Usawoti we-nylon 66, obizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi i-hexamethylenediammonium adipate, ungumkhiqizo oqondile we-hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) kanye ne-adipic acid. Uyisandulela esisheshayo se-nylon 66 polymer, ebusa amapulasitiki obunjiniyela ngenxa yamandla ayo aphezulu okusebenza kanye nokuqina kokushisa. Losawoti, otholakala njenge-ionic compound ekristalini esixazululweni samanzi, ubonisa izakhiwo ezihlukile ezibalulekile enkambisweni ye-polycondensation engezansi ekhiqiza imicu nama-resins e-nylon 66. Isakhiwo sama-molecule sibonisa izingxenye ze-ammonium ezishajwe kahle ezivela ku-HMDA kanye namaqembu e-carboxylate ashajwe kabi avela ku-adipic acid, akha ama-lattices e-ionic noma, lapho encibilikisiwe, ama-ion ahlukene alungele ukwenziwa i-polymerization.
Ukuhleleka kanye nobumsulwa besakhiwo kuthinta ngqo isisindo sama-molecule e-polymer, ubukristali, kanye nephrofayili yokushisa. Izifundo zelebhu nezezimboni ziqinisekisa isilinganiso esiqinile se-ionic esingu-1:1 kusetshenziswa amasu e-spectroscopic kanye ne-X-ray diffraction, okwenza le stoichiometry ibe yinto ebalulekile ekusebenzeni okuqinile komkhiqizo wokugcina. Ngisho nokuphambuka okuncane kungaphazamisa ukufana kweketanga, okuholela ezimpahleni eziphansi zemishini.
Ukulungiswa Kosawoti we-Nylon 66
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I-Hexamethylenediamine, enesakhiwo sayo se-H2N-(CH2)6-NH2 esiqondile, isebenza njengengxenye ye-diamine eletha amaqembu e-amine aphelele ukuze kwakheke usawoti. I-Adipic acid, i-HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH, ihambisana nalokhu nemisebenzi ye-reactive carboxyl. Ubuqotho bayo bokusebenza kanye nobumsulwa obuphezulu kuyanquma: I-HMDA ivame ukuhluzwa noma iqiniswe ukuze kususwe iminonjana ye-oligomeric kanye ne-organic, kuyilapho i-adipic acid idlula ekuphindeni i-crystallization, ihlungwe, futhi ngezinye izikhathi i-ion-exchange ukuqinisekisa ukususwa kwezinto ezinombala, izinto eziphilayo, kanye nokungcola kwensimbi. Ubumsulwa obungaphezu kuka-99.5% buqondiswe ezimbonini; ngisho nezinto ezingcolisayo zingalimaza ikhwalithi ye-polymer, zishintshe umbala wezimpahla eziqediwe, noma zisheshise ubuthi kwezinye izindlela zokusabela.
Ingqikithi yokukhiqizwa kukasawoti we-nylon 66 iyindlela eqondile kodwa elawulwa ngokuqinile yokusabela kokungapheleli. Esixazululweni samanzi, i-HMDA yamukela ama-proton avela emaqenjini e-carboxyl e-adipic acid, yakha ama-ion e-ammonium ngenkathi ngesikhathi esifanayo ikhiqiza ama-carboxylates. Lokhu kuxhumana kwe-acid-base kuhlelwe ngokucophelela:
H2N-(CH2)6-NH2 + HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH → [H2N-(CH2)6-NH3+][OOC-(CH2)4-COO−] (usawoti we-nylon, omanzi)
Ngokwemishini, ukuthintana kokuqala kuvumela i-diamine ukuthi i-protonate ngokwengxenye, kwakha i-zwitterionic intermediate. Ukuqedwa kuncike ekudlulisweni kwe-proton ephelele kanye ne-neutralization. I-pH yakhelwe ukufinyelela i-neutral—cishe ku-7—njengophawu lwe-acid-base equivalents equivalents elinganayo. Izinga lokushisa elihle kakhulu lithuthukisa kokubili i-reaction kinetics kanye ne-salt crystallization elandelayo; empeleni, amazinga okushisa asukela ku-25°C kuya ku-100°C asetshenziswa. Kodwa-ke, amazinga aphezulu ku-pH noma izinga lokushisa anganciphisa ukusabela noma aveze imikhiqizo elandelanayo: izimo ezine-acid kakhulu noma eziyisisekelo zikhuthaza ukwakheka kukasawoti okungaphelele futhi zingashintsha ukuncibilika kanye nefomu le-crystal. Ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi yesimanje kusebenzisa izilinganiso ze-pH ezikulayini kanye ne-conductivity, ezivame ukubhekwa njalo, ukuqinisekisa i-stoichiometry efanele nokuvimbela ukuphazamiseka kwenqubo.
Ukweqisa noma ukuntuleka kunoma iyiphi i-reactant kuphazamisa amaqembu okugcina okusebenza kusawoti kanye, ngokwengeziwe, ku-polymer ye-nylon. Lokhu kuthinta ubude beketanga, ukusabalala kwe-poly, kanye nezici zokudonsa. Ubudlelwano phakathi kobuningi besisombululo sikasawoti kanye nokulawulwa kwenqubo bugcizelelwa emisebenzini yezimboni yanamuhla, laphoukulinganisa ubuningi boketshezi ngesikhathi sangempelakanye nokulinganiswa okuqinile kwemitha yobuningi boketshezi kubalulekile enkambisweni yokulungiselela usawoti we-nylon 66. Ukuqapha ubuningi ngendlela efanele akuqinisekisi nje kuphela ukufana kwe-batch-to-batch kodwa futhi kwenza kube lula ukulawula izixazululo zikasawoti ogcwele uma kuqhathaniswa nosawoti ogcwele okudingekayo ukuze kufakwe noma kugcinwe okulandelayo.
