Ama-resin e-epoxy abalulekile ezimweni eziningi zezimboni, kusukela ekukhiqizweni kwezinto ezihlanganisiwe kuya ekuthuthukisweni kwezinamathiseli ezikhethekile. Phakathi kwezakhiwo eziyisisekelo ezichaza la ma-resin, i-viscosity ivela njengesici esiyinhloko—esinethonya elikhulu ezinqubweni zawo zokukhiqiza, izindlela zokusebenzisa, kanye nokusebenza kokugcina kwemikhiqizo yokugcina.
Inqubo Yokukhiqiza i-Epoxy Resin
1.1 Izinyathelo Eziyinhloko Zokukhiqiza
Ukukhiqizwa kwama-epoxy resins kuyinqubo yokwenziwa kwamakhemikhali enezigaba eziningi. Ingqikithi yale nqubo ukulawula okunembile kwezimo zokusabela ukuguqula izinto zokusetshenziswa zibe ama-resins aketshezi anezakhiwo ezithile ze-physicochemical. Inqubo evamile yokukhiqiza i-batch iqala ngokuthengwa nokuhlanganiswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi i-bisphenol A (BPA), i-epichlorohydrin (ECH), i-sodium hydroxide (NaOH), kanye nezinyibilikisi ezifana ne-isopropanol (IPA) kanye namanzi angenawo i-ion. Lezi zithako zixutshwa ethangini elingaphambi kokuxuba ngesilinganiso esiqondile ngaphambi kokudluliselwa ku-reactor ukuze kutholakale ukusabela kwe-polymerization.
Inqubo yokuhlanganisa ngokuvamile yenziwa ngezinyathelo ezimbili ukuqinisekisa ukuguqulwa okuphezulu kanye nokuvumelana komkhiqizo. Ku-reactor yokuqala,i-sodium hydroxideKufakwa njenge-catalyst, bese ukusabela kuqhubeka cishe ku-58 ℃ ukuze kufezwe ukuguqulwa okungu-80%. Umkhiqizo ube usudluliselwa ku-reactor yesibili, lapho i-sodium hydroxide esele ifakwa khona ukuze kuqedwe ukuguqulwa, kutholakale i-epoxy resin yokugcina ewuketshezi. Ngemva kwe-polymerization, kwenziwa uchungechunge lwezinyathelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokucubungula ngemuva. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuxuba umkhiqizo we-sodium chloride (NaCl) ngamanzi ahlanjululwe ukuze kwakhiwe ungqimba lwe-brine, olube seluhlukaniswa nesigaba se-organic esicebile nge-resin kusetshenziswa ama-conductivity noma ama-turbidity probes. Ungqimba lwe-resin oluhlanjululwe lube selucutshungulwa kabanzi ngama-evaporator e-thin-film noma amakholomu e-distillation ukuze kutholakale i-epichlorohydrin eyengeziwe, okuholela kumkhiqizo wokugcina we-epoxy resin owuketshezi omsulwa.
1.2 Ukuqhathaniswa Kwezinqubo Zokukhiqiza Eziqhubekayo Nezihlanganisiwe
Ekukhiqizweni kwe-epoxy resin, amamodeli wokukhiqiza we-batch kanye nowokuqhubeka anezinzuzo nezinkinga ezihlukile, okuholela ekuhlukeni okuyisisekelo kwezidingo zawo zokulawula i-viscosity. Ukucubungula nge-batch kuhilela ukuphakela izinto zokusetshenziswa ku-reactor ngama-batch ahlukene, lapho zithola khona ukulandelana kokusabela kwamakhemikhali kanye nokushintshana kokushisa. Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwezinga elincane, ukwakheka okwenziwe ngokwezifiso, noma imikhiqizo enokuhlukahluka okuphezulu, okunikeza ukuguquguquka kokukhiqiza ama-resin akhethekile anezakhiwo ezithile. Kodwa-ke, ukukhiqizwa kwe-batch kuhlotshaniswa nemijikelezo yokukhiqiza emide kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo engaguquki ngenxa yokuphathwa ngesandla, ukuhlukahluka kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, kanye nokushintshashintsha kwenqubo. Yingakho kanye onjiniyela bokukhiqiza kanye nezinqubo bevame ukukhomba "ukungaguquguquki kwe-batch kuya ku-batch" njengenselele eyinhloko.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhiqizwa okuqhubekayo kusebenza ngokugeleza okuqhubekayo kwezinto zokwakha kanye nemikhiqizo ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lweziphehli ezixhumene, amaphampu, kanye nezishintshi zokushisa. Lo modeli ukhethwa kakhulu ekukhiqizweni okukhulu kanye nemikhiqizo efunwa kakhulu, esezingeni elifanele, enikeza ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza okuphezulu kanye nokuvumelana okukhulu komkhiqizo ngenxa yezinhlelo zokulawula ezenzakalelayo ezinciphisa ukuhlukahluka kwenqubo. Noma kunjalo, izinqubo eziqhubekayo zidinga ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala okuphezulu kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuze kulondolozwe ukuzinza.
Umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwalezi zindlela ezimbili uthinta ngqo inaniukuqapha i-viscosity okusemgqeni. Ekukhiqizweni kwe-batch, idatha ye-viscosity yesikhathi sangempela ibalulekile ukuze kulungiswe ukungalingani okubangelwa ukungenelela ngesandla kanye nokwehluka kwenqubo, okuvumela opharetha ukuthi benze izinguquko eziqhutshwa idatha kunokuthembela kokuhlangenwe nakho kuphela.IUkuqapha i-viscosity ye-n-line kuguqula ngokuyisisekelo ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi okusabelayo, kwangemva kokukhiqiza kube inqubo yokwenza ngcono esebenzayo, yesikhathi sangempela.
1.3 Indima Ebalulekile Yokugoba
Ukuqina kuchazwa njengokumelana koketshezi nokugeleza, noma isilinganiso salo sokungqubuzana kwangaphakathi. Kuma-resin epoxy acwebezelayo, ukuqina akuyona ipharamitha ebonakalayo ehlukanisiwe kodwa inkomba eyinhloko ehlobene ngqo nentuthuko yokusabela kwe-polymerization, isisindo sama-molecule, izinga lokuxhumanisa, kanye nokusebenza komkhiqizo wokugcina.
Ngesikhathi sokusabela kokwenziwa, izinguquko kui-viscosity ye-epoxy resinkukhombisa ngqo ukukhula kwamaketanga ama-molecule kanye nenqubo yokuxhumanisa. Ekuqaleni, njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, i-viscosity ye-epoxy resin iyancipha ngenxa yamandla e-kinetic akhuphukile ama-molecule. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ukusabela kwe-polymerization kuqala futhi kwakheka inethiwekhi exhumene enama-three-dimensional, i-viscosity iyanda kakhulu kuze kube yilapho into iphola ngokuphelele. Ngokuqhubeka nokuqapha i-viscosity, onjiniyela bangalandelela ngempumelelo inqubekela phambili yokusabela futhi banqume ngokunembile ukuphela kokusabela. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokuvimbela into ukuthi iqine ngaphakathi kwe-reactor, okuzodinga ukususwa ngesandla okubizayo nokuthatha isikhathi, kodwa futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo wokugcina uhlangabezana nesisindo sayo sama-molecule kanye nemininingwane yokusebenza.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-viscosity inomthelela oqondile ekusetshenzisweni okungezansi kanye nokucutshungulwa. Isibonelo, ekusetshenzisweni kokumboza, okunamathelayo, kanye nokufaka izimbiza, i-viscosity ilawula ukuziphatha kwe-rheological kwe-resin, ukusabalala kwayo, kanye nekhono layo lokukhipha amabhamuza omoya avalelekile. Ama-resin ane-viscosity ephansi enza kube lula ukususwa kwamabhamuza futhi angagcwalisa izikhala ezincane, okwenza afaneleke ekusetshenzisweni kokujula. Ama-resin ane-viscosity ephezulu, ngokuphambene, anezakhiwo ezingaconsi noma ezingagobi, okwenza afaneleke ezindaweni eziqondile noma ekusetshenzisweni kokuvala.
