Ukuphathwa okuphumelelayo kokuhlushwa kwe-cyanide yamahhala enqubweni yokuhlushwa kwe-cyanide yegolide kudinga ukulinganiswa kwesikhathi sangempela ngaphakathi kwezifunda zokuhlushwa. Abahlaziyi abangaphakathi, ababekwe ngqo ngaphakathi kwamapayipi noma amathangi e-slurry, baqhubeka nokulandelela ukuhlushwa kwe-cyanide yamahhala, i-cyanide eseleyo, kanye ne-WAD cyanide. Lawa mathuluzi aqeda ukubambezeleka kokuthatha amasampula ngesandla, anciphise izingozi zephutha lomqhubi, futhi anikeze idatha yenqubo njalo ngemizuzu emi-3-10, esekela ukwenza izinqumo ngokushesha ezindaweni zezitshalo eziguquguqukayo.
Izisekelo Zokuhlanzwa Kwe-Cyanide Ukuze Kukhishwe Igolide
Ukukhishwa kwegolide nge-cyanide kuyitshe lesisekelo lokubuyiselwa kwegolide nge-hydrometallurgical, okuvumela ukukhishwa kusuka kuma-ore asezingeni eliphansi nayinkimbinkimbi. Kule nqubo, igolide liguqulwa kusuka efomini yalo yensimbi yemvelo libe yi-complex encibilikayo, ngokuvamile ngokusebenzisa i-sodium cyanide (NaCN) ngaphansi kwezimo ezinamandla ze-alkaline. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okubalulekile kuhilela igolide, ama-ion e-cyanide, kanye nomoya-mpilo wama-molecule, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwe-complex ye-cyanide yegolide eqinile [Au(CN)_2]^–—isihluthulelo sokusabela ekukhishweni kwegolide lezimboni:
4 Au + 8 CN⁻ + O₂ + 2 H₂O → 4 [Au(CN)₂]⁻ + 4 OH⁻
Ukugcina ukuhlushwa okwanele kwe-cyanide, i-oxygen encibilikisiwe eyanele, kanye ne-alkaline pH (ngokuvamile >10) kubalulekile ekwenzeni kube lula kokubili ukuncibilika kanye nokuphathwa okuphephile, njengoba izimo ze-alkaline zivimbela ukwakheka kwegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide enobuthi. I-leaching kinetics ithonywa kakhulu yilezi zinhlaka, kanye nobuningi be-pulp kanye nosayizi wezinhlayiya—iziguquguquko ezivame ukwenziwa ngcono emisebenzini yezitshalo futhi ezibhekiselwa ocwaningweni oluthuthukisiwe lwe-cyanidation yegolide. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ore mineralogy kanye nokuba khona kokungcola, njenge-ion yethusi, kunganciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo ngokuncintisana nge-cyanide nokwakha ama-complexes angafuneki akhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-reagent kanye namazinga okunciphisa ukubuyisa igolide.
Ukuqapha Ku-inthanethi kwe-Cyanide kanye neGolide ku-Gold Leaching Solution
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Inqubo yokukhipha i-cyanide yegolide ayifaniswanga ngobulula bokusebenza, ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko, kanye nokukhipha isivuno sezinhlobo eziningi ze-ore. Intuthuko yakamuva ifaka phakathi i-thermodynamic kanye ne-kinetic modeling ukubikezela ukuziphatha kwe-leach, ukwenza ngcono ukuhlushwa kwe-cyanide yamahhala, kanye nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-reagent ngokweqile ngokuhlaziywa okuthuthukisiwe kwe-pulp leaching concentration kanye nokulinganiswa kobuningi be-leachate yegolide. Imitha yokuhlushwa ye-ultrasonic ye-Lonnmeter yokulinganisa i-cyanide nayo inegalelo ekuqapheni ukuhlushwa kwe-cyanide okunembile kakhulu nesikhathi sangempela emisebenzini yezimayini, okwenza kube lula ukulawula izimo ze-leach kanye nokunciphisa ukumosha.
Nakuba ukukhuculula i-cyanide ukuze kukhishwe igolide kubusa umkhuba wezimboni, izindlela zokukhuculula igolide ezingenayo i-cyanide ziyathandwa ngenxa yokukhathazeka okwandayo kwezemvelo kanye nokulawula. Ubuchwepheshe obuhlukile njenge-thiosulfate kanye ne-hypobromite leaching bunikeza ezinye izindlela zokhuculula igolide ezinobungani nemvelo futhi bubonise isivuno sokuthola igolide esincintisanayo ezifundweni zelebhu kanye nezitshalo zokuhlola. Isibonelo, inqubo ye-Dundee Sustainable Technologies isebenzisa i-sodium hypobromite ukuze ithathe indawo ye-cyanide, ifinyelele ekukhucululweni kwegolide okusheshayo futhi isuse izingozi zokwelashwa kanye nokulahlwa kwe-cyanide leachate. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa ngezinga elithile kubhekene nezinselele ngenxa yezizathu ezifaka phakathi izindleko, ukuhlanganiswa kwenqubo, kanye nokuhambisana okuqondile kwe-ore.
Ukukhethwa kwenqubo phakathi kwezindlela ezingenayo i-cyanide ne-cyanide kuncike ekulinganisweni kokutholwa kwegolide kusuka ekuletheni i-cyanide, ukwenzeka kobuchwepheshe, izindleko zokusebenza, umthelela wemvelo, kanye nokuhambisana nomthetho. Ukulethile i-Cyanide kusalokhu kuyindlela ekhethwayo yemisebenzi eminingi yokumba ngenxa ye-leaching kinetics ebikezelwayo ekuletheni i-cyanidation yegolide kanye nezingozi zemvelo ezilawulekayo uma kuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo zokuqapha ukuhlushwa kwe-cyanide eziqinile. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokulethile i-cyanide kanye nezinye izindlela ezinobungani nemvelo zinikeza izindlela ezibalulekile zezimayini ezibhekene nezinkinga zelayisensi yomphakathi, izinhlobo ze-ore eziyinkimbinkimbi, noma izindawo eziqinile zokulawula. Ukuhweba kwendlela ngayinye kudinga ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela kokuhlushwa kwe-cyanide yamahhala nesele ekuletheni igolide, ubuningi be-pulp, ukwakheka kwe-leachate, kanye nemikhawulo ethile yendawo.
I-Chemistry kanye Nezindlela Zokusabela Ekukhuculweni Kwegolide Nge-Cyanide
I-Stoichiometry Yokuncibilika Kwegolide: Igolide, i-Cyanide, kanye Nokusebenzisana Kwe-Oxygen
Inqubo yokukhipha i-gold cyanide ilawulwa yi-stoichiometry echazwe yi-Elsner Equation:
4 Au + 8 CN⁻ + O₂ + 2 H₂O → 4 [Au(CN)₂]⁻ + 4 OH⁻
Lokhu kusabela kugqamisa izindima eziyinhloko zegolide lensimbi, ama-ion e-cyanide yamahhala (CN⁻), kanye nomoya-mpilo wama-molecule. I-mole ngayinye yomoya-mpilo ivumela ukuncibilika kwama-moles amane egolide, lapho i-cyanide yakha i-dicyanoaurate complex eqinile ([Au(CN)₂]⁻). I-cyanide ne-oxygen eyanele kumele kube khona ukuze kukhishwe igolide ngempumelelo kusetshenziswa i-cyanide leaching.
