Inqubo ye-cumene ibusa ukukhiqizwa kwe-phenol-acetone emhlabeni jikelele, kodwa ukusabela kwayo okuyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezinyathelo zokuhluza kudinga ukuqapha okunembile ngesikhathi sangempela. Ukulinganiswa kobuningi obungaphakathi akuxoxiswana ngakho lapha: kulandelela ngokushesha ukwakheka komfudlana woketshezi phakathi kokuhlukaniswa okungavuthiwe, ukuhlanzwa kwe-acetone, kanye nezigaba zokuhluza i-phenol, okuvumela ukutholakala okusheshayo kokushintsha kokungcola noma ukungalingani kwenqubo. Le datha iqondisa ngqo ukuguquguquka kwamapharamitha okuhluza, iqinisekisa ukuthi ubumsulwa bomkhiqizo buhlangabezana nezindinganiso zezimboni, futhi inciphisa izingozi zokuphepha ezifana nokubola kombhoshongo noma ukubola kwe-hydroperoxide okungazinzile—ukugcwalisa igebe elingaxazululwa yisampula engaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi, ngokubambezeleka kwayo kanye nezingozi zokukhukhuleka.
Ukubuka konke kwenqubo ye-Cumene yokukhiqizwa kwe-Phenol ne-Acetone
Inqubo yokukhiqiza i-cumene, eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi inqubo ye-Hock, iyindlela eyinhloko yezimboni yokwenza i-phenol ne-acetone kusuka ku-benzene ne-propylene. Iqukethe izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: i-alkylation ye-benzene ukuze yakhe i-cumene, i-oxidation ye-cumene ibe yi-cumene hydroperoxide, kanye nokubola kwe-acid-catalyzed yale hydroperoxide ukuze kutholakale i-phenol ne-acetone.
Ekuqaleni, i-benzene isabela ne-propylene ngaphansi kwezimo ze-acidic—ngokuvamile isebenzisa ama-catalyst e-zeolite yesimanje—ukuze yakhe i-cumene. Ukukhetha kubalulekile kulesi sigaba; imingcele yenqubo efana nokushisa kanye nezilinganiso ze-benzene-to-propylene zilawulwa ngokuqinile ukuze kucindezelwe i-polyalkylation engafuneki. Ukukhetha okuphezulu kwama-catalyst esimanje kunciphisa imfucuza futhi kunciphisa umthelela wemvelo, okuyinto ebalulekile ecatshangelwayo esimweni sezulu sanamuhla sokulawula.
Isitshalo saseCumene
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Ukushiswa kwe-cumene kwenziwa ngomoya, kukhiqize i-cumene hydroperoxide ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwe-radical chain. Lokhu okuphakathi kuyisisekelo senqubo kodwa kuletha izingozi ezinkulu zokusebenza. I-Cumene hydroperoxide ithambekele ekuwohlokeni kwe-exothermic futhi okungenzeka kube ukuqhuma ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi, ngaleyo ndlela idinga ukuvikelwa okuqinile kobunjiniyela kuzo zonke izindawo zokugcina kanye nokusabela.
I-hydroperoxide ibe isidlula ekuqhekekeni okubangelwa yi-acid—okuvame ukuqhutshwa yi-sulfuric acid—okuholela ekukhiqizweni kwe-phenol ne-acetone ngesikhathi esisodwa ngesilinganiso se-molar esingu-1:1 esinqunyiwe. Lesi silinganiso sichaza ukuhambisana komnotho kwale nqubo, njengoba ukuguquguquka kwesidingo noma intengo yemakethe yomkhiqizo owodwa okungenakugwenywa kuthinta ukusebenza komunye. I-Phenol ne-acetone kukhiqizwa ndawonye ngezigidi zamathani ngonyaka, kanti inqubo ye-cumene ibalwa cishe ngama-95% okukhiqizwa kwe-phenol emhlabeni wonke kusukela ngo-2023. Imikhiqizo elandelanayo, njenge-alpha-methylstyrene, iphinda isetshenziswe kabusha ohlelweni, okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezinto.
Ukukhethwa kwe-cumene hydroperoxide njenge-intermediate ebalulekile kubumba i-chemistry yenqubo kanye nengqalasizinda. Ukubola kwayo okulawulwayo kubalulekile ekukhiqizeni okuphezulu kanye nokuthembeka kwenqubo. Ama-catalyst okubola kwe-Hydroperoxide kanye nomklamo we-reactor olungiselelwe kahle kuthuthukise amazinga okuguqulwa ngenkathi kucindezela ukusabela okuyingozi. Ukusebenza kwamakholomu okuhluza aluhlaza kanye namayunithi okuhlanza i-acetone kubonisa ngokwengeziwe ubuhlakani bamasu okuhluza ezimboni ahlanganiswe ngaphansi kwe-primary reaction loop. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kulawulwa ukwakheka okuqinile kwekholomu yokuhluza kanye namasu okusebenza ukusekela izinqubo zokuhlanza i-ketone ezihlangabezana nemithethonqubo yezinga lomkhiqizo.
Inqubo ye-cumene iletha izinselelo eziningana zokusebenza nokuphepha ezihlukile kumakhemikhali ayo. Phakathi kwalezi kukhona ukuphathwa okunembile kokusabela okukhulu, ukuvimbela ukuqongelela kwe-hydroperoxide, kanye nokulawula ukukhishwa okuvuthayo noma okunobuthi ngaphakathi kwemingcele yemvelo ehambisanayo. Ukufakwa kwezimboni kudinga ama-reactor akhethekile, ukuqapha okuthuthukisiwe, kanye nezinhlelo eziphuthumayo ngenxa yemvelo eyingozi ye-cumene hydroperoxide kanye nokusha okukhulu kwemifudlana yenqubo. Ngisho nangemiklamo yesimanje yokuqinisa nokulawula inqubo, iphrofayili yengozi idinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, ukuqeqeshwa kwabaqhubi, kanye nokuhlaziywa kokuphepha kwenqubo okuphelele.
Naphezu kocwaningo oluqhubekayo ngemizila yokukhiqiza ehlukile ye-phenol, ikhono lenqubo ye-cumene lokukhiqiza i-phenol ne-acetone ehlanzekile kakhulu ngezinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe zokuhlanza nokubuyisa liqinisekisa indima yalo njengesilinganiso semboni. Ukuxhumana kwayo kwemakethe, ikhemistri, kanye nobunjiniyela bezinqubo kubumba imakethe yomhlaba wonke ye-phenol ne-acetone kuze kube namuhla.
