Ukuntanta Kwensimbi Eyigugu: Izimiso, Inhloso, kanye Nezinzuzo Zesu
Ukuntanta kwensimbi kuyindlela yokucubungula amaminerali ethuthukisa ukubuyiselwa kanye nekhwalithi yokugxilisa insimbi. Isebenza ngokuhlukanisa ngokukhetha amaminerali abalulekile anensimbi, njenge-hematite ne-magnetite, kumaminerali e-gangue angafuneki njenge-silica, i-alumina, ne-sulfur. Le nqubo incike ekwehlukeni kwe-chemistry engaphezulu, okuvumela ukukhululwa okuhlukile kanye nokuntanta okukhethiwe kwamaminerali aqondiwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubumsulwa bokugxila kanye nezinga.
Ukuhlukaniswa Okukhethekile Kwamaminerali Ayigugu
Ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa kwe-flotation kuqhutshwa ukumuncwa kwabaqoqi kanye nama-frother aguqula ubuso bamaminerali. Isibonelo, abaqoqi be-cationic njenge-etheramines bahlose i-silica, okwenza ukuntanta kwayo kusuka kuma-iron oxides. Abaqoqi be-anionic abanjengama-fatty acids bayasebenza ezindaweni ze-iron oxide, okwenza kube lula ukubuyiselwa kwazo okuthandwayo. Intuthuko yakamuva ifaka phakathi izinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe zokuqoqa—i-etheramine, i-amidoamine, kanye ne-MIBC—efinyelela kokubili ukukhetha okuthuthukisiwe kwe-hematite/goethite kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokunemba kokuhlukaniswa kwe-flotation okuthuthukisiwe.
Ukulawula amapharamitha enqubo, okuhlanganisa nokulawulwa kobuningi be-slurry circuit flotation kanye nokulungiswa okunembile kwe-reagent dosing, kubalulekile. Amamitha obuningi be-slurry yensimbi aqinile kakhulu njenge-Lonnmeter yokusekela ukulawula ukuzinza kwepharamitha yenqubo ngokwandisa ukuhlukaniswa okuhle kakhulu kwamaminerali ne-gangue, kuvimbele ukuguquguquka kobuningi be-slurry.
Ukuntanta Kwensimbi Ensimbi
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Ukususwa Kokungcola Nokuthuthukiswa Kwezinga Lensimbi Eyigugu
Ukususa ukungcola ngesikhathi sokuntanta kuphakamisa ngqo ukuqina kwe-iron concentrate grade. I-Silica, i-alumina, ne-sulfur ziyenqatshwa, okukhiqiza i-iron concentrate yezinga eliphezulu enciphisa isidingo samandla ekuncibilikiseni okuphansi komfula. Ukulungiswa komthamo wokuqoqa nokukhipha, okwenziwa ngezinzwa ezithuthukisiwe, kuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-reagent okunembile futhi kunciphisa imfucuza ye-reagent.
Ukuhlukaniswa okusebenzayo kwamaminerali kanye ne-gangue kunciphisa nokufundwa kwemitha yokuqina kokuqina kwe-iron concentrate, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni kokusebenza kahle kokuqina kokuqina kokugxila. Ukunciphisa okuqukethwe kokungcola kusekela ukuthobela imvelo ngokunciphisa ukwakheka kwemikhiqizo eyingozi.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwezinsimbi Ezisezingeni Eliphansi kanye Nokukhulisa Izinsizakusebenza
Amatshe ensimbi asezingeni eliphansi, abonakala ngokukhululwa kabi kwamaminerali kanye nokuhlangana okuyinkimbinkimbi, avame ukudinga ukuntanta ukuze kuzuze ngokwezomnotho. Ukuntanta kwenza kube lula ukusetshenziswa kwama-banded iron formations (BIFs) kanye nama-lean ores ngokugxila ngokukhetha ama-iron oxides. Ukuhlanganisa ukuntanta namasu angaphambi kokugxilisa kukhulisa ukukhishwa kwemithombo, kunciphisa imifudlana yemfucuza, futhi kusekela ukuqapha ubuningi be-tailings ukuze kusetshenziswe ngokuphelele.
Izibonelo zifaka phakathi ukuthuthukiswa lapho ukuntanta ngemva kokuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi kususa ngempumelelo i-gangue, ukuhlanza ukugxila ekucacisweni kokwenza insimbi kanye nokunciphisa ukutholakala kwe-iron ore engakatholakali.
Umthelela Wezomnotho Wokuntanta
Ukwanda kwezinga lokugxila kwensimbi kunciphisa izidingo zamandla kanye nezindleko zokukhiqiza ekucutshungulweni okulandelayo. Ukulawulwa kwezindleko zokukhiqiza kwe-Flotation kuvela ekunciphiseni ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuhlunga kanye nokuvimbela ukuvalwa kwesihlungi. Ukuhlukaniswa okusebenzayo kunciphisa izidingo zokuvimbela ukuguguleka kwamapayipi kanye nokuvimbela ukuvalwa, okukhuthaza isikhathi eside sohlelo kanye nokunciphisa izindleko zokulungisa.
