Ukulinganisa ubuningi obuqhubekayo kwakha isisekelo semishini yokuqapha inqubo yokucwenga uwoyela, ikakhulukazi esimweni sokususa i-hydroisomerization kanye nenqubo yokususa i-gumming ethuthukisiwe ekucwengisiseni uwoyela. Kulezi zimo, ikhono lokuqoqa idatha yobuningi eqondile, yesikhathi sangempela lithinta ngqo ukusebenza kahle kokucwenga, ukuhambisana komkhiqizo, kanye nokulawulwa kwe-viscosity kuukukhiqizwa kwamafutha okugcoba.
Amasu anamuhla okucwenga uwoyela omhlophe, ikakhulukazi i-hydroisomerization dewaxing, athembele ezinqubweni zokuguqulwa kwe-catalytic ezidinga ukwenziwa ngcono kwenqubo okuqinile ekucwengisisweni uwoyela. Lokhu kuhilela ukuphathwa okuseduze kwezinhlanganisela ze-hydrocarbon ukuze kufezwe amaphuzu ancishisiwe okuthululwayo ngenkathi kulondolozwa noma kuthuthukiswa inkomba ye-viscosity, okubalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwamafutha okugcoba afanelekayo. Ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa ubuningi obuqhubekayo buvumela ukutholakala okusheshayo kwanoma yikuphi ukushintsha kwezakhi, njengoba ukuphambuka okuncane kobuningi kuvame ukubikezela izinguquko ku-viscosity noma uphawu lokususwa kokungcola okungaphelele—kokubili izilinganiso ezibalulekile zokukhiqizwa kwamafutha okugcoba aphezulu.
Isibonelo, amamitha okulinganisa ubuningi obungaphakathi—njengalawo akhiqizwe yiLonnmeter—asebenzisa izinzwa ezithuthukisiwe ezifana ne-acoustic, i-tuning fork, kanye nobuchwepheshe obusekelwe ku-cantilever. Lawa mathuluzi okuqapha inqubo yesikhathi sangempela akhipha ukufundwa kobuningi obubucayi kakhulu ngqo kusuka emifudlaneni yenqubo. Uma ehlanganiswe nezigaba ze-hydroisomerization dewaxing kanye ne-degumming, avumela opharetha ukuthi babone futhi balungise ukuphambuka ngokushesha, besekela ukulawula okuqondile kokubili ubumsulwa bomkhiqizo kanye ne-viscosity. Lokhu kunciphisa ingozi yokuthi amafutha angekho ku-spec afinyelele izinqubo ezingezansi noma isitoreji sokugcina somkhiqizo.
Ukuzenzakalela kwenqubo okuvunyelwe ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kobuningi kwandisa ithonya layo ekwenzeni ngcono inqubo ekuhlanzeni uwoyela ngokusekela ukulawula okunembile kwama-catalyst okususa i-dewaxing ukuze kusetshenziswe i-hydroisomerization. Ukukhetha kwe-Catalyst kanye nokusebenza kahle kuncike ekuhlonzweni okusheshayo kwezinguquko zesigaba kanye nokushintsha kokwakheka, okuboniswa idatha yobuningi. Leli zinga lolwazi livumela ukufakwa kwe-catalyst okuqinile, ukususwa kokungcola okusebenzayo kakhudlwana ekuhlanzeni uwoyela, kanye nokulawula okuthuthukisiwe ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwe-viscosity index—ngalinye liyitshe lesisekelo lokulawula ikhwalithi yamafutha okugcoba.
Izinzuzo ziyabonakala: izinzwa zobuningi eziqondile zivumela ukufinyelelwa okuqhubekayo kwemininingwane yomkhiqizo, zandisa ukuphindaphindeka kwe-batch-to-batch futhi zinciphise amathuba okulungiswa komkhiqizo okubizayo. Izimpendulo ezisheshayo—ezilinganiswa ngemizuzwana hhayi ngamahora—zinezela noma kwezinye izimo zithatha indawo yokuhlolwa kwelebhu okuhamba kancane, okunzima kakhulu.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwamafutha Amhlophe
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Kodwa-ke, kuvela izinselele eziningana ekusebenziseni ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa ubuningi obuqhubekayo phakathi kobunzima bokwenziwa ngcono kwenqubo yesimanje yokususa i-hydrocarbon dewaxing. Isithiyo esikhulu ukuhlukahluka kwe-feedstock. Izindawo zokuhlanza zivame ukushintsha phakathi kwemithombo eluhlaza ehlukene kakhulu, ngayinye iveza ukwakheka okuhlukile kanye nemithwalo yokungcola. Izinzwa ezingaphakathi kumele zihlale ziqinile, zilinganiswe kahle, futhi zikwazi ukuletha imiphumela ephindaphindwayo kungakhathaliseki ukuhlukahluka kwe-matrix.
Ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa kanye nokucindezela kuletha enye inselele ebalulekile. Ukwehluka kungabangela ukuzulazula kwenzwa noma iphutha lokulinganisa—okuthinta ngqo ukuhambisana komkhiqizo kumafutha okugcoba. Izixazululo zesimanje zifaka phakathi ama-algorithms okunciphisa izinga lokushisa kanye nokucindezela afakwe kwi-hardware, njengokulungiswa okusekelwe ku-bilinear interpolation, okunciphisa kakhulu iphutha lokulinganisa, kanye nezinhlaka zokufunda komshini ezibuyisela ngendlela efanele i-process hysteresis. Leli zinga eliphakeme lokunciphisa liqinisekisa idatha yesikhathi sangempela ethembekile ngisho nalapho izimo zenqubo zishintsha.
Ukususa i-gum kanye ne-dewaxing, njengezinyathelo ezibalulekile ezindleleni ezithuthukisiwe zokususa i-gum kanye nenqubo yokususa i-hydroisomerization dewaxing, kubonakaliswa ukuba khona kwezingxenyana zamakhemikhali ezihlobene eduze. Ubunzima obusebenzayo busekuhlukaniseni lezi zingxenyana ukuze kuhlolwe ukusebenza kahle kokususwa kokungcola ekuhlanzeni uwoyela. Ukulinganisa okuqhubekayo kobuningi, uma kusetshenziswa ngamathuluzi anesinqumo esiphezulu, kusiza ekuhlukaniseni izinguquko ezincane zobuningi obuhlobene nama-waxes angaguquki uma kuqhathaniswa nemikhiqizo efiswayo ye-isomerized. Ukutholwa ngokushesha kwalezi zinhlobo ezincane kusekela ukulungiswa kwenqubo okusebenzayo, ukugcina ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kokuhlanza kanye nokuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kwamafutha okugcoba okufanelekile.
Ngamafuphi, ngokuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa ubuningi obuqhubekayo kuzo zonke izindlela ezibalulekile zokucwenga uwoyela omhlophe, izindawo zokucwenga zingafinyelela ukuhambisana komkhiqizo okuthuthukisiwe, ukulawulwa kwe-viscosity okuthuthukisiwe, kanye nokuqinisekiswa kokususwa kokungcola okuthembekile. Naphezu kwezinselelo ezifana nokwehluka okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-feedstock kanye nokungazinzi kwemvelo, isizukulwane esisha sezinzwa eziqondile—eziboniswe yimishini ye-Lonnmeter—sinikeza ukunemba nokuthembeka okudingekayo ekuqapheni inqubo yezinga elilandelayo kanye nokwenza ngokuzenzakalela inqubo yokucwenga uwoyela.
Izinyathelo Ezibalulekile Ekususeni I-Waxing Emanzini kanye Nomphumela Wazo
Inqubo yokususa amafutha angcolile nge-hydroisomerization iyindlela ethuthukisiwe yokuhlanza amafutha amhlophe eguqula ama-paraffin avamile—ama-hydrocarbon amade, aqondile—abe ama-isomers awo ahlanganisiwe. Lokhu kuguqulwa kubalulekile ekunciphiseni iphuzu lokuthulula kanye nephuzu lamafu, okuvumela ukukhiqizwa kwamafutha ayisisekelo akwazi ukusebenza emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Ngokwezwi elingokoqobo, ama-paraffin avamile ayaqina emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, adale amakristalu e-wax aphazamisa ukugeleza kwamafutha. Ngokusebenzisa i-hydroisomerization, lawa ma-molecule ahlelwa kabusha abe ama-isoparaffin, ahlala emanzi emazingeni okushisa lapho ama-paraffin avamile angadala ukwakheka kwe-wax. Lokhu kulungiswa kwama-molecule kubalulekile ekukhiqizeni amafutha ayisisekelo e-Group II kanye ne-III, adingekayo ezindleleni zokukhiqiza uwoyela ezisezingeni eliphezulu futhi akhonza izinhlelo zokusebenza zezimoto nezezimboni ezidingayo.