Ngakho-ke, ukulinganiswa kwe-viscosity kunikeza ukuqonda okuyisisekelo kulo lonke uchungechunge lokukhiqiza lwe-epoxy resin. Ngokusebenzisa ukuqapha kwe-viscosity ngesikhathi sangempela nangokunembile, yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza ingahlolwa futhi ilungiselelwe ngesikhathi sangempela.
2. Ubuchwepheshe Bokuqapha Ukugoba: Ukuhlaziywa Okuqhathanisayo
2.1 Izimiso Zokusebenza Zama-Viscometer Asemgqeni
2.1.1 Ama-Viscometer Adlidlizayo
Ama-viscometer adlidlizayosezibe ukukhetha okuvelele kokuqapha inqubo emugqeni ngenxa yokwakheka kwazo okuqinile kanye nezimiso zokusebenza. Ingqikithi yalobu buchwepheshe isici senzwa esiqinile esidlidliza oketshezini. Njengoba inzwa idlula oketshezini, ilahlekelwa amandla ngenxa yokumelana okuqinile koketshezi. Ngokulinganisa ngokunembile lokhu kuhlakazeka kwamandla, uhlelo luhlobanisa ukufundwa nokuthamba koketshezi.
Inzuzo ebalulekile yama-viscometer adlidlizayo ukusebenza kwawo okushefa kakhulu, okwenza ukufundwa kwawo ngokuvamile kungazweli usayizi wepayipi, izinga lokugeleza, noma ukudlidliza kwangaphandle, okuqinisekisa ukulinganiswa okuphindaphindwayo nokuthembekile. Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi koketshezi olungeyona i-Newtonian njenge-epoxy resins, i-viscometer iyashintsha ngesilinganiso sokushefa. Ngenxa yalokho, ukusebenza kwe-viscometer edlidlizayo okuphezulu kungaveza i-viscometer ehlukile kunaleyo elinganiswa yi-viscometer yelabhorethri eshefa kancane, njenge-viscometer ejikelezayo noma indebe yokugeleza. Lo mehluko awusho ukuthi awunembile; kunalokho, ubonisa ukuziphatha kwangempela kwe-rheological koketshezi ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukene. Inani eliyinhloko le-viscometer esemgqeni yikhono layo lokulandelelaushintsho oluhlobeneekukhanyeni, hhayi nje ukufanisa inani eliphelele elivela ekuhlolweni kwelebhu.
2.1.2 Ama-Viscometer Ajikelezayo
Ama-viscometer ajikelezayo anquma i-viscometer ngokulinganisa i-torque edingekayo ukuze kujikeleziswe i-spindle noma i-bob ngaphakathi koketshezi. Lobu buchwepheshe busetshenziswa kabanzi kokubili ezindaweni zelebhu kanye nezimboni. Amandla ahlukile ama-viscometer ajikelezayo yikhono lawo lokulinganisa i-viscometer ngamazinga ahlukahlukene okushefa ngokulungisa isivinini sokujikeleza. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kuma-fluid angewona ama-Newtonian, njengezinhlobo eziningi ze-epoxy, i-viscometer yazo engaguquki futhi ingashintsha ngokucindezeleka kwe-shear okusetshenzisiwe.
2.1.3 Ama-Capillary Viscometer
Ama-viscometer e-capillary alinganisa i-viscometer ngokubeka isikhathi esingakanani ukuthi uketshezi lugeleze ngepayipi elinobubanzi obaziwayo ngaphansi kwethonya lamandla adonsela phansi noma ingcindezi yangaphandle. Le ndlela inembe kakhulu futhi ilandelelwa ngokwezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke, okwenza kube yinto ebalulekile emalabhorethri okulawula ikhwalithi, ikakhulukazi koketshezi olubonakalayo lwe-Newtonian. Kodwa-ke, le ndlela inzima, idinga ukulawulwa okuqinile kokushisa kanye nokuhlanza njalo. Uhlobo lwayo olungaphandle kwe-inthanethi lwenza lungafaneleki ukuqapha inqubo yesikhathi sangempela, eqhubekayo endaweni yokukhiqiza.
