Ukuqonda Izinqubo Zokuhlukaniswa Komhlaba Ongavamile
Inqubo yokuhlukanisa izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile ihilela ukukhipha nokuhlanza umhlaba ongavamile kusuka kuma-matrices amaminerali ayinkimbinkimbi. Kubalulekile ekukhiqizeni izinto ezisetshenziswa kuma-elekthronikhi, izinhlelo zamandla, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuzivikela. Inqubo yokuhlukanisa umhlaba ongavamile ihlanganisa amasu angokwenyama namakhemikhali, njengokuhlukaniswa kwamagnetic, ukushintshaniswa kwama-ion, kanye nokuhlukaniswa ngokukhishwa kwe-solvent. Lezi zinqubo zisebenza ukuhlukanisa ama-ion athile omhlaba ongavamile ngokusekelwe emehluko omncane ekuziphatheni kwawo kwamakhemikhali.
Inqubo yokuhlukanisa umhlaba ongavamile ibhekene nobunzima obuhlukile. I-Rare earths ivame ukuba khona ndawonye ne-ionic radii efanayo kanye nezakhiwo zamakhemikhali, okubangela izinselele ekufinyeleleni ubumsulwa obuphezulu nokukhetha. Izindlela ezifana nokukhipha i-solvent—ezisetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlukaniseni umhlaba ongavamile—zidinga izimo ezilawulwa ngokuqinile, okuhlanganisa ukukhetha okunembile kwezigaba zezinto eziphilayo, ukulawulwa kwe-pH, kanye nokuphathwa ngokucophelela kwezilinganiso zesigaba. Isibonelo, amasu okukhipha i-rare earth solvent athuthukisiwe manje asebenzisa ama-resin e-chelating aklanyelwe wena noma abaqoqi abanobungane nemvelo abathuthukisa ukukhetha kwama-ion aqondiwe futhi banciphise ukungcola.
Ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo kwe-rare earth leachate kuncike ekulawuleni ukugcwala kwe-leaching agent kuyo yonke inqubo yokukhipha. Ukugcwala kwe-leaching agent okuhle kakhulu kwe-rare earth kuqinisekisa ukuncibilika okuzinzile kwama-ion e-rare earth futhi kunciphisa ukugcwala kokungcola okungafuneki njenge-aluminium noma insimbi. Uma umthamo we-leaching agent uphansi kakhulu, isivuno sokukhipha siyehla, futhi inani elikhulu le-rare earths lihlala ku-residue—lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi i-leaching agent enganele ekukhishweni kwe-rare earth. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-leaching agent eningi kakhulu ekucutshungulweni kwe-rare earth kungabangela ukusetshenziswa kwe-reagent okungadingekile, izingozi zemvelo, kanye nokugcwala kokungcola kanyekanye.
Ukusebenza kahle kokukhuculula ekukhishweni komhlaba ongavamile kuthinta ngqo umnotho wenqubo kanye nokusebenza kwensimbi. Isibonelo, endleleni yokukhipha isinyibilikisi sokuhlukaniswa komhlaba ongavamile, ukusebenza kahle kokukhuculula kuthonya ukwakheka kanye nekhwalithi yesisombululo esifakwe ezigabeni zokuhlukanisa. Ukugxila kwe-leaching agent okuzinzile nokulungiselelwe, kufinyelelwa ngokusebenzisaokuqhubekayoamathuluzi okulinganisa ukuhlushwakusukelaI-Lonnmeter, ayisekeli amazinga aphezulu okululama kuphela kodwa futhi nemiphumela yenqubo eqhubekayo. Ukulungiswa komthamo okunembile kuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zemvelo kanye nemigomo yokukhiqiza.
Izithiyo zokukhiqiza zivame ukuvela ezinyathelweni zokukhipha nokuhlukanisa ezingasebenzi kahle. Inkinga eqhubekayo ukungakwazi ukwandisa izindlela ezithuthukisiwe zokukhipha nokuhlukanisa umhlaba ongavamile ngaphandle kwezifunda ezinobuchwepheshe obukhona, njengeShayina. Izinqubo ezingasebenzi kahle zinganciphisa umkhiqizo, zinciphise ukuphepha kokunikezwa komhlaba ongavamile, futhi zibangele ukuthembela kubaphakeli bomthombo owodwa. Lokhu buthakathaka bochungechunge lokuhlinzeka kwandiswa ukuvinjelwa kobuchwepheshe kanye nemikhawulo yokulawula, okwenza ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo kanye nokulawulwa kwe-leaching agent kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kutholakale ukwaneliseka kwezinsiza.
Sekukonke, ukufeza ukulawula okuhle kakhulu kokuhlushwa kwe-leaching agent kanye nemingcele yokuhlukanisa kubalulekile ekunqobeni izithiyo zokukhiqiza nokuqinisekisa ukutholakala komhlaba ongavamile okuzinzile nokuphephile. Intuthuko ekwenzeni ngcono umthamo we-leaching agent, ukwelashwa kwe-rare earth leachate, kanye nezinqubo zokuhlukanisa eziqondile akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza, kodwa futhi kuqinisa ukuphepha kokuhlinzekwa kanye nokuphathwa kwemvelo.
Ukuhlukaniswa Komhlaba Ongavamile
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Ukugxila Kwe-Leaching Agent: Izimiso Eziyinhloko Nezinselele
Ama-leaching agents abalulekile enqubweni yokuhlukanisa izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile. Asebenza ngokuncibilikisa ama-ion omhlaba ongavamile kusuka kuma-ore kanye nemfucuza yezimboni, okwenza kube lula ukuhlukaniswa kwezansi ngokukhishwa kwe-solvent. Ama-agents avamile afaka ama-mineral acid (isb., i-nitric, i-sulfuric, i-hydrochloric acid), ama-organic acid (i-citric acid, i-methanesulfonic acid), kanye nama-carboxylates ensimbi yomhlaba e-alkaline.