I-Hydroisomerization dewaxing isebenzisa kakhulu ama-catalyst asebenzayo amabili. Lawa ma-catalyst afaka izindawo zensimbi, njenge-nickel noma i-platinum, ukuze kube lula i-hydrogenation kanye ne-dehydrogenation, kanye nezindawo ze-asidi—ngokuvamile ezisekelweni ze-zeolite—zokusebenzisa i-isomerization kanye ne-hydrocracking ekhethiwe. Ukwakheka kwe-Catalyst kuyisisekelo sokwenza ngcono inqubo ekuhlanzeni uwoyela: isibonelo, izisekelo ezisekelwe ku-zeolite njenge-ZSM-22 noma i-MTT zingakhethwa ngeziteshi zazo zokukhetha ukuma, eziqondisa ukuguqulwa kwama-n-paraffin ngokunemba okuphawulekayo. I-topology yalezi zisekelo ithonya ukukhetha ngokulawula ukuthi yiziphi izakhiwo zama-molecule ezithandwa kakhulu—ama-pores amancane akhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-isomer enamagatsha, kuyilapho ama-pores abanzi angandisa i-hydrocracking futhi adale izingxenyana zomkhiqizo ezilula. Ibhalansi yomsebenzi we-metal-to-acid, kuhlanganiswe nokwakhiwa kwama-pore aklanyelwe, kubalulekile ekugcineni ukusebenza kahle kokuhlanzeka okuphezulu ngenkathi kwandiswa isivuno samafutha okugcoba afanelekile aphansi.
Isici esichazayo se-hydroisomerization dewaxing umphumela wayo oqondile ekuqineni komkhiqizo kumafutha okugcoba. Inkomba ye-viscosity—isilinganiso esiyinhloko sokusebenza kwamafutha—iyathuthuka njengoba ukwakheka kwamagatsha e-molecule kukhuphuka ngoba ama-isomer anamagatsha amelana nokuqina emazingeni okushisa aphansi kanye nokuncipha emazingeni aphezulu. Ngenxa yalokho, amafutha aqediwe abonisa ukubikezela.ukulawula ukujiyakuzo zonke izinhlobo zokusebenza. Lokhu kuthembeka kubalulekile ekuvikelweni kwenjini kanye nokuphila kwemishini, okuqinisekisa ukushintshwa kusuka ekususeni i-dewaxing endala esekelwe ku-solvent kuya ekususeni i-hydroisomerization ezindaweni eziningi zokuhluza zanamuhla.
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi okuqhubekayoubuchwepheshe budlala indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuzinza kwenqubo kanye nokufana kwempahla ngokuqapha inqubo ngesikhathi sangempela. Amadivayisi afana namamitha obuningi be-capacitive noma i-radiometric, kufaka phakathi lawo akhiqizwe yi-Lonnmeter, aletha izilinganiso ezikhokhelwa izinga lokushisa ngqo kusuka emigqeni yenqubo. Lawa mathuluzi athola ukushintshashintsha okuncane kobuningi bomkhiqizo—isibonakaliso esibalulekile sokuguqulwa kwama-molecule okwenzeka ngaphakathi kwe-reactor futhi, ngokwengeziwe, ukuzinza kwamaphuzu okuthulula namafu kanye ne-viscosity index. Isibonelo, opharetha bangalungisa izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi ye-hydrogen, noma ukugeleza kwe-feedstock ngokuphendula kulezi zibalo zobuningi, balungise ngokushesha ukuguquguquka kwekhwalithi eluhlaza, ukwehla komsebenzi we-catalyst, noma ukungeniswa okungahlosiwe kokungcola kwamafutha. Lokhu kujikeleza okuqhubekayo kwempendulo kuqinisekisa ukuthi amapharamitha enqubo ahlala ngaphakathi kwamafasitela afanele, ngaleyo ndlela kuvikele kokubili ukucaciswa komkhiqizo kanye nokusebenza kahle.