Indlela kanye Nokulawulwa Kokubola Kwe-Cumene Hydroperoxide
I-Kinetics kanye Nezindlela Zokubola Kokushisa
I-Cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) ibalulekile enqubweni yokukhiqiza i-phenol-acetone. Ukubola kwayo kusekela ukuguqulwa kwe-cumene ibe yi-phenol ne-acetone, amakhemikhali amabili ezimboni adingeka kakhulu. Indlela yokubola iqala ngokuqhekeka kwe-homolytic kwesibopho se-O-O ku-CHP, okukhiqiza ama-cumyloxy radicals. Lawa ma-radical adlula ngokushesha ku-β-scission, akhiqiza i-acetone ne-phenol, imikhiqizo ehlosiwe yenqubo ye-cumene.
Ama-kinetics okusabela ayinkimbinkimbi futhi ahluka ekuziphatheni okulula kwe-first-order. Ama-calorimetry okuskena ahlukene (i-DSC) kanye namamodeli e-kinetic ahlanganisiwe (i-Flynn-Wall-Ozawa kanye ne-Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose) aveza amandla okusebenza ajwayelekile angu-~122 kJ/mol, kanye ne-reaction order eseduze no-0.5, okubonisa inqubo ye-mixed-order. Indlela ihlanganisa ukusabela kwe-chain okubandakanya i-cumyl peroxy kanye ne-cumyloxy radicals, okungase kusebenze kakhulu ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo efana ne-acetophenone, i-α-methylstyrene, kanye ne-methane.
Izimo zokusebenza, okuhlanganisa izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-CHP, kuthinta kakhulu ukukhetha kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-acetone kanye ne-phenol. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu asheshisa ukuqala kwe-radical, andise izinga lokuguqulwa okuphelele kodwa angase anciphise ukukhetha ngokuvumela ukusabela okuphambene okuncintisanayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingcindezi emaphakathi kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-CHP okuhle kakhulu kukhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-phenol kanye ne-acetone ngenkathi kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa komkhiqizo olandelanayo. Ukuqina kwenqubo—ukusebenzisa ukulawula ukushisa okunembile—kusalokhu kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokukhiqizwa kwe-phenol kanye ne-acetone okuphephile, okukhiqiza kakhulu, ngokuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela ngamamitha wobuningi obungaphakathi, njengalawo akhiqizwa yi-Lonnmeter, enikeza impendulo yenqubo ethembekile kuyo yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza ye-cumene.
Ama-Catalyst kanye Nokuzinza Kwamakhemikhali
Ukubola kwe-catalytic kubumba kokubili ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuphepha kwenqubo ye-cumene. Ama-catalyst ayisisekelo njenge-sodium hydroxide (NaOH) anciphisa kakhulu izinga lokushisa lokuqala kokubola kanye namandla okusebenza kwe-CHP, okuholela ekuguqulweni okusheshayo kodwa futhi kwandisa ingozi yokusabela okubalekayo. Izinto ezi-asidi, kufaka phakathi i-sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), nazo ziyasheshisa ukubola, yize ngezindlela ezahlukene zemishini, ezivame ukushintsha isikhathi sokuphila esibucayi futhi zithinte ingxube yomkhiqizo kanye nokusabalala komkhiqizo olandelanayo.
Ukukhethwa kwe-catalyst kuthinta ngqo amazinga okuguqulwa, ukunciphisa imikhiqizo elandelanayo, kanye nokuphepha kokusebenza. Ekukhiqizweni kwe-phenol ne-acetone, amanani alawulwayo e-NaOH avame ukuthandwa embonini, njengoba ekhuthaza ngempumelelo ukubola kwe-CHP futhi enze kube lula ukukhetha okuphezulu emikhiqizweni efiselekayo. Kodwa-ke, i-catalyst eyeqile ingakhuthaza ukusabalala kweketanga elingalawulwa, iphakamise ingozi yokuqhuma kokushisa kanye nokwakheka kwemikhiqizo elandelanayo okungaba yingozi, njenge-α-methylstyrene ne-acetophenone. Ukulinganisa i-catalyst okuphephile nokuqhubekayo, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwenqubo okunembile, ngakho-ke kubaluleke kakhulu ekubolekeni kwe-cumene hydroperoxide.
Ukuphathwa Kokuphepha Ekuqhekekeni
I-CHP ayizinzile ngokwezinga lokushisa futhi ibeka izici ezibalulekile zengozi ngesikhathi sokuphathwa nokubola. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amandla ayo okusabela okusheshayo kwe-exothermic, ukuthambekela ekubalekeni kwe-catalytic, kanye nokuzwela ekungcoleni nasezindaweni ezishisayo zasendaweni. Uma ingalawulwa, ukubola kwe-CHP kungaholela ekuqongeleleni kwengcindezi, ukuqhekeka kwemishini, kanye nokukhishwa okuyingozi.
Ukugcina ukuzinza kwesistimu kudinga imikhuba eminingana ebalulekile. Amathuluzi okuqapha angaphakathi, njenge-Lonnmeter inline density metres, ahlinzeka ngemininingwane yesikhathi sangempela kumaphrofayili okuhlushwa kanye nesimo sokushisa kwenqubo, okuqinisekisa ukutholakala ngesikhathi kwezimo ezingavamile. Izinhlelo zenqubo ezivaliwe zinciphisa ukuvezwa kanye nokungcola. Ukulawula ngokucophelela amazinga okushisa okugcina i-CHP, ukusetshenziswa kwemimoya engangenisi umoya (njenge-nitrogen), kanye nokugwema ukudlula umthamo we-catalyst kunciphisa amathuba okusabela okubalekayo. Ukuhlolwa kokubikezela kwe-calorimetric (kusetshenziswa i-adiabatic calorimetry) kusetshenziswa kabanzi ukulinganisa ukuqala kokubola ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zenqubo kanye nokulinganisa izinqubo eziphuthumayo.