2.1.4 Ubuchwepheshe Obusha
Ngale kwezindlela ezivamile, kuhlolwa obunye ubuchwepheshe bezinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethekile. Izinzwa ze-Ultrasonic, isibonelo, zisetshenziswe ekuqapheni i-viscosity ye-polymer ngesikhathi sangempela emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinzwa ze-piezoresistive ziyacwaningwa ukuze kuqaphelwe ukuxhumanisa nokulungisa ama-resin e-epoxy ngendlela engaphazamisi, engaphakathi.
2.2 Ukuqhathaniswa kobuchwepheshe be-Viscometer
Ithebula elingezansi linikeza ukuhlaziywa okuqhathanisayo kobuchwepheshe obubalulekile be-viscometer obuku-inthanethi ukusiza onjiniyela benze isinqumo esinolwazi ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zabo ezithile zenqubo ekukhiqizeni i-epoxy resin.
Ithebula 1: Ukuqhathaniswa kobuchwepheshe be-Viscometer obuku-inthanethi
| Isici | Ama-Viscometer Adlidlizayo | Ama-Viscometer ajikelezayo | Ama-Viscometer e-Capillary |
| Isimiso Sokusebenza | Ilinganisa ukushabalaliswa kwamandla kusuka ku-probe edlidlizayo | Kukala i-torque edingekayo ukuze kujikelezwe i-spindle | Ilinganisa isikhathi sokugeleza koketshezi ngepayipi le-capillary |
| Ububanzi be-Viscosity | Ububanzi obuhlukahlukene, kusukela ekukhanyeni okuphansi kuya kokuphezulu | Ububanzi obubanzi, kudinga ukushintsha ama-spindle noma isivinini | Ifanele amabanga athile e-viscosity; idinga ukukhetha ithubhu ngokusekelwe kusampula |
| Izinga Lokugunda | Izinga eliphezulu lokucheba | Izinga lokugunda eliguquguqukayo, lingahlaziya ukuziphatha kwe-rheological | Izinga eliphansi lokucheba, ikakhulukazi uketshezi lwe-Newton |
| Ukuzwela Izinga Lokugeleza | Ayizweli, ingasetshenziswa kunoma yiliphi izinga lokugeleza | Izwela, idinga izimo ezihlala njalo noma ezimile | Izwela, ikakhulukazi ekulinganisweni okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi |
| Ukufakwa Nokunakekelwa | Iguquguqukayo, kulula ukuyifaka, ukunakekelwa okuncane | Kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu; kudinga ukucwiliswa ngokuphelele kwe-spindle; kungadinga ukuhlanzwa njalo | Kunzima, kusetshenziswa ezindaweni zokucwaninga ezingaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi; kudinga izinqubo zokuhlanza eziqinile |
| Ukuqina | Iqinile, ifanelekela izindawo zezimboni ezinzima | Okumaphakathi; i-spindle nama-bearings kungaguga | Ibuthakathaka, ngokuvamile eyenziwe ngengilazi |
| Isicelo Esijwayelekile | Ukuqapha inqubo emugqeni, ukutholwa kwe-reaction endpoint | Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yelabhorethri, ukuhlaziywa kwe-rheological koketshezi olungeyona i-Newtonian | Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi, izivivinyo zesitifiketi ezijwayelekile |
3. Ukuthunyelwa Kwamasu Nokuthuthukiswa
3.1 Ukuhlonza Amaphuzu Okulinganisa Abalulekile
Ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa kokuqapha i-viscosity okusemugqeni kuncike ekukhetheni amaphuzu abalulekile ekugelezeni kokukhiqiza anikeza ukuqonda kwenqubo okubaluleke kakhulu.