Indima Yama-Leaching Ekwenzeni Ukuncibilikisa Ama-Ion Omhlaba Angavamile
Ngesikhathi sokukhipha nokuhlukanisa umhlaba ongavamile, i-leaching agent iphazamisa ama-lattice amaminerali noma ama-matrices afakwe ama-ion, ikhuthaza ukukhishwa kwama-ion omhlaba ongavamile ku-leachate. Isibonelo, i-nitric acid ku-~12.5 mol/dm³ ifinyelela ukusebenza kahle kokukhipha okuphezulu kwe-lanthanum (85%) kanye ne-cerium (79.1%) kusuka kuma-phosphate ores ngokusebenzisa i-protonation kanye nokuqhekeka kwama-phosphate bonds. I-Citric acid, kokubili eyedwa futhi ehlanganiswe ne-sodium citrate, isekela ukubuyiselwa okukhethayo, okunobungani nemvelo kusuka kuma-ores angajwayelekile njenge-phosphogypsum noma i-lignite, okukhulisa i-REE kuveza kufikela ku-31.88% ngezilinganiso ezilungiselelwe uketshezi oluqinile kanye namazinga okushisa azungezile. I-chemistry kanye nomthamo we-leaching agent kulawula i-kinetics yokuncibilika kwamaminerali, ukukhetha, kanye nokukhululwa kokungcola.
Izisekelo Zokuqedwa Okuzinzile Kwe-Rare Earth Ions
Ukuncibilika okuzinzile kwama-ion omhlaba ongavamile akunqunywa nje kuphela ngokukhethwa kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo kodwa, ngokujulile, ngokuhlushwa kwawo. Izici eziningana zithonya ukuncibilika:
- Ukugxila Kwama-ejenti:Kunquma ukuhamba kwe-leaching kanye nokuphelela kwayo. Ukwehla kakhulu kuvimbela ukukhishwa kwe-ion; ukuphakama kakhulu kukhuthaza ukungcola okuhambisana ne-leaching.
- I-Ore Mineralogy:Ilawula ukusabela—uqweqwe olugugile kanye nama-ore afakwe ama-ion adinga ama-reagent acishe angathathi hlangothi noma athambile, kuyilapho amaminerali e-phosphate kanye ne-monazite esabela kuma-asidi aqinile.
- i-pH:Ilungisa ukuhluzwa kwe-agent, ukusebenza kahle kokushintshana kwama-ion, kanye nokukhetha—isb., ukuhlanzwa kwe-magnesium sulfate okuhle kakhulu kwenzeka ku-pH 4.
- Izinga Lokushisa Nesikhathi:Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lingakhuphula amazinga okuncibilika, njengoba kubonakala ekukhucululweni kwe-sulfuric acid kwama-phosphate.
- Isilinganiso Esiqinile Esiwuketshezi:Kumelwe kulungiselelwe uhlobo lwemithombo ukuze kukhuliswe ukusebenza kahle kwe-leaching ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-ejenti.
Isibonelo, ukwenza ngcono usebenzisa i-citric acid kuthola isilinganiso esifanele sama-2 mol/L ku-343 K imizuzu eyi-180, kukhipha ama-90% ama-REE ku-phosphogypsum, kulandela imodeli ye-kinetic elawulwa ukusabalala.
Imiphumela Yokungakwazi Ukukhipha Indle Ekwanele Ku-Rare Earth Leachate
Umthamo ongaphansi kokufanele we-ejenti unciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhuculula i-rare earth. Umthamo ongaphansi kokufanele wehluleka ukukhipha ngokuphelele ama-ion e-rare earth, okuholela ku:
- Amazinga aphansi okululama—i-asidi enganele (isb., i-HCl ephansi noma i-citric acid) iveza ukuncibilika okubi, lapho i-REE ebalulekile igcinwa khona ezinsaleleni.
- Ukukhululwa kwama-ion okungaphelele—ama-agglomerate ahlala eqinile, okuvimbela indlela yokukhipha i-solvent yokuhlukaniswa komhlaba ongavamile.
- Ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezinsizakusebenza—izifundo zokuhlola kanye nokukhipha inqwaba zixhumanisa ukuhlushwa okuphansi kwe-ejenti nokukhiqizwa okunganele, ukuhamba kancane kwe-kinetics, kanye nokugcinwa kwe-ore okungakasetshenziswa.
Isibonelo esisebenzayo sitholakala ekukhucululweni kwe-magnesium sulfate: ngaphansi kokuhlushwa okubalulekile okungu-3.5% kanye ne-pH 4, ukukhishwa komhlaba ongavamile kuyawa, kuyilapho ama-ore agglomerate eqhubeka, okunciphisa ukungazinzi kokwehla kodwa kunciphisa isivuno.
Imiphumela Ye-Agent Eyeqile Yokuhlanzwa Komhlaba Ongavamile
Umthamo omkhulu we-leaching agent uletha izinkinga ezinkulu ekwelashweni kwe-rare earth leachate:
- Ukumosha kwe-Reagent:Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-asidi afana nama-nitric noma ama-ammonium compounds kwandisa izindleko zokusebenza kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-reagent, ngokuvamile ngokunciphisa ukubuyiselwa okuncane kwamazinga okukhipha.
- Ukungcola Kwesibili:Izinto ezinolaka ziyasheshisa ukuncibilika kodwa futhi zibangela ukuncibilika kokungcola—i-aluminium, i-iron, ne-calcium ziyahlanganiswa, okwandisa ingozi yemvelo, ikakhulukazi emanzini nasenhlabathini. Isibonelo, imithamo ephezulu ye-asidi ekukhucululweni kwe-gangue yamalahle iholela ekukhucululweni kwe-aluminium ne-iron okungu-5-6% kanye nama-REE, okwenza kube nzima ukwelashwa kwe-rare earth leachate.
- Ukuhlanza Okuhlanganisiwe Kokungcola:Ngale kwemingcele yokuhlushwa efanele, ukukhetha kuyaphela—izinsimbi ezingafuneki zingena esixazululweni, zikhiphe i-load solvent kanye nezigaba zenqubo yokuhlukaniswa komhlaba ongavamile, futhi zidinga ukuhlanzwa okujulile.
- Ukuqiniswa Kwensimbi Eyigugu:Izivivinyo zokususa inqwaba yemithi ziqokomisa izingozi zomhlaba; ukusebenzisa ngokweqile kungaphazamisa ama-mineral agglomerate, okubangela ukudilika komhlaba kanye nokuwa kwemithambeka ezimayini.