Ukwakheka kwenqubo kuhlanganisa izinhlelo zokuhlukanisa nokukhipha umoya ukuze kulawulwe ukwanda kwengcindezi, kuyilapho abalawuli bokushisa kanye nama-interlocks kunciphisa amandla okushisa ngokweqile. Ukusabela kokubola kuvame ukwenziwa ngaphansi kokugeleza okuqhubekayo okulawulwayo, ngaphakathi kwama-reactor aklanyelwe ukususwa kokushisa okusheshayo. Lezi zinyathelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukubola kokushisa kwe-CHP—okubalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwe-acetone ne-phenol—kuhlala kusebenza kahle futhi kuphephile ngaphakathi kohlelo olubanzi lwenqubo ye-cumene.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwenqubo Enqubweni Yokukhiqiza yaseCumene
Ukuthuthukisa Isivuno Nokusebenza Kahle Kwamandla
Ukuhlanganiswa kokushisa kuyindlela eyisisekelo enqubweni yokukhiqiza i-cumene yokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokushisa. Ngokuthola kabusha nangokusebenzisa kabusha amandla okushisa avela emifudlaneni eshisa kakhulu, izitshalo zingafudumeza ukudla kusengaphambili, zinciphise ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zangaphandle, futhi zinciphise izindleko zokusebenza. Amasu okuhlanganisa ukushisa anomthelela omkhulu ngokuvamile ahilela ukuklama nokwenza ngcono amanethiwekhi okushintshanisa ukushisa (ama-HEN), aqondiswa ukuhlaziywa kwe-pinch ukuze kuhambisane ama-composite curve ashisayo nabandayo ukuze kutholakale ukushisa okuphezulu okutholakalayo. Isibonelo, ukuvumelanisa imisebenzi yokushisa ye-reboiler kanye ne-condenser ngaphakathi kwezingxenye ze-distillation kanye ne-preheat kungagcina amandla amakhulu futhi kunciphise ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa okukhiqizwa ngokukhiqizwa komusi. Izifundo zamanje zezimboni zibike ukwehla kwezinsiza kufika ku-25%, ngezinzuzo eziqondile ezindleleni zamandla kanye nokuhambisana nemvelo.
Esinye isici esibalulekile sokwenza ngcono ukuphinda kusetshenziswe ukudla. Enqubweni ye-cumene, ukuguqulwa okuphelele kwe-benzene ne-propylene akuvamile ukufezwa nge-reactor pass eyodwa. Ngokuphinda kusetshenziswe i-benzene ne-cumene ezingaphendulwanga, inqubo yandisa ukuguqulwa kwe-reactant okuphumelelayo futhi isebenzisa izinsiza ze-catalyst ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu. Le ndlela ayigcini nje ngokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kodwa futhi inegalelo ekuvuneni okuphezulu kwesitshalo. Umklamo we-recycle loop ophumelelayo ucabangela ukunciphisa ukwehla kwengcindezi, ukuqapha ukwakheka kwesikhathi sangempela, kanye nokulinganisela okunembile kokugeleza. Ukuphathwa kokuphinda kusetshenziswe okuthuthukisiwe kunciphisa nengozi yokungcola kwe-catalyst futhi kwandise impilo yomjikelezo we-catalyst, kunciphisa kokubili izindleko zesikhathi sokungasebenzi kanye nezindleko zokufaka esikhundleni se-catalyst.
Amathuluzi okuhlaziya amandla okusebenza njenge-Aspen Plus kanye ne-MATLAB avumela ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwe-thermodynamic kwesigaba ngasinye sesitshalo. Izifundo ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kakhulu kwamandla okusebenza—futhi ngaleyo ndlela amandla okuthuthukisa—kusezindaweni zokushisa eziphakeme zokucwilisa kanye nokuhlukanisa. Ngakho-ke, ukuqondiswa okuqhutshwa yizibalo, okuqhutshwa ukulingisa kwalezi zigaba kubekwa phambili lapho kufunwa ukuthuthukisa ukugeleza kwamandla nokunciphisa ukungaguquki kuwo wonke umshini.
Ukusebenza Kwekholomu Ye-Reactor kanye Ne-Distillation
Ukuthuthukisa ubukhulu be-reactor kanye nomklamo kubalulekile ukuze kulinganiswe izindleko zemali nokusebenza kahle. Umthamo we-reactor, isikhathi sokuhlala, kanye nomthwalo we-catalyst kumele kulungiswe ukuqinisekisa ukuguqulwa okuphezulu kwe-single-pass ngaphandle kokufaka engcupheni ukwehla kwengcindezi ngokweqile noma ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezinsizakusebenza. Isibonelo, ukwandisa ububanzi be-reactor kunganciphisa ukwehla kwengcindezi kodwa kungabangela ukuxubana okungasebenzi kahle, kuyilapho ama-reactor amade ethuthukisa ukuguqulwa kuze kube sezingeni lokunciphisa ukubuyiselwa ngenxa yemikhawulo yokulingana kokusabela kanye nokwakheka komkhiqizo olandelanayo.
Kwikholomu yokuhluza engezansi, ikakhulukazi ukuhluza okungahluziwe, ukulungiswa kokusebenza kwesilinganiso se-reflux, indawo yokudla, isikhala sethreyi, kanye nokucindezela kwekholomu kwenza kube lula ukuhlukaniswa kwe-cumene kusuka ku-benzene engaphenduliwe, i-polyisopropylbenzene, kanye neminye imikhiqizo ehambisanayo. Ukucushwa kwe-distillation okusebenzayo akugcini nje ngokwandisa ukubuyiselwa kwe-cumene kodwa futhi kunciphisa umthwalo kuma-reboilers nama-condenser, okuhumusha ngqo ekunciphiseni izindleko zamandla. Ukusetshenziswa okuhlakaniphile kwamadrowa aseceleni noma imiklamo yokuphakelwa okuhlukanisiwe kungathuthukisa ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwezingxenye ezibilayo njenge-acetone ne-cumene, kusekela ukukhiqizwa kwe-phenol ehlanzekile kakhulu ne-acetone edingwa yimakethe ye-phenol ne-acetone.
Iphrofayili yamandla ekholomu yokuhluza emele iboniswe ngezansi, igqamisa ukungena kwamandla ku-reboiler kanye nokuphuma kwawo ku-condenser, ngezihibe zokubuyisa ukushisa ezihlanganisiwe ezinciphisa isidingo esiphelele sezinsiza eziyinhloko zokushisa nokupholisa.
