Isingeniso Sokulinganisa Ukugeleza Kwesisindo Ekugcwaliseni I-LNG
Ukuphatha i-Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) eziteshini zokugcwalisa uphethiloli kuhilela ukusebenza emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-160 °C. Ukuguquguquka kokuphathwa kukaphethiloli okuguqukayo kuletha izinselele ezihlukile zokulinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo okuthuthukisiwe. Ukulinganisa ngokunembile isisindo se-LNG esidluliselwe kubalulekile ngoba ivolumu ye-LNG iyashintshashintsha kakhulu ngokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa kanye nengcindezi, okwenza izilinganiso ezisekelwe kuvolumu zingathembeki kulezi zimo.
Ukugcina ukunemba nokuthembeka kubuchwepheshe bokugcwalisa i-LNG kubalulekile, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni zokulinganisa ukudluliselwa kwesitoreji. Ngisho nokungalungi okuncane kokulinganisa kungabangela ukulahlekelwa kwezezimali, kubeke engcupheni ukuphepha, noma kwephule izidingo zomthetho. Ekulinganiseni ukudluliselwa kwesitoreji se-LNG, ukugcizelela kushintshela kumadivayisi okulinganisa izinga lokugeleza kwesisindo—ikakhulukazi i-coriolis mass flowmeter ngenxa yekhono layo lokulinganisa ngqo isisindo se-cryogenic liquids ngaphandle kokushintsha kobuningi noma izimo zokushisa.
Ukugcwalisa uphethiloli nge-LNG
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Kodwa-ke, izici eziningana zomzimba nezokusebenza zenza kube nzima ukulinganisa okunembile kulezi zindawo. Izinto zokwakha, njengensimbi engagqwali esetshenziswa kuma-flowmeter e-coriolis mass, ziyancipha emazingeni okushisa a-cryogenic. Lezi zinguquko zobukhulu zithinta izakhiwo zemishini njenge-modulus kaYoung futhi kumele zicatshangelwe, njengoba ukulinganisa kwenzwa ekushiseni kwegumbi kungasasebenzi. Uma kungalungiswanga, zifaka ukungaqiniseki okukhulu ekufundweni kokugeleza, okuholela emaphutheni ngesikhathi sokulinganisa ukugeleza kokugcinwa kwe-LNG. Ngakho-ke amasu okulinganisa akhethekile afaka isandla ekuncipheni kokushisa kanye nezakhiwo zemishini ezishintshayo ayadingeka ukuze kufundwe okuthembekile ezinhlelweni zokugcwalisa uphethiloli ze-cryogenic.
Imiphumela yemvelo, njengokungena okuncane kokushisa noma izinguquko zengcindezi ezingalindelekile, yenza kube nzima nakakhulu ukulinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo se-LNG. Lokhu kungabangela ukushintshashintsha okusheshayo kobuningi noma ukuguquka kwesigaba—lapho i-LNG ikhanya khona ibe ukugeleza kwezigaba ezimbili (uketshezi negesi). Lesi simo siphazamisa ukunemba kwamadivayisi okufunda ukugeleza kwesisindo, kungakhathaliseki ikhwalithi yenzwa. Ukwakheka kwegesi elibilisiwe kanye nokufakwa kwegesi kuvame ukwenzeka, okudinga ukuthi iziteshi zokugcwalisa uphethiloli zisebenzise amadivayisi okulinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo akwazi ukukhokhela izimo zesikhashana zezigaba ezimbili kanye nobuningi.
Ama-flowmeter e-Coriolis mass, uma eklanywe kahle futhi elinganiswe kahle ukuze asebenzele i-cryogenic service, angaletha ukungaqiniseki okwandisiwe okuphansi njengo-0.5%, okufanele kokubili ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa kanye nokuqapha ukusebenza. Isinxephezelo esisebenzayo sezinguquko ezincike ekushiseni kwezakhiwo zenzwa, ukukhukhuleka kwe-zero-point, kanye nokucindezeleka kokujikeleza kwe-cryogenic okuphindaphindiwe kuyisihluthulelo sokugcina ukuzethemba ekulinganisweni kokugcwalisa i-LNG. Ukuze kube nezinhlelo ze-flowmeter ye-coriolis mass ezinembe kakhulu, ukulinganiswa okuqondile emazingeni okushisa e-cryogenic kuyadingeka ukunciphisa amamaki amaphutha nokuqinisekisa imiphumela elandelekayo, ehambisana ne-SI.
Njengoba imakethe yomhlaba wonke ye-LNG njengophethiloli wokuthutha ikhula, iziteshi zokugcwalisa uphethiloli ze-LNG ezinembile zincike kakhulu ekulinganisweni okuqinile, okuvumelanayo, nokulandelekayo kokugeleza kwesisindo. Ukulinganiswa kokugeleza kokudluliselwa kokugcinwa okuthembekile kuvikela abathengi nabathengisi ngenkathi kunciphisa ubungozi bokusebenza futhi kusekela ukushintshela ekuhwebeni okusekelwe kubuningi ezindaweni ezi-cryogenic. Umgomo jikelele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukulinganisa kwe-LNG kuhlala kunembile, kusobala, futhi kuqinile phakathi kwezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zobuchwepheshe bokugcwalisa uphethiloli be-LNG.
Izicelo Zokugcwalisa Uphethiloli we-LNG kanye Ne-Cryogenic
Ukugcwalisa i-LNG kuhilela ukuphatha igesi yemvelo encibilikisiwe emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kakhulu, ngokuvamile asukela ku-−160 °C kuya ku-−70 °C. Lezi zimo zidinga ukulawulwa kwenqubo okuthuthukisiwe, imishini eqinile, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuphepha obusha ukuze kulondolozwe ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuphepha kwabasebenzi kanye nempahla.
Izinhlelo zokugcwalisa uphethiloli ezisebenzisa i-cryogenic zisebenzisa amapayipi okuvikela anodonga oluphindwe kabili, amapayipi anejakhethi ye-vacuum, kanye nama-coupling aqhekekayo. Lezi zingxenye zinciphisa ukungena kokushisa kanye nokuchitheka ngengozi ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa kwe-LNG, zivimbela izingozi ezifana nokuhwamuka okusheshayo noma ukusha kwe-cryogenic. Ama-nozzle axhuma ngokushesha anezikhiye zokuphepha anciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokukhishwa kukaphethiloli okungahlosiwe ezindaweni zokuxhuma.
Ukukhethwa kwezinto kubalulekile kulezi zindawo. Ama-alloy athuthukisiwe e-cryogenic, aklanyelwe ukumelana nokuqhekeka, anikeza amandla okusebenza kanye nokuqina ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kokushisa okujikelezayo. Izinhlanganisela ezingezona ezensimbi nazo zitholakala kwezinye izingxenye zesistimu ngenxa yokuqhuba kwazo ukushisa okuphansi kanye nokumelana nokushwabana noma ukuqhekeka emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kokushisa, njenge-foam enezingqimba eziningi, kunciphisa ukubila kwe-LNG futhi kusekela ukugcinwa kwekhwalithi kaphethiloli endaweni.
Ukuqapha kanye nokulawula ukuphepha kubalulekile eziteshini zanamuhla zokugcwalisa uphethiloli ze-LNG. Izinhlobo eziphelele zezinzwa zokushisa kanye nengcindezi, kanye nezitholi ze-methane, zinikeza idatha kanye nezaziso zesikhathi sangempela. Izindlela zokuvala eziphuthumayo ezizenzakalelayo—ngokuvamile ezineziqhubi ezisebenzisa ngesandla nezikude—zivumela ukuhlukaniswa okusheshayo kwezingxenye ezibalulekile ngesikhathi sezehlakalo. Ukudluliswa kwedatha okungenantambo kusiza ukulungiswa kokubikezela, kusiza abaqhubi ukuthi babhekane nezinkinga ngaphambi kokuba ziqhubeke.
Ngaphakathi kwemisebenzi ye-LNG, izinhlelo zokulinganisa ukudluliselwa kwesitoreji zidinga kakhulu ngenxa yesidingo sokulinganisa ngokunembile ukugeleza kwesisindo kanye nobuningi ngaphansi kwezimo ezi-cryogenic. Ama-flowmeter e-Coriolis mass anembe kakhulu, ahlinzekwa ngabakhiqizi abakhethekile njenge-Lonnmeter, asetshenziselwa ukuletha ukunemba kokulinganisa okudingekayo kokudluliselwa kwesitoreji se-LNG. Lawa madivayisi alinganisa ngqo izinga lokugeleza kwesisindo kanye nobuningi, angathinteki yizinguquko ekubunjweni kwegesi noma izinga lokushisa, ahlinzeka ngemiphumela ethembekile ngisho nangesikhathi sokugeleza okushintshashintshayo noma izimo zokucindezela. Ubuchwepheshe be-Ultrasonic flowmeter busetshenziswa nakwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, obunenani lokufakwa kwayo okungaphazamisi kanye nokuqapha ukugeleza kwesikhathi sangempela, yize ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengobuqinile kakhulu ezimweni zokudlulisa ukugcinwa okunembe kakhulu.
Izinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu elisukela ku-−160 °C kuya ku-−70 °C libeka izinselele eziyingqayizivele. Imishini engaklanyelwanga lawa mazinga okushisa ibeka engcupheni ukwehluleka komshini ngokufinyela noma ukuphuka okubuthakathaka. Ekugcinweni, ukuvikela okusebenzayo kanye nokuphathwa kokushisa okuqhubekayo kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukubilisa okuyingozi kanye nokunyakaza kwengcindezi. Lezi zithiyo zithinta ngqo ukukhethwa nokugcinwa kwamadivayisi okulinganisa ukugeleza kobuningi, kanye nobuqotho bamathangi okugcina kanye nemigqa yokudlulisa.
Imizamo yokusebenzisa amandla abandayo acwebezelayo ithuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle komsebenzi we-LNG. Izinhlelo zokubuyisa ubanda zisebenzisa izinga lokushisa eliphansi le-LNG ukuze zipholise endaweni, amagesi okuphakelayo ngaphambi kokupholisa, noma ezinye izindlela zokusebenzisa ezisizayo, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphelele. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwesitoreji samandla abandayo kunciphisa ukulahlekelwa ukushisa ngesikhathi sokusebenza kokudlulisa futhi kungaholela ezindleleni zokusebenza ezincishisiwe kanye nokusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kwemvelo.
Ukuphepha kanye nokuphathwa kwengozi kuthinta zonke izigaba zokugcwalisa nokuphatha i-LNG. Ukuhlelwa kwenqubo, ukuhlaziywa kwezingozi, kanye nokuqeqeshwa okujulile kwabaqhubi kusabalulekile. Izifundo ziqopha izinzuzo zokuzenzakalela kwesistimu kanye nokulandelela imishini ukuze kuncishiswe amaphutha—njengokusebenzisa amapayipi ane-RFID ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imishini eqinisekisiwe kuphela engena ensizeni. Ukuqapha ukukhathala, kusetshenziswa idatha yenzwa yesakhiwo yesikhathi sangempela, kuvikela okwengeziwe ekuhlulekeni kwezingxenye kanye nezimo ezingase zivuvuke.
Ekugcineni, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezikhethekile ze-cryogenic, ukuqapha okuqinile, amadivayisi okulinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo okuthuthukisiwe, kanye nokwenza ngcono izinqubo kuqinisekisa ukuthi imisebenzi yokugcwalisa i-LNG iyasebenza futhi iphephile, ngisho nangaphakathi kwe-thermal envelope edingekayo kusukela ku-−160 °C kuya ku-−70 °C.
Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zokulinganisa Ukugeleza Kwesisindo
Ukulinganiswa kokugeleza kwesisindo kunikeza isilinganiso esiyisisekelo sokuphathwa nokudluliselwa kwe-Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) kanye nezinye izinto ezikhipha uketshezi ezindaweni lapho ukunemba kokuthengiselana kanye nokuphepha kokusebenza kubalulekile khona. Eziteshini zokugcwalisa uphethiloli ze-LNG kanye nokuphathwa kukaphethiloli okhipha uketshezi, ukwazi inani eliqondile lezinto—ngobukhulu kunomthamo—kubalulekile ngoba ubuningi be-LNG bungashintshashintsha kakhulu ngokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa noma ukwakheka.
Ngokungafani nesilinganiso sokugeleza kwevolumu, esilinganisa isikhala uketshezi oluhlala kuso ngeyunithi yesikhathi, izinga lokugeleza kwesisindo lilinganisa inani langempela lezinto ezidlula ohlelweni. Lo mehluko ubalulekile ezinhlelweni zokugcwalisa uphethiloli nge-cryogenic: njengoba izinga lokushisa nokushintsha kokwakheka, ukufundwa kwevolumu kungamelana kabi namanani angempela okulethwa ngenxa yokucindezelwa kanye nezakhiwo zokukhulisa ukushisa ze-LNG. Amaphutha anjalo akhuliswa kakhulu kwizicelo zokudlulisa ezibiza kakhulu, lapho ukungafani kungabangela imiphumela ebalulekile yezezimali.
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-flowmeter e-Coriolis mass, ikakhulukazi amadivayisi okulinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo anembile kakhulu futhi athuthukisiwe, kuqhutshwa yilezi zinselele. Ama-Coriolis amamitha azwa ngqo isisindo esidlula emapayipini okugeleza ajikelezayo, inqubo evikelekile kakhulu ekushintsheni kobuningi boketshezi, ukwakheka, noma isigaba, uma nje ithuluzi likhokhelwa kahle ngemiphumela yokushisa. Ukuzimela kwawo ekuhlukeni kwevolumu kuwenza abe yindinganiso yokulinganisa ukudluliselwa kwe-LNG, lapho kokubili ukuthembeka kanye nokulandeleka kudingeka khona.
Kodwa-ke, izakhiwo zomzimba ze-LNG ziyinselele yokulinganisa okunembile. Okuphawuleka kakhulu, amazinga okushisa abangelwa yi-cryogenic (~120 K) ahlangana nawo ngesikhathi sokudluliswa kwe-LNG ashintsha izici zomzimba zezinto ze-flowmeter—njenge-Young's modulus (ukuqina) kwamashubhu ensimbi engagqwali—okuthinta ukulinganiswa kwemitha kanye nokuqina kwephuzu eliyi-zero. Ngaphandle kokulungiswa kwesikhathi sangempela, ngisho namadivayisi okulinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo athuthukile angathola amaphutha ahlelekile. Isibonelo, ukwehla kokuqina kweshubhu ngokushisa okuwayo kushintsha impendulo yemvamisa yemitha, okuletha ukuthambekela okuvame ukunganakwa kodwa okungenzeka kube okubalulekile ekufundweni kokugeleza kwesisindo.
Izifundo zokuhlola kanye nezicelo ezisebenzayo zigcizelela ukuthi izinguquko zezinto ezibangelwa ukushisa ziwumthombo oyinhloko wamaphutha ezimweni ezibangelwa ukushisa, kulandelwe imiphumela yokucindezela kanye nokufinyela kokushisa. Izinqubo zokulinganisa ezimweni ezibangelwa ukushisa, ukulandelelwa okuqhubekayo kwezindinganiso zokubhekisela, kanye nokulungiswa kwesikhathi sangempela kusetshenziswa idatha yokushisa kuye kwabonakala kubalulekile ukunciphisa ukungaqiniseki kokulinganisa kube ngaphansi kuka-0.50% - umkhawulo manje olindeleke ekulinganisweni kokudluliswa kokugeleza kwe-LNG.
Ukumodela ngokomzimba kuthuthuke kakhulu. Ucwaningo lwakamuva luqinisekisa amamodeli ezibalo abikezelayo okuziphatha kwe-flowmeter, okubonisa amazinga amaphutha angaphansi kuka-±0.08% kuwo wonke amazinga okushisa e-cryogenic afanele uma eqinisekiswa ngedatha elandelekayo, uma nje kusetshenziswa ama-coefficients okulungisa ezimweni ezithile ze-LNG. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokugcwalisa uphethiloli we-cryogenic kanye nobuchwepheshe bokugcwalisa uphethiloli we-LNG, lapho ubuqotho bokulinganisa ukugeleza ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu bungaxoxiswana. Kulesi simo, i-Lonnmeter—egxile ekulinganisweni kobuningi obungaphakathi kanye ne-viscosity—ibhekana nezinye zeziguquguquko ezibalulekile ezidingekayo ukuze kutholakale isinxephezelo nokuqapha okuphelele.
Ukulinganiswa kwezinga lokugeleza kwesisindo nakho kuhlukile kumasu e-volumetric lapho uketshezi olucutshungulwayo lubonisa ukwakheka noma ubuningi obuguquguqukayo. Ama-flowmeter e-volumetric, kufaka phakathi ama-flowmeter e-ultrasonic athuthukisiwe asetshenziswa ku-LNG, anikeza ukufundwa okunembile kwenani lesikhala esidlula kulo uketshezi. Kodwa-ke, ukuze kutholakale isisindo sangempela esidluliselwe ohlelweni lokudlulisa ukulinganisa, ukulinganisa kwe-volumetric kumele kuphindwe ngamanani obuningi besikhathi sangempela. Lokhu kwethula olunye ungqimba lokungaqiniseki, ikakhulukazi lapho kwenzeka izinguquko zokushisa okusheshayo noma ukwakheka, njengoba kuvamile emisebenzini yokuphatha uphethiloli we-cryogenic. Ngokuphambene, ama-flowmeter e-Coriolis mass ahlinzeka ngokulinganisa okuqondile, okunciphisa kakhulu ukuncika ekubalweni okusizayo kanye nokusabalala kwamaphutha ahambisana nawo.