Izifundo zakamuva zikhuthaza ukwenziwa ngcono kwemithamo, zikhuthaza ezinye izindlela eziqhubekayo ezifana nama-acid athambile noma ama-carboxylates omhlaba we-alkaline. Lawa ma-ejenti ane-pH efanelekile, afinyelela ekubuyiselweni okuphezulu kwe-REE (>91%) ngenkathi enciphisa ukukhululwa kokungcola—ngokuhambisana nezinqubo ezithuthukisiwe zokuhlukanisa umhlaba ongavamile.
Ukuthuthukisa ukuhlushwa kwe-leaching agent kuyisisekelo senqubo yokuhlukanisa umhlaba ongavamile. Ukulinganisa ngokunembile kulawula ngqo ukusebenza kahle kwe-leaching, ukuncibilika okuzinzile, kanye nokusebenza kokukhipha i-solvent engezansi, konke lokhu ngenkathi kulawulwa izindleko kanye nokuphathwa kwemvelo. Ukukhetha nokulinganisa i-ejenti efanele kanye nomthamo, kusetshenziswa ukuqonda kwe-mineralological, kusalokhu kuyitshe lesisekelo lezindlela ezithuthukisiwe zokukhipha umhlaba ongavamile kanye nokuhlukanisa.
Ukulinganisa Okulinganiselwe Kokuhlushwa Kwe-Leaching Agent
Ukunqunywa okunembile kokuhlushwa kwe-leaching agent kubalulekile enkambisweni yokuhlukanisa izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile. Ukuvumelana kokuhlushwa kuqinisekisa izimo ezifanele zokuhlanza, kusekela ukuncibilika okuzinzile kwama-ion omhlaba ongavamile, futhi kuthinta ngqo ukusebenza kahle kokuhlanza ekukhishweni komhlaba ongavamile. Zombili izindlela zokulinganisa eziqondile kanye nezindlela zokulingisa eziqinile zisetshenziselwa ukulawula umthamo we-agent, ukunciphisa ukufakwa kokungcola, kanye nokuvimbela imfucuza yezinsiza.
Umthelela Wokugxila Kwe-Leaching Agent Ekusebenzeni Kahle Kokuhlukanisa
Ukuhlushwa kwe-leaching agentkuyipharamitha yokulawula ebalulekile enqubweni yokuhlukanisa izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile. Ukuxhumana kwayo okuqondile nokusebenza kahle kokukhipha amanzi kusekela impumelelo yokuhlukaniswa komhlaba ongavamile kuzo zonke izitsha zokudla ezahlukahlukene. Ukulungisa inani le-ejenti kunquma kokubili isivuno sama-ion omhlaba ongavamile aqondiwe kanye nokukhetha kwendlela yokukhipha i-solvent yokuhlukaniswa komhlaba ongavamile.
Ukuxhumana Okuqondile Phakathi Kobuningi Be-ejenti Nokusebenza Kahle Kokuhlanzwa Kwezinto Eziphilayo
Ukwandisa ukuhlushwa kwe-leaching agent ngokuvamile kuphakamisa isivuno sokukhishwa kwe-rare earths. Isibonelo, i-magnesium acetate—esetshenziswa kuma-ore aqoqwe yi-elution crust aguquliwe—ifinyelela ukusebenza kahle kokukhishwa kwe-rare earth okungaphezu kuka-91% ngemithamo efanele, kuyilapho igcina i-aluminium co-leaching ingaphansi kuka-30% ezimweni ezilawulwayo. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kubalulekile lapho kusetshenziswa amasu okukhipha i-solvent ukuze kuhlukaniswe futhi kuhlanzwe i-rare earths kusuka kuma-matrices ayinkimbinkimbi njenge-gangue yamalahle kanye nemfucuza yezimboni. Ama-acid angaphili (isb., i-HCl, i-HNO₃) ngokufanayo afinyelela ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu ekugxilweni kwe-molar okuchazwe kahle (isb., kufika ku-12.5 mol/dm³ ye-cerium ne-lanthanum), yize ukukhetha kumele kulinganiswe ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe ukuncibilika kokungcola okweqile.
Ithonya Ekuqhekekeni Okukhethiwe Kwezinto Ezingavamile Zomhlaba Eziqondiwe
Ukulinganiswa ngokucophelela komthamo we-leaching agent kubalulekile ekuncibilikisweni okukhethiwe kwama-ion omhlaba angavamile, ikakhulukazi lapho kwelashwa izinto eziqukethe ukungcola okukhulu komhlaba okungavamile. Isibonelo, ukwelashwa kwe-leachate yomhlaba ongavamile nge-citric acid ku-2 mol/L kwenza kube nokuncibilika okungaphezu kuka-90% komhlaba ongavamile ovela ku-phosphogypsum, kanye nendlela yokuphendula eqinisekisa ukugcwala kwe-agent njengomshayeli oyinhloko wokusebenza kahle nokukhetha. Ukugcwala okuphansi kwe-agent nakho kungaba yimpumelelo enkulu: ukukhucululwa kwe-acid okulandelanayo kwemfucuza kagesi kusetshenziswa i-0.2 M H₂SO₄ ku-20°C kwabonakala kubuyisa kufikela ku-91% womhlaba ongavamile, kunciphisa ukukhucululwa kwe-aluminium nensimbi. Imiklamo yeqembu ikhombisa ukuthi ngale kwesilinganiso esiphezulu, ukwanda okwengeziwe kokugcwala kwe-agent kungakhuthaza ukuncibilika okungafuneki kwezinto ze-gangue futhi kuthinte ubumsulwa bomkhiqizo womhlaba ongavamile.
Izibonelo Zobuningi: Ukuthuthukiswa Kokunemba Kokuthola kanye Nokuzinza Kwe-Ion
Intuthuko yakamuva ezinhlelweni zokukhipha izinto ezixubile ibonisa ukuthi ukuhlushwa kwe-agent kuthinta kanjani ngqo ukunemba kokutholwa kwe-batch kanye nokuqina kokuncibilika kwe-ion. Ukusetshenziswa kwezilawuli zenqubo ezisebenzisa i-Lonnmeter kuvumela ukulinganiswa kwesikhathi sangempela, okunobuningi kokuhlushwa kwe-leaching agent kanye nokulungiswa okuqondile ngesikhathi sokukhipha. Ubufakazi bokuhlola bubonise ukuthi ukwandisa ukuhlushwa kwe-agent ngaphakathi kobubanzi obuhle kuholela ekuthuthukisweni okubukhali ekuzinzeni kwamaphrofayili okuncibilika kwe-ion yomhlaba ongavamile kanye nokunemba kokuthola kabusha kokushintshashintsha kwe-batch okucashile. Izindlela zokukhipha izinto ezixubile, njengokuhlanganisa i-ammonium sulfate nama-ammonium formate inhibitors, zicindezela ngobuningi ukuncibilika kwe-aluminium okungafuneki, okuvumela imiphumela yokukhipha i-rare earth enembile futhi ephindaphindwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundo ze-kinetic ezisekelwe kumamodeli we-double elector kanye ne-chromatographic plate theory ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlushwa kwe-agent okuhle kakhulu kunciphisa ukuncibilika kwe-co-leaching futhi kwandisa ukuhlukaniswa kwe-rare earth ekuqaleni kwenqubo yokukhipha i-solvent.