Ukusungula Izinto Ezintsha Ekwakhiweni Kwe-Reactor
Amasu akamuva okuqinisa inqubo aguqula ubuchwepheshe be-cumene reactor. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo ze-microbubble kanye ne-miniaturized reactor kwandisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwama-reactants, kufinyelela ukudluliselwa okusheshayo kwesisindo kanye nokukhetha okuphezulu. Lezi zakhiwo ze-reactor ezingavamile zingasebenza ngezikhathi zokuhlala eziphansi ngenkathi zigcina noma zidlula imigomo yokuguqulwa, ngaleyo ndlela zinciphise ukufakwa kwamandla okudingekayo ngeyunithi ngayinye yomkhiqizo owenziwe.
Ama-microbubble reactor anikeza ukulawula okukhulu ekukhuphukeni kwezinga lokushisa futhi anciphise ukwakheka kwemikhiqizo esindayo engafaka ubuthi kuma-catalyst noma kube nzima ukuhlukaniswa kwezansi. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukuphepha—ngokunciphisa izindawo ezishisayo kanye nokwanda kwengcindezi—futhi kunciphisa ukuthinteka kwemvelo ngokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi, ukushisa okulahliwe, kanye nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-feedstock. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-miniaturized reactor avumela izakhiwo zezitshalo ezihlukanisiwe, ezilinganiselwe, ezikhula ngentengo ephansi ukuze zivumelane nesidingo semakethe esishintshashintshayo sokukhiqizwa kwe-phenol ne-acetone.
Lezi zinto ezintsha zisungula indlela entsha yokusebenza kahle kwe-reactor kanye nokusimama kwenqubo ekuqhekekeni kwe-cumene oxidation kanye ne-hydroperoxide, kuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa ngokubambisana kwe-phenol-acetone kanye nokuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuhlanzeka komkhiqizo eziqinile ezidingekayo ezindleleni zokuhlanza i-acetone kanye nezinqubo zokuhlanza i-ketone.
Ngokusebenzisa la maqhinga okwenza ngcono izinqubo, abakhiqizi bangafinyelela ibhalansi ephezulu phakathi kokusebenzisa kahle amandla, ukukhiqiza izitshalo, imigomo yokuhlanzeka, kanye nokusimama ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni amazinga okuphepha aqinile enqubo ye-cumene.
Ukucubungula Okuphansi: Ukuhlukaniswa kwePhenol ne-Acetone
Ukuhlukanisa i-phenol ne-acetone ngemva kokubola kwe-cumene hydroperoxide kudinga ukulandelana okuqinile kwezinyathelo zokuhluza nokuhlanza. Ukuphathwa kahle kwamandla kanye nokubuyiselwa komkhiqizo kubumba ukwakheka kwenqubo kanye nemikhuba yokusebenza ekukhiqizweni kwe-phenol enkulu kanye ne-acetone.
Ukulandelana Kokuhlukaniswa Komkhiqizo
Ingxenye engezansi komfula iqala ngokwelapha umkhiqizo we-reactor ongahluziwe, oqukethe i-phenol, i-acetone, amanzi, i-α-methylstyrene, i-cumene, i-benzene, kanye neminye imikhiqizo emincane engaphansi. Lapho iphuma ku-reactor, ingxube iyasuswa futhi ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba kwenziwa uma kukhona amanzi amaningi.
Ukugxila kokuqala kokuhlukaniswa ukususwa kwe-acetone. Ngenxa yezinga eliphansi lokubila le-acetone (56 °C), ivame ukucwiliswa ngaphezulu kwesigaba sezinto eziphilayo ezibilayo kakhulu. Lokhu kufezwa kukholomu yokucwiliswa engahluziwe, lapho i-acetone, amanzi, nokungcola kokukhanya kuhamba khona, kanti i-phenol enamakhemikhali asindayo ihlala njengomkhiqizo ongezansi. I-acetone engaphezulu ingase ihlale inamanzi kanye neminonjana yezinye iziphetho zokukhanya, ngakho-ke ingase yomiswe futhi icwengisiswe ngokulandelayo—ngokusebenzisa i-azeotropic noma i-extractive distillation uma kudingeka ubumsulwa obukhulu kakhulu—yize ukucwiliswa okuvamile kwanele emisebenzini eminingi yezentengiselwano.
I-residue ecebile nge-phenol ihlanzwa ngokwengeziwe ngokulandelana kwamakholomu okuhluza. Eyokuqala isusa iziphetho zokukhanya njenge-acetone eseleyo, i-benzene, namagesi ancibilikisiwe. Ikholomu elandelayo ye-phenol inikeza ukuhlukaniswa okuyinhloko, iveza i-phenol emsulwa futhi ihlukanise imikhiqizo ebila kakhulu phansi kwekholomu. Ezindaweni eziningi zokuhlelwa, imikhiqizo ewusizo efana ne-α-methylstyrene nayo itholakala ngezinyathelo zokudonsa eceleni noma izinyathelo zokuhlunga ezilandelayo. La makholomu asebenza ngokucindezela okubalwa kanye namashejuli okushisa ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukana futhi kuncishiswe ukulahlekelwa komkhiqizo.
Ikholomu Yokucwilisa kanye Nokusebenza Kwekholomu Yokucwilisa Okungahluziwe
Amakholomu okucwilisa abalulekile ekuhlanzweni kwe-acetone ne-phenol. Ukwakheka nokusebenza kwawo kuthinta ngqo ubumsulwa, isivuno, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla ngaphakathi kwenqubo yokukhiqiza i-cumene.
Ukuze kususwe i-acetone, ikholomu yokuhluza eluhlaza kumele inikeze ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukanisa okuphezulu uma kubhekwa igebe lokuguquguquka phakathi kwe-acetone ne-phenol. Kusetshenziswa amakholomu amade anamathreyi asebenzayo noma ukupakisha okuphezulu. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla kubalulekile; ukushisa okuvela emphefumulweni ophezulu kungafudumeza ukudla noma kutholakale kumasekethe okubuyisela kabusha, kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphelele njengoba kufakazelwa izifundo zokulingisa inqubo ezibika ukwehla okungu-15% ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla athile ngemuva kokusebenzisa ukuhlanganiswa kokushisa ezitshalweni ezinkulu ([Chemical Engineering Progress, 2022]).