Ngakho-ke ukukhetha phakathi kobuchwepheshe bokugeleza kobuningi kanye nobuningi akugcini nje ngokushaya ukunemba kokulinganisa kodwa futhi nokuqina kokusebenza kanye nokuhambisana nezindinganiso zomthetho ezilawula ukulinganisa ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa kwe-LNG. Izimiso eziqinile zomzimba ngemuva kwamadivayisi okulinganisa izinga lokugeleza kobuningi, ukuthambekela kwawo okuncishisiwe ekuguqukeni kobuningi kanye nokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa, kanye nokufaneleka kwawo kwesitifiketi sokudluliselwa kokugcinwa okuqondile kusekela ukubusa kwawo kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-LNG kanye ne-cryogenic. Lokhu kusebenza kwaziswa kakhulu ngabaqhubi kanye nonjiniyela abafuna ukunciphisa iphutha lokugeleza kobuningi ezimweni eziguquguqukayo nezilawulwayo kakhulu, njengeziteshi zokugcwalisa i-LNG kanye nemisebenzi yokudlulisa enkulu.
Ukulinganisa Ukudluliselwa Kwabanakekeli: Izinselele Nezidingo
Ukudluliswa kokugcinwa kwe-Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) kudinga amazinga aphezulu kakhulu ku-metrology ngenxa yemiphumela emikhulu yezezimali neyomthetho yamaphutha amancane okulinganisa. Izinhlelo zokulinganisa kumele zinikeze ukunemba okungaguquki, ukuthembeka, kanye nokulandeleka, okwakha umgogodla wezivumelwano zokuthengisa nokuthenga ze-LNG.
Izidingo Ezihlukile Zokulinganisa Zokuthengiselana Kwe-LNG
Izinhlelo zokulinganisa ukugcinwa kwe-LNG kumele zihambisane nezindinganiso eziqinile zomthetho zokumeta, ikakhulukazi lezo ezichazwe ku-OIML R140 kanye, e-European Union, i-Measuring Instruments Directive 2014/32/EU. Lezi zindinganiso zibeka ukuthi izinhlelo zokulinganisa ukugcinwa kwe-LNG zithola iphutha elikhulu elivunyelwe elingu-0.3% (ukunemba kwe-Class 0.3), ziqinisekisa ukuthi izivumelwano zezimali zifana ngqo namavolumu angempela e-LNG adluliselwe. Ukulandelelwa kokulinganisa kubalulekile: yonke isisindo noma ivolumu eqoshiwe kumele ixhumane nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke eziqinisekiswe ngezinqubo zokulinganisa eziqinisekisiwe.
Ukunemba akuyona nje kuphela imfuneko yokulawula kodwa kuyisidingo esibalulekile sezentengiselwano. Ekuthengiselaneni okubandakanya umthwalo owodwa we-100,000 m³ LNG, iphutha elingu-0.1% ekulinganisweni kokugeleza kokudluliselwa kwesibambiso kungashintsha izigidi zamaRandi phakathi kwabalingani bokuhweba. Ngakho-ke, izinkontileka zokudluliselwa kwesibambiso zidinga ngokusobala izitifiketi zokulinganisa, ukuqinisekiswa komuntu wesithathu, kanye nokuhlolwa kokusebenza okuvamile ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho bohlelo.
Umthelela Wezimo Ezibangelwa Ukucasuka Ekulinganisweni, Ekulinganisweni, kanye Nokuhambisana Nemithetho
Izinga lokushisa le-LNG livame ukujikeleza cishe ku--162°C, okuletha izinselele ezihlukile zokulinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo, ukulinganisa, kanye nokuhambisana nohlelo. Ukuguquguquka kobuningi kanye nokuthambekela kwe-viscosity kulawa mazinga okushisa kungenza amaphutha abe mabi kakhulu uma kungalawulwa futhi kuqashwe ngokuqinile.
Amadivayisi amabili amakhulu okulinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo ahamba phambili ekudlulisweni kwe-LNG: ama-flowmeter esisindo se-Coriolis anembe kakhulu kanye nama-flowmeter e-ultrasonic athuthukile. Amamitha e-Coriolis asetshenziswa kabanzi ekulinganisweni kwawo okuqondile kwesisindo, ukungavikeleki ekushintsheni kwempahla yoketshezi, kanye nekhono lokuhlangabezana nezidingo zokunemba ze-OIML Class 0.3. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza okunembile ezimweni ze-cryogenic kudinga ukwakhiwa kwezinzwa ezikhethekile kanye nokufakwa kokushisa, kanye nesinxephezelo sokushisa sesikhathi sangempela.
Ukulinganisa amazinga okushisa aqinile kuyinkimbinkimbi. Izinqubo ezijwayelekile zifaka phakathi izivivinyo zokubhekisela ezisebenzisa amamitha aqinile noma amathangi e-prover aqinisekisiwe, okungcono kakhulu ngaphansi kwezimo zokugeleza ezimele ngokugcwele, ingcindezi, kanye nezimo zokushisa. I-OIML R140 iyalela ukuqinisekiswa kokuqala ekuqalisweni kanye nokulinganisa kabusha ngezikhathi ezithile (ngokuvamile minyaka yonke), ngezinye izikhathi okubonwa abahloli beqembu lesithathu ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho okuqhubekayo. Yonke imicimbi yokulinganisa kumele iveze imibhalo exhumanisa nendinganiso eyaziwayo, iqinise uchungechunge lokulandelela.
Ama-Skid Ahlanganisiwe Okulinganisa Ukudluliselwa Kokugcinwa Okuthembekile
Ukuze kulondolozwe kokubili ukuthembeka kokusebenza kanye nokuvikelwa ngokomthetho, izinhlelo zokulinganisa ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa kwengane zakhiwe njengezikidi zokulinganisa ezihlanganisiwe. Isikidi ngasinye sihlanganisa izingxenye ezibalulekile zokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kwengane:
- Amadivayisi okulinganisa ukugeleza kobuningi obungaphakathi, njengeCoriolis noma ama-flowmeter e-ultrasonic, asebenza njengesici esiyinhloko sokulinganisa.
- Amamitha okuqina angaphakathi kanye namamitha e-viscosity, njengoba enikezwe yi-Lonnmeter, ahlinzeka ngedatha yempahla yoketshezi yesikhathi sangempela ebalulekile ekubalweni okunembile kokugeleza kwesisindo. Lawa mathuluzi kumele agcine ukulinganiswa ezimweni ezi-cryogenic, njengoba ngisho namaphutha amancane okuqina azohumusha ekuphambukeni kokugeleza kwesisindo.
- Izinhlelo zokuthatha amasampula ezenzakalelayo zikhipha amasampula omkhiqizo ukuze kuhlaziywe ukwakheka, isidingo sokunqunywa kwekhwalithi kanye nenani lama-calorie.
- Amamojula okuxilonga kanye nokuziqinisekisa aqapha impilo nokusebenza kwazo zonke izinsimbi zokulinganisa, axwayise opharetha ngokuzulazula kwenzwa, ukungcola, noma ukuphazamiseka kwangaphandle kusenesikhathi.
- Zonke izingxenye zihlanganiswe nezinhlelo zokulawula nokuqopha idatha. Ngenkathi i-Lonnmeter igxile kuphela kumamitha okuqina kanye ne-viscosity, lezi zinto zisebenzisana kahle nengqalasizinda yokulawula edingekayo emikhondweni yokuhlola kanye nokubika okulawulayo.
Lonke uhlelo luvame ukuhlolwa ngokwamukelwa okubonwayo, kokubili emsebenzini nasendaweni, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezibucayi. Ukwakheka kwe-skid kumele kube lula ukulinganisa nokulungisa okuvamile, kanye nezinhlinzeko zezindlela zokudlula kwedivayisi noma izindlela ezingafuneki ukuze kulondolozwe ukuqhubeka kokulinganisa uma ithuluzi likhishwa ngaphandle kokusebenza.
Isibonelo: Ukudluliselwa Kokugcinwa Kwabantu E-Bunkering Nakuma-Terminals
Esiteshini sokugcwalisa uphethiloli se-LNG, noma ngesikhathi sokudlulisa i-LNG isuka kwenye imikhumbi iye kwenye, ukulinganiswa kokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kuncike ekusikeni kwemitha okufakwe i-Coriolis mass flowmeter, i-Lonnmeter inline density kanye ne-viscosity metres, kanye nendawo yokulinganisa eqinisekisiwe. Uhlelo luhlolwa okokuqala nge-OIML R140, ukulinganiswa kabusha ngezikhathi ezithile, kanye nokuhlolwa okuqhubekayo kokuxilonga, okuqinisekisa ukuthi amanani e-LNG adlulisiwe aqoshwa ngokunembile ngisho nasezindaweni ezidinga ukuguquguquka. Yonke imicimbi yokudluliselwa ibhalwe phansi ngokugcwele ukuze kuhlolwe ngokomthetho kanye nangokwezimali, ngokwemigomo yesivumelwano.