Ukuqapha okuthuthukisiwe okusemgqeni, njengokuqina kwebanga lokugxila kwensimbi kanye nokulinganisa ubuningi be-tailings ngokusebenzisaimitha yobuningi be-slurry, kuqinisekisa ukuthi imisebenzi ihlangabezana nezidingo zobuningi besitoreji se-tailings, okubalulekile ekuhambisaneni nemithetho.
Ukuncishiswa Kwezinyathelo Zemvelo
Ukuntanta kunegalelo ekunakekelweni kwemvelo ngokwenza kube lula ukuphathwa kwe-tailings kanye nokunciphisa i-iron ore engakatholakali. Ikhwalithi ye-tailings ethuthukisiwe ngokusebenzisa i-floating ephumelelayo isekela ukubuyiselwa komhlaba, inciphisa ukubhujiswa kwendawo yokuhlala, futhi yehlisa inani lokulahla okuyingozi. Ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe bokuzuza kwezinto eziphilayo kuthuthukisa ukunciphisa imfucuza ye-reagent futhi kukhuthaza ukusimama.
Ukuqina kwepharamitha yenqubo kanye nokulawulwa okunembile kwe-reagent nakho kusho ukukhishwa okuncane kwamakhemikhali kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi, okuhlanganisa imisebenzi nezindinganiso zomthetho ezivelayo. Ngokubambisana, lawa masu aqinisa indima ye-flotation ekuthuthukiseni kokubili ukusebenza kobuchwepheshe kanye nokwemvelo kokucubungula i-iron ore.
Imishini Ebalulekile Nobuchwepheshe Ekujuleni Kwensimbi
Amaseli Okuntanta Ekucutshungulweni Kwamaminerali
Amasekethe okuflotha kwensimbi ancike ezinhlotsheni ezintathu eziyinhloko zamaseli: amaseli omshini, amakholomu, kanye namaseli omoya. Amaseli okuflotha kwemishini aqukethe ama-agitator kanye nama-impeller ukuqinisekisa ukuxubana okusebenzayo, okuvame ukusetshenziswa ekuphatheni kwawo okuqinile kokudla okuqinile nokuhle. Amaseli okuflotha kwekholomu, amade futhi amancane, ahlinzeka ngokusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlayiya ezincane ngokukhiqiza indawo ethambile yebhamu kanye nendawo ezinzile yegwebu. Amaseli okuflotha kwe-pneumatic asebenzisa ama-air jets esikhundleni sokuguguleka kwemishini, okuthuthukisa ukuguquguquka kokusebenza kanye nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla.
Ama-hydrodynamics eseli—okungukuthi isikhathi sokuhlala, ukugeleza komoya, kanye nosayizi webhamuza—athinta ngqo ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa kokuntanta. Izikhathi zokuhlala ezinde zenza kube lula ukuxhumana okwanele phakathi kwezinhlayiya zamaminerali namabhamuza, kuyilapho ukwenza ngcono ukugeleza komoya kanye nosayizi webhamuza kulola ukukhetha phakathi kwamaminerali abalulekile kanye ne-gangue. Isibonelo, ukugeleza komoya okwandisiwe kungathuthukisa amazinga okushayisana kwamabhamuza nezinhlayiya, kodwa ukuxokozela okukhulu kunganciphisa ukunemba kokuhlukaniswa.
Izici zokuklama zamaseli okuntanta zibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwesekethe kanye nokuzinza kwenqubo. Amaseli anomoya ongeniswayo olungisekayo, imiklamo emisha ye-impeller, kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula ezihlanganisiwe zivumela ukusebenza okuzinzile naphezu kokushintshashintsha kobuningi be-feed slurry kanye nokwakheka kwe-ore. Uchungechunge lwamaseli okuntanta lubonisa intuthuko yokusebenza ngokulawula okuzenzakalelayo kwe-PLC, ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela, kanye nokulungiswa kokulinganisa kwe-reagent okuhlakaniphile, ukunciphisa imfucuza ye-reagent kanye nokusekela izinga lokugxila elihambisanayo. Izinhlelo zesimanje zisebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwesithombe se-froth bukhoma kanye nokufunda komshini ukuze kulungiswe ngokushesha amapharamitha okusebenza, kuncishiswe ukuphambuka kanye nokwenza ngcono ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Ukuqapha okuhlanganisiwe kubangela izinguquko eziqondile kumithamo yokuqoqa kanye ne-frother, okuvumela ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwe-reagent kanye nezindleko zokukhiqiza. Lokhu kuthuthuka kuvumela imisebenzi ukuthi igcine ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa kwe-flotation okuphezulu futhi inciphise i-iron ore engakatholakali.