Imiphumela Ewusizo kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Komthamo
Ukuthuthukisa umthamo we-leaching agent kubalulekile ekuhlukaniseni ama-ion ayigugu omhlaba ongavamile ngenkathi kunciphisa izingozi zemvelo nezokusebenza. Ekukhishweni kwe-rare earth solvent, ukugcina ukuhlushwa ngaphakathi komkhawulo obalulekile kuvimbela ukuwohloka kwama-ore agglomerate kanye nesakhiwo se-ore pore, okungaholela ekungazinzini kwe-slope ekumbeni kwe-in situ. Ukuhlolwa kubonisa ukuthi ukudlula ukuhlushwa kwe-agent engu-3.5% nge-magnesium sulfate kuphazamisa isakhiwo se-ore, kuphakamisa ingozi yemvelo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, amazinga e-agent anganele aholela ekusebenzeni kahle kwe-leaching okungekuhle kanye nokuhlukaniswa komhlaba ongavamile okungaphelele. Ukusekelwa kwemodeli ye-quantitative, njengokuhlaziywa kobuso bempendulo kanye ne-chromatographic plate theory, kuvumela ukulungiswa okunembile kwamanani e-leaching agent ye-ore ngayinye ethile noma insalela yezimboni - ukulinganisela ukusebenza kahle kokukhipha, ubumsulwa bomkhiqizo, kanye nokuphepha kwenqubo.
Ukulawulwa okuphumelelayo kokuhlushwa kwe-leaching agent kusekela izinqubo ezithuthukisiwe zokuhlukaniswa komhlaba ongavamile, ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala okuphezulu, ukutholwa okukhethiwe kanye nokuqina kwama-ion omhlaba ongavamile okusetshenziswa ezimbonini.
Izindlela Zokukhipha I-solvent Zokuhlukaniswa Komhlaba Ongavamile
Ukukhishwa kwe-solvent kuwubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko enqubweni yokuhlukanisa izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile, eyenzelwe ukuhlukanisa nokuhlanza ama-REE ngokukhetha kusuka ezingxubeni eziyinkimbinkimbi, njenge-ore leachates kanye nemithombo yokuvuselela kabusha. Ivumela ukudluliselwa okuqondiwe kwama-ion omhlaba angavamile phakathi kwezigaba zamanzi kanye ne-organic kusetshenziswa ama-extractants akhethekile. Ukuhlukaniswa ngokukhishwa kwe-solvent kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba ama-ion amaningi omhlaba angavamile abonisa umehluko omncane wamakhemikhali, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwama-earth angavamile alula (ama-LREE: La, Ce, Nd, Pr, Sm) kanye nama-earth angavamile anzima (ama-HREE: Y, Dy, Tb).
Izindlela kanye Nokufaneleka Kwezimboni
Indlela eyisisekelo yenqubo yokuhlukanisa umhlaba ongavamile ngokukhipha i-solvent ihilela ukuhlanganiswa kwama-ion omhlaba ongavamile nama-extractants e-organic. I-Bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid, i-Cyanex 272, i-Cyanex 572, kanye ne-PC 88A, evame ukuhambisana nama-phase modifiers afana ne-tributyl phosphate (TBP), abonisa ukufana okukhethiwe kwama-rare earths anikeziwe. Ngokulawula i-aqueous phase pH, ukushintshaniswa kwama-ion, kanye nezinhlobo ze-extractant, izici zokuhlukanisa zingakhuliswa—isib., i-Cyanex 572 ene-PC 88A kanye ne-TBP inikeza ukuhlukaniswa okucacile phakathi kwe-Sm ne-La, kuyilapho i-Nd ne-Pr zihlala ziyinselele kakhulu ngenxa yezakhiwo zamakhemikhali eziseduze.
Kwezimboni, inqubo yokuhlukanisa umhlaba ongavamile ibalulekile ekukhiqizeni ama-REE ahlanzekile kakhulu asetshenziswa kuma-elekthronikhi, omaginethi, kanye nobuchwepheshe bamandla. Izitshalo zisebenzisa amasekethe okukhipha i-solvent anezigaba eziningi, avame ukwenziwa amamodeli ngokusebenzisa izibalo zokulingana kanye nokulingisa inqubo, ukuze kuhlanzwe futhi kugxilwe kancane kancane izinto ezifunwayo. Isibonelo, izindlela zokukhipha i-solvent zisetshenziselwa ukubuyisa i-Nd, Pr, kanye ne-Dy emabhethrini asetshenziswe kabusha, lapho ama-algorithms okwenza imodeli yesigaba kanye nokwenza ngcono (njengokwenza ngcono i-particle swarm) eqondisa inhlanganisela yesigaba ukuze kube nokukhiqiza okuhle kakhulu kanye nokuhlanzeka.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezinhlanganisela Ezihlukahlukene Ze-Leachate
Ukwelashwa kwe-Rare earth leachate kudinga ukulungiswa kwezimo zokukhipha ukuze kuhambisane nokwakheka kokudla. Ukuhlushwa kwe-leaching agent efanele ye-rare earths, kanye nokukhethwa kanye nomthamo we-extractants, kubalulekile. Ku-leachates ecebile nge-sulfate evela kuma-ion-adsorption ores noma kuma-magnets aphinde asetshenziswa, i-phosphorylhydroxyacetic acid (HPOAc) inikeza ukukhetha okuphezulu kwama-REE athile. Ama-diluent afana ne-hexane ne-octane, ahlanganiswe ne-D2EHPA noma ama-extractants afanayo, anciphisa ukukhishwa kanyekanye kokungcola okungeyona i-REE kuma-leachates e-sulfuric acid.