Indima Yomoya-mpilo Njengesihluthulelo; Umthelela Wezinga Lomoya-mpilo Elincibilikisiwe Ku-Leach Kinetics
I-oksijini isebenza njenge-oxidant ebalulekile ekhuthaza ukuncibilika kwegolide kodwa ayisetshenziswa ngomqondo we-catalytic—ihlanganyela ngokwe-stoichiometric kodwa ivame ukunciphisa izinga lokusabela ezinhlelweni zezimboni. I-kinetics ye-gold leaching, ikakhulukazi ekulawulweni kokugxilwa kwe-pulp leaching, incike kakhulu ekugxilweni kwe-oxygen encibilikisiwe (DO). Uma i-cyanide yamahhala ingaphezu kwamandla, ukuntuleka kwe-oxygen kunciphisa ngqo amazinga okugxilwa.
Isibonelo, i-oxygen encibilikisiwe ephansi inciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-leach noma ngabe i-cyanide iningi, kuyilapho i-DO eningi kakhulu ngokusebenzisa umoya othuthukisiwe, ukushukuma, noma ukwengeza i-oxygen nanobubble kungathuthukisa kakhulu i-kinetics kanye nokubuyiselwa kwegolide. Idatha yelabhorethri kanye nesayithi ikhombisa ukuthi ukulinganiswa kwe-oxygen ngobuningi kungase kudlule i-oxygen etholakala ebusweni begolide ngenxa yokumelana nokuthutha ku-pulp; i-DO yangempela ezindaweni zokusabela ivame ukuba phansi, okugcizelela kakhulu isidingo samasu okulawula nokusabalalisa i-oxygen athuthukile.
Ithonya Lezimo Ze-Alkaline (Ukulungiswa kwe-pH) Ekuphepheni Nokusebenza Kahle Kwesistimu
Ukukhucululwa kwe-cyanide ukuze kukhishwe igolide kumele kwenzeke ezimweni ze-alkaline enamandla, ngokuvamile i-pH 10–11.5. Lolu hlu lwe-pH luqinisa i-cyanide ngokukhuthaza ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ze-CN⁻ zamahhala kanye nokucindezela ukwakheka kwegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide eguquguqukayo (i-HCN), ephuma ku-pH engaphansi kuka-9.3 futhi ibeke izingozi zobuthi obukhulu.
I-pH ivame ukulungiswa kusetshenziswa i-sodium hydroxide (NaOH), i-sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), noma i-lime (Ca(OH)₂), ngokukhetha okuthonywe uhlobo lwe-ore kanye nezomnotho zokusebenza. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-lime, ikakhulukazi ngaphezu kwe-pH 11, kunganciphisa izinga lokuncibilika kwegolide—umphumela obangelwa izinguquko ekuphenduleni kwe-interfacial esikhundleni sokuncibilika komoya-mpilo. I-pH ephezulu kakhulu nge-lime ihlotshaniswa nokwehla kokusebenza kahle kwe-leach, ikakhulukazi lapho kukhona i-arsenic noma okunye ukungcola, ngenxa yokushintsha kwe-kinetics yendawo noma yamakhemikhali.
Ukuze kugcinwe inqubo ye-cyanidation yegolide iphephile futhi isebenza kahle, izitshalo zegolide zesimanje zisebenzisa ukuqapha okuzenzakalelayo kwe-pH kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-cyanide ngokusekelwe kubuchwepheshe bezinzwa eziku-inline. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo ihlala ngaphakathi kwefasitela le-alkaline elihle kakhulu, kuzinzisa i-cyanide yamahhala, futhi kuvimbele ukwakheka kwe-HCN okuyingozi ngenkathi kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide kanye nokuncibilika kokungcola okungafuneki.
Ukubaluleka Kwezinhlobo Ze-Cyanide: I-Cyanide Ekhululekile vs. Ukuhlushwa Kwe-Cyanide Esele Ngaphakathi Kwenqubo
Ekuhlaziyweni kokuhlushwa kwe-pulp leaching, akuzona zonke i-cyanide encibilikisiwe ezitholakala ngokulinganayo ukuze kukhishwe igolide. Le nqubo ihlukanisa phakathi kwe-cyanide yamahhala kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-cyanide ezisele (eziyinkimbinkimbi).
- I-cyanide yamahhala(isamba se-CN⁻ etholakalayo kanye, ku-pH ephansi, i-HCN) iyisithako esisebenzayo esivumela ukuncibilika kwegolide ngqo.
- I-cyanide eseleyakhiwe yi-metal-cyanide complexes (isb., ngethusi, insimbi, noma i-zinc). Lezi zinhlobo azitholakali kangako ukuze zincibilikiswe igolide, zandisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide, futhi ziyizinhloso eziyinhloko ekwelashweni nasekulahlweni kwe-cyanide ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngobuthi.
Ukulawulwa okunembile kwamazinga e-cyanide yamahhala kubalulekile ukuze kwandiswe isivuno sokukhishwa kwegolide futhi kuncishiswe ukulahleka kwe-cyanide. Amasu okulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwe-cyanide yamahhala ngaphakathi komugqa, kufaka phakathi amathuluzi athuthukile njengemitha yokuhlushwa ye-ultrasonic ye-Lonnmeter yokulinganisa i-cyanide, avumela ukulungiswa kwesikhathi sangempela kokungezwa kwe-reagent. Lokhu kugcina ukusebenza kahle futhi kunciphisa ukuhlushwa kwe-cyanide okusele kumazinga afanele.
I-cyanide eningi eseleyo ingabonisa ukusabela okungafuneki (isb., ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi eyisisekelo), ukulawulwa kwenqubo okungasebenzi kahle, noma isidingo sekhemistri ye-leach eyenzelwe wena—ikakhulukazi lapho ushintshela kwezinye izindlela zokukhipha igolide ezinobungani nemvelo noma izindlela zokukhipha igolide ezingenayo i-cyanide. Ukutholwa kwegolide kwanamuhla ezinqubweni zokukhipha i-cyanide kusebenzisa ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwe-cyanide njengengxenye yobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokukhipha i-cyanide ukuze kuqhutshwe ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo, ukuphepha, kanye nokuhambisana nemvelo.
Izinguquko Eziyinhloko Ezithinta Inqubo Yokukhipha I-Gold Cyanide
Izici ze-Ore kanye nokulungiselela
Ukusebenza kahle kokukhipha i-cyanide yegolide kuncike kakhulu ekubunjweni kwe-ore, usayizi wezinhlayiya zegolide, kanye nokwelashwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi. Ama-ore aqukethe igolide avaleleke ngaphakathi kwamaminerali e-sulfide, ikakhulukazi i-pyrite, aziwa ngokuthi awekho futhi abonisa amazinga aphansi okukhipha ngaphandle kokuthi alungiswe kahle. Isibonelo, ama-concentrate acebile nge-pyrite adinga amazinga aphezulu e-cyanide, kodwa lokhu kukhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-reagent kanye nezindleko zemvelo ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ukubuyiswa kwegolide ngokulingana. Ukwanda kwezinsimbi eziyisisekelo njengethusi, i-zinc, noma insimbi kuncintisana negolide nge-cyanide, okubangela ukusetshenziswa okungadingekile futhi kwakha izendlalelo zokudlula egolideni, okuvimbela ukuncibilika.