Ingxenye ngayinye—i-flowmeter, ubuningi (i-Lonnmeter), izinga lokushisa, kanye nokulinganiswa—ifaka isandla ekungaqinisekini okuphelele. Uhlelo kumele lwakhiwe ngendlela yokuthi ukungaqiniseki okuhlangene kungadluli umkhawulo wesivumelwano noma wokulawula ongu-0.3%.
Ngakho-ke, ukulinganisa kokudluliselwa kokugcinwa emkhakheni we-LNG kusekelwe ohlelweni oluhlanganiswe ngokuqinile, oluqinisekisiwe, noluhambisanayo, oluhlelelwe ukumelana nezingcindezi ezihlangene zokusebenza kwe-cryogenic, i-metrology yezomthetho, kanye nemiphumela yezentengiselwano.
Amadivayisi Okulinganisa Ukugeleza Kwesisindo Okuyinhloko kwe-LNG: Ubuchwepheshe Nokuqhathanisa
Ama-Coriolis Mass Flowmeters
Ama-flowmeter e-Coriolis mass asebenza ngokulinganisa umphumela we-Coriolis ngaphakathi kwepayipi elidlidlizayo elithwala i-LNG. Njengoba i-LNG igeleza ngamapayipi enzwa emitha, ukunyakaza koketshezi kubangela ukushintsha kwesigaba okulinganiselwe ekudlidlizeni kwepayipi. Lokhu kushintsha, okuhambisana ngqo nesivinini sokugeleza kobuningi, kutholakala ngama-sensor futhi kuhunyushwe kube ukugeleza kobuningi okunembe kakhulu, ubuningi, kanye nedatha yokushisa. Umklamo ongokwemvelo wobuchwepheshe—ongenazo izithiyo zokugeleza komshini noma izingxenye ezihambayo ezithinta uketshezi lwe-cryogenic—wenza kube namandla kakhulu ezinhlelweni ze-LNG.
Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kwensizakalo ye-cryogenic kanye ne-LNG kwenziwa ngezinto ezikhethekile njengensimbi engagqwali kanye nama-alloy azinzile ngokushisa. Lezi zinto zigcina ubuqotho besakhiwo emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu (ngokuvamile ngaphansi kuka--160°C), okuqinisekisa ukunemba okuqhubekayo ngisho nangesikhathi sokujikeleza okusheshayo kokushisa okutholakala eziteshini zokugcwalisa i-LNG kanye nezinhlelo zokugcwalisa i-cryogenic. Ukuthuthuka kwezinto eziqhubekayo kanye nokucubungula okuthuthukisiwe kwedijithali kuvumele ama-flowmeter e-Coriolis mass ukuthi alethe ukufundwa okuthembekile ngokunemba okungu-±0.1% kuya ku-±0.25% kokufundwa, kanye nokunemba kobuningi ngokuvamile ngaphakathi kuka-±0.2 kg/m³—amazinga okusebenza abalulekile ekudlulisweni kokugcinwa, ukuphathwa kwempahla, kanye nokuhambisana nemisebenzi ye-LNG.
Inzuzo evelele ye-flowmeter ye-Coriolis mass flowmeter ewuketshezi ku-LNG ukunemba kwayo okuphezulu kanye nokuphindaphindeka kwayo ngisho nasezindaweni eziyinselele ze-cryogenic. Ngokungafani namamitha okucindezela ahlukene noma ama-turbine omshini, amamitha e-Coriolis awathinteki yingcindezi yenqubo noma izinguquko ekujuleni kwe-LNG, okuvumela ukulinganiswa okuqondile kokugeleza kwesisindo. Lokhu kunciphisa kokubili ukulahlekelwa okuhlelekile kanye namaphutha okulinganisa okungahleliwe avame ukubonwa ngezinye izindlela zokulinganisa. Njengoba lawa mamitha okujikeleza engadingi izingxenye ezihambayo ezivezwe ku-LNG egelezayo, isidingo sokulungisa siyancipha, futhi ukuthembeka ekuphathweni kukaphethiloli we-cryogenic wesikhathi eside kuyanda.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwamuva kuma-algorithm okuxilonga kusekela ukulawulwa kwenqubo yesikhathi sangempela kanye nezinqubo zokuqinisekisa ezenzakalelayo. Lokhu kuxilonga kuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi baqaphe impilo yenzwa, baqinisekise izimo ze-meter zero ngaphandle kokumisa inqubo, futhi babone izinguquko ngenxa yokudlidliza noma ukuvinjelwa okuyingxenye. Ukuxilonga okuthuthukisiwe kusiza opharetha ukuba bahambisane nezindinganiso ze-metrology ezidingwa yizimiso zokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kwe-LNG, okuhlinzeka ngamarekhodi edijithali okulandelela nokuhambisana.
Ukukhetha umhlinzeki noma umenzi ofanelekayo wama-flowmeter e-Coriolis mass, njenge-Lonnmeter, kuthinta ngqo ubuqotho bohlelo lokulinganisa kanye nokuthembeka kokusebenza. Abakhiqizi kumele bahlinzeke ngamamitha alinganiswe emazingeni okushisa acwebezelayo, banikeze amathuluzi okuqinisekisa insimu, futhi baqinisekise ukuhambisana nezidingo zenqubo ethuthukisiwe. Amamitha acacisiwe kabi noma asekelwa ngokungafanele abeka engcupheni yokuletha iphutha, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kokufakwa noma izimo zezigaba ezimbili—isimo lapho imikhuba yokukhiqiza ethuthukisiwe inganciphisa khona ngokuklama amashubhu angcono kanye nobuchwepheshe bokulawula. Indima yomhlinzeki oqinisekisiwe iphinde ifinyelele ekusekelweni kwangemva kokufakwa, okuhlanganisa ukulinganisa, ukuxazulula izinkinga, kanye nemibhalo eqhubekayo yokuthobela imithetho.
Ama-Ultrasonic Flowmeters
Ama-flowmeter e-Ultrasonic asebenza ngokudlulisa nokwamukela ama-pulse e-ultrasonic kuyo yonke indlela yokugeleza kwe-LNG ngaphakathi kwesigaba sokulinganisa esiklanyelwe ngokukhethekile. Umehluko wesikhathi phakathi kwama-pulse ahamba phezulu naphansi komfula usetshenziselwa ukubala izinga lokugeleza. Le ndlela engaphazamisi, enama-transducer angaphandle kwendlela yokugeleza kwe-LNG, ifaneleka kahle ezindaweni ezi-cryogenic lapho ukuxhumana noketshezi olubandayo kungalimaza izinzwa zendabuko.
Ezinhlelweni ze-LNG, ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa ukugeleza kwe-ultrasonic buhamba phambili ezimweni zokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kokugeleza okuphezulu, njengoba kuvame ukutholakala ekulayishweni kwemikhumbi noma kweloli ezindaweni zokugcina i-LNG. Amamitha aklanyelwe amapayipi amakhulu, lapho amazinga aphezulu okugeleza kanye nokwehla kwengcindezi ephansi kubalulekile, futhi lapho isidingo sokulungiswa okuncane sibonakala khona ngenxa yemvelo ekude noma eyingozi yezikhungo eziningi ze-LNG. Amamitha e-Ultrasonic afinyelela ukuhambisana nezindinganiso ze-metrology eziqashelwayo zokudluliselwa kokugcinwa, uma nje efakwe ngokugijima okuqondile okudingekayo futhi alinganiswe ngezakhiwo ze-acoustic ezihlukile ze-LNG.
Enye inzuzo ephawulekayo yama-flowmeter e-ultrasonic ukuzwela kwawo okuncane ekucubunguleni ingcindezi kanye nokungabikho kwezingxenye ezihambayo, okwenza amelane nokuguguleka noma ukungcoliswa. Lokhu kuqina kuholela ezinkathini zesevisi ezinde, izindleko zokulungisa eziphansi, kanye nengozi encishisiwe yokungasebenzi kahle kokusebenza. Imisebenzi yokuxilonga yama-flowmeter e-Ultrasonic ibona ukuphazamiseka kwephrofayili, ukungena komoya/igesi, noma ukungcoliswa kwe-transducer—izici ezibalulekile ekulinganisweni kokudluliswa kokugeleza kokugcinwa kwe-LNG lapho ukusebenza kwemitha okuqhubekayo kudingeka khona.
Izinsika ezijwayelekile zokusetshenziswa kwamamitha e-ultrasonic zifaka phakathi imigqa yokudlulisa ye-LNG enamandla aphezulu kanye nezimo lapho ububanzi bamapayipi budlula ububanzi obusebenzayo bobuchwepheshe be-Coriolis obukhona. Isibonelo, izingalo zokulayisha ze-LNG ezindaweni zokungenisa/zokuthumela zisebenzisa amamitha e-ultrasonic obubanzi bamapayipi obukhulu kunamasentimitha angu-12, njengoba la mamitha angagcina izidingo zokunemba ngaphandle kokuletha ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwengcindezi.