Ngamafuphi, ukusebenzisana okulinganiselayo phakathi kwe-chemistry yokungathathi hlangothi, ukulawulwa kwe-pH kanye nokushisa, kanye nobumsulwa obungavamile be-HMDA kanye ne-adipic acid kusekela inqubo ephumelelayo yokukhiqiza usawoti we-nylon 66. Yilokhu kunemba okulawula ikhwalithi yendlela yonke yokukhiqiza i-nylon 66 polymer kanye, ekugcineni, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezimbonini kuzo zonke izimoto, izindwangu, kanye nemikhiqizo kagesi.
Inqubo Yokulungiselela Usawoti We-Nylon 66 Isinyathelo Ngesinyathelo
Inqubo yokulungiselela usawoti we-nylon 66 iqala ngokulungiselela izixazululo zamanzi ezihlukene ze-adipic acid kanye ne-hexamethylenediamine, ama-monomer amabili ayinhloko abalulekile ekukhiqizweni kosawoti we-nylon 66. I-Adipic acid incibilikiswa emanzini angenawo i-ion, ngokuvamile ku-30-60°C, kuze kube yilapho kwakheka isixazululo esicacile. I-Hexamethylenediamine idlula enkambisweni efanayo, ikhipha isixazululo esicebile ngama-amine. Zombili izixazululo zihlungwa ngokucophelela ukuze kususwe izinhlayiya ngaphambi kokusabela okwengeziwe, zisekela ukulinganiswa kobuningi besisombululo sikasawoti ukuze kulawulwe isilinganiso esinembile kanye nokugeleza kwenqubo okuhle kakhulu.
Ukuxuba okulawulwayo nokulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa kubalulekile ekufinyeleleni isilinganiso se-stoichiometric 1:1 molar, njengoba ngisho nokuphambuka okuncane kuthinta kabi ukusebenza kahle kwe-polymerization kanye nezakhiwo ze-resin. Izixazululo ezimbili zethulwa kancane kancane—ngokuvamile ziwa phansi—ku-reactor enejakethi ehlonyiswe ngokuxubha okusebenzayo, okuvumela ukulawulwa ngokucophelela kwamazinga okuxuba. Amazinga okushisa alawulwa kahle avimbela ukushisa ngokweqile kwendawo, ukwakheka kwekristalu ngaphambi kwesikhathi, noma i-hydrolysis engafuneki, okuqinisekisa indawo efanayo yokusabela kukasawoti we-nylon 66.
Kuyo yonke indlela yokuxuba nokunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-nylon 66, ingubo yegesi engasebenzi, ngokuvamile i-nitrogen, igcinwa esitsheni. Lokhu kuvikela umoya ongasebenzi kubalulekile ekukhipheni umoya-mpilo womoya kanye ne-carbon dioxide, okungakhuthaza ukungcoliswa noma ukungenisa ukungcola kwe-carbonate/bicarbonate, okonakalisa ikhwalithi kasawoti. Igesi engasebenzi iphinde ithuthukise ukuhambisana komkhiqizo kanye nokuqina kokugcinwa, okubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni okuphezulu.
Njengoba ukuxuba okulawulwayo kuqhubeka, izinhlobo eziphakathi ezine-carboxyl noma i-amine finitions zingase zakheke, kuye ngokuthi i-stoichiometry yendawo kanye nesilinganiso sokuxuba. Ukungaguquguquki okuphelele kuveza usawoti we-nylon 66 owufunayo (owaziwa nangokuthi usawoti we-AH), oqukethe i-stoichiometry echazwe kahle kanye nokufana kwama-molecule. Ukusabela kokungaguquguquki kulandela izimiso ze-acid-base chemistry, futhi ukufinyelela i-pH eqondile eduze kokungaguquguquki (pH 7–7.3) kuyimpoqo ukuze kube nokubumbana okuqhubekayo kwe-downstream, njengoba amaqembu e-acid noma e-base amaningi ephazamisa ukukhula kwe-chain futhi athinta isisindo kanye nekhwalithi yama-molecule e-polymer yokugcina.
Ukuqapha i-pH kanye ne-real time titration kuvumela impendulo eqinile ngesikhathiukungathathi hlangothi, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukulandelana kokuxubana kanye namazinga kulungiselelwe ukugwema ukungathathi hlangothi kwendawo noma okungaphelele. Amamodeli e-kinetic anamuhla aqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nokungalingani okuncane ku-stoichiometry kunciphisa ngokulingene ukusebenza kahle kwe-polymerization.
Ngemva kokwakheka kukasawoti ongathathi hlangothi, inqubo iqhubekela phambili ngezigaba zokuhlanza ukuqinisekisa umkhiqizo ohlanzekile kakhulu. Amasu okuhlunga anezinyathelo eziningi—aqhubekela phambili kusukela ku-coarse kuya ku-submicron filter media—asusa ama-ion ensimbi, izinhlayiya, kanye nezinsalela zezinto eziphilayo ezilethwa izinto zokusetshenziswa noma amanzi okucubungula. Ukwelashwa kokushintshana kwama-ion kuyalandela, kukhipha ukungcola okunganyibiliki okungaphili njenge-sulfate, i-calcium, noma ama-ion e-sodium alimaza ikhwalithi kasawoti we-nylon 66. Ingxube ibe isigxiliswa futhi ibekwe ngaphansi kwe-crystallization elawulwayo, ikhiqize amakristalu kasawoti ahlanzekile ngokucaca kokukhanya kanye namazinga angabonakali ombala noma uboya.
Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kuhlanganiswe ngokuqinile nezindlela zokulungiselela usawoti zokusetshenziswa ezimbonini, ngokuqapha okuqhubekayo kokumuncwa kwe-UV kanye nokuhlanzeka kokukhanya esigabeni ngasinye. Inkomba ye-UV ephansi ibalulekile—inkomba ephezulu ikhombisa ukuba khona kokungcola kwe-chromophoric, okungaguqula umbala wemikhiqizo ye-polymer ye-nylon 66 yokugcina futhi kuholele ekuphazamisekeni kwemicu noma ezingxenyeni ezibunjiwe. Ngezinqubo ze-polymerization zenani eliphezulu, ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo nokubonakalayo kuqinisekisa usawoti ongenambala, omsulwa ngokubonakalayo, okuvimbela ukuphuzi okuphansi kanye nokungahambisani kwemishini.
Ukuqapha ubuningi ezinqubweni zamakhemikhali, ikakhulukazi kusetshenziswa amasu okulinganisa ubuningi boketshezi kanye namamitha obuningi angaphakathi njengalawo akhiqizwe yiLonnmeter, kunezela isivikelo esengeziwe. Lawa mathuluzi aqinisekisa ukuhlushwa kokugcina kwesisombululo sikasawoti, esekela ukuphindaphindwa kwenqubo. Ukulinganiswa okunembile kwemitha yobuningi boketshezi kubalulekile ekutholeni ukuphambuka okucashile kokuqukethwe kwezinto eziqinile, okuthonya ngqo ukwakheka kwekristalu kanye nezinyathelo ezilandelayo zokwakheka kwepolymer.
Ukuhlanganiswa kokuhlanzwa okuqinile kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi ngaphakathi kwenqubo yokulungiselela usawoti we-nylon 66 kusekela kokubili isivuno kanye nokusebenza kwe-polymer. Ukuqapha okuphelele kokuhlaziya, kusukela ku-UV index kuya ku-pH kanye nobuningi, kwenza kube lula ukukhiqizwa njalo kosawoti ohlanzekile kakhulu, ocacile, kanye nolinganiswe ngokulinganayo ofanele ukusetshenziswa kwe-polymer yezimboni ezidingayo.
Ukukhiqizwa Kosawoti We-Industrial Nylon 66: Ukukhulisa Nokuthuthukisa Izinqubo
Ukwakheka Kosawoti Esikalini Sezimboni
Inqubo yokulungiselela usawoti we-nylon 66 yezimboni igxile ekusabeleni kokungaguquguquki phakathi kwe-adipic acid ne-hexamethylenediamine. Ukukhula kusuka ekusebenzeni kwelebhu kuya kwesitshalo kuhilela ukuguqula ukungaguquguquki kwe-batchwise kube inqubo eqhubekayo, lapho ama-reactant ehlangana khona ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwa ngokucophelela ukuze akhiqize i-hexamethylenediammonium adipate—ebizwa nangokuthi usawoti we-nylon.
Ekukhiqizweni kosawoti we-nylon 66 omkhulu, ikhwalithi yezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingaguquki ibalulekile. Ukuguquguquka kwe-adipic acid noma ubumsulwa be-hexamethylenediamine kuthinta ngqo i-stoichiometry, okubangela umkhiqizo ongacacisiwe uma ungalawulwa. Izinhlelo zokudla kumele zivumele ukukala okuqhubekayo, okukhokhela ukuguquguquka okuphezulu ekuhlinzekweni kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nokushisa.
Ukuxuba okufanayo kungenye into ebalulekile. Ama-reactor ezimboni athembele ekushukumiseni okunamandla aphezulu ukuze agweme ukujiya kokugxila okuholela ekungaphelelini okuphelele. Ukuxuba okubi kubangela izikhala ze-asidi noma i-amine engaphenduliwe, okudala usawoti one-pH engazinzile kanye namaphuzu okuncibilika aguquguqukayo. Izitshalo zanamuhla zisebenzisa ama-reactor aqhubekayo e-stirved-tank (ama-CSTR) ukuze axube kahle futhi akhiqize umkhiqizo ofanayo, ikakhulukazi lapho ebhekene nemifudlana yezinto zokusetshenziswa eziguqukayo noma lapho kudingeka i-stoichiometry enembile. Ukuze kube lula ukusebenzisa ama-chemistry kanye nalapho ukugeleza okuqondile kukhethwa khona, ama-reactor okugeleza kwe-plug (ama-PFR) anikeza ukusatshalaliswa kwesikhathi sokuhlala okuqinile kanye nokuphakama kwezinga lokushisa lendawo okuphansi, kodwa awanawo amandla okuxuba aphelele ama-CSTR.
Ukulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa kusekela ukuzinza kwenqubo. Ukungaguquguquki kwe-exothermic kudinga imikhumbi eboshwe ngejakhethi noma ama-heat exchanger ukuze kugcinwe izinga lokushisa elifanele—ngokuvamile eliseduze no-210°C. Ukuguquguquka okungaphezulu noma ngaphansi kwaleli phuzu kuholela ekufakweni kwe-hydrolysis noma ukwakheka kwekristalu okungekuhle kosawoti, ngokulandelana, okuphazamisa ukwakheka kwe-polymer engezansi.
Imigqa Yemikhiqizo Yezimboni Nemishini
Imishini yokusabela usawoti we-nylon 66 enkulu ibonakala ngokwakhiwa kwayo okuqinile kanye nokuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe bokulawula obunembile. Ukukhethwa kwe-reactor ngokuyinhloko kuphakathi kwama-CSTR, athandwa ngenxa yokunyakaza kwawo okusebenzayo kanye nokulingana kokwakheka, kanye nama-PFR, alula ukugeleza okuqhubekayo okuqhubekayo lapho ukuxuba okufanayo kungabalulekile kangako.
Izinhlelo zokuxuba zezimboni zenzelwe ukuxuba okusheshayo nokuphelele kwemifudlana ye-acid ne-diamine. Ama-impellers ane-shear ephezulu kanye nama-recirculation loops asabalalisa ama-reactant ngokulinganayo naphezu kokushintsha okukhulu kwevolumu noma i-viscosity, okunciphisa ingozi yezindawo ezishisayo kanye nokungapheleli komoya.