Amaminerali aqala ukuntshontsha njengekhabhoni yemvelo, kanye namaminerali e-gangue amunca i-gold complexes, anciphisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlukaniswa okuphelele kwe-mineralological ngaphambi kokuklama inqubo kubalulekile ukuze kutholakale izinhlobo eziyinkinga kanye nobudlelwano bazo bokwakheka. Ukukhucululwa okuthuthukisiwe kuhilela ukuhlonza ukuthi igolide liyi-free-milling—liyatholakala ukuze lifakwe i-cyanidation ngqo—noma lifakwe e-capsule futhi lidinga ukwelashwa kwangaphambili.
Ukusatshalaliswa kosayizi wezinhlayiya kuthinta ngqo i-leaching kinetics ku-cyanidation yegolide. Ukugaya okuncane kuthuthukisa ukuvezwa kobuso, kukhulisa amazinga okululama, kodwa kudlule usayizi ofanele, ukugaya ngokweqile kunciphisa ukusebenza kahle ngokudala ama-slime avimbela ukudluliselwa kwesisindo futhi kungandisa ukulahlekelwa. Izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi, kuma-ore amaningi, ukwandisa isilinganiso segolide yamahhala ekugayweni okuthile kufeza ukufinyeleleka okungcono kwe-cyanide kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimboni. Ukugaya okuncane kakhulu kuyasiza egolideni elifakwe kakhulu kodwa kungabangela ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-reagent noma ukuhlanganiswa.
Amasu angaphambi kokwelashwa akhethwa ngokohlobo lwe-ore. Ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kokwelashwa ngomshini ngokugaya kahle kakhulu kukhulisa kakhulu ukutholakala kwegolide elihlanganisiwe. Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali njengokuhlanzwa kwe-alkaline noma i-acidic kuqeda ama-sulfide matrices ayingozi. Ukwelashwa ngokushisa, njengokugcoba, kuguqula ama-sulfide abe ama-oxide, okwenza igolide likwazi ukuhlanzwa kalula. Ukufaka i-lime ngaphambi kokukhipha i-lime kuqinise i-pH futhi kuvimbele ukwakheka kwezinhlobo ezincibilikayo nezisabelayo. Isibonelo, ukuhlanzwa kwe-oxidative kwe-alkaline kanye nezigaba ezimbili kungakhuphula kakhulu ukubuyiselwa kwe-ore ye-Carlin e-refractory. Ezindaweni ezincibilikayo zaseNingizimu Afrika, inhlanganisela yokwelashwa kwangaphambi kokwelashwa ngomshini namakhemikhali ithuthukisa amazinga okukhipha igolide ngaphezu kwanoma iyiphi indlela yodwa.
Izimo Zokufunda Ukusebenza
Ukuthuthukisa Ukuhlushwa kwe-Cyanide
Ukuhlushwa kwe-cyanide esixazululweni kumele kulawulwe kahle. I-cyanide yamahhala enganele ibambezela ukuncibilika, kuyilapho ukunqwabelana kwenezela izindleko kanye nomthwalo wemvelo ngaphandle kokukhulisa okuhambisanayo ekubuyiselweni kwegolide. Izifundo zamacala zibona cishe i-600 ppm njengezinga elifanele lama-ore athile, okusekela ukuncibilika okuphelele kodwa kunciphisa ukuchitheka. Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kokuhlushwa kwe-cyanide kanye nokulinganisa okuzenzakalelayo—kusetshenziswa amathuluzi afana ne-Lonnmeter ultrasonic concentration meter—kuvumela ukwengezwa kwe-reagent okulungisiwe kahle okuhambisana nezidingo ze-ore futhi kuzinzise izindleko zokusebenza.
Ubuningi bokuhlushwa kwe-Leachate kanye ne-Pulp Leaching
Ubuningi be-pulp—isilinganiso esiqinile kuya koketshezi—sidlala indima ebalulekile ekudlulisweni kwesisindo kanye nokubuyiselwa kwegolide. Ubuningi be-pulp obuphansi buthuthukisa ukugeleza kwegolide ngenxa yokwanda kokuhamba kwesisombululo kanye nokufinyelela kwe-reagent kodwa kwandisa izindleko zokuphatha amanzi kanye ne-reagent. Ubuningi obukhulu bunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-reagent kodwa bubeka engcupheni yokugeleza okungaphelele ngenxa yokudluliselwa kwesisindo okubi. Ukuhlaziywa kokuhlushwa kwe-pulp leaching kanye nokulinganiswa kobuningi be-leachate yegolide kuyadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe inqubo.
Ukuphazamiseka Nokulawula Izinga Lokushisa
Ukushukuma okufanele kubalulekile ekulengiseni izinhlayiya nokukhuthaza ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo phakathi kwe-cyanide encibilikisiwe negolide. Amazinga aphezulu okushukuma ngokuvamile akhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhudula, ikakhulukazi kuma-ore athambekele ekuncipheni noma ekuhlanganisweni kwezinhlayiya. Kodwa-ke, ukushukuma okunamandla kakhulu kungaholela ekulahlekelweni ngokomzimba noma ekuphenduleni okungafuneki komoya-mpilo. Ngokufanayo, ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa kusheshisa ukuqhekeka kwegolide, kodwa amazinga okushisa okusebenza kumele alinganiswe—amazinga okushisa aphezulu asheshisa amazinga okusabela kodwa futhi akhuthaze ukulahlekelwa yi-cyanide ngokuwohloka noma ukubola.
Ukulawulwa Kwesikhathi Sokufunda
Isikhathi sokukhipha amanzi kumele sibe side ngokwanele ukuze kuqedwe ukuncibilika kodwa sibe sifushane ngokwanele ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle futhi kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide. Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwama-agent axubile okukhipha amanzi kunganciphisa isikhathi sokuxhumana esidingekayo kakhulu ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa ukululama okuphelele. Izikhathi ezimfushane zokukhipha amanzi ngokuvuselelwa kwamakhemikhali okusebenzayo zinciphisa izidingo ze-reagent, izindleko zokusebenza, kanye nezingozi zemvelo. Ukulawula ngokuphelele isikhathi sokukhipha amanzi kubalulekile ukuze kuhambisane nokusetshenziswa kwe-reagent ne-kinetics yokukhipha izinhlobo ezithile ze-ore.
Ukuhlanganiswa ngokucophelela kokuhlukaniswa kwe-ore, ukukhethwa kwangaphambi kokwelashwa, ukulawulwa kobuningi be-pulp, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kokuhlushwa kwe-cyanide, kanye nokulungiswa kwamapharamitha okusebenza kusekela ukukhishwa kwegolide kwesimanje nokusebenza kahle kusetshenziswa i-cyanide leaching.