Empeleni, umthelela wamapharamitha enqubo—njengokushisa kwe-reactor, ukwakheka kwe-catalyst, kanye nesilinganiso se-hydrogen-to-oil—ungabonakala kusetshenziswa amashadi okulawula inqubo ahlobanisa ukufundwa kobuningi ukuze kutholakale amaphuzu kanye nemiphumela ye-viscosity (bheka uMfanekiso 1). Inqubo ezinzile izobonisa izitayela zobuningi obuphansi ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo yokulawula ekhethiwe, kuyilapho ama-spikes noma ama-drifts ehambisana nohambo lwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo, oluvame ukulandelelwa ezinguqukweni ze-feedstock noma ukushintsha kokusebenza kwe-catalyst. Idatha yesikhathi sangempela enikezwa ukulinganisa kobuningi obuphakathi ivumela ukungenelela okusheshayo, ukugcina umkhiqizo ngaphakathi kwezindinganiso zokugcoba ezifanelekile zokukhiqiza uwoyela kanye nokunciphisa amavolumu angaphandle kwe-spec—okubalulekile ekulawulweni kwezindleko kanye nokuhambisana nomthetho.
Ngokuhlanganisa i-catalytic chemistry ekhethiwe nemishini yokuqapha inqubo ethuthukisiwe yokucwenga uwoyela, izinhlelo zamanje ze-hydroisomerization zamafutha amhlophe zithola amazinga aphezulu okuvumelana, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Lezi ntuthuko zisekela ukukhiqizwa kwamafutha ayisisekelo kanye nezinto zokugcoba ezinezakhiwo ezilawulwa ngokuqinile zokugeleza okubandayo, ukungcola okuncane, kanye nezinkomba ze-viscosity ezilungiselelwe - okubalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwamafutha okugcoba afanelekayo kanye nokuthembeka kokusetshenziswa kokugcina.
Ukuhlanganisa Ukususa I-Gumming kanye Nokususa I-Waxing Ukuze Kuthuthukiswe Ukusebenza Kokuhluza
Ukususa I-Gum kanye Nokususwa Kokungcola
Ukususa i-gumming kubalulekile ekumhlopheniukuhluzwa kwamafuthaamasu. Ihlose ukususwa kwama-phospholipids kanye nokunye ukungcola okuhlala emanzini, uma kungalawulwa, okuphazamisa ukuzinza kwamafutha kanye nokusebenza kahle kwenqubo engezansi. Ukususa i-Wet Degumming kusebenzisa amanzi noma ama-acids ukuze kufakwe amanzi futhi kuhlukaniswe ama-phospholipids, kuyilapho ukususa i-dry noma i-enzymatic kusebenzisa ama-cocktail e-enzyme aklanywe ukuze kuncishiswe ama-phospholipids ngokukhetha, kufezwe ukusebenza kahle kokususa okuseduze nama-99% ngezikhathi zokusabela ezengeziwe. Lezi zindlela ezithuthukisiwe zokususa i-degumming azigcini nje ngokunciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-phosphorus okuphelele ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezimiso zomthetho kodwa futhi zithuthukisa isivuno samafutha ngokulondoloza izingxenye zemvelo ezizuzisayo kanye nokunciphisa ukulahleka kwamafutha angathathi hlangothi.
Inqubo yokususa i-gum ephumelelayo ekuhlanzeni uwoyela idinga ukulawulwa okunembile, njengoba ukwehluka kokwakheka kukawoyela ongahluziwe noma amapharamitha okusabela kungashintsha okuqukethwe kokungcola futhi kuthinte izinyathelo zokuhlanza ezilandelayo. Ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa ubuningi obuqhubekayo, njengemitha yobuningi eqondile evela eLonnmeter, bunikeza ukuqonda kwesikhathi sangempela ngezinguquko zenqubo. Ngokuthwebula impendulo esheshayo ngobuningi bengxube, opharetha bangahlola ngokushesha ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba kanye nokulayisha ukungcola. Le ndlela eqhutshwa idatha ivumela ukulungiswa kwamazinga okwengeza amanzi, i-asidi, noma ama-enzyme, okugcina izimo ezifanele zokususwa kokungcola. Umphumela uba isisekelo sokuhlanza esizinzile, ukwehluka kwenqubo okuncishisiwe, kanye nokulethwa njalo kwamafutha ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo eqinile yokungcola.