Izinhlelo zokuqapha inqubo eziku-inthanethi zibalulekile ukulawula nokubhala phansi zonke izigaba. Ama-inline pH probes, izinzwa zokushisa, kanye namamitha okuqina angaphakathi athuthukile (njengalawo akhiqizwe yiLonnmeter) abalulekile ekufakweni kwesimanje. Ukulinganiswa kobuningi boketshezi ngesikhathi sangempela kuvumela opharetha ukuqinisekisa ukuhlushwa kosawoti okulungile kanye nokwakheka kulo lonke inqubo. Lezi zixazululo zokuqapha ubuningi zinikeza impendulo evumela ukulungiswa okufika ngesikhathi kwamazinga okuphakelayo kanye nokushisa ukuze kulondolozwe ikhwalithi kasawoti ehambisanayo. Ukulinganiswa kwemitha yobuningi boketshezi okuvamile kwenziwa kusetshenziswa izixazululo zikasawoti ezichazwe kahle ukuqinisekisa ukunemba kwedatha ngaphansi kwezimo zokukhiqiza ezishintshayo.
Izinqubo zokuphatha ngokuphephile ziyimpoqo ngenxa yemvelo yokugqwala nokungagqwali kwezixazululo zikasawoti ze-nylon 66. Amathangi okugcina akhiwe ngama-alloy amelana nokugqwala, anezinhlelo zokumboza ezivimbela ukumuncwa komswakama kanye nokungcola. Amapayipi okuthutha avaliwe, izinhlelo zokulayisha ezenzakalelayo, kanye nezici zokuvimba ukuchitheka konke kunegalelo ekunciphiseni izingozi zemvelo kanye nezabasebenzi ekugcinweni nasekudluliselweni kwesisombululo sikasawoti.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwenqubo Kokuhambisana Komkhiqizo
Ukugcina ukuhambisana komkhiqizo ekukhiqizweni kosawoti we-nylon 66 kudinga ukulungiswa okunembile kwamapharamitha enqubo. I-target viscosity—isici esibalulekile sezakhiwo zokugcina ze-nylon 66 polymer—kuncike ekulawulweni okuqinile kwezimo zokusabela ngesikhathi sokwakheka kosawoti kanye ne-polymerization yawo elandelayo.
Izinga lokushisa ligcinwa cishe ku-210°C ngokumelana okuqinile, njengoba ukuphambuka kushintsha izinga lokungashintshi kanye nokuncibilika kukasawoti. Ukulawulwa kwengcindezi, okuvame ukusethwa eduze kwe-1.8 MPa ezinyathelweni zangaphambi kokuphola, kuqinisekisa ukuziphatha kwesigaba esifanele kanye ne-kinetics yokusabela. Isikhathi sokuhlala kuma-reactor siyalinganiswa ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuguqulwa okugcwele, ngenkathi kugwenywa ukuvezwa ngokweqile kokushisa okungonakalisa umkhiqizo. Lesi senzo sokulinganisela sithuthukiswa ngokwengeziwe kusetshenziswa idatha evela kumamitha e-viscosity kanye nobuningi obungaphakathi.
Ukukhethwa kwe-Catalyst kanye nomthamo kunomthelela ovelele esigabeni se-polymerization se-nylon 66, esilandela ukwakheka kukasawoti. Imithamo ejwayelekile ye-catalyst icishe ibe ngu-0.1 wt% ukuze kuthuthukiswe isisindo sama-molecule futhi kukhuthazwe ukukhula kwe-polymer chain okusebenzayo. Ukuthatha umthamo ngokweqile kungasheshisa ukusabela kodwa kuyingozi yokwakheka kwamagatsha noma umbala ongalawulwa; ukuthatha umthamo ongaphansi kukhinyabeza ukwenziwa kwe-polymer kanye nezakhiwo zemishini. Ukulinganisa okufanele kanye nokuxuba okusheshayo kwe-catalyst, okuvame ukuxazululwa nokudla kukasawoti, kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle okuphelele.
Ngayinye yalezi zinhlaka ilungiswa ngokuguquguqukayo ngesikhathi sangempela ngokusekelwe kudatha yekhwalithi. Isibonelo, uma ukuqapha kobuningi obungaphakathi kwe-inline kwembula ukuphambuka okubonisa ukungathathi hlangothi okweqile noma okunganele, amazinga okuphakelayo kwe-reactant ayalungiswa ngokufanele. Le loop yempendulo ibalulekile ekuvimbeleni usawoti ongekho esilinganisweni, okuzobeka engcupheni i-polymer viscosity kanye nokusebenza kokusetshenziswa kokugcina.
Ubuningi besisombululo sikasawoti: Amasu okuqapha nokulinganisa
Ukubaluleka Kokuqapha Ubuningi Ekulungiseleleni Usawoti
Ngesikhathi senqubo yokulungiselela usawoti we-nylon 66, ukuqapha ubuningi kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Ukusabela kwe-stoichiometric phakathi kwe-hexamethylenediamine ne-adipic acid kukhiqiza usawoti okuhlanzekile kwawo kanye nokufaneleka kwawo enkambisweni yokukhiqiza i-nylon 66 polymer kuboniswa ngqo ubuningi besisombululo. Ukulinganisa ubuningi obuqondile kwembula ukuhlushwa kwe-reactant, kugqamisa ibhalansi phakathi kwe-asidi ne-amine, futhi kusebenza njengommeleli wokuqedwa kokuguqulwa kanye nokuqukethwe kwamanzi.