Amasu Okulinganisa Nokulawula Ukuhlushwa Okuqondile
Izixazululo Zokuqapha Zanamuhla
Amasu okulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwe-cyanide yamahhala afaka phakathi izinzwa ze-amperometric kanye nokusabela kokushintshana kwe-ligand, okuvumela ukulinganiswa okuqondile nokunembile okufanele ukuhlaziywa kokuhlushwa kwe-pulp leaching kanye nokugeleza kwe-gold leachate. Amapharamitha abalulekile njenge-cyanide yamahhala kanye ne-WAD cyanide kumele alinganiswe ukuze kulawulwe inqubo kanye nokuhambisana nemvelo, njengoba imikhawulo yemithetho manje idinga ukulandelwa okuqhubekayo kokuhlushwa kwe-cyanide esele ku-gold leachate. Izinsimbi eziqondile, ezifakwe ezindaweni eziqondile kusekethe, zivumela ukulawulwa okunembile kokulinganisa kwe-cyanide futhi zinikeze isixwayiso kusenesikhathi sokuphambuka kwenqubo.
Amathuluzi okulinganisa i-Ultrasonic, afanekiselwa yi-Lonnmeter Ultrasonic Concentration Meter, asetshenziselwa ukuqapha i-cyanide kanye ne-pulp density kuma-leaching circuits. Le mitha isebenzisa izimiso zokudlulisa i-ultrasonic ukunquma izinguquko zobuningi besisombululo ezihambisana nokugcwala kwe-cyanide kanye ne-gold leachate. Ukulinganisa okuqondile kuvumela opharetha ukuthi bahlole ngokushesha ukusebenza kahle kokukhipha igolide, balungise amapharamitha omoya kanye nokushukuma, futhi balondoloze ukuzinza kwenqubo. Umklamo we-Lonnmeter usekela ukuqoqwa kwedatha ngesikhathi sangempela, okuzenzakalelayo kanye nokuhlanganiswa okusheshayo nezinhlelo zokulawula izitshalo. Isibonelo, lapho kuqapha ukugcwala kwe-pulp, i-Lonnmeter inikeza impendulo eqhubekayo, inciphisa isidingo sokulinganisa ukugcwala kwelabhorethri futhi ivumela ukulungiswa okusheshayo kokuvumelana kwe-pulp ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-leaching kinetics kanye nokubuyiselwa kwegolide.
Empeleni, lezi zixazululo zanamuhla ziletha:
- Idatha esheshayo nge-cyanide kanye nobuningi, okuthuthukisa ukunemba komthamo.
- Ukuhambisana okuthuthukisiwe nokukhishwa kanye nokulawulwa kwe-tailings ngenxa yedatha ye-cyanide esele engasetshenziswa.
- Ukonga kokusebenza, njengoba ukulungiswa kwenqubo kungenziwa ngaphandle kokulibala.
Amasu Okulawula Impendulo
Ukulawulwa kwenqubo okuzenzakalelayo kusebenzisa idatha yokulinganisa eqondile ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokuthuthukisa ukwengeza kwe-reagent, ukuminyana kwe-pulp, kanye nokuphefumula ekukhishweni kwegolide kusetshenziswa i-cyanide leaching. Isimiso esiyinhloko impendulo—ukufundwa kwezinzwa zesikhathi sangempela kudluliselwa kubalawuli be-logic abahlelekayo (PLC), ababe sebelungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ukwengeza kwe-cyanide, ama-reagent okubhubhisa, kanye nezithasiselo ze-leaching. Lokhu kususa amaphutha okulinganisa ngesandla, kuqinisa ukulawulwa kwe-leaching kinetics, futhi kunciphise ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide.
Amasu okuphendula ngenqubo afaka:
- I-logic esekelwe emithethweni, ebeka imingcele kanye namazinga okulinganisa ngokusekelwe emikhawulweni yokuhlushwa kwe-cyanide esethiwe.
- Ukwenziwa ngcono okusekelwe kumodeli, okuhumusha idatha yezinzwa eziningi—i-cyanide, ubuningi, i-pH, i-oxygen encibilikisiwe—ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokubuyisa igolide.
- Ukulinganisa okuqhubekayo okuqondile kuvumela ukulinganiswa kobuningi be-leachate yegolide ukusekela ukulungiswa kokushukuma kanyeukuqina kwe-slurry.
Amasu okulawula impendulo azenzakalelayo anciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide, imfucuza ye-reagent, kanye nokuguquguquka kokusebenza. Isibonelo, izifundo ezivela emisebenzini yezentengiselwano zibonisa ukwehla kokusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide okufika ku-21%, lapho ukubuyiselwa kwegolide kuhlala kufana noma kuthuthuka ngenxa yokwakheka okuhle kwe-leachate kanye nokulawulwa kwenqubo okuphumelelayo. Ukubuyiselwa kwegolide kusuka ku-leachate ye-cyanide kuzuza ngokuqondile ekulinganisweni kwe-reagent okuzinzile, okulawulwa kahle.
Izinhlelo zokuphendula ezihlanganisiwe zisekela nezinye izindlela zokukhipha igolide ezinobungani nemvelo ngokugcina ukulawula okuqinile amazinga e-cyanide, ukunciphisa ukukhishwa komoya, kanye nokwenza ngcono ukubhujiswa nomaizinqubo zokutakulaUkulinganisa okuzenzakalelayo okusekelwe ezilinganisweni eziku-inthanethi kuphumelela kakhulu kunezindlela zokulinganisa ngesandla, ezithatha isikhathi esincane futhi ezisengozini enkulu yokungahambisani.
Ngamafuphi, ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokukhipha i-cyanide buhlanganisa ukulinganisa okuqondile—njengokuImitha Yokuhlushwa ye-Ultrasonic ye-Lonnmeter—ngokulawulwa kwempendulo okuzenzakalelayo. Le ndlela ithuthukisa zonke izigaba, kusukela ekuhlaziyweni kokuhlushwa kwe-pulp leaching kuya ekwelashweni nasekulahlweni kwe-cyanide leachate, okuqhuba ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo kanye nokuhambisana nezindinganiso zemvelo nezokuphepha.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwenqubo Nokuthuthuka Kokubuyisela
Idatha yokulinganisa yesikhathi sangempela yakha umgogodla wokwenziwa ngcono kwenqubo ethuthukisiwe enqubweni yokukhipha i-cyanide yegolide. Amathuluzi angaphakathi njenge-Lonnmeter ultrasonic concentration meter anikeza ukufundwa okunembile nokuqhubekayo kokuqukethwe kwe-cyanide yamahhala kanye nobuningi be-leachate, okunikeza opharetha ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze balungise ngokuguquguqukayo amapharamitha okusebenza. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukulawulwa kokulinganisa kwe-cyanide okuzenzakalelayo, okugcina amabhande okuhlushwa okuqondiwe futhi kunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwenqubo. Isibonelo, ukugcina i-cyanide yamahhala ngaphakathi kuka-±10% wezindawo ezibekiwe kuqinisekisa i-leaching kinetics ephumelelayo ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwemithombo noma ukulahleka kwegolide, noma ngabe ikhwalithi ye-ore noma ukuphuma kwayo kushintshashintsha.