Ngamafuphi, womabili amadivayisi okulinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo se-Coriolis kanye ne-ultrasonic adlala indima ebalulekile ezinhlelweni zanamuhla zokulinganisa ukugcinwa kwe-LNG. Amamitha e-Coriolis ahola ekusetshenzisweni kokugeleza kwesisindo okunembile kakhulu, okuqondile futhi ahlinzeka ngokulandelela ukulinganisa okubalulekile ekuthengiselaneni kwezentengiselwano, kuyilapho amamitha okugeleza kwe-ultrasonic eletha izixazululo eziqinile, ezinobubanzi obukhulu lapho ukugcinwa okuphansi kanye nokusebenza okuphezulu kuyizinto eziza kuqala. Ukukhethwa kwedivayisi okuhle kuncike ezidingweni ezithile zohlelo lokusebenza, izimo zenqubo, kanye nezidingo zokuhambisana nokulinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo okuthuthukisiwe kungqalasizinda ye-LNG.
Ukuphathwa Kwegesi Ebilisiwe Eziteshini Zokugcwalisa I-LNG
Ukuphathwa kahle kwegesi elibilayo (i-BOG) kuyinselele enkulu eziteshini zokugcwalisa uphethiloli ze-LNG. I-BOG yakheka ngesikhathi sokugcina nokudlulisa njengomkhiqizo wokungena kokushisa, okuholela ekushiseni kwezingxenye ezifana ne-methane ne-ethane. Ukuphatha le gesi kubalulekile kokubili ngokombono wezomnotho kanye nowezemvelo.
Izingcindezi zomnotho eziteshini zokugcwalisa uphethiloli ze-LNG zivela esidingweni sokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa komkhiqizo nokugwema izindleko zokusebenza ezingadingekile. Lapho i-BOG ivulwa noma ivutha, igesi yemvelo eyigugu iyalahleka, okunciphisa ngqo inzuzo yesiteshi yansuku zonke. Ukulingisa kwakamuva kokubuyiselwa nokusetshenziswa kwe-BOG kubonise imali engenayo yonyaka engaba khona edlula amaRandi ayizigidi eziyi-138 ngenzuzo enkulu ecishe ibe ngu-97%, okugqamisa ubukhulu bamathuba ezezimali emisebenzi ephezulu. Ngisho naseziteshini ezincane, ukubuyiselwa kwe-BOG kungaveza imithombo yemali engenayo eqhubekayo; olunye uhlaziyo lubike imali engenayo yanyanga zonke engu-€176 evela ekusetshenzisweni kwegesi evunyiwe ekufakweni kukaphethiloli ezimotweni, okuyinto, yize incane kakhulu, eqongelela ngokunenjongo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukucabangela ezemvelo kubaluleke ngokulinganayo. I-Methane, isici esiyinhloko se-BOG, iyigesi enamandla kakhulu yokushisa. Ukukhipha umoya noma ukuvutha okungalawulwa kwandisa kakhulu ukushaqeka kwekhabhoni esiteshini. Izinhlelo zokubuyisa ezihlolwe eziteshini zokuthutha ze-LNG ezisebenzayo zivimbele ukukhishwa kwe-CO₂ okulinganayo okungafika ku-8,549 kg njalo ngenyanga ngokusebenzisa kabusha i-BOG ezinqubweni zasendaweni noma ukuyiguqula ukuze isetshenziswe emotweni, okuholele ezinzuzweni ezinkulu zemvelo kokubili ekunciphiseni igesi yokushisa kanye nokushintshana kukaphethiloli.
Ukuze kuxazululwe lezi zinselele, kuye kwasetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukene zokuphatha i-BOG eziteshini zokugcwalisa i-LNG. Isixazululo esikhanga kakhulu ngokwezomnotho ngokuvamile ukuguqulwa kwe-BOG ibe yigesi yemvelo ecindezelwe (i-CNG). Ukuhlolwa kwamacala okuqhathanisa kukhombisa ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwe-CNG kuveza intengo yokuthengisa ephansi kakhulu yegesi etholiwe, okwandisa kokubili ukusebenza kwesiteshi kanye nenzuzo yezomnotho. Ezinye izindlela zokuphatha i-BOG zifaka:
- Ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ngqo kusetshenziswa i-BOG njengophethiloli ukudala amandla okusetshenziswa endaweni noma ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngegridi, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukuzimela kwamandla esiteshini.
- Ukufakwa kabusha kwe-BOG ematangini okugcina i-LNG noma ukudluliselwa kabusha ezinjinini zezimoto.
- Ukushisa okulawulwayo, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa kuphela lapho ukubuyisa noma ukusebenzisa kabusha kungenzeki khona, yize le ndlela ibhekene nokuhlolwa kokulawula kanye nokusimama.
Izindawo eziningi manje zihlanganisa ukubuyiselwa kwe-BOG nezinhlelo zokugcwalisa uphethiloli nge-cryogenic, zisebenzisa amadivayisi okulinganisa ukugeleza kobuningi athuthukile njenge-Coriolis mass flowmeters enembile kakhulu kanye ne-ultrasonic flowmeters. Lawa mathuluzi avumela ukuqapha okunembile kanye nokulinganisa ukugeleza kokugcinwa komphunga kanye nemifudlana yoketshezi, okwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kwe-LNG storage transfer metering kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwesiteshi. Amamitha okuminyana kanye ne-viscosity angaphakathi—njengalawo akhiqizwe yi-Lonnmeter—adlala indima esekelayo ngokunikeza ukuqapha okuqhubekayo nokunembile kwezakhiwo zoketshezi ezibalulekile ekubanjweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwe-BOG okuhle kakhulu.
Ukuqaliswa kokuphathwa okuphelele kwe-BOG kunciphisa izingozi eziningana zezimali kubasebenzi bokugcwalisa uphethiloli be-LNG. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukulahlekelwa okuvela kumkhiqizo ophumayo, izinhlawulo zokuthobela imithetho yokukhishwa okungaphezulu, kanye nezindleko zamandla ngenxa yokuthembela ezintweni zangaphandle zegridi. Ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokulinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo busekela ngqo ukunciphisa ubungozi ngokuvikela ubuqotho bokulinganisa nokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa kwegesi okuqinisekisiwe nokungahlolwa.
Ubufakazi obuhlanganisiwe bugcizelela izidingo zomnotho nezemvelo zokuphathwa kwe-BOG okuqinile eziteshini zokugcwalisa i-LNG. Ukufakwa ngokucophelela kwezinhlelo zokubuyisa, okusekelwa ukuphathwa kukaphethiloli okunembile kanye nokulinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo, kubalulekile ekusebenzeni okunenzuzo nokuqhubekayo esimweni sanamuhla sokulawula esidingakalayo kanye nemakethe.
Izindlela Ezihlanganisiwe: Ukuhlanganisa Ukulinganisa, Ukulawula, kanye Nokugcina
Iziteshi zokugcwalisa i-LNG ezithuthukisiwe zihlanganisa ngokungenamthungo isitoreji samandla abandayo, ukulinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo okunembile, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwenqubo yesikhathi sangempela ukuze kukhuliswe ukusebenza kanye nokuhambisana nemithetho. Isisekelo salokhu kuhlanganiswa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla abandayo akhishwa ngesikhathi sokuvuselelwa kwe-LNG. Lapho igesi yemvelo ewuketshezi ishintsha isuka ku-−162°C ibuyela esimweni sayo segesi, inani elikhulu lamandla abandayo liyatholakala ukuze libanjwe. Izikhungo ezihamba phambili zidlulisela la mandla ezinhlelweni zokugcina amandla abandayo noma ziwaxhumanise namayunithi e-Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES), okudala amandla ahlanganisiwe kanye nesikhungo sokugcwalisa uphethiloli.
Ukumodela kwe-Thermodynamic—kufaka phakathi kuma-simulators enqubo njenge-Aspen HYSYS—kukhombisa ukuthi ukuhlanganisa i-LAES nokuvuselelwa kwe-LNG akugcini nje ngokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kohlelo (ngokuthuthukiswa okuphelele okungaphezu kuka-105%) kodwa futhi kunciphisa izikhathi zokukhokha zibe yiminyaka emifushane njenge-2.5, ngisho noma kubalwa izinhlelo zokugcina ezithuthukisiwe kanye nokukhiqiza. Iziteshi ezilungiselelwe ngezindlela ezinjalo ezihlanganisiwe zizuza ekunciphiseni okukhulu kwezindleko zokusebenza ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kahle kwamandla abandayo, ukuguquguquka kokusebenza okwandisiwe, kanye nokuzimela kwamandla esayithi okuthuthukisiwe.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukulinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo okunembile kuyimfuneko yokunemba ekugcinweni nasekulawulweni kwenqubo kulezi ziteshi. Ama-flowmeter esisindo se-Coriolis, aqashelwa ngokunemba kwawo okuphezulu ezindaweni zokugeleza ezi-cryogenic, alinganisa ngqo izinga lokugeleza kwesisindo—inzuzo enkulu ngaphezu kwamamitha e-volumetric avamile. Lawa madivayisi ahlala ethembekile ezimweni zokugcwalisa uphethiloli we-LNG onamandla, okushisa okuphansi, kanye nokucindezela okuguquguqukayo, asekela kokubili ukushintshaniswa kwezentengiselwano kanye nokwengamela kukahulumeni.