Ukugcina ubuningi besisombululo sikasawoti obufanele kubalulekile. Ukuphambuka okuncane kungadalula i-off-stoichiometry, njenge-asidi noma i-amine eningi, okuphazamisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-polymerization, kuthinte ukusatshalaliswa kwesisindo sama-molecule, futhi kuholele ezimpahleni zokugcina eziphansi. Isibonelo, ekusetshenzisweni kabusha kwamakhemikhali, ukushintsha kobuningi besisombululo ngesikhathi se-hydrolysis ebangelwa yi-asidi kushintsha ukubopha kwe-hydrogen ngaphakathi kwe-polymer, okuthinta kakhulu ukufinyeleleka kwe-enzyme kanye namazinga okubuyisa i-monomer. Ukulawulwa kobuningi okunganele kulesi sigaba kuholela ekuguqulweni okungaphelele noma ekuchithekeni, okuthinta ngqo isivuno sezitshalo kanye nezilinganiso zokusimama.
Imibhalo evela emigqeni yemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali ezimboni ibika ukuthi ukuqapha ubuningi obuzenzakalelayo kubalulekile ekukhiqizeni usawoti ohambisanayo, ohlanzekile kakhulu, ngesikhathi esifanayo kunciphisa imfucuza, kuthuthukisa umkhiqizo, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nezidingo zenqubo. Lokhu kuye kwaba okubalulekile njengoba izingcindezi zomthetho kanye nokusimama zikhula, kudinga ukulawulwa kwenqubo okuqinile kanye nokusebenza kahle okungcono.
Amasu Okulinganisa Ubuningi Boketshezi
Ngokomlando, izindlela ezifana ne-pycnometry noma i-hydrometers zazilinganisa ubuningi besisombululo sikasawoti kodwa zazinokunemba okulinganiselwe kanye nokungenelela ngesandla, okwenza zingafaneleki ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwezimboni. Umkhuba wezimboni wanamuhla ukhetha amathuluzi angaphakathi azenzakalelayo futhi anembe kakhulu.
Amamitha okuqina kwe-U-tube ajikelezayo avelele njengendinganiso yemboni yokulinganisa ubuningi besisombululo sikasawoti. Isimiso siqondile: ithubhu elinomumo we-U, eligcwele isisombululo sikasawoti, liyashintshashintsha ngemvamisa eshintsha ngokushintsha kobuningi boketshezi. Ngenxa yokuthi uketshezi oluqinile lubangela ukuthi ithubhu lishintshe kancane, ama-elekthronikhi azwelayo alinganisa lolu shintsho lwemvamisa bese eluguqula lube ukufunda ubuningi obuqondile.
Ukukhethwa kwezinto zamashubhu, njengensimbi engagqwali noma ama-alloy akhethekile, kuqondiswa ukuhambisana kwamakhemikhali nezixazululo zikasawoti. Lawa mamitha asebenza ngokwethembeka emgqeni wokukhiqiza futhi aletha imiphumela esheshayo nephindaphindayo, okwenza avumelane kahle nendawo yokukhiqiza usawoti we-nylon 66.
I-Lonnmeter igxile kumamitha aqinile okuqina aklanyelwe izindawo zezimboni ezinzima, iqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile kanye nokulinganisa okuphindaphindwayo ngisho nasezindaweni zamakhemikhali ezinamandla. Amamitha okuqina angaphakathi asebenza ngqo kumapayipi enqubo, okuvumela ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela ukugcwala kukasawoti phakathi kwezinqubo ze-batch kanye neziqhubekayo ezihambisana nokulungiswa kukasawoti we-nylon 66.
Ukulinganisa la mamitha kubalulekile ukuze kufundwe kahle. Ukulinganisa kuhilela izixazululo ezijwayelekile ekuminyaneni okuchaziwe ukuze kubekwe amaphuzu okubhekisela ngaphambi kokuba ithuluzi lisetshenziswe noketshezi lwenqubo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi amanani alinganisiwe abonisa ukuhlushwa kukasawoti wangempela—okubalulekile ekugcineni izimo zokusabela zingaphakathi kokubekezelelana okuqinile.
Ukuhlanganisa Idatha Yobuningi Bokulawula Inqubo
Ukuhlanganisa ukulinganiswa kobuningi besikhathi sangempela ekulawulweni kwenqubo okuzenzakalelayo kuphakamisa kakhulu ukusebenza kokusebenza ekukhiqizweni kukasawoti we-nylon 66. Ngokufaka amamitha obuningi be-inline ngqo enkambisweni yokukhiqiza, idatha yobuningi ibanjwa njalo futhi idluliselwe ohlelweni lokulawula.
Izinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo ziqhathanisa ukufundwa kobuningi obubukhoma namanani afanele asethwe ngaphambilini esisombululo sikasawoti. Lapho kutholakala ukuphambuka, uhlelo lungenza izinguquko zesikhathi sangempela—njengokushintsha ukugeleza kwe-reactant, ukulungisa okuqukethwe kwamanzi, noma ukuguqula amaphuzu okusetha izinga lokushisa—ukuze kuqhutshwe inqubo ibuyele ngaphakathi kwencazelo ngaphandle kokungenelela komqhubi.
Le ndlela ivimbela ukuguquguquka kwe-batch-to-batch, ihlinzeka ngomjikelezo wempendulo ovaliwe obhekana nokugeleza kwenqubo, ukumuncwa kwamanzi okungalindelekile, noma ukungapheleli kokungapheleli ngesikhathi sangempela. Kubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono izimo ze-polymerization ezilandela ukulungiswa kukasawoti. Isibonelo, ubuningi besisombululo sikasawoti obuhambisanayo buhlobene nesisindo sama-molecule se-polymer esibikezelwayo kanye ne-viscosity, okusekela ukuzinza okuphezulu komshini nokushisa okudingekayo kwemikhiqizo ye-nylon engu-66 eklanywe ngobunjiniyela.