Ukuhlushwa kwe-reagent yokususa i-asidi kanye namathuluzi okulinganisa i-Lonnmeter kusekela ukwenziwa ngcono kokubuyisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuncibilika okuzinzile kwama-ion omhlaba ongavamile kanye nokuhlukaniswa okuphumelelayo. Izinqubo zokushintshaniswa kwama-ion ezihlanganisiwe kanye nokukhishwa kwe-solvent ziveza izixazululo zenqubo yokuhlukanisa umhlaba ongavamile ezithuthukisiwe zezingxube zezinto eziningi, ikakhulukazi lapho kuhloswe khona ukusebenza kahle kokukhipha umhlaba ongavamile ngokunciphisa ukungcola.
Ukuqamba Okusha Kokukhipha I-Membrane Solvent
Ukukhishwa kwe-Membrane solvent (MSX) kwethula intuthuko enkulu kumasu okukhipha i-rare earth solvent ngokusebenzisa i-microporous membranes ukuvimba ama-extractants. Lezi zinhlelo zivumela ukuthuthwa okukhethekile kwama-ion e-rare earth, kufinyelela amazinga okululama angaphezu kwama-90% ngama-reagents afana ne-di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (DEHPA) kuma-lithium kanye nama-leachates e-rare earth. Ama-membrane e-polymer atholakala ku-bio asebenza ngama-chelating agents abonise isivuno esithuthukisiwe esingafika ku-30% uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhishwa kwe-liquid-liquid okuvamile. I-MSX inciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwe-reagent futhi yehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, inegalelo ezindleleni zokukhipha kanye nokuhlukanisa i-rare earth eziluhlaza nezingabizi kakhulu. Ama-solvents aluhlaza, njenge-ionic liquids kanye nama-deep eutectic solvents, andisa kakhulu ukusimama ekuhlukanisweni kwe-rare earth.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-electronic waste leachats kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwe-MSX kokubuyiselwa kwezinto ezingalinganiswa okuhlanganisa i-Dy, i-Pr, ne-Nd. Ukukhetha okuthuthukisiwe, ukudluliselwa kwesigaba okusheshayo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-solvent okuncishisiwe kuyinzuzo ebalulekile, okuhambisana nezingcindezi zokusimama kanye nokujikeleza kwezinsiza enkambisweni yokuhlukanisa izinto zomhlaba ongavamile.
Ukuhlukaniswa ngokukhipha i-solvent
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Ukuhlanganiswa nokulawulwa kokugxila kwe-Upstream Leaching Agent
Ukukhishwa kwe-solvent okuphumelelayo kuncike ekulawuleni ukwakheka kwe-leachate yomhlaba ongavamile ngokwenza ngcono umthamo we-leaching agent. I-leaching agent enganele iholela ekuncibilikeni komhlaba ongavamile okungaphelele, yehlise isivuno sokukhishwa, kuyilapho i-leaching agent eningi kakhulu ingadala imfucuza ephezulu ye-reagent, ukwanda kokuthathwa kokungcola, kanye nokungalingani kwesigaba okuzinzile ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwe-downstream ngokukhishwa kwe-solvent.
Ama-composite ammonium salts kanye nama-uncleanness inhibitors—asetshenziswa kuma-ore omhlaba angavamile aqoqwe yi-crust elution—abonisa ukuthi ukwenza ngcono i-leaching agent kuthuthukisa kanjani ukuleaching kanye nokuhlukaniswa. Imodeli ye-Thermodynamic (isb., ukusebenzisana kwe-P204 nama-coal fly ash leachates) isekela amapharamitha okukhipha ukuze afane ne-leachate chemistry ukuze kutholakale kabusha kakhulu. Izinqubo zokukhipha i-heap leaching-solvent ezihlanganisiwe nazo ziletha ukuphepha kwemvelo kanye nokusebenza kahle kwenqubo.
Ukuvumelanisa ukukhethwa kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-leaching agent ephezulu kanye nokukhetha kwe-downstream extractant kanye ne-phase modifier kuqinisekisa ukuncibilika okuzinzile kanye nokwakheka kokudla okulawulwayo, kuthuthukisa ngqo isivuno sokuhlukaniswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza. Ukulinganiswa okunembile, kwesikhathi sangempela kwe-leaching agent kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-rare earth ion nge-Lonnmeter instrumentation kusekela lezi zindlela zokusebenza ezihlanganisiwe zezinqubo ezithuthukisiwe zokuhlukanisa i-rare earth.
Izindlela Zokusungula Nokuzinza Ezintsha
Ama-adsorbent asekelwe kumaprotheni akhiwe nge-bioengineered ashintshe inqubo yokuhlukanisa izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile, ethula amathuba amasha okuthola kabusha okusimeme, okukhethayo okuvela emithonjeni engajwayelekile njenge-e-waste kanye nama-leachate ezimboni. Amaprotheni afana ne-Lanmodulin aklanyelwe futhi aklanywa ukuze ahambisane kakhulu nama-ion e-REE, abonisa ukukhetha ngisho nalapho evezwa ezingxubeni eziyinkimbinkimbi eziqukethe amazinga aphezulu ama-ion ensimbi ancintisanayo. Lokhu kucaciswa kwama-molecule kunikeza inzuzo ephawulekayo ngaphezu kwama-adsorbent amakhemikhali namaminerali endabuko, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima njengamandla aphezulu e-ionic noma izindawo ezine-acidic, ezivame ukutholakala emifudlaneni yokwelapha i-leachate yomhlaba engavamile. Ama-peptide aklanywe ngokulandelana kanye namaprotheni angashukumi, lapho ehlanganiswa nama-polymer asebenzayo noma ama-nanomaterials, aphakamisa kokubili amandla okumunca kanye nokuqina kwenqubo, ngezinto ezihlanganisiwe ze-nano ezithuthukisiwe ezifinyelela amandla okumunca e-REE angaphezu kuka-900 mg/g, ngisho nasezixazululweni ezincibilikisiwe noma emanzini okucubungula.