Amasu Esimanje Okususa I-Waxing Nokwenza Kwawo Kahle
Kuzo zombili izindlela zokukhiqiza uwoyela odliwayo nowokugcoba, ukuxubha i-dewaxing kubalulekile ekunciphiseni amaphuzu okuthulula nokuqinisekisa izici zikawoyela ezifiselekayo emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Inqubo yokuxubha i-dewaxing nge-hydroisomerization, esekelwe ekuguqulweni kwe-catalytic kwama-paraffin aqondile abe ama-isomers ahlanganisiwe, ithatha indawo yamasu amadala asekelwe ku-solvent ekusebenzeni kahle nasekukhetheni. Ama-catalyst okususa i-waxing ukuze kuxutshwe i-hydroisomerization—ngokuvamile ama-zeolite agcwele insimbi, akhetha ukuma—avumela ukunciphisa okukhulu kwe-wax ngenkathi kulondolozwa izingxenyana ezibalulekile zikawoyela futhi kuthuthukisa inkomba ye-viscosity, uphawu olubalulekile lwekhwalithi kawoyela.
Ukwenziwa ngcono kwalezi zinqubo kuncike kumathuluzi okuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela. Amamitha okuminyana kanye ne-viscosity, njengalawo avela eLonnmeter, aletha impendulo yenqubo ngokushesha ngesikhathi sokuhlanza i-dewaxing. Imishini yokuqapha inqubo eqhubekayo yokucwenga uwoyela ivumela ukulawula okuqinile kokusetshenziswa kwe-solvent, ama-gradient okupholisa, kanye nezigaba zokuhlunga. Lokhu kusabela okusheshayo kuvumela ukulungiswa okuguquguqukayo, kunciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-wax ngaphandle kokuqhekeka ngokweqile noma ukulahleka kwamafutha. Isibonelo, njengoba i-wax crystallization iqhubeka, ukwanda okuphawulekayo kobuningi be-slurry kubangela ukulungiswa kokugeleza kwe-solvent noma amazinga okuhlunga, okuqinisekisa kokubili ukususwa kwe-wax okuphumelelayo kanye nokuvikelwa kwemininingwane yomkhiqizo oyifunayo. Ekukhiqizeni uwoyela wokugcoba, ukulawulwa kwenqubo okuzinzile kusekela i-viscosity eqhubekayo, ebalulekile ekuhambisaneni komkhiqizo kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamafutha okugcoba afanelekayo.
Izindlela ezihlanganisiwe—ukuhlanganisa ukususwa kwe-gum okuthuthukisiwe nokususwa kwe-dewaxing kwesimanje okubangela ukucasuka—manje sezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kokusebenza kahle kokucwenga kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi kawoyela okunokwethenjelwa kokugcoba. Ukusebenzisana kokususwa kokungcola okunembile kanye nokususwa kwe-dewaxing okulungiselelwe akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa umkhiqizo ophumayo kodwa futhi kugcina ukulahlekelwa komkhiqizo okuphansi kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo ephindaphindwayo. Kuhlanganiswe namathuluzi okuqapha inqubo yesikhathi sangempela, lawa masu okucwenga uwoyela amhlophe aqinisekisa ukuthi izidingo zezimakethe zokugcoba ezidliwayo kanye nezezimboni ziyahlangatshezwa ngokuthembekile.
Imishini Yokuqapha Inqubo Esezingeni Eliphezulu Ekukhiqizeni Uwoyela Wokugcoba
Ukukhiqizwa kwamafutha okugcoba kwanamuhla kudinga ukulawula okungapheli kuzo zonke izigaba, ikakhulukazi njengoba imininingwane yomkhiqizo iqina futhi imigomo yokusebenza kahle ikhuphuka. Amathuluzi okuqapha inqubo abalulekile manje afaka amamitha obuningi obungaphakathi, ama-viscometer angaphakathi, kanye nezinzwa zokushisa ezinembile kakhulu—ngokuvamile ezihlanganiswa ngqo emifudlaneni yenqubo ukuze kutholakale idatha engenamthungo, ngesikhathi sangempela. Lawa mathuluzi akha umgogodla wokuzenzakalela kwenqubo okuqinile, okuvumela ukulungiswa okunembile nokuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo ngokushesha nje lapho kuvela ukuphambuka.