Izibonelo ezivela emisebenzini ehamba phambili yezimboni zigcizelela ukuthi ukuhlanganisaukufundwa kwabantu abaningi ku-inthanethingemingcele evamile—njengokushisa kanye ne-pH—kwenza kube lula ukwenza ngcono inqubo ye-multi-factor. Umphumela uba ukufana okukhulu kokuphuma, umkhiqizo oncishisiwe ongekho ku-spec, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla nezinto ezibonakalayo okuphansi ngesikhathi sokusabela kukasawoti we-nylon 66. Ukuhlanganiswa okunjalo manje kubhekwa njengomkhuba omuhle kakhulu embonini yamakhemikhali, kufeza kokubili izinhloso zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi kanye nokusimama emigqeni yokukhiqiza ye-polymer yanamuhla.
Kusukela Kusawoti Kuya Ku-Nylon 66 Polymer: Ukuvunda Okukhulu Nokucutshungulwa Ngemva Kokucutshungulwa
Ukulawula isakhiwo sama-molecule kanye nezimfanelo ze-nylon 66 kudinga ukuphathwa okunembile kwamapharamitha amaningi enqubo ngesikhathi se-pre-polycondensation, i-melt polycondensation, kanye ne-post-processing. Isigaba ngasinye—kusukela ekwakhekeni kwesisombululo sikasawoti sokuqala kuya ekuhlolweni kwekhwalithi yokugcina ye-pellet—sidlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni i-resin ye-nylon 66 yezinga lezimboni.
Amapharamitha Angaphambi Kokuphola Kwe-Polycondensation
Isinyathelo se-polycondensation, lapho i-nylon 66 yakheka khona ngokusabela kwe-adipic acid ne-hexamethylenediamine, ibucayi kakhulu ezinguqukweni zokusebenza. Izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, kanye nesikhathi sokusabela yizinto ezinethonya kakhulu esisindweni sama-molecule kanye ne-viscosity yangaphakathi. I-polycondensation yezimboni isebenza phakathi kuka-280°C no-300°C. Izinga lokushisa ekugcineni okuphezulu kwalolu hlu, kanye nezikhathi zokusabela ezinde, kwandisa ingozi yokuwohloka kokushisa, kwethula imikhiqizo elandelanayo kanye nokunciphisa ukuzinza kwe-polymer yesikhathi eside. Ukuze kwandiswe isisindo sama-molecule futhi kugcinwe ukusatshalaliswa kwesisindo sama-molecule okuncane, kungeniswa ukwehla kwengcindezi yesikhashana ukuze kusheshiswe ukususwa kwamanzi okupholisa, kuyilapho isikhathi sokusabela silawulwa ngokuqinile ukuvimbela ukuwohloka ngokweqile noma ukuqhekeka kweketanga.
Ukucindezela kulawula ngqo ukuvela kwemikhiqizo eguquguqukayo. Ukuqala ngokucindezela okuphezulu kusiza emazingeni okuqala okusabela, ngemuva kwalokho ukucindezela kunciphisa kancane kancane ukuze kube lula ukususwa kwamanzi kahle; ukuphathwa okungafanele kulesi sigaba kuphakamisa izinsalela ze-monomer futhi kungabangela amaqoqo omkhiqizo angalingani. Isibonelo, ukulungisa amaphrofayili okucindezela kwe-reactor kancane njenge-0.1 MPa kuye kwabonakala kuthuthukisa ukufana kwe-molecular chain kanye namandla okudonsa ngaphezu kuka-8% uma kuqhathaniswa nezinqubo ezingalawulwa.
I-pH yesisombululo sokuqala sikasawoti, nakuba ingeyona into eyinhloko ngesikhathi sezinqubo zokuncibilika kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, inethonya ezinyathelweni zangaphambilini ezisekelwe kwisisombululo noma ngemuva kokuncibilika kwe-polycondensation. Ukugcina i-pH iseduze ne-neutral (ngokuvamile phakathi kuka-7 no-7.5) kubalulekile ekufezeni i-stoichiometry elinganiselayo phakathi kwe-hexamethylenediamine ne-adipic acid, okuthinta ukulingana kokusatshalaliswa kobude beketanga kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezizinda zekristalu ngaphakathi kwe-polymer. Ukungafani kwe-pH kungaholela ezingxubeni ezingezona ze-stoichiometric, okuqhuba ukuxhumanisa ngokweqile noma ukuxhumana okungafakwa yi-hydrolyzable, okubonakala njengokuncipha kwamandla okusebenza kanye nokushintsha kwekristalu ku-resin eqediwe. Amasu okuhlaziya—njenge-differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) kanye ne-X-ray diffraction (XRD)—kwembula ukufana kwekristalu okwandisiwe kanye nezakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe zemishini zamasampula e-nylon angu-66 alungiselelwe i-pH.
Ukuncibilikisa kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Kwekhwalithi
Ukuncibilika kwe-industrial melt polycondensation ye-nylon 66 kwenza ukwenziwa okuqondile ngaphandle kwezithako zokwenza izinto, kusekela kokubili ukuphotha kwefayibha okuqhubekayo kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-resin enkulu. Ukufeza isisindo sama-molecule esifunekayo kuncike ekulawulweni okunembile kwesikhathi sokusabela, izinga lokushisa, kanye nokuhlanzeka kwe-monomer. Ukuphambuka kumaphrofayili enqubo eqondiwe kuvame ukuholela ekwandeni kwe-melt viscosity, ingozi enkulu yokushisa ngokweqile kwendawo, ngisho nokuxhumanisa noma ukuwohloka kwangaphambi kwesikhathi.