Ukusebenza kahle kokukhipha i-rare earth kuncike kakhulu ekuzinzeni nasekuphindeni kwe-adsorbent. Ama-polymer aphinde asetshenziswe kanye nama-magnetic adsorbent aklanywe ukuze alondoloze ukubopha okuqinile futhi avumele ukubuyiswa okusheshayo kwezinto ezilayishiwe. Ukuphinda kwawo asetshenziswe kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwemfucuza yesibili futhi kuqinisekisa ukuzinza kokusebenza okubalulekile ezinqubweni ezithuthukisiwe zokuhlukanisa i-rare earth. Isibonelo, ama-magnetic composites avumela ukuhlukaniswa ngokomzimba kwe-adsorbent kuma-leachate ngokusebenzisa i-magnetism, kulondoloza ukusebenza kwemijikelezo eminingi futhi kugcine ukuncibilika okuzinzile kwama-ion e-rare earth ezindleleni zokukhipha nokuhlukanisa eziphindaphindwayo. Lezi zinhlelo zisebenza kahle kakhulu uma zihlanganiswa nendlela yokukhipha i-solvent yokuhlukaniswa kwe-rare earth, zisekela ukubuyiselwa kwesivuno esikhulu kuma-magnets asetshenzisiwe kanye nezinsalela zezimboni ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa umthamo we-leaching agent futhi kunciphisa umthelela emvelweni.
Izinhlelo eziphendula izinga lokushisa kanye nezinhlelo ze-reagent ezixubile ziletha ukulawula okuguquguqukayo ekuhlukaniseni ngokukhipha i-solvent. Lezi zinhlelo ziphendula ezindleleni zokushisa ngokushintsha amandla okuxhumana phakathi kwama-adsorbents nama-ion e-REE, okuvumela ukuhlukanisa okukhethiwe kanye nokuthuthukisa ubumsulwa ezingxeni ezihlukanisiwe. Izindlela ze-reagent ezixubile zixuba i-solvents eziphilayo kanye ne-inorganic noma zilungise i-pH kanye namandla e-ionic ukuze zilungiselele ukukhetha kokukhipha, zivimbele ukuncibilika kanye kwezinsimbi ezingafuneki, futhi zilethe ukuhlukaniswa kwe-rare earth okuhlanzekile kakhulu. Ukulungiswa kwenqubo okunjalo kubalulekile ekuhlukaniseni i-rare earth, kusiza ukuhlushwa kwe-leaching agent efanele kakhulu kuma-rare earths, kugwema imiphumela ye-leaching agent enganele noma eyeqile ekucubungulweni kwe-rare earth, kanye nokuqinisa ukulawula okusebenzayo okuqinile.
Ama-adsorbent akhiwe nge-bioengineered futhi angasetshenziswa kabusha, kanye nezinhlelo eziphendula amazinga okushisa kanye nezinhlelo ezixubile ze-reagent, asekela izindlela ezifanele zokukhipha umhlaba ongavamile kanye nokuhlukanisa ezidingekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ngendlela esimeme. Inhlanganisela yawo ithuthukisa ukwenziwa ngcono komthamo we-leaching agent, ithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa kwe-leachate ye-rare earth, futhi ifinyelela ukuhlukaniswa komhlaba ongavamile okuhlanzekile kakhulu ngokunciphisa indawo ezungezile.
Izinto Ezicatshangelwayo Kwezemvelo Nezomnotho
Ukuthuthukisa ukuhlushwa kwe-leaching agent enqubweni yokuhlukanisa izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile kufeza izinzuzo ezinkulu zemvelo nezomnotho. Ngokuhlela umthamo we-leaching agent, imisebenzi ye-leaching yomhlaba ongavamile igcina ukusebenza kahle kwe-leaching ngenkathi kunciphisa ukufakwa kwe-reagent ngokweqile kanye nemiphumela engezansi.
Izinzuzo Zemvelo Zokulinganisa Okuthuthukisiwe Nokuhlukaniswa Okuthuthukisiwe
Ukulungisa kahle ukuhlushwa kwe-leaching agent efanele kakhulu ye-rare earths kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali, kugwema ngqo imiphumela emibi yokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kanye ne-leaching agent ngokweqile ekucutshungulweni komhlaba ongavamile. Uma umthamo uhambisana nomkhawulo omncane wokuncibilika okuzinzile kwama-ion omhlaba ongavamile, ukuncibilika kwamaminerali okwesibili kanye nokukhishwa komkhiqizo onobuthi kuyancishiswa. Izinqubo ezithuthukisiwe zokuhlukanisa umhlaba ongavamile—njengokukhishwa kwe-membrane solvent okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokukhishwa kwe-hybrid membrane—kwenza kube lula ukululama okukhethiwe kanye nokulahlekelwa okuphansi, kunciphisa umkhiqizo wokungcola ngeyunithi ngayinye yomkhiqizo womhlaba ongavamile.
Izinto ezisebenzisa i-lixiviants ezinobungani nemvelo—njenge-magnesium acetate, i-magnesium sulfate, kanye nama-organic acid afana ne-citric acid—zinciphisa i-acidization yenhlabathi futhi zenze kube lula ukubuyiselwa kwesistimu ye-ecosystem ngokushesha ngemva kokukhuhla. Isibonelo, ukukhuhla okusekelwe ku-citric acid akugcini nje ngokufeza amazinga aphezulu okululama kodwa futhi kuholela ekubuyiselweni okusheshayo komsebenzi we-enzyme yenhlabathi, okubonisa ukuvuselelwa okusheshayo kwezemvelo ngemuva kokwelashwa nge-leachate. Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi nge-lixiviants esekelwe ku-magnesium, ukusebenza kahle kokukhipha okuphezulu kuhambisana nokungcola okulinganiselwe kanye nengozi encishisiwe yezemvelo, njengoba kuqinisekiswe yi-zeta potential kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezingqimba ezimbili zikagesi. Lokhu okutholakele kugcizelela ukuthi ukulungiswa komthamo we-leaching agent kanye nezindlela zokukhipha ezikhethiwe kuyimbangela yamasu okukhipha i-rare earth solvent angenabungozi emvelweni.
