisa ezinokwethenjelwa—njengemitha ye-viscosity eqondile evela eLonnmeter—ukwelashwa kokungcola okungezansi kuba lula futhi kubikezelwe kalula.
Ukulawulwa kwenqubo okuthuthukisiwe ekuphathweni kwe-oxidation kanye ne-slag nakho kukhuthaza ukubuyiswa kwethusi okuphumelelayo ngenkathi kunciphisa ukungcola emseleni wokugcina wemfucuza. Ngamasu okuhlaziya ukugcwala kwe-oleum athuthukile, izikhungo zihlangabezana nokuhambisana nemvelo kalula. Ubuningi bamanzi angcolile anezakhi eziyingozi buyancishiswa, futhi ukungcola kugcinwa ngaphansi kakhulu kwemingcele yokukhishwa. Ukuqapha okuphakathi kusetshenziswa izinzwa zobuningi kanye ne-viscosity kunikeza umbono ophelele wokugcwala kwe-oleum ezisetshenziswayo zezimboni futhi kusiza ukuthuthukisa izindawo zokusetha izinqubo kokubili imigomo yokukhiqiza kanye nokuphathwa kwemvelo.
Ukuhlanganiswa Nemisebenzi Yezitshalo
Ukuvumelanisa Ukulawulwa Kwe-Oleum Nokugeleza Komsebenzi Okuphelele Kokuncibilikisa
Ukulawulwa kokuhlushwa kwe-oleum kuyisisekelo ekuphathweni kwenqubo yokuncibilikisa ithusi. Ukuhlanganisa idatha eqondile yokuhlushwa kwe-oleum ezenzakalelayo zesitshalo sonke kuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kwethusi okuqhubekayo, ukuphepha kwenqubo, kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Izinzwa zokuhlushwa kwe-oleum eziqondile, njengalezo ezikhiqizwe yiLonnmeter, ziletha ukufundwa kwesikhathi sangempela okubalulekile ekulawuleni ukukala kwe-reagent nokugcina ukunemba kwe-setpoint.
Izinhlelo zokuzenzakalela zezimboni zivame ukusebenzisa amaphrothokholi e-OPC UA kanye ne-Modbus TCP/IP. Lawa mapulatifomu alula ukuxhumana okuphephile, okuqondiswayo phakathi kwezinzwa, abalawuli be-logic abahlelekayo (ama-PLC), kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula nokuthola idatha (ama-SCADA). I-OPC UA ihlanganisa amafomethi edatha yamadivayisi ahlukahlukene, isekela ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo kwemiphumela yokulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwe-oleum kusuka kumamitha okuxinene kanye ne-viscosity kanye nokunye okufakwayo kwezinzwa. Ukushintshana kwedatha kwesikhathi sangempela kuvumela ukulungiswa okuzenzakalelayo kumazinga okulinganisa, kulungisa ngokushesha ukuphambuka okutholakala ekufundweni kokuhlushwa kwe-oleum.
Lungiselela amazinga okuzenzakalelayo ukuze uchaze imisebenzi yedivayisi ngokucacile. Ezingeni ledivayisi, qinisekisa ukulinganiswa okunembile nokugcinwa kwabahlaziyi. Ezingeni lokulawula, ama-algorithm alungisa amazinga okulinganisa kanye nokugeleza ngokusekelwe kumpendulo yokulinganisa i-oleum ebukhoma, anciphise ukungenelela ngesandla futhi anciphise ukuguquguquka kwenqubo. Izinga lokuphatha lihlanganisa idatha, liqalise imibiko, futhi lisetha izexwayiso zokulungisa ezibikezelayo uma kutholwa izinto ezingavamile njengokukhukhuleka kwenzwa noma ukungazinzi kwe-algorithm. Ukubika okuqhutshwa yimicimbi, okusekelwa yi-OPC UA, kuvumela uhlelo ukuthi luphendule ngokushesha ezigamekweni zokuphambuka noma zokungcola, njengokukhuphuka okungavamile kwe-reagent noma amaphutha ezinzwa, ngaleyo ndlela kusekelwe ukulungiswa okusheshayo kanye nokuthembeka kwenqubo okuthuthukisiwe.
Isibonelo, uma inzwa esemgqeni ibona izinguquko zokuhlushwa okusheshayo, izinhlelo eziqhutshwa yi-OPC UA zingalawula ngokuzenzakalelayo ukukala kwe-reagent futhi zixwayise opharetha. Lapho kuvela ukungcola noma ukuphazamiseka kwenqubo, leli khono lokuphendula ngesikhathi sangempela linciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi futhi livimbele ukukhiqizwa okungaxhunyiwe.