Inqubo ithuthuka ngezigaba, iqala ngokuncibilika kukasawoti, ukusabela ngevolumu engaguquki ngaphansi kwengcindezi elawulwayo, bese kunciphisa ingcindezi ngesinyathelo ngesinyathelo ukuze kukhishwe amanzi. Amasu okulinganisa ubuningi boketshezi olungaphakathi asebenza njengezindlela ezibalulekile zokuphendula phakathi nalezi zigaba, enikeza ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela ukuqinisekisa ukulingana futhi enze kube nokulungiswa kwezindawo zokusebenza zokukhula okuhle kakhulu kweketanga. Amathuluzi afana nemitha yobuningi engaphakathi evela eLonnmeter, uma elinganiswe kahle ngoketshezi lokulinganisa olulungiselelwe nge-gravimetric, avumela ukuhlolwa okunembile kwesisombululo sikasawoti kanye nobuningi bokuncibilika kwe-polymer. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuhambisana kwe-batch-to-batch kanye nokutholakala ngesikhathi esifanele kokunyakaza kwenqubo.
Ngemva kokuphola, inayiloni encibilikisiwe engu-66 iyakhishwa bese ifakwa i-pellet ngokushesha. Ukupholisa okusheshayo—ngokuvamile ngamanzi noma ngomoya ophoqelelwe—kuyadingeka ukuvimbela ukuhlangana kwe-pellet nokugcina ubuqotho bobukhulu. Usayizi we-pellet kanye nokuguquguquka kwesimo kungenzeka uma amazinga okupholisa ehamba kancane kakhulu noma engaguquguquki, okuthinta kabi ukuphathwa nokucubungula kwezinto ezingezansi.
Isigaba esilandelayo esibucayi ukomisa. I-resin ye-nylon 66 i-hygroscopic ngokwemvelo; amanzi asele noma amanzi amuncwayo aholela ekuwohlokeni kwe-hydrolytic ngesikhathi sokuncibilika okulandelayo, okubangela ukwehla kwesisindo sama-molecule, izici zokugeleza ezingezinhle, kanye nokukhubazeka kokubona ezingxenyeni ezibunjiwe. Ukomisa kumele kwenziwe ngaphansi komoya ophansi wamazolo, kanti izinga lokushisa elilawulwayo alidluli ukubekezelela kwe-polymer ukuvimbela ukuthamba noma ukuba phuzi ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi okuqukethwe komswakama okungaphezu kuka-0.2% kukhulisa kakhulu ukulahleka kwe-viscosity futhi kunciphisa amandla omkhiqizo wokugcina.
Ukuqapha ikhwalithi ngezikhathi ezithile, okuhlanganisa nokulinganisa umswakama kanye ne-viscosity kukaKarl Fischer, kuyingxenye yomkhuba omuhle kakhulu wokuqinisekisa ukuthi amapharamitha okomisa akhiqiza ama-pellet azinzile, ancishisiwe. Ukwenza ngcono zonke izinyathelo zokucubungula ngemva kokusebenzisa i-pellet kuya ekugcinweni kwayo kuboniswe ukuthi kuholela ekuqineni okuphezulu kanye namandla okuthinta uma kuqhathaniswa nezinqubo ezingalawulwa kahle.
Ukuqinisekisa Ukuthembeka Komkhiqizo Kuzo Zonke Izinhlobo Zomkhiqizo Wezimboni
Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ekukhiqizweni kubalulekile, njengoba i-polymer ye-nylon yezimboni engu-66 ihanjiswa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zemikhiqizo—imicu, izingxenye zobuchwepheshe, amafilimu—nganye inezidingo ezithile zokusebenza. Lokhu kudinga ukulungiswa okulungiselelwe kumapharamitha enqubo ebanga ngalinye:
- Inayiloni yezinga le-fibre 66 izuza ngesisindo esiphezulu sama-molecule ukuze iqinise imishini, edinga isikhathi eside sokufakwa kwe-polycondensation kanye nokunemba okwandisiwe ekulawuleni izinga lokushisa.
- Amazinga okubumba umjovo angase abekezelele isisindo esiphansi sama-molecule kodwa adinga ukoma okuphezulu kwe-pellet kanye nokunemba kwejometri ukuvimbela amaphutha okucubungula.
Ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yokugcina kuncike ezindinganisweni zokwamukelwa komkhiqizo ezithile. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izilinganiso ezijwayelekile ze-viscosity yangaphakathi, i-modulus, ukumelana nomthelela, kanye, ngokujulile, nokuqukethwe komswakama. Ukuhlolwa kokubukeka ngokomzimba kokufana kwe-pellet kanye nokuntuleka kokushintsha kombala kusekelwa ukuhlolwa kwelebhu kwezakhiwo zemishini nezokushisa. Kukhishwa amaqoqo ahlangabezana nazo zonke izilinganiso ezibalulekile zezicelo zezimboni kuphela—imininingwane ifingqiwe kumashidi edatha obuchwepheshe abhekisela kumaphrothokholi e-ASTM kanye ne-ISO.
Ukuqapha ubuningi nakho kudlala indima yokuvimbela; ukusebenzisa amasu okulinganisa ubuningi boketshezi ngesikhathi sokulungiselela usawoti kanye nezigaba zokuncibilika kwe-polymer kuqinisekisa ikhwalithi efanayo ye-batch futhi kwenza kube lula ukubona ngokushesha ukuphambuka okungase kuphazamise ukuthembeka kokusetshenziswa kokugcina. Ukulinganisa amamitha obuningi, njengalawo akhiqizwa yi-Lonnmeter, kwenziwa ngamazinga aqinisekisiwe ukuze kulondolozwe ukulawulwa kwenqubo okuqinile kanye nokuphindaphinda, okubalulekile ekukhuliseni umkhiqizo emigqeni eminingi yemikhiqizo yezimboni.
Ngokulawula okuqinile ngesikhathi se-polycondensation yangaphambi kokuncibilika, i-polymerization encibilikayo enembile, kanye nokucutshungulwa okuqinile ngemuva kokucubungula, abakhiqizi be-nylon 66 bahlala beletha ama-resin athembekile, aqondene nohlelo lokusebenza ahlangabezana nezidingo ezishintshayo zezimakethe zemikhiqizo yezimboni.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa)
Kuyini usawoti we-nylon 66, futhi kungani ubalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwe-polymer?