Ukuhlukaniswa okuthuthukisiwe ngezindlela zokukhipha i-solvent—ikakhulukazi lezo ezisebenzisa ama-polymer membrane asebenzayo—kunciphisa ukulahleka kwe-solvent yemvelo futhi kunciphisa umkhondo wemvelo wokuhlukaniswa komhlaba ongavamile. Izinhlelo ezisekelwe ku-hybrid kanye ne-membrane zithuthukisa ukukhetha kanye nokubuyisa, zinciphisa kokubili isitokwe samakhemikhali kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemfucuza uma kuqhathaniswa nezifunda zendabuko zokuxuba-ukuhlala. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwenqubo kwenza ukuhlukaniswa komhlaba ongavamile kuhlanzeke futhi kuphephe emvelweni.
Ukunciphisa Ukusetshenziswa Kwamakhemikhali, Ukukhiqizwa Kwemfucuza, kanye Nezinyathelo Zemvelo
Ukulinganisa i-leaching agent okulawulwayo kuvimbela ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-reagent futhi kuvimbele ukunqwabelana okungadingekile kwamakhemikhali asele kotshwala obukhishwayo. Isibonelo, ekwelashweni kwe-leachate yomhlaba ongavamile, ukudlula imingcele ebalulekile ekugxilweni kwe-magnesium sulfate noma ukusebenza ngaphansi kwe-pH efanele kuphazamisa isakhiwo se-ore, kukhulula izinhlayiya ezincane futhi kwandise ingozi yokwehluleka kwe-slope. Ngokugcina umthamo kumanani afanele anqunywe ngokombono, ukulawulwa kwenqubo kunciphisa kokubili ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ngqo kanye nezingozi ze-geotechnical.
Ukwamukelwa kwamathuluzi okulinganisa ngokunemba—kufaka phakathi ukunemba okuphezuluemugqeniukugxilisa ingqondoamamitha kusuka eLonnmeter—ivumela ukulungiswa kwezimo zokukhipha imfucuza okuqhutshwa idatha, ngaleyo ndlela yehlisa ukufakwa kwamakhemikhali ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukusebenza kahle kokukhipha imfucuza ekukhishweni komhlaba ongavamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-adsorbents akhiwe nge-bio kanye nezinto ezingasetshenziswa kabusha, njenge-biosorbents esekelwe kumaprotheni kanye nemfucuza ye-lignocellulosic, enza kube lula ukubuyiselwa komhlaba ongavamile cishe okuphelele ngenkathi kusekelwa imijikelezo evaliwe enciphisa ukukhishwa kwemvelo kanye nokuqinisekisa ukugeleza kwemfucuza.
Uma izinqubo ezithuthukisiwe zokuhlukaniswa komhlaba ongavamile zihambisana nokuphathwa kwe-leaching agent okuhle kakhulu, ukukhiqizwa kwemfucuza ngesikhathi sokukhipha kanye nokuhlukaniswa kunciphisa kakhulu. Ukukhishwa kwe-membrane solvent, isibonelo, akugcini nje ngokufeza ubumsulwa obukhulu bensimbi kanye nesivuno kodwa futhi kunciphisa kakhulu izinsalela ze-solvent kanye ne-acid ngokuvamile ezidinga ukwelashwa kwemfucuza eyingozi. Lokhu kunciphisa kuhambisana nemigomo yokumba eqhubekayo kanye nengcindezi yokulawula ukunciphisa umthwalo wemvelo wokumba umhlaba ongavamile.
Izinzuzo Zezomnotho: Ukusetshenziswa Kwezinsiza Okuthuthukisiwe kanye Nezindleko Zokusebenza Eziphansi
Ukuncintisana kwezomnotho ezindleleni zokukhipha nokuhlukanisa umhlaba ongavamile kuncike ekusetshenzisweni kahle kwezinsizakusebenza kanye nokusebenza okungabizi kakhulu. Ukwenziwa ngcono komthamo we-leaching agent kunciphisa izindleko zezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nezindleko ze-reagent ngokuqeda ukwengezwa kwamakhemikhali okungadingekile, kuyilapho ukuzinza kwenqubo kuvikela ekulahlekelweni okubangelwa ukungazinzile kwensimbi, isikhathi sokungasebenzi kwemishini, noma ukuwa komzimba wensimbi.
Ukukhishwa okukhethiwe okuthuthukisiwe ngokukhishwa kwe-solvent okuthuthukisiwe kanye nobuchwepheshe be-membrane kukhulisa ukubuyiswa kwamanani omhlaba ongavamile avela kuma-leachat—ikakhulukazi ezinsizeni ezisezingeni eliphansi noma eziyinkimbinkimbi—ngaleyo ndlela kukhulisa izinga lokusetshenziswa komhlaba oyigugu ongavamile. Ukulawulwa kwesilinganiso ngesikhathi sangempela ngenxaamadivayisi okulinganisa ukuhlushwakwandisa ukukhiqizwa kabusha kokusebenza kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo, okuqinisa imbuyiselo yezomnotho kuyo yonke inqubo.
Ukunciphisa imfucuza akugcini nje ngokuletha ukonga okuqondile ekuthengweni kwe-reagent kodwa futhi nasekuphathweni okungezansi, ukuthobela imithetho, kanye nezibopho zokulungisa. Isibonelo, amazinga okubuyisa ezinhlelweni zokukhipha i-hybrid membrane-solvent aphezulu futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kuncishisiwe kakhulu, okudala ukonga okukhulu kokusebenza ekuhlukaniseni umhlaba ongavamile. Ngokufanayo, ukwethulwa kwama-biosorbents aphinde asetshenziswe—okugcina umsebenzi wawo ngemijikelezo eminingana—kunciphisa kokubili izindleko ezisetshenziswayo kanye nezimali zokuphatha imfucuza.
Ukuhlaziywa komjikelezo wokuphila kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuxhumanisa izindlela zokukhipha i-rare earth solvent kanye nezindlela zokukhipha i-rare earth solvent ezithuthukisiwe zibonisa kokubili ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa okuphansi kanye namaphrofayili obuthi, kuyilapho i-kinetic modeling ibonisa ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula okuphezulu kanye nezikhathi zokuhlala ezimfushane ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa komhlaba ongavamile. Ngamafuphi, ukulungiswa kwenqubo kanye nokuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile kusekela ngqo kokubili ukusimama kwezomnotho kanye nemvelo emisebenzini yokukhipha umhlaba ongavamile.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Iyini inqubo yokuhlukanisa izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile?