Ukulinganisa Nokulawula Ubuningi Be-Slurry
Ukulawulwa okunembile kobuningi be-slurry kubalulekile ekuzinzeni kwesekethe yokuntanta.imitha yobuningi be-slurry yensimbi(njengamamitha e-ultrasonic) anikeza ukufundwa kobuningi obunembile, obungenawo umsakazo, okubalulekile ekuphathweni kwenqubo ngesikhathi esifanele. Izici zifaka phakathi ukungavikeleki ekulinganisweni kwamapayipi, impendulo esheshayo, kanye nokuhambisana nezinhlelo zokulawula ezenzakalelayo. Empeleni, ukulinganisa okuqhubekayo kuvumela opharetha ukuthi baphendule ngokushesha ekushintsheni kobuningi, kuzinziswe ukunemba kokuhlukaniswa kokuntanta kanye nokuvimbela amaphutha aqhutshwa ubuningi obunjenge-slurry density njengokulayisha ngokweqile kwemishini noma ukuvalwa kwamapayipi.
Imitha yokuqina kokugxila kwensimbi ifakwa ezindaweni zokugeleza kokuqina ukuqinisekisa ukuqina kokugxila okuqondiwe. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuqina kokugxila futhi kugcina ukuqina kwebanga lokugxila kwensimbi ngokuvumela ukuphakelwa okuhambisanayo, okuhle kakhulu kumayunithi okuhlunga kanye nokufaka ama-pelletizing. Ukuqina kokuqina kokuqina okuzinzile kuthuthukisa ukudlula kokuhlunga ngenkathi kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla futhi kunciphisa ingozi yokuvaleka kwesihlungi. Ukulungisa amazinga okufaka amanzi kanye nokudla kokuqina okusekelwe ekufundweni kwesikhathi sangempela kunciphisa imvamisa yokuphazamiseka kokuhlunga, kusekela ukubuyiselwa kwebanga okuzinzile, futhi kusekela ukulawulwa kwezindleko zokukhiqiza.
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi be-iron ore kubalulekile ekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo zokugcina i-tailings kanye nokufeza ukusetshenziswa okuphelele kwe-tailings. Ukuqapha ubuningi be-tailings okuqhubekayo kwazisa ukwakheka kwedamu kanye nezinqumo zokusebenza, kuvimbele izingozi zokuphepha futhi kusiza ekubuyiselweni kwezinsiza okulandelayo. Ubuningi be-stable tailings busekela ukulawulwa kokuzinza kwepharamitha yenqubo engezansi futhi kwenza kube lula ukuthola i-iron ore engakatholakali emifudlaneni ye-tailings.
Izinhlelo zokulawula ubuningi be-slurry zesikhathi sangempela zihlanganisa ukufundwa okuvela ezindaweni eziningi zesekethe—ukondla, ukugxila, ukuqina, kanye nokususwa kwe-tailings—okuqinisekisa ukuvimbela ukuguguleka kwamapayipi kanye nokuvaleka kwesihlungi kulo lonke ukugeleza kokuzuza. Isibonelo, ukulungiswa kobuningi okusheshayo kuvimbela ukuqongelela okuqinile emapayipini, kunciphisa ukugcinwa kanye nokwandisa impilo yemishini. Iziguquguquko zenqubo yokuzinzisa zisekela ukulinganisa okunembile kwe-reagent, umthamo oqoqiwe kanye nomthamo we-frother olungiselelwe, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuhlukanisa i-flotation iyonke. Ama-loop empendulo yobuningi ezenzakalelayo, ahlanganiswe ne-Lonnmeterimitha yobuningi be-slurry ye-ultrasonickanye namamitha okulinganisa ubuningi ahambisanayo, abalulekile ekulawulweni kobuningi be-slurry circuit yesimanje, okwenza kube nokwenyuka okuthembekile kusukela elabhorethri kuya emisebenzini yezimboni.
Amapharamitha Enqubo Ukuthuthukisa Ukuhlukaniswa Kwe-Iron Ore Flotation
Ukulungiswa Kwesilinganiso Sokuqoqa Nokuqoqwa Kwe-Frother
Ukulinganisa okuhle kakhulu komqoqi kanye nokulinganisa i-frother kubalulekile enqubweni yokuntanta kwe-iron ore ukuqinisekisa ukuhlukaniswa okusebenzayo kwamaminerali kanye ne-gangue. Abaqoqi abanjengama-fatty acid noma ama-hydroxamate banamathela ngokukhetha kumaminerali ensimbi, kuyilapho ama-frother—njenge-MIBC—eqinisa i-foam futhi elawula usayizi wamabhamuza. Womabili la ma-reagent adinga ukukhethwa okunembile kanye nokulinganisa okunembile ukuze kwandiswe ukubuyiswa kwamaminerali futhi kuncishiswe imfucuza ye-reagent.
Izifundo zakamuva ezisebenzisa i-Response Surface Methodology (RSM) zikhombe umthamo wokuqoqa cishe u-80 ml/kg kanye nomthamo wokukhipha cishe u-50 ml/kg njengofanele ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokuntanta kwe-iron ore slimes. Lezi zilinganiso, ezilungiswe ngohlobo lwe-ore kanye nemigomo yenqubo, zilethe ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa kokuntanta okuphezulu kakhulu kanye nekhwalithi yokugxila ethuthukisiwe. Okuphawulekayo ukuthi, izingxube ze-reagent ezingavamile, ikakhulukazi izingxube zabaqoqi abane-MIBC njenge-frother, zisebenze kangcono kunezindlela ze-single-reagent—okuholela ekukhetheni okungcono kanye nokululama okuphezulu. Ukulungisa kahle ukugcwala kwe-frother kubaluleke kakhulu ekuntantaneni kwezinhlayiya eziqinile; ukulungiswa okuncane kungathinta hhayi kuphela ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa kodwa nezidingo zamandla, njengoba ukwakheka kwesakhiwo esifanele sebhamuza kuvumela ukugaya okuqinile nokonga amandla.