Ukulungiswa okunamandla, okuvunyelwe ukuqapha i-cyanide okungaphazanyiswa, kukhuthaza ukuphendula okusheshayo ekulawulweni kwezifunda ze-leach. Izinhlelo zokugcwalisa kabusha ezizenzakalelayo, ezinikezwa idatha yesikhathi sangempela, zinciphisa izingozi zokusetshenziswa kwemithamo engaphansi (okuholela emazingeni aphansi okukhishwa kwegolide) kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithamo ngokweqile (okunyusa izindleko ze-reagent kanye nezikweletu zemvelo). Idatha evela kubahlaziyi be-inline ihlangana kahle nokuhlaziywa kokuhlushwa kwe-pulp leaching kanye nokusebenza kokulinganisa ubuningi, okwazisa izinqumo ngesivinini sokuxuba, amazinga omoya, kanye nezinye izinto ezibalulekile ekukhishweni kwegolide kusetshenziswa i-cyanide leaching.
Ukwenza ngcono kudlulela ezansi: ukugeleza kwedatha okuhlanganisiwe kusekela ukumuncwa kwekhabhoni (i-CIP/CIL) kanye nezigaba zokumuncwa kwe-zinc, ukulungisa izimo zenqubo ngokusekelwe ebukhoneni bamanje be-cyanide. Ezinqubweni zokumuncwa kwekhabhoni, amazinga e-cyanide aqashwe ngokunembile aqinisekisa ukuthi ikhabhoni esebenzayo ayifinyeleli ekugcwaleni kwangaphambi kwesikhathi noma amathuba okubanjwa aphuthelwe, kuyilapho ukuguqula i-pH kanye nokufakwa kwekhabhoni ngokusekelwe kumaphrofayili e-leach wesikhathi sangempela kungakhuphula ukusebenza kahle kokumuncwa kwegolide ngaphezu kwama-98% kuma-ore ayinkimbinkimbi. Ekumuncweni kwe-zinc, ikakhulukazi ekudleni okunokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwensimbi (njenge-zinc nethusi), ukugcina ukuhlushwa kwe-cyanide okusele okuhle kakhulu ku-leachate yegolide kugwema ukusetshenziswa kwe-zinc ngokweqile kanye nokusabela okungalawulwa—kuthuthukisa ngqo amazinga okutakula.
Inqubo ye-SART, esetshenziswa lapho izinsimbi eziyisisekelo ziphazamisa khona kakhulu, ibuye izuze ekulinganisweni kwe-cyanide ehlanganisiwe. Ukulawulwa okuzenzakalelayo kwezinyathelo ze-sulfidization kanye ne-acidification, okuqondiswa idatha ye-cyanide yamahhala yesikhathi sangempela, kufeza ukususwa okukhethiwe kwe-zinc nethusi, okwenza kube lula ukuphinda kusetshenziswe isixazululo se-cyanide ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokukhucululwa. Lokhu kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide iyonke, kwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokubuyiselwa kwegolide kusuka ku-cyanide leachate, futhi kusekela ezinye izindlela zokukhipha igolide ezinobungani nemvelo.
Ekunciphiseni ukusetshenziswa kwe-reagent, ukusebenzisana phakathi kokuqapha okusheshayo kokuhlushwa kwe-cyanide kanye nokulawula inqubo akunakugcizelelwa ngokweqile. Ngokuvimbela ukwengezwa kwe-cyanide ngokweqile, izitshalo zinciphisa kakhulu izindleko futhi zinciphise ukukhiqizwa kwemfucuza eyingozi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukugcina umthamo we-cyanide ophansi kakhulu osebenzayo kugwema ingozi yokuphuma okungaphelele noma ukubanjwa kwegolide, okuqinisekisa isivuno esikhulu sokululama. Izinhlelo eziqondile,Ngenxa yokumelana kwazo nokuphazamiseka okuvela ekungcoleni kwe-slurry noma ukugeleza okuguquguqukayo, zifaneleka kakhulu kule njongo—ukuletha idatha ethembekile nesebenzayo kuzo zonke izigaba zokwelashwa nokulahlwa kwe-cyanide leachate.
Isivuno esihle kakhulu segolide sitholakala ngokuvumelanisa amapharamitha e-gold leach kanye nezinqubo zokubuyisa ezingezansi, konke kusekelwe ukuqapha okunembile nokuqhubekayo. Ukulungiswa kwenqubo okulungiselelwe, okusekelwa yizilinganiso zokuhlushwa kwe-cyanide kanye nobuningi, kudala uhlelo oluvaliwe olukhulisa imbuyiselo ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa ukusimama nokuphepha ekukhucululweni kwe-cyanide kwegolide. Le ndlela ivumela imisebenzi ukuthi isebenzise ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokukhucululwa kwe-cyanide kuzo zombili izindlela zendabuko kanye nezindlela zokukhishwa kwegolide ezingenayo i-cyanide, njalo ithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, ukubuyiselwa, kanye nokuhambisana nomthetho ngenxa yezinhlelo zokulawula eziqinile eziqhutshwa idatha.
Inqubo Yokubuyisa Igolide
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Ukuphathwa Kwemvelo ku-Cyanide Gold Leaching
Ukuphathwa kwezemvelo okuphumelelayo enqubweni yokukhipha i-cyanide yegolide kuncike ekukhishweni kokungcola okuqinile, ekwelapheni, nasekuphathweni kwezingcezu ze-cyanide eziphumayo kanye nezinsalela. Ubuchwepheshe kanye nezinqubo ziye zathuthuka ukuze kulwiswane ne-cyanide esele, kunciphisa izingozi zemvelo kanye nempilo yabantu.
Ukususwa Kwe-Cyanide Leachate, Ukwelashwa, kanye Nokuphathwa Kwemisila
Izindlela zokususa ubuthi ku-cyanide leachate zibeka phambili ukuqhekeka nokususwa kwezinhlobo ze-cyanide ezinobuthi. Ukushiswa kwamakhemikhali kuhlala kujwayelekile, kuguqula i-cyanide yamahhala ne-Weak Acid Dissociable (WAD) ibe izinhlobo eziphephile njenge-cyanate, engenabuthi kakhulu futhi ebola kalula. Ukuhlanganiswa kwabahlaziyi benqubo eku-inthanethi nezinhlelo ezenza ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuqapha i-cyanide kushintshe izitshalo zaya ekuphathweni okusebenzayo, kunciphisa ukukhishwa kobuthi.
Ukuphathwa kwe-tailings kuncike ku-Tailings Storage Facilities (TSFs) eziklanywe ngendlela yobunjiniyela eziklanyelwe ukuvimba i-cyanide esele. Imikhuba emihle ifaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwe-double liners, izinhlelo zokuqoqa amanzi angcolile, kanye nokuqapha okuqhubekayo kwebhalansi yamanzi. Lokhu kulawula kobunjiniyela kusiza ukuvimbela ukungena kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye nokungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphezulu. Izinqubo zokusebenza kwe-TSF eziqondene nendawo ethile zivumelana nezimo eziguquguqukayo ezifana nokweqisa kwesimo sezulu kanye nezingozi zamanzi zesifunda, kanye neziqondiso zokuphepha ezichaza izenzo zokuvikela i-biota yendawo kanye nemithombo yamanzi.