I-In-reactor noma ku-Reactor Outlet:Ngesikhathi sesigaba se-polymerization, i-viscosity iyisibonakaliso esiqondile kakhulu sokukhula kwesisindo sama-molecule kanye nenqubekela phambili yokusabela. Ukufaka i-viscometer emugqeni ngaphakathi kwe-reactor noma endaweni yayo yokukhipha kwenza kube lula ukuthola indawo yokugcina ngesikhathi sangempela. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokuqinisekisa ukuhambisana kwekhwalithi ye-batch kodwa futhi kuvimbela ukusabela okubalekayo futhi kugwema isikhathi sokungasebenzi esibizayo ekuqineni kwe-resin ngaphakathi komkhumbi.
Izigaba Zokucubungula Nokuhlanza Ngemva Kokucubungula:Ngemva kokwenziwa, i-epoxy resin iyagezwa, ihlukaniswe, futhi iphelelwe amanzi emzimbeni. Ukulinganisa i-viscosity lapho kuphuma khona lezi zigaba, njengekholomu yokuhluza, kusebenza njengendawo ebalulekile yokuhlola ikhwalithi.
Inqubo Yokuxuba Nokuphilisa Ngemva Kokuxuba:Kumasistimu e-epoxy anezingxenye ezimbili, ukuqapha i-viscosity yengxube yokugcina kubalulekile. Ukuqapha okuqondile kulesi sigaba kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-resin inezakhiwo zokugeleza ezifanele zezinhlelo ezithile ezifana nokufaka noma ukusakaza, okusiza ukuvimbela ukubhajwa kwamabhamuza omoya nokuqinisekisa ukugcwaliswa okuphelele kwesikhunta.
3.2 Indlela Yokukhetha I-Viscometer
Ukukhetha i-viscometer efanele emugqeni kuyisinqumo esihlelekile esidinga ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela kokubili izakhiwo zezinto kanye nezici zesimo senqubo.
- Izici Zezinto Ezibalulekile:
Ububanzi be-Viscosity kanye ne-Rheology:Okokuqala, thola ububanzi be-viscometer obulindelekile be-epoxy resin endaweni yokulinganisa. Ama-viscometer adlidlizayo ngokuvamile afanelekela ububanzi be-viscosities. Uma i-rheology yoketshezi iyinkinga (isb., uma ingeyona i-Newtonian), i-viscometer ejikelezayo ingaba yisinqumo esingcono sokufunda ukuziphatha okuxhomeke ekushefa.
Ukugqwala Nokungcola:Amakhemikhali kanye nemikhiqizo esetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni i-epoxy ingaba yingozi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-resin ingaba nezigcwalisi noma amabhamuza omoya afakwe ngaphakathi. Ama-viscometer adlidlizayo afaneleka kahle ezimweni ezinjalo ngenxa yokwakheka kwawo okuqinile kanye nokungazweli ekungcoleni.
Indawo Yenqubo:
Izinga Lokushisa Nokucindezela:Ukuqina komzimba kuzwela kakhulu ekushiseni; ushintsho lwe-1∘C lungashintsha ukuqina komzimba ngamaphesenti afinyelela ku-10%. I-viscometer ekhethiwe kumele ikwazi ukunikeza izilinganiso ezithembekile nezizinzile endaweni enokulawula izinga lokushisa okunembile kakhulu. Inzwa kumele futhi ikwazi ukumelana nezimo ezithile zokucindezela zenqubo.
Amandla Okugeleza:Inzwa kufanele ifakwe endaweni lapho ukugeleza koketshezi kufana khona futhi kungekho zindawo zokuma.
3.3 Ukufakwa Nokubekwa Kwakho
Ukufakwa okufanele ngokomzimba kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukunemba nokuthembeka kwedatha ye-viscometer esemgqeni.
Isikhundla Sokufaka:Inzwa kufanele ifakwe endaweni lapho into yokuzwa ihlala igcwele khona oketshezini ngaso sonke isikhathi. Gwema ukufaka ezindaweni eziphakeme epayipini lapho amaphakethe omoya anganqwabelana khona, okungaphazamisa ukulinganisa.