Isiphetho
Ukulawula ukugcwala kwe-oleum kuyisisekelo sokwenza ngcono inqubo yokuncibilikisa ithusi. Ukulawulwa okusebenzayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukumuncwa kwe-sulfur dioxide kukhuliswa kakhulu, kukhulisa ngqo ukusebenza kahle kokuncibilikisa futhi kunciphise ukukhishwa kwe-SO₂ okuyingozi. Izitshalo ezifinyelela ku-±0.5% SO₃ kokugcwala kwe-oleum okuqondiwe zibika ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kanye nezijeziso ezimbalwa zemvelo, okuqinisekisa izinzuzo zokusebenza zokuqapha nokulungisa eduze.
Ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wethusi ihlobene kakhulu nokungaguquguquki kokuhlushwa kwe-oleum. Ukwakheka kwe-sulfuric acid okuzinzile kunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwensimbi encane futhi kwenza kube lula ukucwengwa phansi, kusekela ubumsulwa be-cathode obuphezulu. Izifundo zakamuva zibonisa ukwanda okungu-3-4% kokubuyiselwa kwethusi ngesikhathi sokuwina ngogesi ngenxa yamandla e-asidi ajwayelekile agcinwa amasu okulawula ukuhlushwa okuqinile.
Le miphumela incike kumathuluzi okulinganisa nokuqapha ahlanganisiwe. Amamitha okuqina angaphakathi kanye namamitha e-viscosity avela eLonnmeter asebenza njengezingxenye ezibalulekile—ukuletha idatha yenqubo yesikhathi sangempela yokuhlaziywa kokuhlushwa kwe-oleum ezicelweni zezimboni. Kanye nokulawula impendulo okuthuthukisiwe, ukuthunyelwa kwawo kwenza kube lula ukubona ukuphambuka kusenesikhathi futhi kuthuthukisa ukuphindaphindeka kwe-batch.
Izidingo zomthetho zokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi kanye nokulandeleka komkhiqizo kukhulise isidingo sezinhlelo zokuqapha ukuhlushwa kwe-oleum ezinembile, okwenza zibe yinto ebalulekile ezinqubweni zanamuhla zokukhipha ithusi. Ukwamukela izixazululo zokulinganisa nokulawula eziphelele kuveza izinzuzo ezibalulekile ekusetshenzisweni, ikhwalithi ye-asidi, kanye nokusimama kokubili ubuchwepheshe besimanje bokuncibilikisa ithusi kanye nobesimanje.
imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
Iyini i-oleum futhi kungani ibalulekile enqubweni yokuncibilikisa ithusi?
I-Oleum, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-fuming sulfuric acid, iyinhlanganisela enamandla ye-sulfuric acid kanye ne-sulfur trioxide. Indima yayo eyinhloko ekuncibilikiseni ithusi lezimboni iwumthombo ogxile kakhulu we-sulfuric acid noma wokuhlinzeka nge-sulfur trioxide, ikakhulukazi emisebenzini edinga amandla aphezulu kakhulu e-asidi. Ngenkathi i-sulfuric acid iyi-reagent eyinhloko yokusebenza ekukhipheni ithusi, ekuncibilikiseni nasekuhlungeni, i-oleum isetshenziswa kakhulu ukuvuselela noma ukuhlinzeka nge-sulfuric acid emsulwa kulezi zitshalo, idlala indima yokusekela, hhayi eqondile, yamakhemikhali ezinyathelweni eziyinhloko zokukhipha ithusi. Ivumela ukukhishwa nokuhlanzwa okuphumelelayo kakhulu ngaphansi kwezidingo ze-acidity ephezulu futhi yenza kube lula ukuphathwa kokungcola kwenqubo ngokusebenzisa ukusabela okukhulu kwe-sulfonation lapho kudingeka khona ngokukhethekile.
Ukuhlushwa kwe-oleum kuvame ukulinganiswa kanjani enqubweni yokuncibilikisa ithusi?
Izindlela zendabuko zokunquma ukuhlushwa kwe-oleum zifaka phakathi i-titration ngesandla, elinganisa inani le-sulfur trioxide ku-asidi. Kodwa-ke, izikhungo zesimanje zokuncibilikisa ithusi zisebenzisa kakhulu amasu angaphakathi, angabhubhisi njengokuhlaziywa kwe-spectrophotometric kanye ne-spectroscopy esezingeni eliphezulu esekelwe ku-chemometrics. Lezi zindlela zesikhathi sangempela, eziqhubekayo noma izinzwa ezingaphakathi—njengalezo ezenziwe yi-Lonnmeter—ziletha idatha enembile, esheshayo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kokugeleza kwenqubo, okuvumela ukulungiswa okusheshayo kokwenziwa ngcono kwenqubo kanye nokuphepha okuthuthukisiwe. Lezi zihlaziyi ezenzakalelayo zinciphisa kakhulu izingozi ezihlobene nokuphatha amasampula agqwala kakhulu futhi zithuthukise ukuhambisana ekulawulweni kokuhlushwa kwe-oleum.