Ukuphathwa kwamanzi okuphelele kuyimpoqo, okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwamanzi, ukwelashwa ngaphambi kokukhishwa kwamanzi, kanye nokuhlela izimo eziphuthumayo zokwephulwa kwe-TSF. Izinhlelo zokulungiselela izimo eziphuthumayo zifaka idatha yokuqapha inqubo yesikhathi sangempela ukuze kusheshiswe impendulo uma kwenzeka ukuvuza noma ukwehluleka.
Ukuqapha Nokunciphisa Ukuhlushwa Kwe-Cyanide Esele
Ukuthobela imithetho kudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, okunesinqumo esiphezulu kokugcwala kwe-cyanide okusele ekukhucululweni kwe-pulp kanye nokungcola kwe-tailings. Ukulinganisa ukugcwala okuqondile, kwesikhathi sangempela ngobuchwepheshe obufana noImitha yokuhlushwa kwe-ultrasonic ye-Lonnmeterkanye namadivayisi ezentengiselwano asebenzisa i-ligand exchange amperometry enza kube lula ukuhlaziywa okunembile kwezinhlobo ze-cyanide yamahhala kanye ne-WAD cyanide ngaphakathi kwemifudlana yegolide ye-leachate.
Lezi zinhlelo zisekela:
- Ukulawulwa kokulinganisa kwe-cyanide okuzenzakalelayo, kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-reagent ngokweqile ngenkathi kuvikela ukusebenza kahle kokubuyisa igolide.
- Ukuhlanganiswa okuqondile nezinqubo zokubhujiswa kwe-cyanide, okunika amandla ukuphathwa okuqinile kwezindinganiso zokukhishwa kanye nezimvume zemvelo.
- Ukudluliswa kwedatha kude kwemisebenzi yokumba esakazekile, okuthuthukisa ukumbozwa kwendawo kanye nokuzibophezela kokusebenza.
Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo emikhawulweni yokuthola ephansi njenge-10 ppb kuvumela opharetha ukuthi bahlangabezane nezidingo zokuphepha eziqinile zikazwelonke nezamazwe ngamazwe. Izinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo zinciphisa amaphutha okuthatha amasampula ngesandla, zifinyeze izihibe zempendulo yedatha, futhi zinikeze izikhathi eziqondile zokungenelela kokulungisa ekuphazamisekeni kwenqubo.
Ukunciphisa Unyawo Lwemvelo Ngenkathi Kugcinwa Ukusebenza Kwenqubo
Ukulinganisa ukubuyiswa kwegolide emiphumeleni yemvelo kudinga okungaphezu kokuqapha okuvamile. Ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokuvuselela i-cyanide buvumela ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwe-cyanide ngaphakathi kwenqubo yokukhipha igolide, kunciphisa ngokuqondile kokubili ukukhishwa kwemfucuza enobuthi kanye nezindleko zokusebenza, kuyilapho kugcinwa amazinga okubuyiselwa kwegolide aqondiwe. Ukwamukelwa kwalezi zinhlelo kunciphisa umthelela wemvelo futhi kuvumelanisa imisebenzi nezindinganiso zokuzinza zomhlaba wonke.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izindawo zokumba igolide ziya ngokuya zizama izindlela zokukhipha igolide ezingenayo i-cyanide, okuhlanganisa ne-thiosulfate, i-glycine, noma izinketho zezinto eziphilayo ezinobungani nemvelo. Lapho i-cyanide ingenakugwenywa, ukulinganiswa kobuningi be-leachate yegolide kanye nokuhlaziywa okunembile kokuhlushwa kwe-pulp leaching kusekela ukusetshenziswa okuhle kakhulu kwe-reagent, ukunciphisa umthamo odingekayo kanye nokwehlisa ubuthi be-tailings.
Izindlela ezintsha, njengokunciphisa ukusanhlamvu kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwamagnetic ekucutshungulweni kwe-tailings, kunciphisa ukuthembela okwengeziwe kwe-cyanide futhi kuvumela ukutholwa okuphelele kwezinsimbi ezibalulekile emifuleni kadoti. Imikhuba emihle yesayithi igcizelela ukwakheka okuqinile kwesikhungo, ukuthobela umthetho, kanye nokuzibandakanya komphakathi ukunciphisa ukukhishwa ngengozi nokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa okuguquguqukayo, okusekelwe engcupheni kuyo yonke impilo yemayini.
Izifundo zamacala ezivela ezindaweni ezifana neKenya ne-Australia zibonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa njalo kwale mikhuba kunciphisa kakhulu izingozi zemvelo ezihlobene nokuphuma kwe-cyanide, ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo zomthetho noma zokusebenza eziyinselele.
Ekugcineni, ukuphathwa kwemvelo ekukhishweni kwegolide nge-cyanide kudinga inhlanganisela yobuchwepheshe obuqinile ekukhishweni kwe-leachate, ukuqapha okuqinile kokuhlushwa, kanye nemikhuba emihle yemboni yokususwa kwe-tailings kanye nokulawula izinqubo. Le ndlela ehlanganisiwe iqinisekisa ukuphepha komphakathi kanye nemvelo ngenkathi iqinisekisa ukubuyiswa kwegolide okuphumelelayo.
Ukusungula Izinto Ezintsha Ekukhucululeni Igolide Okungenayo I-Cyanide
Izindlela ezintsha zokukhipha igolide ezingenayo i-cyanide ziya ngokuya zithandwa njengoba imboni yezimayini ifuna ezinye izindlela eziphephile nezisimeme kunenqubo evamile yokukhipha i-cyanide yegolide. Lobu buchwepheshe bubhekana nokukhathazeka okukhulu mayelana nokungcoliswa kwemvelo, ukuphepha kwabasebenzi, kanye nelayisensi yomphakathi, ngenkathi kusunduzwa imingcele yobuchwepheshe yokubuyiselwa kwegolide.
Ukuhlanzwa kwe-Thiosulfate
Ukuhlanzwa kwe-thiosulfate sekuyindlela ehamba phambili yokukhipha i-cyanide, okuvumela ukukhishwa kwegolide kuma-ore angenakuphikiswa avimbela ukukhishwa kwegolide kwendabuko nge-cyanide. Amazinga okubuyiselwa kwegolide angafinyelela ku-87% kuma-concentrates ayinkimbinkimbi, aphezulu e-sulfide—ikakhulukazi lapho ama-ion e-ammonia ne-copper ekhona njengezinto ezibangela ukucindezeleka. Izithasiselo, njenge-ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, zikhulisa isivuno kanye nokusetshenziswa okuphansi kwe-reagent, okunciphisa izindleko kanye nomphumela wemvelo. Ukumaketha kwe-lixiviant yethusi-ammonia-thiosulfate kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlanzwa, kuthuthukisa amazinga okuncibilika kanye nokuqukethwe komoya-mpilo, okuholela ekukhishweni kwegolide okuphakeme cishe ngo-4.74% uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ezingezona ezikagesi. Kodwa-ke, ukubuyiselwa kungase kuhlale kunqunyelwe kwamanye ama-ore aphindwe kabili lapho igolide limbozwe kakhulu ngamaminerali, okugcizelela ukubaluleka kwe-mineralology ye-ore ekukhetheni inqubo.