Amamitha okuqina komugqa, njengalawo akhiqizwa yiLonnmeter, avame ukufakwa ezindaweni ezibalulekile zenqubo. Ekuhluzweni okungahluziwe, idatha yokuqina kwesikhathi sangempela yenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa, okuvumela opharetha ukuthi bandise isivuno futhi banciphise ukucubungula ngokweqile noma ngaphansi. Ngesikhathi sokukhishwa nokuhlanganiswa kwe-solvent, ukulinganiswa kokuqina kugcina amazinga omkhiqizo ahambisanayo futhi kusekela ukutholakala okusheshayo kwezinto ezingacacisiwe. Ama-viscometer angaphakathi anezela olunye ungqimba lokulawula, elinganisa ngqo i-viscosity—isici esiyinhloko esichaza ukuziphatha kokusetshenziswa kokugcina kanye nokuqina kwama-lubricant. Izinzwa zokushisa, uma zixhunywe nalawa madivayisi, zivumela isinxephezelo sokushintsha kwempahla ebonakalayo ebangelwa ukushisa, okuqinisekisa ukufundwa okunenjongo nokuthembekile ngaphansi kwazo zonke izimo zokusebenza.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwala mathuluzi ayinhloko kuveza uhlelo lokuphendula oluvaliwe. Isibonelo, njengoba umfudlana kawoyela ucutshungulwa ngokusebenzisa i-hydroisomerization dewaxing, ubuningi obungaphakathi kanye nokufundwa kwe-viscosity kubonisa umsebenzi we-catalyst futhi kwembule inqubekela phambili yokuguqulwa kwesakhiwo okufunwayo. Ukwehla okungazelelwe kobuningi noma ukushintsha kwe-viscosity kubonisa ngqo ushintsho lwesigaba noma ushintsho ekubunjweni kwe-hydrocarbon, okungenzeka kuhlobene nezinguquko ekusebenzeni kwe-catalyst noma ekuthuthukisweni kokungcola. Abasebenzi bangaphendula ngokulungiswa kwenqubo ngokushesha—ukulungisa amazinga okuphakelayo, amazinga okushisa, noma ngisho nokuvuselela noma ukufaka esikhundleni ama-catalyst e-dewaxing—ngokusekelwe kuphela kulezi zimpawu zenzwa.
Ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa ubuningi obuqhubekayo bubonakalise bunomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula nokugcina ukuhambisana komkhiqizo. Ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kuvumela impendulo esheshayo ngesikhathi sokukhipha i-gum, ukususa ukungcola, nokuxuba. Izinguquko ezicashile zobuningi zingadalula ukuba khona kwezinsini ezisele noma amanzi, okubangela ukuhlukaniswa okuqondile noma ukulungiswa kwenqubo ngaphambi kokuba ukungcola kuthinte amavolumu amakhulu e-batch. Ngokususa ukuthembela ekuhlolweni kwesampula okusekelwe elabhorethri ngezikhathi ezithile, lezi zinhlelo zezinzwa zinciphisa kakhulu isikhathi sokungasebenzi kwenqubo, zinciphise ukuphazamiseka kokusebenza, futhi zinciphise izingozi zamaphutha abantu ezibonakala ngezindlela ezenziwe ngesandla.
Isici esibalulekile salezi zinhlelo yikhono lazo lokubekezelela ubunzima bezimo zokucwenga. Amamitha okuqina angaphakathi avame ukusebenzisa izimiso zezinzwa eziqinile—njengethubhu elidlidlizayo noma amasu okumunca i-gamma—abekezelela ukucindezela okuphezulu, izinga lokushisa eliguquguqukayo, kanye namakhemikhali agqwalisayo atholakala kuyo yonke indawo yokucwenga uwoyela. Asebenza ngaphandle kokugcinwa isikhathi eside, inzuzo ebalulekile ezindaweni zokukhiqiza ubusuku nemini. Idatha evela kulezi zinsimbi ihlangana ngqo nezinhlelo zokulawula izitshalo, isekela ukulawulwa kwenqubo okuzenzakalelayo kanye nokuqapha okuphakathi. Leli khono linciphisa isidingo sokungenelela ngesandla futhi lisekela ukuqapha okukude, okubalulekile emisebenzini emikhulu enezimpahla ezisatshalalisiwe.