Ukulungiswa kokulinganisa okunembile kwe-reagent kubalulekile. Ukwengezwa okunganele kwe-collector/frother kunciphisa ukululama kanye nezinga lokugxila; umsebenzisi oweqile ukhulisa izindleko futhi angase angenise ukungcola. Izinhlelo zokulinganisa zesimanje ezizenzakalelayo zihlangana nempendulo yesikhathi sangempela evela kumamitha obuningi be-slurry yensimbi, njenge-Lonnmeter. Lezi zinhlelo zihlala zivumelanisa amazinga okulinganisa ngokusekelwe ekushintsheni kobuningi be-slurry, ziqinisekisa izimo zenqubo ezizinzile futhi zinciphise imfucuza ye-reagent. Izifundo zakamuva zezimboni zibonisa ukuthi ukuhlanganisa impendulo yezinzwa ezinhlelweni zokulinganisa ze-reagent kuthuthukisa kokubili ukusebenza kokucubungula amaminerali eseli le-flotation kanye nokulawula izindleko zokukhiqiza.
Ukuvimbela Ukuguquguquka Kobuningi Be-Slurry
Ukugcina ubuningi be-slurry obuqhubekayo kulo lonke isekethe lokuntanta kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukunemba kokuhlukaniswa kwe-flotation kanye nezinga lokugxila kwensimbi elizinzile. Ukuguquguquka kobuningi kungabangela ukuziphatha okungaguquki kwebhamuza, ukusatshalaliswa kwe-reagent okungaguquki, kanye nezinkinga zokusebenza njengokuvaleka kwesihlungi noma ukuguguleka kwepayipi. Izinhlelo zokulawula ezizenzakalelayo, eziqondiswa ukulinganiswa kobuningi besikhathi sangempela kusuka kumamitha obuningi be-slurry, zisiza opharetha ukulungisa ngokushesha ukwengeza kwamanzi nezinto eziqinile kusekethe. Lokhu kunciphisa ukuguquguquka okubangelwa ukushintshashintsha kokudla noma ukuphazamiseka kokusebenza.
Amasu enqubo afaka phakathi ukulinganisa njalo ukwengeza amanzi kanye nokulungisa amaphampu okugeleza kwamanzi noma okuphakelayo ngokusekelwe ekuphumeni okuvela kumamitha obuningi. Uma ukudla kuba manzi (ukwehla kobuningi), ama-valve azenzakalelayo anciphisa ukungena kwamanzi noma andise ukudla okuqinile. Lapho ubuningi bukhuphuka (buba bukhulu kakhulu), amanzi ayengezwa ukuze agcine ububanzi obuhle bokuntanta okuphumelelayo. Lezi zindlela azigcini nje ngokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile kweseli lokuntanta kodwa futhi zithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuqina kokugxila, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuhlunga, kanye nokuvimbela ukuvaleka kwe-membrane yesihlungi.
Amamitha athuthukile, njengokuthiI-Lonnmeteri-analyzer yobuningi be-slurry, vumela ukulinganiswa kokuqina kokugxila kwensimbi ngesikhathi sangempela. Lokhu kusekela ibanga lomkhiqizo elihambisanayo kanye nokususwa komswakama okuphumelelayo ngemva kokuntanta. Ukuze kulawulwe inqubo ephelele, abaqaphi bokuqina kwe-tailings baqinisekisa ukuthi imifudlana yokulahla ihlangabezana nezidingo zokugcina futhi basekela ukutholwa kwe-iron ore engakatholakali ukuze kuthuthukiswe inqubo.
Amapharamitha Okuntanta Okubalulekile Nokulawula Kwawo
Iqembu lezinguquko ezibalulekile zenqubo kumele lilawulwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa kokuntanta okuzinzile. Ijubane le-impeller, izinga lomoya, kanye nesikhathi sokuhlala yizinto eziyinhloko. Ukwenziwa ngcono kwazo kuthinta ngqo ukukhiqizwa kwama-bubble, ukuxuba, kanye nesikhathi amaminerali asetshenziswa kumaseli okuntanta. Ukulungisa lezi ziguquguquko ngaphandle kwempendulo yenqubo eqhubekayo kungaholela emiphumeleni engemihle: ijubane eliphezulu kakhulu le-impeller lingabangela ukufakwa kwezinhlayiya; amazinga aphansi omoya angabangela ukubuyiselwa kwamaminerali okungaphelele.