Ukukhishwa kwe-Glycine
I-Glycine—i-amino acid yemvelo, ebolayo—iphinde isebenze njengesihlanzi esisebenzayo segolide. Izinqubo zokukhipha i-Glycine zinikeza ukukhetha okuphezulu kanye nobuthi obuphansi, kanti amazinga okukhipha igolide abhalwe phansi adlula u-90% kwamanye ama-ore asezingeni eliphansi kanye nama-tailings uma ethuthukiswa yizithasiselo ezifana nama-ion ethusi kanye nokwelashwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi. Ubuchwepheshe buqashelwa ngephrofayili yabo yokuphepha ethuthukisiwe kanye nengozi encane enhlabathini nasemanzini, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-cyanide leachate. Noma kunjalo, ubunzima bokusebenza kanye nezindleko ze-reagent, kanye nezidingo zokwenza ngcono i-ore ethile, kungaletha izithiyo zokwamukelwa. Izifundo zamacala ezimboni e-Australia naseCanada zibonisa kokubili ukwenzeka kobuchwepheshe kanye nokwezomnotho, kodwa ukwenziwa kuncike ekuhlaziyweni okuningiliziwe kokuhlushwa kwe-pulp leaching, ukuqapha inqubo okuqinile, kanye nokuzivumelanisa nokudla okuthile kwemayini.
Ukuhlanzwa kwe-Chloride kanye ne-Halogen
Amasu okukhipha i-chloride namanye ama-halogen anikeza ezinye izindlela ezikhangayo zama-ore angenakuphikiswa kanye nama-tailings akudala, ebhekana nezimo lapho ukukhipha i-cyanide ukuze kukhishwe igolide kufakwa inselele ngenxa yokufakwa kwamaminerali noma imikhawulo yokulawula. Ukuqoqa i-leaching ngama-oxidants afana ne-sodium hypochlorite kanye ne-hydrochloric acid kungathuthukisa ukubuyiswa kwegolide kusuka kuma-tailings angenakuphikiswa ngaphezu kwama-40%. Lezi zinqubo zisebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ze-acidic futhi zihambisana kangcono nokwelashwa kwangaphambili njenge-bio-oxidation noma i-pressure oxidation ukuze kuvulwe igolide elingatholakali ezakhiweni zamaminerali eziyinhloko. Izinselele zokusebenza zifaka phakathi ukuphepha kokuphathwa kwe-reagent kanye nokuphathwa kokuzinza kwamakhemikhali kuyo yonke inqubo. Ukuhlolwa komjikelezo wempilo kwembula amandla aphansi okufudumala komhlaba uma kuqhathaniswa nama-flowsheet e-cyanide avamile, kodwa futhi kugcizelela isidingo sezinqubo zokusebenza eziqinile.
Izindlela Ezisekelwe Ku-Reagent Ezithuthukisiwe
Ucwaningo lwakamuva luqokomisa ama-reagent amasha ahlose ukukhishwa kwegolide okukhethiwe, okusheshayo, nokuphumelelayo. Izinhlelo ezisekelwe ku-sodium cyanate, uma zikhiqizwa nge-sodium hydroxide kanye ne-sodium ferrocyanide emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, zibonisa amazinga okuphuma kwe-sodium angu-87.56% kuma-concentrate nangaphezulu kuka-90% ekusetshenzisweni kabusha kwe-e-waste. Ukusebenza kahle nokukhetha kubangelwa yi-sodium isocyanate njengezinhlobo ezisebenzayo. Inqubo ye-CLEVR, esebenzisa i-sodium hypochlorite noma i-hypobromite ohlelweni oluvaliwe, olune-acidic, ithola isivuno segolide esingaphezu kuka-95% emahoreni ambalwa, uma kuqhathaniswa namahora angaphezu kuka-36 e-cyanidation yakudala. Le ndlela ikhiqiza izinsalela ezingasebenzi futhi iqeda ngokuphelele ukungcola okuyingozi kanye namachibi asemuva, okwenza kube kuhle ezindaweni lapho ukwelashwa nokulahlwa kwe-cyanide leachate kuyinkinga.
Indlela yamakhemikhali ehlanganisiwe esebenzisa i-in situ hydroiodic acid inikeza ukuthuthukiswa okwengeziwe kokuncibilikiswa kwegolide kusuka kuma-catalyst asetshenzisiwe, ikakhulukazi imifudlana yemfucuza yezimboni, kanye nemfucuza ye-reagent encishisiwe kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezomnotho. Lezi zindlela zibonisa ukuthi, ngezimo ezilungiselelwe kanye nokulawulwa kwenqubo ngesikhathi sangempela—njengokusebenzisa amasu okulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwe-cyanide yamahhala kanye nokulinganisa okuthuthukisiwe kobuningi be-leachate yegolide—izindlela ezingenayo i-cyanide zingancintisana noma zidlule i-cyanide kokubili ekusebenzeni kahle kanye nokusebenza kwemvelo.
Ukuhlaziywa Kokuqhathanisa
Ukusebenza Kahle Kwenqubo:Izinqubo ezingenayo i-cyanide njenge-thiosulfate ene-magnetized kanye ne-hypochlorite leaching zifaka i-kinetics yokukhipha kanye nemikhiqizo esondela, noma kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza idlula, leyo yenqubo ye-gold cyanide leaching. Izinhlelo ze-Glycine nazo ziletha isivuno esincintisanayo sama-ore akhethiwe.
Ukuphepha:Izindlela ezingenayo i-cyanide ziqeda cishe izingozi zobuthi obukhulu ezihambisana nokugcwala kwe-cyanide okusele ku-gold leachate. Izindawo zokusebenza ziyathuthuka, futhi iphrofayili yengozi yokuphathwa kwamakhemikhali incishiswa kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ukunakekelwa ngama-oxidants nama-halogen kusabalulekile.
Umthelela Wezemvelo:Ukukhuhla okungena-cyanide kudala imfucuza engenangozi kakhulu, kwenza kube lula ukwelashwa nokulahlwa kwemfucuza, futhi kunciphisa imiphumela emanzini nasenhlabathini. Ukuhlolwa komjikelezo wokuphila kuqinisekisa intuthuko enkulu kumasekethe e-cyanide, ngezinhlelo zezinsalela ezivaliwe nezingenabo ubuthi njengezisebenza kahle kakhulu.
Ukukhetha okunye okufanelekile kokusebenzisa i-gold leaching okunobungani nemvelo kuncike ezicini ze-ore, ukulawulwa kwemvelo kwendawo, kanye nokulungela ukusebenza. Amathuluzi okuqapha athuthukisiwe, njenge-Lonnmeter ultrasonic concentration meter yokulinganisa i-cyanide, ahlala ebalulekile kuzo zonke izindlela zenqubo, ukuqinisekisa i-leaching kinetic enembile ku-cyanidation yegolide—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikhona i-cyanide noma cha—futhi isekela imisebenzi yokukhipha igolide eqinile, eguquguqukayo.
imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
Kubaluleke ngani ukulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwe-cyanide yamahhala enqubweni yokukhipha igolide le-cyanide?