Izinselele zokusebenza zifaka phakathi ukwakheka kwe-azeotrope, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwe-acetone namanzi. Nakuba lokhu kungenza kube nzima ukuhlukana okuphelele, ukuguquguquka okuhlobene ezikalini zezimboni kuvame ukuthanda ukulungiswa okuvamile. Ukulawula ingcindezi kubalulekile ukuze kugwenywe ukulahleka komhwamuko we-acetone nokugcina amandla okushayela e-thermodynamic. Ukuphathwa kwezinga lokushisa okunembile kokubili phezulu naphansi kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwakheka okuqondiwe kufezwa ngaphandle kokulimaza imikhiqizo ngokushisa.
Ukuhluzwa kwe-Phenol kubhekene nemingcele yayo. Izinga eliphezulu lokubila kwe-Phenol kanye nokuzwela kwe-oxidation, amaphesenti angaphakathi ekholomu kumele amelane nokugqwala, ngokuvamile esebenzisa ama-alloy akhethekile. Ukucindezela kwekholomu kulungiselelwe ukulinganisela izindleko zamandla nokunciphisa izingozi zokubola. Imikhiqizo ethambekele ekupholiseni ukushisa, njenge-α-methylstyrene, isuswa ngokushesha futhi ipholiswe ukuze kucindezelwe ukusabela okungekuhle.
Izilawuli zenqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye namadivayisi okulinganisa angaphakathi—njenge-Lonnmeter inline density kanye ne-viscosity metres—asetshenziswa njalo ukulungisa ukusebenza kwekholomu, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imigomo yobumsulwa kanye nezilinganiso zesisindo sekholomu kuhlangatshezwana nazo njalo.
Ukuhlanganiswa nokubola kwe-Hydroperoxide kanye nokubuyiselwa komkhiqizo
Ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo kwamayunithi okubola, ukuhlukaniswa, kanye nokuhlanza kubalulekile enqubweni ye-cumene. Ukungcola kokusabela kuqhubekela ngqo ekuhlukanisweni okungezansi komfula. Ukudluliselwa okusheshayo kunciphisa ukusabela okungathandeki noma i-polymerization.
Isinyathelo ngasinye sokuhlukaniswa sihlanganiswe ngokuqinile nesinye. I-acetone engaphezulu iyafinyezwa ngokushesha futhi iqoqwe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukulahleka okuguquguqukayo. I-phenol kanye nemifudlana eseceleni yomkhiqizo ohambisanayo idla kamuva ezinyathelweni zayo zokuhlanza. Lapho kutholwa khona imikhiqizo ewusizo, imifudlana yayo yokusuka idonswa ngemuva kokuhlaziywa kwesigaba nokwakheka okuningiliziwe.
Okubaluleke kakhulu ukugwema ukungcoliswa phakathi kweziphetho zokukhanya (ingxenye ye-acetone/yamanzi) kanye nokungcola okunzima (i-cumene engaphendulwanga, ama-tars). Lokhu kufezwa ngezigaba eziningi zokulingana komswakama-uketshezi ngaphakathi kwamakholomu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemifudlana ye-reflux. Amapayipi kanye nemithambo yemithambo kuklanyelwe ukunciphisa ukubamba kanye nokujikeleza okufushane.
Amazinga okutakula kokubili i-acetone ne-phenol adlula u-97% ezitshalweni ezilungiselelwe kahle, kanye nokulahlekelwa okuvame kakhulu ukuvinjelwa emifudlaneni yokuhlanza engenakugwenywa kanye nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Amanzi angcolile akhiqizwa kuyo yonke inqubo, aqukethe izinto eziphilayo ezincibilikisiwe, agcinwa ehlukene futhi athunyelwa ezinhlelweni zokwelapha ezithuthukisiwe ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zomthetho.
Ukuhlanganiswa okuphumelelayo kuncike ekuqapheni okuqhubekayo kweziguquguquko ezibalulekile: ubuningi kanye nokufundwa kwe-viscosity okuvela kumamitha angaphakathi njengalawo avela eLonnmeter kuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yokuphakelayo kanye nobumsulwa bomkhiqizo ngesikhathi sangempela, okuvumela ukulawulwa kwempendulo ukuze kube nokukhiqiza okuphezulu kanye nokuphepha kokusebenza.
Umklamo wenqubo osebenzayo ekukhiqizweni kwe-phenol-acetone uncike ochungechungeni oluqinile lokuhlukaniswa, ukuhluzwa okwenziwa ngcono ngamandla, ukuhlanganiswa okuseduze kokusabela nokuhlanzwa, kanye nokuqapha okuqhubekayo okuqondile, okusekela kokubili ukonga kwenqubo kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
Amasu Athuthukisiwe Okuhlanza I-Acetone
Ukuhlanzwa kwe-acetone ngemva kokukhiqizwa kwe-phenol-acetone ngokubambisana ngenqubo ye-cumene kwakheka yizidingo eziqinile zekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Ukukhetha indlela efanele yokuhlanza i-acetone kuncike ezidingweni zokuhlanzeka kokusetshenziswa kokugcina, imikhawulo yokulawula, kanye nephrofayili yokungcola edalwe ngesikhathi sokubola kwe-cumene hydroperoxide kanye nokusabela okuphezulu.
Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zokuhlanza I-Acetone
I-acetone eluhlaza evela ku-cumene oxidation iqukethe inani elikhulu lamanzi, i-phenol, i-α-methylstyrene, i-cumene, i-acetophenone, ama-carboxylic acid, ama-aldehydes, nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezifakwe umoya-mpilo. Ukuhlanzwa okuphansi kuhlose lokhu kungcola ukuze kususwe. Umgogodla uhlanzwa ngezigaba:
- Amakholomu okuqala asusa ukungcola okunzima nokubilisa kakhulu—ikakhulukazi i-phenol, i-α-methylstyrene, i-acetophenone, nezinto ezakha i-tar—ngokuhoxisa phansi. Ingxenye ephakathi iqukethe i-acetone-water azeotrope, kuyilapho iziphetho zokukhanya (njenge-cumene engaphendulwanga) zingahlukaniswa ngaphezulu kwezingxenye ezilandelayo.