Ukulinganisa la mapharamitha kuhilela ukuxhumanisa izinguquko zenqubo nokufundwa okuvela kumamitha obuningi be-slurry yensimbi kanye nezinsimbi zokuqapha ukugxila. Abaqhubi basebenzisa imodeli yezingxenye zokuntanta—ezakhiwe kusukela kudatha yokuhlola—futhi bayihlanganisa ohlelweni lokulawula lwesitshalo, okuvumela ukulungiswa kokubikezela. Isibonelo, izinguquko ekubuneni kokufaka okutholwe yizinzwa zikhuthaza isivinini se-impeller esisheshayo noma ukuguqulwa kokugeleza komoya ukuze kugcinwe amafasitela afanele okusebenza.
Ukuqapha okunembile kokufakwayo kanye nobukhulu bokukhiqizwa kwezinsimbi zokufaka nokukhiphayo ngokumelene nokulahlekelwa yi-iron ore engakatholakali. Uma izinzwa zobukhulu bezinsimbi zibhalisa ukuphambuka, opharetha bangangenelela ngokukhulisa isikhathi sokuhlala noma ukuguqula ukwengeza kwe-reagent. Lo mjikelezo wokuphendula uthuthukisa ukuzinza kwamapharamitha, ukuqinisekisa ukukhushulwa okuthuthukisiwe kanye nezinga lokugxila elizinzile. Umphumela uba ukunemba okuthuthukisiwe kokuhlukaniswa kokuntanta, ukuvimbela ukulahlekelwa kwamaminerali okungakatholakali, kanye nokulawula ukuzinza kwamapharamitha enqubo.
Ukuthuthukisa Imiphumela Yenqubo: Kusukela Ekuhlukaneni Okuphumelelayo Kuya Ekusebenziseni Kahle Izindleko
Ukuhlukaniswa Okusebenzayo Kwamaminerali kanye Ne-Gangue
Ukukhulisa ukukhetha kokuntanta ekuntantaneni kwensimbi kuncike ekusetshenzisweni kwe-reagent okuqondiwe. Abaqoqi abakhethiwe, njenge-alkyl ethermines, banamathela kakhulu kumaminerali ensimbi, okwenza abe manzi futhi akhuthaze ukuntanta, kuyilapho izidakamizwa ezicindezelayo ezifana nesitashi kanye ne-sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) zenza amaminerali e-gangue abe manzi, zicindezele ukuntanta kwawo. Uhlelo lwe-ternary collector-frother lubonisa ukuthi inhlanganisela ethile yama-reagents ingathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa futhi inciphise okuqukethwe kwe-silica kanye ne-alumina kuma-concentrate, ikakhulukazi kuma-ore ayinkimbinkimbi. Isibonelo, i-SHMP icindezela kakhulu i-chlorite ngaphandle kokuthinta ukuntanta kwe-specularite, okuvumela ukususwa okuphumelelayo kwe-silicate gangue.
Ukulungiswa kwenqubo kulinganisela ukusebenza komqoqi kanye namandla okucindezeleka. Ukucindezeleka ngokweqile kunciphisa ukubuyiselwa kwensimbi; ukukhetha okunganele kungcolisa ama-concentrate. Amathuluzi okulinganisa ahlanganisiwe, njengemitha yobuningi be-iron ore slurry yesikhathi sangempela (kufaka phakathi i-Lonnmeter), anika amandla okulawula okunembile phezu kobuningi be-slurry kanye nokulinganisa ama-reagent, kunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwe-Fe kanye nokuqinisa izinga lokugxila. Abasebenzi balungisa umoya, imithamo yama-reagent, kanye namazinga weseli ngokuphendula idatha yobuningi eqhubekayo, ukuqinisekisa imiphumela yokuhlukaniswa ehambisanayo. Amamodeli okufunda komshini abikezela futhi athuthukise ikhwalithi yokugxila ngaphansi kwezimo eziguquguqukayo.
Ukuqinisa Ukugxila Nokwenza Kahle Ukuhlunga
Ukusebenza kahle kokujiya kanye nokuhlunga kubalulekile ekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo zokususa amanzi kanye nokugcina i-iron ore flotation. Ukujiya kwandisa ukugcwala kwezinto eziqinile ngokusebenzisa amandla adonsela phansi noma ukugoba; ukuhlunga kususa amanzi asele ukuze kukhiqizwe amakhekhe okuhlunga owomile. Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo ngamadivayisi afana ne-Lonnmeterimitha yokuqina kokugxila kwensimbikuqinisekisa ukuthi ukugeleza kwamanzi kuyahlangabezana nezindinganiso zobuningi ezimisiwe zokususa amanzi okulandelayo kanye nokugcina okuphephile.
Ukuthuthukisa ukuqina kokugxila kudinga umthamo ofanele we-flocculant ukuze kwandiswe ubuningi bokugeleza kwamanzi futhi kuthuthukiswe ukucaca kokuchichima. Lesi sinyathelo sithonya ngqo ukuthi ukuhlunga kusebenza kahle kangakanani. Isihlungi se-membrane sicindezela, silandela ukuqina okuphezulu, sifinyelela ngokuthembekile amakhekhe okuhlunga anokuqukethwe komswakama okungaphansi kuka-6%, sisekela ukukhiqizwa kokugxila kwensimbi okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuhlunga kuyehla lapho ukunamathela kwekhekhe kanye nokuhlangana kulawulwa; amamodeli enkolelo-mbono abikezela ukusebenza kokuhlukanisa ngaphansi kwezingcindezi ezithile kanye nokwelashwa kwekhekhe. Ukuvimbela ukuvalwa kwesihlungi kuncike ezimpahleni ezilawulwayo ze-slurry—ngokuqondile ubuningi obuhambisanayo kanye ne-viscosity—ezifezwa ngokulinganisa kwesikhathi sangempela kanye nokulinganisa okunembile.