Izinhlelo zanamuhla zokulinganisa ezihlanganisiwe manje sezihlonyiswe ngokuxilongwa okuhlanganisiwe, okuvumela ukuzihlola njalo kwama-flowmeter kanye namanye amadivayisi enqubo ebalulekile. Ukwehluleka, ukukhukhuleka, noma ukuphambuka kokulinganisa kutholakala ngokushesha. Ngenxa yalokho, abaqhubi bangagcina izilinganiso ezilandelekayo neziqinisekisiwe, baqinisekise ukuhambisana okugcwele nezindinganiso zokudluliselwa kwamazwe ngamazwe ze-LNG. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu eziteshini zokugcwalisa uphethiloli lapho ngisho nokuphambuka okuncane kungaholela ekungavumelani okukhulu kwezezimali noma izinhlawulo zomthetho.
Ukuzenzakalela kuhambisana kahle nokulinganisa nokulawula nezinqubo zokugcina. Isibonelo, idatha yokugeleza kwesisindo esibukhoma etholakala kuma-flowmeter e-Coriolis iphakela ngqo kuma-loop okulawula okuzenzakalelayo alungisa ama-valve enqubo, aphathe igesi ebilayo, noma aqalise izinyathelo zokulungisa uma kutholwa ukungalingani kokusebenza. Ukwethulwa kwamamitha obuningi obungaphakathi, njengalawo akhiqizwe yi-Lonnmeter, kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukubonakala kwenqubo. Lawa mamitha, kanye nezinzwa ze-viscosity ezingaphakathi, asiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ilitha ngalinye noma ikhilogremu ye-LNG libalwa ngokunembile kuzo zonke izigaba—kusukela ekugcinweni nasekudluliselweni kuya ekukhishweni kokugcina.
Isithombe 1 ngezansi sibonisa isiteshi sokugcwalisa i-LNG esihlanganisiwe lapho imikhumbi yokugcina izinto, amapayipi e-cryogenic, ukulinganiswa kokugeleza kwesisindo, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwesistimu kuxhunywe khona ngeplatifomu yokuzenzakalela yenqubo ephakathi.
Izinhlelo zokulinganisa ukugcinwa kwempahla zisebenzisa inhlanganisela yokugeleza kwesisindo seCoriolis, ukulinganisa ubuningi, kanye nokuhlaziya okuhlanganisiwe ukuze kulethwe imiphumela eqinisekisiwe. Zimelana nezimo ezinzima zokukhanya, ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphuma kwe-LNG—okuqoshwe ngamakhilogremu noma amathani—kuhlala kunembile futhi kungaphazanyiswa kokubili abalingani bokuhweba kanye nabalawuli. Ngamafuphi, ukuhlangana kwesitoreji samandla abandayo, ukugeleza kwesisindo kanye namadivayisi okulinganisa ubuningi, kanye nokuhlaziya okuzenzakalelayo kwakha umgogodla wemisebenzi yokugcwalisa uphethiloli ye-LNG ethembekile, ephumelelayo, nehambisanayo.
Ukukhetha Nokuthola Izixazululo Zokulinganisa Ukugeleza Kwesisindo
Ukukhetha ikhambi lokulinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo elifanele kakhulu lezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-LNG kuqala ngokuqhathanisa okucacile ubuchwepheshe be-Coriolis kanye ne-ultrasonic. Umehluko oyinhloko umgomo wabo wokulinganisa. Ama-flowmeter e-Coriolis mass alinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo ngqo ngokuzwa ukushintsha kwesigaba okubangelwa ukunyakaza koketshezi kumashubhu adlidlizayo. Ama-flowmeter e-Ultrasonic, ngokuphambene, anquma ukugeleza kwevolumu ngokusekelwe ezikhathini zokudlula kwe-ultrasonic pulse; ukugeleza kwesisindo bese kutholakala ngokufaka i-factoring ekulinganisweni noma okulinganisiwe koketshezi.
Ukunemba kubalulekile ekudlulisweni kokugcinwa kwe-LNG, njengoba ngisho nokungalingani kahle okuncane kungaholela ekungahambelani okukhulu kwezentengiselwano. Ama-flowmeter e-Coriolis mass aletha ukunemba kwangaphakathi okuvame ukufinyelela ku-±0.1% wesilinganiso sangempela sokugeleza kwesisindo, angathinteki ukuguquguquka kokwakheka noma izinga lokushisa le-LNG. Njengoba ubuningi be-LNG bushintsha ngezakhiwo zomzimba ezihlukile, lokhu kulinganiswa kwesisindo okuqondile kusiza ekunciphiseni amaphutha okuguqulwa akhona kumasu e-volumetric. Ama-flowmeter e-Ultrasonic, yize ekwazi ukunemba kwe-volumetric okungu-±0.2% ezimweni ezifanele, athembele ekulinganisweni kobuningi bangaphandle noma ekulinganisweni, ethula iphutha elingenzeka uma izakhiwo ze-LNG zishintsha ngokungalindelekile ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa. Lokhu kwenza amadivayisi e-Coriolis akhethwe ekudlulisweni kokugcinwa okunembile kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezicelweni lapho kudingeka khona i-direct mass metering kanye nosayizi womugqa omncane kuya kophakathi.
Izidingo zokufakwa nokusebenza zinikeza ukwehluka okwengeziwe. Amamitha e-Coriolis adinga ukwesekwa okuqinile kwemishini kanye nokufakwa kokushisa okusebenzayo ngenxa yobukhulu bawo kanye nokuzwela kokujikeleza kokushisa—izinto ezicatshangelwayo eziqina ngaphansi kokuphathwa kwe-cryogenic LNG. Aletha ukwehla okukhulu kwengcindezi njengoba ububanzi bepayipi bukhuphuka, okunciphisa ukusebenza kwawo kumapayipi amakhulu. Amamitha e-Ultrasonic, ngokuklama, aletha ukulahlekelwa okuncane kwengcindezi, alinganisa kahle amapayipi amakhulu afinyelela kumasentimitha angamashumi amane nesishiyagalombili, futhi anikeza izinketho ezilula zokulungisa kabusha ngenxa yokulungiselelwa okungaphazamisi noma okubophayo. Ukuntuleka kwawo izingxenye ezihambayo kanye nensizakalo eqondile eqondile nakho kuyakhanga opharetha be-LNG abaphatha amanethiwekhi amakhulu e-cryogenic.
Imininingwane ebalulekile yobuchwepheshe kumele ihlolwe kuzo zombili lezi zindlela zobuchwepheshe:
Ukunemba:Amamitha e-Coriolis anikeza ukunemba okuphezulu kokugeleza kwesisindo, okuvame ukudingeka ukuze kudluliselwe okokugcina. Amayunithi e-Ultrasonic anikeza ukunemba okuphawulekayo kokugeleza kwevolumu kodwa adinga isinxephezelo esiqinile sokushintsha kokwakheka lapho esetshenziselwa ukubala isisindo.
Ukulinganisa:Zombili izinhlobo zamamitha zidinga izindlela zokulinganisa eziqondile. Ngensizakalo ye-cryogenic LNG, lokhu kuhilela ukuphindaphinda izimo zokusebenza ukuqinisekisa ukwethembeka kokulinganisa kuwo wonke amazinga okushisa kanye nemijikelezo yokucindezela.
Ukuthembeka:Amamitha e-Coriolis aziwa ngokusebenza okuqinile ezinhlotsheni nasezingcindezini ze-LNG ezahlukahlukene. Amamitha e-Ultrasonic, yize emelana nokuguguleka komshini, kumele ahlolwe njalo ukuze athole ukuthi isignali iyawohloka ngenxa yokujiya noma ama-transducer athintekile.
Ukuxilongwa:Imisebenzi yokuxilonga ethuthukisiwe iyatholakala kuzo zombili izigaba zamamitha. Amamitha e-Coriolis angase azihlolele wona ngokwawo ukuqina kanye nempilo yamashubhu, kuyilapho amadivayisi e-ultrasonic elandelela amandla esignali, ubuqotho bendlela ye-acoustic, kanye nokungafani kwephrofayili yokugeleza.
Ukuguquguquka Kokuhlanganiswa:Zombili izinhlobo zingachazwa ngemiphumela yokuxhumana ejwayelekile ukuze ihlanganiswe nezinhlelo zokulawula ibhodi lomkhumbi noma i-terminal. Kodwa-ke, imikhawulo yokuklama nokufakwa—njengesisindo samamitha, izidingo zesikhala, noma izidingo zokushisa—ingathinta ukufaneleka kwengqalasizinda yokuphatha uphethiloli ye-cryogenic endala.