Ukuhluzwa kwe-azeotropic kuvame ukuba kubalulekile ekuhlukaniseni izingxube ze-acetone namanzi ezinzima, kusetshenziswa i-hydrocarbon entrainer ukuphazamisa ukwakheka kwe-azeotropic nokukhulisa ubumsulwa be-acetone. Lapho ukungcola kunamaphuzu afanayo okubila, ukuhluzwa kokukhipha—nge-glycols noma izinyibilikisi ezenzelwe wena—kuyasetshenziswa lapha. Lapha, isithasiselo siguqula ukuguquguquka okuhlobene, kusiza ukuhlukaniswa okuphumelelayo kwezinto eziphilayo ezihlobene eduze futhi kwandise isivuno se-acetone.
Ngale kokuhluzwa, izinyathelo zokuhlanza ezisusa i-phenol esele kanye nama-polar compounds. Ama-carbon asebenzayo, i-silica gel, kanye nama-ion-exchange resins asebenza kahle kule ndima phakathi noma ngemva kwezigaba zekholomu. Lapho kukhona khona izinto eziphilayo ezine-acidic, inqubo ingafaka ukuncishiswa nge-caustic soda kulandelwe ukugezwa ngamanzi ukuze kukhishwe usawoti nama-acid ngaphambi kokuhluzwa kokugcina.
I-acetone emsulwa kakhulu (≥99.5 wt% ngokwezidingo eziningi zezimboni noma zelebhu) ivame ukudlula esinyathelweni sokugcina "sokupholisha" esihlanganisa ukuhluzwa okuhle kanye nokumuncwa okuthuthukisiwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imininingwane yamanzi (<0.3 wt%), i-phenol (<10 ppm), ama-aromatics asindayo (<100 ppm), kanye nama-non-volatile aphelele (<20 ppm) iyahlangatshezwa. Lokhu kubalulekile kuma-electronics noma e-pharmaceutical-grade acetone.
Ukuthuthukisa kanye Nokuxazulula Izinkinga ku-Distillation
Ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo yokuhluza i-acetone kuncike ekwakhiweni okunembile kwekholomu yokuhluza kanye nokusebenza okuhlelekile. Amakholomu okuhlukaniswa ngokwehlukana ayalinganiswa futhi asetshenziswa ukukhuthaza ukudluliselwa okunamandla kwesisindo kanye nokuhlukaniswa okuhle kakhulu. Amasu amaningana akhulisa kokubili ubumsulwa kanye nesivuno:
- Amakholomu amade anamathileyi amaningi noma ukupakisha okuhlelekile kahle kuqinisekisa ukuhlukana okubukhali, ikakhulukazi lapho izindawo zokubila ze-acetone-water noma i-acetone-cumene ziseduze.
- Ukuhlanganiswa kokushisa phakathi kwama-reboiler nama-condenser (isb., ngokusebenzisa ukucindezela komusi noma ama-heat exchanger) kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla futhi kuzinzise amazinga okushisa, okusekela ukuhlukana okuqhubekayo.
- Ukulungiswa kahle kwesilinganiso se-reflux kanye namazinga okuhoxiswa komkhiqizo, okuqondiswa ukuqapha ubuningi kanye nokwakheka okusemgqeni (ngamathuluzi anjenge-Lonnmeter inline density metres), kwenza kube lula ukulungisa ngokushesha kanye nokuqondiswa okunembile komkhiqizo, okuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke inqwaba ihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuhlanzeka okuqinile.
Izinkinga ezivame ukwenziwa nge-distillation zifaka phakathi ukukhukhuleka kwamakholomu, ukugqwala, kanye nokwakheka kwezinsalela:
Ukukhukhuleka kwekholomu kwenzeka uma amazinga okugeleza ephezulu kakhulu—uketshezi lukhuphuka kakhulu kunokuba luye phansi, okunciphisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa. Ukulungisa lokhu kudinga ukunciphisa ukuphuma noma ukulungisa izilinganiso ze-reflux. Ukugqwala kuvela ngenxa yesivinini esiphezulu somswakama noma ngokuba khona kwezinto ezisebenza ebusweni (isb. ama-tar noma ama-phenol traces). Izinto ezilwa nokugqwala, ukuphrofayiliza ikholomu ngokucophelela, kanye nokufakwa kwezigaba kwemisakazo yenqubo kunganciphisa ukugqwala okuqhubekayo.
Ukwakheka kwezinsalela, okuvame ukubonakala kumathreyi aphansi kakhulu noma ku-reboiler yeyunithi yokuhluza, kuvela emikhiqizweni ye-oligomerization noma i-tar. Ukukhishwa komkhiqizo ongezansi ngezikhathi ezithile, ukuhlanza okuvamile, nokugcina amaphrofayili okushisa ngaphakathi kwemingcele kunciphisa ukwakheka kwe-tar futhi kuqinisekisa ubude besikhathi bekholomu.
Lapho kuhlukanisa ama-azeotropes noma ukuphatha ukungcola okubilayo eduze, amathreyi avamile angashintshwa ngezinto zokupakisha ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Amaphrofayili okushisa kanye nengcindezi ekholomu agcinwa ngaphakathi kwamafasitela aqinile. Izinsimbi ezizenzakalelayo—njengokulinganisa okuqhubekayo kobuningi—zenza opharetha bakwazi ukubona ngokushesha umkhiqizo ongekho ku-spec futhi baphendule ngesikhathi sangempela, okwandisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokukhiqiza.
Ishadi lokugeleza elenziwe lula elibonisa ukuhluzwa kwe-acetone ezigabeni eziningi kanye nokuhlanzwa kokukhiqizwa kwe-phenol kanye ne-acetone (umdwebo wakho usekelwe kumkhuba ojwayelekile)
Umphumela ohlangene walezi zindlela zokuhlanza i-acetone ezithuthukisiwe uqinisekisa ukuphathwa okuphephile kwemikhiqizo engaphansi kwenqubo yokukhiqiza i-cumene, ukuhambisana okuthembekile nezindinganiso zemakethe ye-acetone ne-phenol, kanye nokunciphisa umthelela wemvelo.