Ukuphathwa Kwemisila Nokutholwa Kwetshe Elingatholakali
Ukuphathwa okuphumelelayo kwe-tailings ekuntanteni kwe-iron ore kuncike ekuqapheni okunembile kwe-tailings density ukuze kuphephe, kutholakale izinsiza, kanye nokusetshenziswa. Ukulinganiswa kwe-iron ore density, ngokusebenzisaizinzwa ezizenzakalelayo eziqhubekayo(njengalezo ezihlanganiswe yiLonnmeter), kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinsalela ziyahlangabezana nezidingo zobuningi ukuze kugcinwe kahle futhi kuvumela ukubuyiselwa kwamanzi. Izinsalela ezinobuningi obungalindelekile zibeka izingozi zokuwa kwamadamu kanye nokusetshenziswa komhlaba okungasebenzi kahle.
Ukusetshenziswa okuphelele kwe-tailings kudinga izinhlelo ezithola insimbi engakatholakali. Amasekethe asekelwe ezinzwa athola insimbi emifudlaneni ye-tailings, okwenza opharetha bakwazi ukucwenga ukucushwa kwesekethe yokuntanta, babuyise i-ore elahlekile, futhi bathuthukise ukubuyiselwa kwenqubo iyonke. Insimbi etholiwe kusuka ku-tailings ingahlanganiswa kabusha ngokucubungula kabusha, okwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwezinsiza.
Ukulawulwa Kwezindleko Zokukhiqiza Ngokusebenzisa Amandla Nokonga Ama-Reagent
Ukulawulwa kwezindleko zokukhiqiza ekuntanteni kwensimbi kugxile ekongeni i-reagent kanye namandla. Ukuqapha ubuningi be-slurry ngesikhathi sangempela kuvumela ukulungiswa okunembile kokulinganisa i-reagent. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-froth okusekelwe esithombeni kanye nobuchwepheshe bokulawula obuguquguqukayo kunciphisa umthamo wokuqoqa kanye nowokuntantekisa—kunciphisa imfucuza ye-reagent kanye nokwandisa ukuhlukaniswa kwamaminerali okusebenzayo. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwamanzi enqubo aqukethe ama-residual amine collectors kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-reagent entsha ngamaphesenti angama-46 ngaphandle kokwehlisa izinga lokugxila noma ukubuyisa.
Ukonga amandla kwenzeka kanye nokulinganisa okwenziwe kahle kwe-reagent. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi kwe-flotation kuyatholakala ngobuningi be-slurry obuzinzile kanye nokulawulwa kwamapharamitha enqubo, kusizwa impendulo yezinzwa kanye namamodeli okufunda komshini. Ekuqineni nasekuhlungeni, ukugcina ubuningi bokuphakelayo obufanele kunciphisa izikhathi zomjikelezo kanye nesidingo samandla okucindezela isihlungi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvimbela ukuguguleka nokuvaleka kwamapayipi—ngezakhiwo ze-slurry ezizinzile kanye nobuningi—kunciphisa izindleko zokulungisa futhi kwandisa ukuthembeka kokusebenza.
Ukuntanta Kwemisila
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Ukuhlanganiswa Kwenqubo Ethuthukisiwe: Ukulawulwa Okuzinzile Nokuthuthukiswa Kokusebenza Kahle
Ukuzinza kwepharamitha yenqubo enqubweni yokuntanta kwensimbi kutholakala ngokuhlanganisa ukulinganiswa kobuningi obunembile nokulawulwa kwesekethe okuphendulayo. Ukuqapha ubuningi be-slurry ngesikhathi sangempela kubalulekile; amathuluzi anjengeAmamitha obuningi beLonnmeter ukuhlinzeka ngedatha evame kakhulu nenembile enikeza ulwazi ngezinqumo zokulawula futhi ivimbele ukuguquguquka kobuningi ekucutshungulweni kwamaminerali kwamaseli okuntanta. Ukulinganiswa kobuningi okuqhubekayo kuqinisekisa ukuhlukaniswa okusebenzayo kwamaminerali kanye ne-gangue, kusekela ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa kokuntanta, futhi kuvimbela izinkinga zokusebenza ezivamile njengokuvaleka kwesihlungi, ukuguguleka kwamapayipi, kanye nokuphambuka kobuningi besitoreji se-tailings.