Inqubo yokuhlukanisa izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile ihilela izinyathelo eziningana zokuhlukanisa izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile ezingxubeni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Okokuqala, izinsalela zamaminerali noma zezimboni ziyakhishwa, lapho i-agent yokuphuma ichitha khona ama-ion omhlaba angavamile abe yisisombululo. Ukwakheka kwalokhu kukhishwa kunquma ngqo izinyathelo ezilandelayo—amasu okuhlukanisa akhethiwe njengokukhipha i-solvent noma ukumuncwa kusetshenziswa kuma-rare earths athile ahlukanisiwe, ngokusekelwe ekuhlanganiseni kwawo kwamakhemikhali ahlukile. Izinqubo ezithuthukisiwe zokuhlukanisa umhlaba ezingavamile zingase zihlanganise ukuna kwamakhemikhali, ukushintshaniswa kwama-ion, izindlela ze-membrane, kanye nokumuncwa kwezinto eziphilayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhetha kanye nokusimama. Ukukhethwa okufanele kwenqubo—yamakhemikhali, engokwenyama, noma yebhayoloji—kuncike ekusabalalisweni komhlaba ongavamile kwempahla yokudla kanye nezidingo zokusetshenziswa kokugcina ukuze kube msulwa futhi kubuyiselwe umnotho.
Ukuhlushwa kwe-leaching agent kukuthinta kanjani ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa komhlaba ongavamile?
Ukuhlushwa kwe-leaching agent kubalulekile ekuhlukanisweni komhlaba ongavamile. I-agent encane kakhulu iholela ekuncibilikeni okungaphelele kanye nokubuyiselwa kabi kwama-ion omhlaba ongavamile, ukuchitha ukudla kanye nokunciphisa isivuno somkhiqizo. Ukuhlushwa ngokweqile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwandisa izindleko ze-reagent futhi kungancibilikisa izinsimbi ezingafuneki, kunciphisa ubumsulwa bomkhiqizo. Ukuhlushwa kwe-leaching agent okuhle kakhulu kulinganisela ukubuyiselwa okuphezulu kwama-ion aqondiwe, ukukhetha, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko. Isibonelo, ukusebenzisa i-hydrochloric acid engu-3 mol/L ekushiseni okuzungezile kungafinyelela ekubuyiselweni komhlaba ongavamile okungu-87% kusuka ku-phosphogypsum, kuyilapho usawoti owengeziwe njenge-ammonium noma i-sodium chloride kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle. Ukuhlelwa kwenqubo kanye nokulinganisa kwesikhathi sangempela—njengokusebenzisa i-Lonnmeter—kwenza kube lula ukwenza ngcono umthamo we-leaching agent.
Iyini i-leachate yomhlaba ongavamile futhi kungani ukwakheka kwayo kubalulekile?
I-Rare earth leachate iyisisombululo esikhiqizwa ngemuva kokwelapha i-feedstock ethwala umhlaba engavamile nge-agent efanelekile yokukhipha. Lesi sixazululo siqukethe ama-ion omhlaba ancibilikisiwe futhi mhlawumbe nezinye izinsimbi noma ukungcola. Ukwakheka kwe-rare earth leachate kulawula ukuhlukaniswa ngokukhipha kanye nokumuncwa kwe-solvent; ukwakheka okuhle kuqinisekisa ubumsulwa obukhulu kanye nokudluliselwa okukhethiwe. Ama-leachate acebile ngama-organic compounds angathathi hlangothi noma amazinga e-pH alungiselelwe athuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa komhlaba engavamile kanye nokusimama. Ukulawulwa okunembile kwe-leachate chemistry—ikakhulukazi i-pH, okuqukethwe kwe-complexing agent, kanye nokugxila kwensimbi okuphazamisayo—kuthinta ngqo ezomnotho kanye nokukhetha kwezindlela zokukhipha umhlaba ezingxenyeni ezingezansi kanye nokuhlukanisa.
Ukuhlukaniswa ngokukhishwa kwe-solvent kusebenza kanjani ekucubungulweni komhlaba ongavamile?
Ukuhlukaniswa ngokukhishwa kwe-solvent kuhilela ukudlulisa ama-ion omhlaba ancibilikisiwe avela esigabeni se-leachate samanzi aye ku-solvent ephilayo kusetshenziswa ama-extractants athile. Le ndlela isebenzisa umehluko omncane ekusebenzisaneni kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwama-ion omhlaba ancibilikisiwe kanye nama-extractants. Ngokulungisa ukuhlushwa kwe-agent leaching, i-pH, kanye nokwakheka kwe-extractant, opharetha bandisa ukukhetha kanye namazinga okubuyisa. Ama-flowsheet ezigaba eziningi kanye namamodeli okulingana asetshenziswa ukwenza ngcono ukuhlukaniswa—ngokuvamile kufinyelela ukungcola okungaphezu kuka-99% kwezinto ezifana ne-yttrium ne-lanthanum. Ukusebenzisa ama-solvents aluhlaza, njengezinhlelo zamanzi ezimbili, kunciphisa ukunyathela kwemvelo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukusebenza kahle kumasu okukhipha ama-solvent asezingeni eliphezulu e-rare earth.
Kwenzekani uma i-leaching agent inganele noma ingaphezu kwamandla ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa komhlaba ongavamile?
I-leaching agent enganele yehluleka ukuncibilikisa inani elifunekayo lama-ion omhlaba angavamile, okuholela ekusebenzeni kahle kokuncibilikisa kanye nokubuyiselwa okungaphelele. I-leaching agent eningi kakhulu ingabangela ukusetshenziswa okungadingekile kwamakhemikhali, yandise izindleko zokucubungula, futhi incibilikise izinto ezingafuneki, ingcolise umkhiqizo wokugcina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugxila okuphezulu noma i-pH engafanele kungaphazamisa ama-ore agglomerate, okubangela ukwehluleka kwe-slope ekusebenzeni kokuncibilikisa kwenqwaba noma kwekholomu. Ubufakazi obuqand 'ikhanda buqokomisa isidingo sokulinganisa nokulawula okunembile—ukuncibilikisa okuzinzile kwama-ion omhlaba angavamile kufezwa kuphela ekugxilweni kwe-agent elungiselelwe kanye ne-pH. Amasu afana ne-Lonnmeter abalulekile ekuqapheni nasekugcineni ukuzinza komthamo we-leaching agent.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-28-2025