Imiphumela Yokuthuthukiswa Kwezimboni Nokuzinza
Enqubweni yokukhiqiza i-cumene, ukuxhumanisa ngokuqinile ukwakheka kwenqubo, i-catalysis, kanye nokukhetha kokuhlukanisa nokusebenza kahle kwezinsiza kubalulekile. Ukwakheka kwenqubo okuhlanganisiwe kuqondisa ubunjiniyela bokusabela, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlukanisa, kanye nokubuyiselwa kwamandla ukuze kwandiswe isivuno futhi kuncishiswe imfucuza kuzo zonke izigaba zokukhiqizwa ngokubambisana kwe-phenol-acetone. Ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe ze-catalytic, njenge-solid acid catalysts eqinile (kufaka phakathi ama-zeolite nama-heteropolyacids), opharetha bathola ukukhetha okuphezulu ekuqhekekeni kwe-cumene hydroperoxide, okunciphisa ukwakheka komkhiqizo olandelanayo njenge-α-methylstyrene ne-acetophenone. Lokhu kukhulisa ukukhetha akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa isivuno senqubo kodwa futhi kusekela ukusimama ngokusebenzisa imifudlana yemfucuza encishisiwe.
Uma ukhetha ama-catalyst okubola kwe-hydroperoxide, ukuqina kwenqubo kudlala indima ebalulekile. Isibonelo, izindlela ze-hybrid catalytic, ezihlanganisa izici ze-catalysis efanayo neyahlukene, zithola amandla ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwazo kokusebenza kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside kwe-catalyst. Noma kunjalo, ukwakheka kwe-catalyst kumele kuvumelanise umsebenzi ophezulu kanye nokuqina ngokumelene nezinkinga ezifana nokubilisa kanye nobuthi obubangelwa ukungcola, kuqinisekiswe ukuguquka okuncane kwe-catalyst kanye nomthwalo wemvelo ovela ekulahleni kwe-catalyst esetshenzisiwe. Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwe-catalyst kuthinta ngqo ukusebenza kahle kwezinsiza, kunciphise ukulahlekelwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nokunciphisa izidingo zomsebenzi.
Ukuhlanganiswa komklamo wenqubo, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuhlanzwa kwe-acetone kanye nenqubo yokuhluza i-acetone, kusabalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono izimboni. Ukuqaliswa kwemiklamo yekholomu yokuhluza ethuthukisiwe—njengokuhlukanisa amakholomu odonga—kanye nokuhlukaniswa okusekelwe ku-membrane okonga amandla kuvumela imisebenzi engabizi futhi eqhubekayo. Ukuhlukanisa amakholomu odonga, isibonelo, kwenza kube lula ukusebenza kwekholomu yokuhluza engahluziwe, okuholela ekongeni amandla okufika ku-25% ngaphezu kokusethwa kwendabuko kwamakholomu amaningi, kuyilapho kukhulula isikhala sesitshalo esibonakalayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasu okuhlanganisa ukushisa ayinkimbinkimbi, aqondiswa amasu afana nokuhlaziywa kwe-pinch, abonise ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa komusi okungaphezu kuka-20%, njengoba kuboniswe ekuthuthukisweni kwesayithi lokukhiqizwa kwe-phenol ne-acetone okuqoshiwe. Lezi zinyathelo zihumusha ekukhishweni kwegesi lokushisa okuphansi kanye nokuncipha kokuthembela emithonjeni yesitimu etholakala ku-fossil-fuel.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwamanzi nokushisa kuphakamisa ukusebenza kahle kwemithombo enqubweni yokuxiliswa kwe-cumene kanye nezinyathelo ezilandelayo zokuhlukanisa. Izinhlelo zokusebenzisa kabusha i-Cascade kanye nezindawo zokucima ezibekwe ngendlela efanele zinganciphisa ukuphuma kwamanzi amdaka ngamaphesenti afinyelela ku-40, kubhekane nomthamo kanye nobukhulu bokungcola kokungcola. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhambisaneni nezinhlaka zomthetho ezishintshayo ezimakethe ezinkulu ze-phenol kanye ne-acetone, lapho imikhawulo ekukhishweni kokungcola kanye nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni iqina khona.
Ukucatshangelwa komthetho kanye nemvelo kuncishiswe kakhulu kumongo wokukhiqiza ngokubambisana kwe-phenol-acetone kusetshenziswa inqubo ye-cumene. Ukulawulwa okuqinile kwezinto eziyingozi—njenge-cumene hydroperoxide—kugunyaza ukulawulwa kwenqubo okunembile kanye nokuqapha ukuphepha ngesikhathi sangempela ngesikhathi sokusebenza okuyingozi kakhulu. Imithethonqubo yemvelo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zaseNyakatho Melika naseYurophu, ikhulisa izidingo zokwelashwa kokungcola, ukulawulwa kokukhishwa komoya, kanye nokuvuselelwa kabusha kwe-solvent/heat. Amasu okuthobela imithetho afakwe ekwakhiweni kwenqubo yesigaba sokuqala, ngokuvamile ahilela izilinganiso zokuqina kwenqubo kanye nokuhlaziywa komjikelezo wokuphila okwakha ngqo ukwakheka kwesitshalo kanye nokukhethwa kobuchwepheshe.
Ukuqapha kanye nokwenza ngcono inqubo ngesikhathi sangempela kubalulekile ekugcineni ukusebenza kahle kanye nokunciphisa ukulahleka kwenqubo okungenakugwenywa. Amamitha okuqina angaphakathi kanye namamitha e-viscosity avela eLonnmeter, isibonelo, avumela ukulawulwa okuqhubekayo, okungaphakathi kwendawo kwamapharamitha okusabela kanye nokuhlukanisa kulo lonke isitimela sokukhiqizwa kwe-acetone ne-phenol. Ngokulandela ngokunembile ukugcwala komkhiqizo kanye nomkhiqizo olandelanayo, opharetha bangalungisa iziguquguquko ezibalulekile - njengezilinganiso ze-reflux, amaphuzu okusika ekuhluzweni, kanye nokulinganisa i-catalyst - ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla futhi kunciphise inani lezinto ezingacacisiwe noma ezilahliwe.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamasu okuhluza ezimbonini, okusekelwa idatha yezinzwa zesikhathi sangempela, kusheshisa nokuxazulula izinkinga kanye nokuphendula kokuvala lapho kubhekene nezimo ezingathandeki. Ngokuncipha kokuguquguquka komkhankaso wokuya emkhankasweni kanye nokwanda kokukhiqizwa kabusha kweqembu, abaqhubi baqaphela ukonga izindleko okuqondile, ukwehla kwezitokwe zezinto zokusetshenziswa, kanye nokwephulwa okumbalwa kwemvelo. Ngenxa yalokho, ukwenziwa ngcono kwenqubo yesikhathi sangempela, okuqhutshwa ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa obunembile obuhambisanayo, kuhlala kubalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwe-phenol ne-acetone okuncintisanayo, okuhambisanayo, nokuqhubekayo.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa)
Iyini inqubo ye-cumene futhi kungani ibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwe-phenol-acetone?