Inqubo yokuthola i-Coriolis mass flowmeter ye-LNG, njengokudluliselwa kokugcinwa okuphezulu eziteshini zokugcwalisa i-LNG, idinga indlela ehlelekile. Funa abakhiqizi be-Coriolis mass flowmeter kanye nabaphakeli abanerekhodi eliqinisekisiwe ku-LNG noma kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-cryogenic fluid. Hlola iphothifoliyo yabo ukuze uthole izinkomba ezithile kubuchwepheshe bokugcwalisa i-LNG, uqinisekise ukuhambisana nezinqubo ezifanele zokudlulisa ukugcinwa, kanye nekhono lokusekela lobuchwepheshe eliqhubekayo. Ukuhlolwa kokuqina kwabo kokukhiqiza, izindawo zokulinganisa zensizakalo ye-cryogenic, kanye nokuphendula ezidingweni zenkonzo yasensimini kubalulekile empumelelweni yokusebenza yesikhathi eside.
Ekukhetheni nasekufanelekeleni umhlinzeki, beka phambili ukuthembeka okubonisiwe kokufakwa kuma-terminal e-LNG, imibhalo ecacile ngedatha yokusebenza emazingeni okushisa aphansi, kanye nensizakalo eqinile ngemuva kokuthengisa. Ukuthembeka komhlinzeki wakho kuthinta ngqo ukuthembeka kokulinganisa kanye nempumelelo yemisebenzi yokudlulisa ukugcinwa kwe-LNG. Phikelela kurekhodi lokusebenza okuhle kakhulu kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo kwezobuchwepheshe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amadivayisi akho okulinganisa agcina ukulinganisa okuthembekile kokugeleza kwesisindo kuyo yonke impilo yengqalasizinda yakho ye-LNG.
Ukukhulisa Izinzuzo: Izinzuzo Zokusebenza Nezemvelo
Ukusebenzisa amadivayisi okulinganisa ukugeleza kobuningi okunembe kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ama-flowmeter e-Coriolis mass, kunikeza izinzuzo ezibonakalayo zokusebenza kanye nezemvelo eziteshini zokugcwalisa uphethiloli we-LNG, imitha yokudlulisa ukugcinwa kwe-LNG, kanye nokuphathwa kukaphethiloli okucryogenic. Lezi zinzuzo zivela ekulinganisweni okunembile kokugeleza kobuningi, ubuningi, kanye nokushisa, okuvumela kokubili ukulawulwa kwenqubo okulungiselelwe kanye nokubalwa kokukhishwa okunokwethenjelwa.
Ukunciphisa Ukukhishwa Kwegesi Nokulahlekelwa
Ama-flowmeter e-Coriolis mass anembe kakhulu abonakale ebalulekile ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa kwegesi kanye nokulahlekelwa komkhiqizo kulo lonke uchungechunge lokuphakelwa kwe-LNG. Ukungaqiniseki kwawo kokulinganisa okwandisiwe—ngokuvamile okuphansi njengo-0.50% ekusetshenzisweni kwe-LNG—kusho igesi encane engabaliwe ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa, ukulayisha, kanye nokusebenza kokugcwalisa uphethiloli. Ngokulinganisa ngokunembile ngisho nokwehluka kwe-microflow kanye nokuthola izinguquko ezincane zesisindo, la madivayisi asekela ukuhlonza okusheshayo kokuvuza, asuse ukulahlekelwa okungatholakali, futhi anciphise umkhawulo wamaphutha emibikweni yokukhishwa kwegesi. Leli khono libalulekile ekuphatheni igesi ebilayo (i-BOG): idatha yokugeleza enembile isiza opharetha ukuthi babambe, balinganise, futhi benze imali nge-BOG esikhundleni sokuyikhipha, banciphise ngqo ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa kanye nokuthuthukisa ukubalwa kwekhabhoni.
Inzuzo Eyengeziwe kanye Nokusimama
Ukulinganisa okulungiselelwe kuthinta inzuzo ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhilogremu ngayinye ye-LNG ilandelwa ngokunembile ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa nokuthengiswa, kunciphisa izingxabano zezimali, futhi kusekelwe ukuhweba okufanelekile. Kubuchwepheshe bokugcwalisa i-LNG kanye nezinhlelo zokugcwalisa i-cryogenic, izinhlelo zokulinganisa ukugcinwa ezithembekile ezisekelwe ku-Coriolis noma ukulinganisa ukugeleza kwe-ultrasonic okuthuthukisiwe ziletha imiphumela elandelekayo nengahlolwa. Lokhu kulawulwa okuqinile kwempahla akugcini nje ngokusekela ukuhambisana nomthetho kodwa futhi kwenza opharetha bakwazi ukubona ukungasebenzi kahle nokuthuthukisa isivuno senqubo.
Ukusimama nakho kuyathuthukiswa: ukulinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo okuthuthukisiwe kunciphisa imfucuza kulo lonke umjikelezo wokuphila kukaphethiloli, kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-methane ebalekayo kanye ne-CO₂, futhi kuvumela ukubika okuthembekile kwezinhlaka zokuzithandela nezokulawula. Ikhono lokuqapha ubuningi kanye ne-viscosity yesikhathi sangempela (ngamadivayisi afana nobukhulu obungaphakathi kanye namamitha e-viscosity avela eLonnmeter) landisa ukuqonda kwenqubo, okuvumela ukulungiswa okwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla futhi kunciphise umthelela emvelweni.
Ukunemba Okuphakeme: Izinzuzo Eziqondile
Ukunemba okuphezulu kokulinganisa kuholela ngqo ekusebenzeni kahle kwenqubo okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokwehla kwesilinganiso semvelo. Ukuze kuphathwe uphethiloli obangelwa yi-cryogenic kanye nokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kwe-LNG, amamitha e-Coriolis anamuhla awadingi ukuqhutshwa kwamapayipi aqondile kanye nemikhawulo yokufaka isibambo, okuqinisekisa ukunemba ngisho nasezindaweni ezincane, ezifakwe kabusha. Ngokulinganiswa okuqinile nokuqinisekiswa okulandelekayo, ukungaqiniseki kokulinganisa kuncishisiwe—ngisho nangaphansi kokucindezeleka kokushisa okuphansi, ukucindezela okuphezulu, noma ukwakheka kwegesi okuhlukahlukene.
Amamitha okujiya kanye ne-viscosity e-Lonnmeter adlala indima esekelayo, ehlinzeka ngedatha yempahla yoketshezi yesikhathi sangempela ehambisana nedatha yokulinganisa izinga lokugeleza kobuningi. Leli suite lokulinganisa eliphelele livumela opharetha ukuthi bavumelanise izinqubo ngesikhathi sangempela ukuze balondoloze ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, bandise umkhiqizo, futhi bahambisane nemikhawulo yokuqinisa ukukhishwa komoya.
Ngamafuphi, ukusebenzisa amadivayisi okulinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo okunembe kakhulu kuguqula ukusebenza kwe-LNG, kuthuthukisa inzuzo kanye nokusimama ngokuqapha okunembile, ukuvimbela ukulahlekelwa, kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi. Ukuhlanganiswa nokulinganisa ubuningi kanye ne-viscosity kuqinisa kakhulu imiphumela yemvelo kanye nokusebenza, kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zanamuhla zokuphathwa kwe-LNG okunembile, okusobala, nokunomthwalo wemfanelo.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa)
Yiziphi izinzuzo eziyinhloko zokusebenzisa i-Coriolis mass flowmeter ekusetshenzisweni kwe-LNG?
Ama-flowmeter e-Coriolis mass ahlinzeka ngokulinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo okuqondile, okubalulekile ekudlulisweni kokugcinwa kwegesi yemvelo encibilikisiwe (i-LNG), njengoba izinkontileka zivame ukusekelwe kusisindo kunokuba kube yivolumu. Lokhu kususa amaphutha avela ekubuneni kwe-LNG okuguquguqukayo futhi kunciphisa isidingo sokuguqulwa kwevolumu kuya ku-mass okuyinkimbinkimbi. Inzuzo yalokhu kulinganisa okuqondile ukunemba okuphezulu, ngokuvamile okungcono kune-±0.1%, okuholela ekuxazululweni kwezimali okunembile kanye nokucaca okuthuthukisiwe kokuthengiselana.
Lawa ma-flowmeter asebenza ngokwethembeka emazingeni okushisa aphakeme kakhulu futhi aqinile ngokumelene nezimo zemvelo eziyinselele zobuchwepheshe bokugcwalisa i-LNG kanye nokuphathwa kukaphethiloli okushisa okushisayo. Njengoba engenazo izingxenye ezihamba ngomshini, amamitha e-Coriolis adinga ukulungiswa okuncane, ukunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi kanye nezindleko eziphelele zobunikazi. Amandla okukala ukugeleza kwesisindo, ukuminyana, kanye nokushisa ngasikhathi sinye kuvumela ukubalwa kwamapharamitha afana nokuqukethwe kwamandla kanye nenani lama-calories aphelele, ngqo ngaphakathi kwe-flowmeter uqobo.