Amamitha obuningi beLonnmeter, anemingcele yamaphutha aphansi njengo-±0.001 g/cm³, avumela ukutholwa okusheshayo nokulungiswa kokukhukhuleka kobuningi be-slurry. Leli zinga lokulawula liqinisa ukuqina kokugxila kwensimbi, lithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuqina kokugxila, futhi linciphisa i-iron ore engakatholakali emisileni. Impendulo yobuningi eqondile yakha isisekelo sokulungiswa okuguquguqukayo kwama-reagents—imithamo yokuqoqa kanye ne-frother—kanye nokulawulwa kwesikhathi sangempela kwamapharamitha wesekethe ye-flotation ukuze kulondolozwe ukuzinza kwebanga lokugxila kwensimbi futhi kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuhlunga. Izinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe ezisebenzisa ama-loop okulawula impendulo ezenzakalelayo kanye nohlaka lwemodeli yokulawula ukubikezela (i-MPC) zisabela ngokuguquguqukayo ekushintsheni kobuningi, zivimbele ukuvaleka kwesihlungi futhi ziqinisekise ukuhambisana nezidingo zobuningi besitoreji semisileni.
Ukulinganisela ikhwalithi yokugxila kanye nokusebenza kahle kokubuyisa ekujuleni kwensimbi kudinga ukuqonda ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezinguquko zenqubo. Indlela Yokuphendula Engaphezulu (RSM) isetshenziswa kabanzi ekwenzeni ngcono i-multivariate, okuvumela opharetha ukuthi balinganise umthelela wokuhlanganiswa kwamapharamitha njengezinga le-pH, usayizi wezinhlayiya, umthamo we-reagent, kanye nesilinganiso somoya ekuvuneni komkhiqizo kanye nebanga. Amamodeli e-RSM-ANN hybrid aboniswe ukuthi aletha ukunemba okubikezelayo kwe-R² > 0.98 ezinhlelweni zokujula kwamaminerali. I-Central Composite Design (CCD) kanye nama-algorithms okuthuthukisa athuthukile—njenge-Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG)—achaza ngokuhlelekile amafasitela enqubo afanele, okuvame ukuholela ekubuyiselweni kwensimbi kufinyelela ku-95% ngenkathi kunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwe-SiO₂. Lawa mamodeli asekela ukulungiswa kokulinganisa okuqondile kwe-reagent, ukulungiswa komthamo wokuqoqa kanye nokukhipha, kanye nokunciphisa imfucuza ye-reagent, okuyizinto ezibalulekile ekulawulweni kwezindleko zokukhiqiza kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokunemba kokuhlukaniswa kwe-flotation.
Impendulo yenqubo esheshayo ezicini ezishintshayo zokudla inikwa amandla ngamathuluzi ahlanganisa ukulinganisa okuthuthukisiwe ngokomzimba kanye nokumodela okuqhutshwa idatha. Impendulo yemvamisa ephezulu evela ekulinganisweni kobuningi ivumela ukulungiswa okusheshayo kwesilinganiso sokugeleza, ukulinganisa kwe-reagent, kanye nomoya, ukugcina imigomo yokusebenza kuwo wonke amamaki e-ore ashintshashintshayo kanye nama-mineralogies. Izindlela zokufunda komshini, kufaka phakathi amawele edijithali e-flotation circuits kanye nokuhlaziywa kwesithombe se-froth okusekelwe ku-AI, kuhlinzeka ngamakhono okulawula aguquguqukayo alungisa ngokushesha ukuphambuka ekwakhiweni kokudla noma ubuningi be-slurry. Amathuluzi okulingisa njenge-JKSimFloat athuthukisa kakhulu ukwakheka kwesekethe kanye namasu okusebenza ngokuvumela ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo kokuthi "kuthiwani-uma", kusekela ukuzivumelanisa nenqubo okuqinile ngaphandle kokufaka engcupheni impahla yokukhiqiza. Isibonelo, ukulungiswa okusheshayo kwezilungiselelo zesekethe ngokusekelwe ekulinganisweni kobuningi be-iron ore kugcina ubuningi be-tailings ngaphakathi kwemingcele yokuhambisana ngenkathi kukhulisa ukusetshenziswa okuphelele kwezinsiza.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwamamitha okuqina azwelayo njengeLonnmeter nezinhlelo zokulawula okubikezelayo—kufaka phakathi i-tube-MPC eqinile esekwe ku-metric—kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuzinza kwamapharamitha kugcinwa ngenkuthalo kuzo zonke izigaba zokugaya nokuntanta. Ngokusebenzisa ama-algorithms okuqapha okuqhubekayo kanye nempendulo eguquguqukayo, opharetha bafinyelela kokubili ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo engaguquki kanye namazinga aphezulu okubuyisa ekuntanta kwensimbi, ngenkathi belawula izindleko zokusebenza kanye nokuvimbela izinkinga zokuhlunga, amapayipi, kanye nokugcinwa kwe-tailings.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa)
Iyini inqubo yokuntanta kwensimbi futhi kungani ubuningi be-slurry bubalulekile?