Ukulinganisa okunembile kokuhlushwa kwe-cyanide yamahhala kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwenqubo yokukhipha i-cyanide yegolide. I-cyanide yamahhala imelela ingxenye esebenzayo ngamakhemikhali etholakalayo yokwakha ama-complex e-gold-cyanide, okuvumela igolide ukuthi lincibilike libe yisisombululo sokukhipha. I-cyanide yamahhala enganele ingacindezela izinga lokuncibilika kwegolide, inciphise isivuno sonke; i-cyanide eningi iholela ekusetshenzisweni kwe-reagent okuchithayo futhi yandisa ingozi yokungcoliswa kwemvelo kanye nezindleko zenqubo. Abahlaziyi be-inthanethi abazenzakalelayo, ngokungafani ne-titration manual, banikeza ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela okuvumela ukulawula okunamandla kokulinganisa i-cyanide futhi basekele ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zokukhishwa eziqinile. Le mikhuba inciphisa imfucuza yamakhemikhali futhi iqinisa ukuphepha kokusebenza, njengoba kuboniswe ezifundweni lapho ukuhlushwa kwe-cyanide yamahhala okungcono kakhulu okuzungeze i-600 ppm kukhulisa ukubuyiselwa kwegolide ngomthwalo wemvelo oncishisiwe.
Ubuningi be-leachate buthinta kanjani ukusebenza kahle kwe-gold cyanide leaching?
Ubuningi be-Leachate (noma i-pulp) buthinta ngqo ukudluliselwa kwesisindo, ukuxubana, kanye nokutholakala kwe-cyanide kanye nomoya-mpilo ukuze kuncibilike igolide. Ubuningi obuphethwe kahle buthuthukisa ukuvezwa kwezinhlayiya zegolide kuma-reagent futhi kuthuthukisa i-leaching kinetics. Isibonelo, ukwehlisa ubuningi be-pulp kungandisa ukubuyiselwa kwegolide ngokwenza kube lula ukushukuma kanye nokuxhumana kwama-reagent, kuyilapho ubuningi obukhulu kakhulu bungaphazamisa ukuxubana futhi kwandise ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide. Ukulungisa ubuningi be-pulp, kanye nezici ezifana ne-pH kanye nokushisa, kungathuthukisa kakhulu amazinga okukhipha igolide futhi kunciphise isikhathi sokukhipha, ikakhulukazi kuma-ore asezingeni eliphansi. Ukuhlolwa kubonise ukuthi ibhalansi efanele phakathi kwesilinganiso se-solid-to-liquid kanye nama-agent axubile-aid-leaching anganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide ngesigamu ngenkathi ephinda kabili ukusebenza kahle kwezinye izinhlobo ze-ore.
Yiziphi izinzuzo zokusebenzisa i-Lonnmeter Ultrasonic Concentration Meter ekuqapheni ukuhlushwa kwe-pulp leaching?
I-Lonnmeter Ultrasonic Concentration Meter ivumela ukuqapha okungangenisi ukungcola kanye nokuxinana kwe-pulp leachate ngesikhathi sangempela. Umklamo wayo we-clamp-on, ongewona owenuzi, ugwema ukuxhumana ngqo nama-slurry ayingozi, ukuqeda izingozi zokuvuza kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuphepha, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezigqwalisayo. Idivayisi inikeza ukunemba kokulinganisa ngaphakathi kuka-0.3% futhi ihlangana kalula nezinhlelo zokulawula inqubo ye-PLC/DCS ukuze kube nokuzisebenzela okuqhubekayo. Abasebenzi bangenza ngcono ukusetshenziswa kwe-reagent futhi balungise umthamo ngokushesha ukuze balondoloze ukubuyiselwa kwegolide okuzinzile. Ukwakhiwa kwemitha okungenakulungiswa kanye nezinto eziqinile, ezingagqwali zifanelana nezimo ezinzima zokumba futhi zisekela ukuthembeka kwesikhathi eside. Ezinhlelweni ezisukela ekugqwaleni kwe-cyanide yegolide kuya ekukhiqizweni kwengilazi yamanzi, impendulo ye-Lonnmeter yesikhathi sangempela ithuthukisa ukuzinza kwenqubo, inciphisa imfucuza, futhi inegalelo ekuthobeleni imithetho.
Ingabe ukubuyiswa kwegolide kungatholakala ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-cyanide?
Yebo, kunezindlela zokukhipha igolide ezingenayo i-cyanide ezitholakalayo. Amasu asebenzisa i-thiosulfate, izinhlelo ze-chloride, i-glycine, i-trichloroisocyanuric acid, kanye nama-reagent e-sodium cyanate abonise amazinga okubuyisa igolide avame ukudlula u-87-90%. Lezi zindlela azinabo ubuthi, ziyaphinde zisetshenziswe, futhi zisebenza kahle kuma-ore kanye nemfucuza kagesi. Ukwamukelwa kwazo kuncike ekubunjweni kwe-ore, izindleko, ubunzima benqubo, kanye nemithetho yendawo. Ukuqaliswa kuyahlukahluka: amanye amaphrojekthi, njenge-REVIVE SSMB, abonisa ukusimama okuphezulu kanye nokusebenza kahle, kanti amanye ahlangabezana nezinselele zokusebenza nezomphakathi. Ngenkathi izindlela ezingenayo i-cyanide zinikeza izinzuzo zemvelo futhi zihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha eziqinile, ukukwazi kwazo ukucubungula izinga lezimboni kumele kucabangele izindleko ze-reagent kanye nokuhambisana nengqalasizinda ekhona.
Kungani kubalulekile ukulawula ukugcwala kwe-cyanide esele ngesikhathi nangemva kwenqubo yokukhipha igolide?
Ukulawula ukugcwala kwe-cyanide esele kubalulekile ekuvikelweni kwemvelo nasekuphepheni kwabantu. I-cyanide esele e-leachate ibeka izingozi zobuthi obukhulu futhi kumele iphathwe ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nemithethonqubo yokukhishwa kwamazwe ngamazwe. Amasu anjengokushiswa kwamakhemikhali, ukubola kwe-biogradation ngama-microbes akhethekile, ukumuncwa kwe-carbon esebenzayo, kanye ne-photocatalysis asetshenziswa ukunciphisa amazinga e-cyanide ngaphambi kokukhishwa kokungcola. Ukulawula okufanele ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwe-leaching kukhulisa ukubuyiswa kwegolide futhi kunciphisa inani le-cyanide esele, kunciphisa izidingo zokwelapha ezingezansi. Ukungalandeli imithetho kuholela ekungcoleni kanye nezingozi zempilo ezingaba khona kubantu abaseduze kanye nezindawo zemvelo. Ukuphathwa kwe-cyanide okunesibopho kuhambisana nemikhuba emihle yokulinganisela izinzuzo zomnotho nokuphathwa kwemvelo futhi kusekela ilayisensi yomphakathi yokusebenza kwezimayini.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-26-2025