Umdwebo wenqubo yokuncibilikisa ithusi ubukeka kanjani futhi i-oleum ifakwa kuphi?
Umdwebo wenqubo yenqubo yokuncibilikisa ithusi ngokuvamile uhlanganisa lezi zigaba ezinkulu ezilandelayo: ukuthosa i-ore, ukuncibilikisa (ukukhiqizwa kwe-copper matte kanye ne-slag), ukuguqula (ukuxutshwa kwe-matte ukuze kukhiqizwe ithusi eliyi-blister), kanye nokucwenga (umlilo kanye ne-electrolytic). I-Oleum ngokwayo akuyona into ejwayelekile yokufaka ngqo kuma-diagram amaningi okuncibilikisa ithusi. Uma isetshenziswa, ibonakala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezidinga umsebenzi ophakeme we-sulfuric acid, njengakuma-circuits okuvuselelwa kwe-sulfuric acid noma ezigabeni zokucwenga ezidinga amandla aphezulu kakhulu e-acid ukuze kususwe ukungcola. Lawa maphuzu ngokuvamile aseduze, kodwa hhayi ayingxenye, yezinyathelo zokuncibilikisa i-copper ore ezichazwe ekugelezeni kwenqubo yendabuko.
Ukulawulwa okufanele kokuhlushwa kwe-oleum kuyizuzisa kanjani inqubo yokuncibilikisa?
Ukugcina ukugcwala kwe-oleum okufanelekile kubalulekile. Kuvumela ukusabela okuphelele kwamakhemikhali kanye nokubuyiselwa okukhulu kwethusi, futhi kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo elandelanayo, njengokuhwamuka kwe-asidi okungafuneki noma ukunciphisa ukungcola okungaphelele. Ukugcwala kwe-oleum okuzinzile kuvikela nemishini yezitshalo ngokunciphisa ingozi yokugqwala okungalawulwa futhi kwandise isikhathi sokuphila kwama-reactor namapayipi. Ngokombono wezezimali, ukulawulwa okuphumelelayo kwamandla e-asidi kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa okungadingekile, kunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza ngenkathi kuqinisekiswa ukulandelwa kwemithetho kanye nokunciphisa imithwalo yemfanelo yemvelo.
Yiziphi izinselele zemvelo ezingavela ngenxa yokuphathwa kabi kokuhlushwa kwe-oleum?
Ukulawulwa okubi kokugcwala kwe-oleum kuholela emanzini amdaka agcwele i-asidi noma i-sulfate kanye ne-chloride. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukwelashwa kokungcola, kwandisa izindleko zokusebenza kanye nokulungisa, futhi kwandisa ingozi yokuchitheka kwe-asidi kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi okusongela ukuphepha kwabasebenzi kanye nemvelo. Ukungalandeli imithethonqubo yemvelo kungabangela, okubeka opharetha ezinhlawulweni, izinhlawulo, kanye nokulimala kwedumela.
Yiziphi izinselele ezibalulekile ekulinganisweni kokuhlushwa kwe-oleum?
Ukulinganisa okunembile kokuhlushwa kwe-oleum kubuchwepheshe bokuncibilikisa ithusi lezimboni kuphazanyiswa yizici eziningana:
- Indawo egqwala kakhulu yonakalisa izinzwa ezivamile.
- Ukusampula ngesandla kuyingozi futhi kungaveza imiphumela engaguquki.
- Izinguquko ekuhambeni kwenqubo noma ekubunjweni zenzeka ngokushesha, zidinga ukuhlaziywa okuvama kakhulu, ngesikhathi sangempela.
Abahlaziyi besimanje abangaphakathi kanye nezinzwa, njengalezo ezinikezwa yiLonnmeter, zibhekana ngqo nalezi zinkinga. Izinhlelo zokulinganisa ezizenzakalelayo, ezingangenisi uhlaselo ziqinisekisa ukuqoqwa kwedatha okunembile ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima, kuyilapho ukulinganiswa okuvamile kusiza ukugcina ukuthembeka kokulinganisa.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba-05-2025