Usawoti we-nylon 66, owaziwa ngamakhemikhali ngokuthi i-hexamethylenediammonium adipate, usebenza njengesisekelo sokukhiqizwa kwe-polymer ye-nylon 66. Udalwa ngokusabela okuqondile kwe-1:1 kokunciphisa amandla phakathi kwe-hexamethylenediamine ne-adipic acid. Lokhu okuphakathi kulawula okuqukethwe kweqembu lokugcina kanye nobude beketanga le-polyamide yokugcina. Usawoti we-nylon 66 ohlanzekile kakhulu uyadingeka ukuze kufezwe amandla ahambisanayo omshini, ukuzinza kokushisa, kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka kumapulasitiki obunjiniyela. I-Off-stoichiometry noma ukungcola kulesi sinyathelo kuphazamisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-polymerization elandelayo futhi kunciphisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wokugcina, okwenza ukulungiswa kosawoti kube yinto ebalulekile enqubweni yokukhiqiza i-polymer ye-nylon 66.
Inqubo yokulungiselela usawoti we-nylon 66 ilungiswa kanjani ukuze ihlanzeke?
Inqubo yokukhiqiza usawoti we-nylon 66 incike ekufakweni okulawulwayo, kancane kancane kwama-reactants. Ukwengezwa kwe-hexamethylenediamine ngezigaba noma ngokuyiphonsa ku-adipic acid ngaphansi komthetho wokushisa oqinile, ngokuvamile cishe ku-210°C kanye ne-1.8 MPa, kunciphisa ukweqisa kwendawo, kuvimbela imikhiqizo engafuneki, futhi kuqinisekisa isilinganiso se-stoichiometric. Igesi engasebenzi, njenge-nitrogen, ivikela ukusabela ekungcolisweni okungafuneki. Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwe-pH kanye ne-UV index kuqinisekisa izimo ezicishe zingathathi hlangothi kanye nokungabikho kwemikhiqizo enemibala, okuyizimpawu zikasawoti omsulwa kakhulu. Le nqubo elawulwayo ivumela ukukhiqizwa kwezixazululo zikasawoti ezingenambala, ezizinzile, nezisabelayo ezifanele ukupholimitha ngqo.
Kubaluleke ngani ukuqapha ubuningi enqubweni yokulungiselela usawoti?
Ukuqapha ubuningi besisombululo sikasawoti kubalulekile kokubili ekulawulweni kwenqubo kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi ngesikhathi sokulungiselela usawoti we-nylon 66. Ubuningi besisombululo, obulinganiswa ngesikhathi sangempela, buyindlela eqondile yokuhlushwa kanye nokuphelela kokusabela kokungathathi hlangothi. Amanani aqinile, aqinile, aqinile aqinisekisa ukuthi isilinganiso se-reactant siyagcinwa futhi ukuguqulwa sekufinyelele esiphethweni. Lokhu kusiza ukunciphisa ukuphambuka ekupholiseni okuphansi, kukhawulele ukwakheka kwezingxenyana zesisindo esiphansi sama-molecule, futhi kusekela ikhwalithi yokukhiqiza eqhubekayo. Ukusebenzisa imitha yobuningi boketshezi kuqinisekisa ukuthi la mapharamitha ahlala ngaphakathi kwemingcele yokusebenza eqinile, kuqinisa ukuthembeka kuyo yonke imigqa yemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali yezimboni.
Isebenza kanjani indlela yokusabela kokungashintshi ekulungiseleleni usawoti we-nylon 66?
Ku-reaction ye-nylon 66 salt, i-hexamethylenediamine (isisekelo se-diamine) iphendula ne-adipic acid (i-dicarboxylic acid) ngamanani e-stoichiometric. Ukusabela ngokuyisisekelo kuwukungathathi hlangothi: i-NH2-(CH2)6-NH2 + HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH → (NH3+)-(CH2)6-(NH3+)(-OOC-(CH2)4-COO-) + H2O. Ukuze kwakhiwe usawoti ofanele, inqubo idinga ukulawulwa okunembile kokungezwa kwe-reactant, izinga lokushisa, kanye ne-pH, njengoba ngisho nokuphambuka okuncane kungabangela ukuguqulwa okungaphelele noma ukusabela okungafuneki eceleni. Ukusebenza kahle kwalokhu kusabela kunquma isakhiwo sama-molecule kanye nokusebenza kwe-polymer ye-nylon 66 ephumela.
Yimiphi imishini esetshenziselwa ukulinganisa ubuningi boketshezi ekukhiqizweni kukasawoti we-nylon 66 wezimboni?
Ukulinganisa ubuningi besisombululo sikasawoti okunembile kwakha umongo wokuqinisekiswa kwenqubo ekukhiqizweni kwe-nylon enkulu 66. Amamitha obuningi be-inline digital liquid density, njenge-oscillating U-tube densitometers, avame ukusetshenziswa kumasethingi ezimboni. Lawa mathuluzi anikeza ukufundwa kobuningi okuqhubekayo, kwesikhathi sangempela, okusiza opharetha ukulungisa amazinga okuphakelayo, izilinganiso ze-reactant, kanye nezimo zokushisa ukuze kuhambisane nemininingwane yenqubo eqondiwe. I-Lonnmeter ikhiqiza amamitha obuningi be-inline aqinile kanye namamitha e-viscosity angaphakathi afaneleka kahle kuleli zinga lokusetshenziswa kwezimboni. Ukulinganiswa okuvamile kwala madivayisi kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekile nokuphindaphindekayo, okuyisisekelo sokugcina ubuqotho bomugqa womkhiqizo wamakhemikhali nokusekela ukuphathwa kwekhwalithi okuqinile.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 18-2025