Amandla Oketshezi:Ukubekwa kwenzwa kufanele kugweme izindawo ezimile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uketshezi lugeleza njalo eduze kwenzwa. Kumapayipi amakhulu, i-viscometer ene-probe ende yokufaka noma ukumiswa okufakwe i-tee kungadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-probe ifinyelela enkabeni yokugeleza, kuncishiswe imiphumela yezendlalelo zomngcele.
Izesekeli Zokufaka:Izesekeli ezahlukahlukene zokufaka, njenge-flanges, izintambo, noma ama-reducing tees, ziyatholakala ukuqinisekisa ukufakwa okufanele nokuphephile ezinhlobonhlobo zemikhumbi yenqubo kanye namapayipi. Izandiso ezingasebenzi zingasetshenziswa ukuhlanganisa amajakethi okushisa noma amapayipi agobile, ukubeka i-active tip yenzwa emseleni woketshezi futhi kuncishiswe ivolumu efile.
4Ukulawulwa Okuvaliwe Nokuxilonga Okuhlakaniphile
4.1 Kusukela Ekuqapheni Kuya Ekuzenzekeleni: Izinhlelo Zokulawula Ezivaliwe
Inhloso enkulu yokuqapha i-viscosity emugqeni ukuhlinzeka ngesisekelo sokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela nokwenza ngcono. Uhlelo lokulawula oluvaliwe luhlala luqhathanisa inani le-viscosity elilinganisiwe ne-target setpoint futhi lulungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo iziguquguquki zenqubo ukuze kuqedwe noma yikuphi ukuphambuka.
Ukulawulwa kwe-PID:Isu lokulawula i-closed-loop elivame kakhulu nelisetshenziswa kabanzi yi-PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control. Isilawuli se-PID sibala futhi silungise umphumela wokulawula (isb., izinga lokushisa le-reactor noma izinga lokwengeza i-catalyst) ngokusekelwe ephutheni lamanje, ukuqongelela kwamaphutha adlule, kanye nezinga lokushintsha kwephutha. Leli su lisebenza kahle kakhulu ekulawuleni i-viscosity ngoba izinga lokushisa liyi-variable eyinhloko ethonya inani layo.
Ukulawula Okuthuthukisiwe:Ngezinqubo zokusabela eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezingezona eziqondile njenge-epoxy polymerization, amasu okulawula athuthukile njenge-Model Predictive Control (MPC) anikeza ikhambi eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. I-MPC isebenzisa imodeli yezibalo ukubikezela ukuziphatha kwesikhathi esizayo kwenqubo bese ilungiselela okokufaka kokulawula ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezimo eziningi zenqubo kanye nemikhawulo ngesikhathi esisodwa, okuholela ekulawulweni okuphumelelayo kokukhiqiza nokusetshenziswa kwamandla.
4.2 Ukuhlanganisa Idatha Yokugoba Ezinhlelweni Zezitshalo
Ukuze kusebenze ukulawula okuvaliwe, ama-viscometer angaphakathi komugqa kumele ahlanganiswe ngokungenamthungo ekwakhiweni kwesistimu yokulawula izitshalo ezikhona.
Ukwakhiwa Kwesistimu:Ukuhlanganiswa okuvamile kuhilela ukuxhuma i-viscometer ku-Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) noma i-Distributed Control System (DCS), lapho ukubonakala kwedatha nokuphathwa kwayo kusingathwa uhlelo lwe-SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition). Lolu hlaka luqinisekisa ukugeleza kwedatha ngesikhathi sangempela, okuzinzile, nokuphephile futhi lunikeza opharetha isikhombikubona somsebenzisi esinembile.
Izinqubo Zokuxhumana:Izinqubo zokuxhumana zezimboni zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamadivayisi avela kubakhiqizi abahlukene.
Yakha uhlelo lokuqapha i-viscosity oluklanywe kahle ngosizo lwama-viscometer angaphakathi, okwenza ushintsho kusuka kwindlela yokuxazulula izinkinga olusebenzayo luye endleleni yokuvimbela ingozi. Xhumana nathi manje!
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba 18-2025