Inqubo ye-cumene, eyaziwa nangokuthi inqubo ye-Hock, iyindlela yezimboni yokukhiqiza i-phenol kanye ne-acetone ngokulandelana okukodwa okuhlanganisiwe. Iqala nge-alkylation, lapho i-benzene isabela khona ne-propylene ukukhiqiza i-cumene isebenzisa ama-catalyst e-acid aqinile njenge-zeolites noma i-phosphoric acid. I-cumene ibe isixutshwa nomoya ukuze yakhe i-cumene hydroperoxide. Lokhu okuphakathi kudlula ekuqhekekeni okubangelwa yi-acid, okukhiqiza i-phenol kanye ne-acetone ngesilinganiso esiqondile se-1:1 molar. Le nqubo ibalulekile ngoba ibusa ukukhiqizwa kwe-phenol kanye ne-acetone emhlabeni jikelele, okunikeza ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinsiza. Cishe ama-95% e-phenol yomhlaba wonke akhiqizwa ngale nqubo kusukela ngo-2023, okugcizelela ukugqama kwayo kwezimboni kanye nomnotho.
Ukubola kwe-cumene hydroperoxide kuthinta kanjani ukuphepha kwenqubo kanye nokukhiqiza?
Ukubola kwe-cumene hydroperoxide kuyinto exothermic kakhulu, ikhipha ukushisa okukhulu. Uma kungaphathwa ngokucophelela, kungabangela ukubaleka kokushisa, ukuqhuma, noma imililo—okubeka izidingo eziqinile ekwakhiweni kwenqubo kanye nokuzithiba kokusebenza. Ukukhethwa ngokucophelela kwama-catalyst okubola kwe-hydroperoxide kanye nokulawula okuqinile kwezimo zokusabela kubalulekile ekusebenzeni okuphephile. Ukuqapha izinga lokushisa kanye nezinga lokusabela kuqinisekisa ukuthi isivuno se-phenol ne-acetone sihlala siphezulu ngenkathi kunciphisa ukwakheka kwemikhiqizo engaphansi kanye nezingozi zokuphepha. Umkhuba omuhle kakhulu embonini uhlanganisa ukuqapha uhlelo okuqhubekayo, ukucima okuphuthumayo, kanye nomklamo we-reactor oqinile ukuze kusingathwe i-exothermicity futhi kuvimbele noma yikuphi ukunyuka kwengcindezi.
Iyiphi indima edlalwa yikholomu yokucwilisa eluhlaza enqubweni yokukhiqiza i-cumene?
Ikholomu yokuhluza engahluziwe iwumsebenzi obalulekile ngemva kokuqhekeka kwe-hydroperoxide. Ihlukanisa i-phenol, i-acetone, i-cumene engaphendulwanga, kanye nemikhiqizo emincane engaphansi. Ukusebenza kahle kwekholomu yokuhluza engahluziwe kuthuthukisa ukubuyiswa komkhiqizo, kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, futhi kukhiqize imifudlana edla ngqo ezinyathelweni zokuhlanza kamuva. Ukwakheka nokusebenza kwekholomu yokuhluza kumele kubhekele amaphuzu abilayo aseduze ezingxenyeni ezahlukene, okudinga ukunemba ekulawuleni izinga lokushisa kanye nengcindezi. Ukwehluleka kokuhluza kungaholela ekulahlekelweni komkhiqizo, ukungcola, noma izindleko zezinsiza eziningi.
Kungani ukuhlanzwa kwe-acetone kuyadingeka ekukhiqizweni kwe-phenol-acetone?
I-Acetone etholakala enqubweni ye-cumene iqukethe uhla lwezinto ezingcolisayo: imikhiqizo yokusabela eceleni (njenge-methyl isobutyl ketone, i-isopropanol), amanzi, nama-organic acid akhiwe ngesikhathi se-oxidation kanye nokuqhekeka. Kudingeka ukuhlanzwa okuqinile ukuze i-acetone ihlangabezane nezindinganiso eziqinile zezimboni zokusetshenziswa kwemithi, izinyibilikisi, kanye namapulasitiki. Izinqubo zokuhlanza, njengokuhlukanisa okuqinile ngamakholomu okuhluza, zisusa lokhu kungcola. I-acetone ehlanzekile ithola nentengo ephezulu yemakethe, iqinisa isizathu sezomnotho sokuhlanzwa okuphumelelayo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinqubo kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha ze-reactor kungathuthukisa kanjani iphrofayili yezomnotho neyezemvelo yenqubo ye-cumene?
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinqubo kusebenzisa amathuba okubuyisa ukushisa, ukuphinda kusetshenziswe izinto ezingakaphendulwa, kanye nokwenza lula imisebenzi yamayunithi ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Isibonelo, ukuhlanganisa ukuthunyelwa kokushisa kokusabela noma ukuhlanganisa ukulandelana kokuhluzwa kunganciphisa izindleko zikaphethiloli kanye nezindleko zezinsiza. Ukwamukelwa kwentuthuko efana nama-microbubble reactors kubonise ukuthuthukisa ukudluliselwa kwesisindo, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-oxidation, kanye nokunciphisa ukwakheka kwemikhiqizo engaphansi kwemfucuza. Lokhu kusungula izinto ezintsha kunciphisa umthelela wemvelo ngokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamanzi angcolile kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamanzi angcolile, kuyilapho futhi kunciphisa izindleko zokucubungula jikelele, okwenza ukukhiqizwa kwe-phenol-acetone kube okuzinzile futhi okuqinile ngokwezomnotho.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba-19-2025