Enye inzuzo ukuzinza ezimweni zenqubo ezishintshayo, njengokucindezela okushintshashintshayo, izinga lokushisa, noma ukuba khona kwezigaba ezixubile zoketshezi kanye nomhwamuko—okuvamile eziteshini zokugcwalisa uphethiloli ze-LNG kanye nezinhlelo zokugcwalisa uphethiloli ezi-cryogenic. Amamitha e-Coriolis nawo aqashelwa yizinhlangano ezilawulayo zomhlaba wonke ngokusebenza kwawo ekudlulisweni kwezicelo zokugcinwa.
I-flowmeter ye-ultrasonic isebenza kanjani emisebenzini yokugcwalisa uphethiloli nge-cryogenic?
Ama-flowmeter e-Ultrasonic afanelekela ukugeleza kwe-LNG okunamandla aphezulu, ahamba phambili ezimweni lapho ukulahlekelwa kwengcindezi ephansi kanye nokugcinwa okuncishisiwe kubalulekile. Njengoba esebenzisa amagagasi e-ultrasonic ukukala ijubane lokugeleza, akukho ukuminyana noma ukuvinjelwa epayipini, okugcina ubuqotho besistimu ezindaweni ezi-cryogenic. Ukusebenza kuyahambisana kuzo zonke izilinganiso zokugeleza ezihlukene, futhi umklamo awugugi ngokwemvelo ngoba azikho izingxenye ezihambayo ezimanzi. Lobu buchwepheshe buthandwa kakhulu ekuqapheni inqubo eqhubekayo kanye nokulinganisa ukugeleza kokugcinwa, lapho ukuqinisekiswa kobuqotho bedatha kanye nokuphindaphinda kubalulekile.
Empeleni, ama-flowmeter e-ultrasonic asekela ukulinganisa kokugcinwa kwe-LNG ngokuphatha ububanzi obukhulu bepayipi ngemikhawulo emincane yokufaka, okwenza avumelane nezimo ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zesakhiwo kanye nezimo zokulungisa kabusha eziteshini zokugcwalisa i-LNG.
Isiteshi sokugcwalisa i-LNG singayiphatha kanjani igesi ebilayo ngendlela ephumelelayo?
Ukuphathwa kahle kwegesi elibilayo (i-BOG) kubalulekile ekusebenzeni komnotho kanye nokuhambisana nemvelo eziteshini zokugcwalisa uphethiloli ze-LNG. Amasu afaka phakathi ukuhlanganisa izinhlelo zokuguqula i-BOG ezicindezela futhi ziphinde zisebenzise igesi yemvelo, esikhundleni sokuyikhipha noma ukuyifutha. Amadivayisi okulinganisa ukugeleza kobuningi obunembile, njenge-Coriolis kanye nama-flowmeter e-ultrasonic, abalulekile ukuqapha inani le-BOG nokulandelela ukulahleka kuyo yonke inqubo.
Ukusebenzisa ukulinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo okunembile kuvumela ukutholakala ngokushesha kokungasebenzi kahle noma ukuvuza, okusiza ekunciphiseni ukulahlekelwa okuphelele kanye nokukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa. Ukulawula okuzenzakalelayo okusekelwe kudatha yokulinganisa yesikhathi sangempela kungabangela izimpendulo ezimweni zokusebenza ezishintshayo, kugcine ukukhishwa kwegesi kanye nokulahlekelwa komkhiqizo kuncane.
Yini okufanele ngiyicabangele lapho ngikhetha umhlinzeki we-coriolis mass flowmeter noma ifektri ye-LNG?
Beka phambili abahlinzeki kanye nabakhiqizi be-coriolis mass flowmeter abanolwazi oluqinisekisiwe ekusetshenzisweni kwe-cryogenic kanye ne-LNG. Kumelwe babonise ubuchwepheshe bobuchwepheshe, izinqubo zokulinganisa eziqinile, kanye nerekhodi lokuletha i-mass flowmeters ngokunemba okuphezulu, ukuzinza, kanye nokuphindaphinda ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu. Hlola ukuzimisela kwabo kanye nekhono labo lokunikeza ukwesekwa kobuchwepheshe kokufakwa, ukuhlanganiswa kwesistimu, kanye nokuqinisekiswa okuqhubekayo kokulinganisa.
Qinisekisa ukuthi amamitha abo ahlangabezana nezindinganiso ezifanele zomthetho kanye nezimboni zokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kwe-LNG. Kunconywa ukuhlola izinkomba ezivela eziteshini zokugcwalisa i-LNG maqondana nokusebenza kanye nokuthembeka, kanye nokuqinisekisa imibhalo esobala yedivayisi ngayinye.
Kungani ukulinganisa ukudluliselwa kwesitoreji kubalulekile ekugcwaliseni uphethiloli nge-LNG?
Ukulinganisa ukudluliselwa kwesitoreji kuyinsika ebalulekile ekugcwaliseni uphethiloli we-LNG, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthengiselana kwezezimali phakathi komhlinzeki nomthengi kunembile futhi kuyavikeleka ngokomthetho. Njengoba inani le-LNG liphezulu, ngisho nokungalungi okuncane kungabangela umthelela omkhulu kwezomnotho. Ama-flowmeter afana nama-flowmeter e-coriolis mass anembe kakhulu kanye nama-flowmeter e-ultrasonic ahlinzeka ngedatha eqinisekisiwe yokudluliselwa ngakunye, okunciphisa izingxabano nokuqinisekisa ukuthi isiteshi silandela imithethonqubo.
Ukulinganisa okunembile kokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kwempahla kusekela amarekhodi asobala, ahlolekayo, kunciphisa amathuba amaphutha noma ukukhwabanisa. Kunikeza isiqinisekiso sokuthi bonke abathintekayo bathola noma baletha inani lomkhiqizo elivunyelwene ngalo.
Ukulinganiswa kokugeleza kwesisindo kuthuthukisa kanjani ukuzinza kwezinhlelo zokugcwalisa i-LNG?
Kusetshenziswa amadivayisi okulinganisa ukugeleza kobuningi athuthukisiwe, iziteshi zokugcwalisa uphethiloli ze-LNG zinganciphisa kakhulu imfucuza yamandla ngokwenza ngcono ukugcwalisa, ukugcina, kanye nokudlulisa i-LNG. Ukuqapha okunembile, kwesikhathi sangempela kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukudluliselwa ngakunye kwenziwa ngcono, kunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi okubalekayo. Ukulinganisa okunembile kubalulekile ekuphatheni uphethiloli ngendlela efanele; kuvumela abaqhubi ukuthi balungise izinqubo ukuze basebenze kahle futhi bavumelane nezinhloso zokukhishwa kwegesi, bathuthukise ukuzinza kulo lonke uchungechunge lwenani le-LNG.
Ukulinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo nakho kwenza kube lula ukulandelela ukusetshenziswa nokulahlekelwa, kusekela izinhlelo zokuthobela imithetho kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza okuhloswe ukunciphisa umonakalo odalwe yimvelo.
Ingabe amadivayisi okulinganisa izinga lokugeleza kwesisindo athembekile ngaphansi kwezimo ezibucayi kakhulu?
Amadivayisi okulinganisa izinga lokugeleza kwesisindo se-Coriolis kanye ne-ultrasonic aklanyelwe ukusebenza ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa adingakalayo kanye nezingcindezi ezitholakala kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ze-LNG. Izinto zokwakha kanye nemiklamo yezinzwa zikhethwa ukuvimbela ukuqhekeka kanye nokukhukhuleka kokulinganisa emazingeni okushisa adingakalayo.
Amakhono okulinganisa okuqhubekayo kanye nokuxilonga asiza ekugcineni ukunemba kanye nokuphindaphindeka, ngisho nokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa, ukudlidliza, noma izindlela zokugeleza ezihlukahlukayo ezivamile zezinqubo ze-LNG. Ukuthembeka okuqinisekisiwe kubuchwepheshe bokugcwalisa i-LNG, njengoba kubhaliwe ekusetshenzisweni kwezikhungo ezinkulu, kugcizelela indima yabo njengezixazululo ezikhethwayo zokulinganisa ukugeleza kobuningi ezindaweni ezibucayi.
Amashadi angezansi abonisa ukunemba okuvamile kokulinganisa njengomsebenzi wokushisa kokubili i-Coriolis kanye ne-ultrasonic flowmeters kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ze-LNG:
Lokhu kuvumelana kubalulekile ekulawuleni izinqubo, ukulandelela ukukhishwa kwegesi, kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga zezimali emkhakheni kaphethiloli obangelwa yi-cryogenic.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba-23-2025