Inqubo yokuntanta kwensimbi ihlukanisa ngokukhetha amaminerali ensimbi abalulekile ku-gangue ngokunamathisela izinhlayiya zamaminerali kuma-bubble omoya kuma-circuits okucubungula amaminerali kumaseli okuntanta. Lokhu kuveza ukugxila okuphezulu okunobumsulwa obuthuthukisiwe. Ubuningi be-slurry buyipharamitha eyisisekelo ekusebenzeni kahle kokuntanta, okuthonya indlela izinhlayiya ezisabalala ngayo phakathi kwe-froth kanye ne-tailings. Ukulawula okufanele kuvimbela izinkinga ezifana nokuqina kwe-froth okungekuhle, ukuncipha kokululama, kanye nokuvinjelwa kokuhlunga. Ukuphatha ubuningi be-slurry kuqinisekisa ukuhlukaniswa okusebenzayo kwamaminerali kanye ne-gangue, ukulawula ukuzinza kwepharamitha yenqubo, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwemishini engezansi, kufaka phakathi izihlungi kanye nezithina.
Amamitha obuningi be-iron ore slurry azuzisa kanjani ukusebenza kwesekethe yokuntanta?
Amamitha obuningi be-iron ore slurry, njengalawo avela eLonnmeter, ahlinzeka ngokulinganisa okuqhubekayo, ngesikhathi sangempela kobuningi be-pulp ezindaweni zokulawula ezibalulekile. Lolu lwazi luvumela ukulawulwa kobuningi be-slurry circuit flotation, okubalulekile ekugcineni izimo zokuhlukana ezihambisanayo. Impendulo ezenzakalelayo ivumela ukulungiswa okusheshayo kwamapharamitha enqubo, kufaka phakathi ukulungiswa okunembile kokulinganisa kwe-reagent kanye nokugeleza komoya, ukuqinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa kokunemba kokuhlukaniswa kwe-flotation. Lezi zinzuzo zifaka phakathi ukuvimbela ukuguquguquka kobuningi be-slurry, ukuvimbela ukuguguleka kwamapayipi kanye nokuvaleka, kanye nokulondolozwa kwezinsiza. Abaqhubi bangavimbela ukulahleka kwe-ore okungakatholakali, bakhulise ukuphuma kwesifunda, futhi banciphise izindleko zokukhiqiza ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi ezinzile nephumelelayo esekelwa ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa obunembile.
Umthamo wokuqoqa kanye nowokuxova ungalungiswa kanjani ekufakweni kwe-flotation?
Ukulungiswa komthamo wokuqoqa kanye nokukhipha kuncike ekubuneni kwesikhathi sangempela kanye nedatha yenqubo. Ukulinganiswa kobuningi obuhambisanayo kuvumela izinhlelo zokulinganisa ukuthi zivumelane nezimo zokudla ezishintshashintshayo, kunciphisa imfucuza ye-reagent futhi kuthuthukise ukunemba kokuhlukaniswa kwe-flotation. Izinhlelo zokulinganisa ezithuthukisiwe zinciphisa kakhulu ukuguquguquka, okuholela ekuzinzeni kwebanga lokugxila kanye nezindleko zokusebenza eziphansi ezitshalweni zokucubungula amaminerali. Isibonelo, ukwengeza okuzenzakalelayo kwe-reagent, okwaziswa yimpendulo yobuningi eku-inthanethi, kunciphisa kokubili izimo zokulinganisa ngokweqile kanye nokulinganisa okungaphansi kwalokho obekuzokwehlisa ukusebenza kwesekethe ye-flotation futhi kukhuphule izidingo zokulawula izindleko zokukhiqiza.
Kungani ukulinganiswa kokuqina kokuqina kwe-iron concentrate kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwesitshalo?
Ukulinganisa ukuqina kokuqina kwe-iron concentrate kubalulekile ekususeni amanzi kahle, ukuqinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kokuqina kokuqina kanye nezinga lokuqina kokuqina kwe-iron concentrate. Ukuqapha okunembile kuvimbela ukuvaleka kwesihlungi, kusiza ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuhlunga, futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo uhlangabezana nezidingo zomswakama zokugcina nokuthumela. Ukulawulwa kokuqina okuphumelelayo, okusekelwa yimitha yokuqina kokuqina kwe-iron concentrate, kuvumela ukuphathwa kwebhalansi yamanzi okuqhubekayo futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zokuhlunga zisebenza kahle kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela zisekela imigomo yezomnotho neyobuchwepheshe yesitshalo.
Ukuqapha ubuningi be-tailings kuthuthukisa kanjani ukuphepha kokusebenza kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza?
Ukuqapha ubuningi be-tailings ukuze kusetshenziswe ngokuphelele kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuphepheni, ekuvikelweni kwemvelo, kanye nasekuzinzeni. Ukulinganisa ubuningi be-iron ore kusiza izitshalo ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zobuningi be-tailings storage kanye nezindinganiso zomthetho zokugcina nokukhipha. Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kunikeza isixwayiso kusenesikhathi sokushintsha kwenqubo noma izinguquko zokugeleza, kunciphisa ingozi yezehlakalo zemvelo kanye nokuguguleka kwemishini. Kuphinde kuvumele ukutholakala kwe-iron ore engakatholakali e-tailings, okunikeza amathuba okucubungula okwengeziwe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza okuthuthukisiwe. Lokhu kusekela ukubalwa okuphelele kokugeleza kwezinto futhi kuhambisana nezindinganiso zesimanje zokuphathwa kwezitshalo eziqhubekayo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-25-2025