Uma kuhlanganiswa, ukusetshenziswa kwamamitha okuqina angaphakathi, ama-viscometer, kanye nezinzwa zokushisa kwakha isisekelo sokukhiqizwa kwamafutha okugcoba okuthembekile nokufanelekile. Imiphumela yabo yedatha ehlanganisiwe, yesikhathi sangempela iqhuba ukwenziwa ngcono kwenqubo okuqhubekayo, ukuqondiswa kwebanga lomkhiqizo okuzenzakalelayo, kanye nokutholakala ngokushesha kokungcola noma ukuphazamiseka kwenqubo. Ekugcineni, lobu buchwepheshe busekela ukuhambisana komkhiqizo okucwengisisiwe, bukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokucwengisisa, futhi buthuthukisa ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kuzo zonke izigaba zokukhiqizwa kwamafutha okugcoba.
Amasu Okuthuthukisa Inqubo: Kusukela Ekuqapheni Kwesikhathi Sangempela Kuya Kumikhiqizo Efanelekayo
Ukulawulwa kwe-closed-loop, okuvunyelwe ukulinganisa okuqhubekayo, kubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono inqubo ekuhlanzeni uwoyela omhlophe kanye nokususa i-hydroisomerization dewaxing. Amamitha obuningi obungaphakathi kusuka eLonnmeter afakwa ngqo kumapayipi noma kuma-reactor, ahlinzeka ngemithombo yedatha yesikhathi sangempela kubuningi boketshezi. Lokhu kusabela okusheshayo kubalulekile ekulungisweni okuguquguqukayo kwamazinga okuphakelayo, ukulinganisa i-catalyst, kanye nokushisa ngaphakathi kwamayunithi afana nama-reactor e-hydroisomerization noma amakholomu e-solvent dewaxing. Abaqhubi kanye nezinhlelo ezenzakalelayo bangagcina umsebenzi we-catalyst, bavimbele ukusabela okungathandeki okungathandeki, futhi baqinisekise ukugeleza okuzinzile kuyo yonke inqubo, baqinisekise isivuno esizinzile ngokungenelela okuncishisiwe ngesandla. Ikhono lokulungisa kahle lezi ziguquguquko zokusebenza landisa kokubili ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza kanye nokuvumelana komkhiqizo, okubalulekile njengoba amazinga okulawula eqina futhi izidingo zemakethe zishintsha.
Ukulinganisa okuqhubekayo kusetshenziswa amamitha okuqina angaphakathi kanye ne-viscosity kuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhiwo zomkhiqizo zihlala ngaphakathi kwezidingo eziqondiwe. Kukhona ubudlelwano obuqondile, obuhle phakathi kokuqina kanye ne-kinematic viscosity kumafutha okugcoba lapho amazinga okushisa okucubungula engaguquki. Ukuqapha la mapharamitha ngesikhathi sangempela kuvumela abakhiqizi ukuthi bafinyelele amazinga e-viscosity afunwayo njalo, bathuthukise ukusebenza kokugeleza okubandayo, futhi balondoloze ukucaca—okubalulekile kumafutha amhlophe asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zobuhle, zemithi, kanye nokudla. Isibonelo, uma idatha yokuqina ithambekela phezulu kunemingcele ebekiwe, i-viscosity ivame ukukhuphuka nayo, okubonisa uhlelo ukuthi lulungise izimo zokushisa noma ze-catalyst ukuze kubuyiselwe ukuhambisana komkhiqizo. Ukulawulwa kwempahla okunjalo kuvikela ekungahambelani nokulahlekelwa komkhiqizo, ngenkathi kusabela ngokushesha ekushintsheni kwekhwalithi yesitokwe sokudla noma ukuphazamiseka kokusebenza.
Ukuxhumana okuzenzakalelayo kanye nokulawula okusekelwe ekulinganisweni okuqhubekayo kobuningi kanye ne-viscosity nakho kuqinisekisa ukususwa kokungcola okuqinile, ikakhulukazi okuqondiswe ezingxenyeni ezifana nama-wax nezinsini. Inqubo yokususa i-gum, ebalulekile ekususeni ama-phospholipid, kanye nenqubo yokususa i-dewaxing, eqondisa ama-hydrocarbon anezinga eliphezulu lokuncibilika, kokubili kuzuza kakhulu ekuqaphelweni okuqhubekayo. Ukususwa kahle kwalokhu kungcola kuvimbela ukwakheka kwemikhiqizo engazinzile noma efiphele futhi kugcina ukusebenza kahle kwe-catalyst. Isibonelo, ukulandelela ubuningi obungaphazanyiswa ezigabeni ezibalulekile zokuhlanza kuvumela ukuhlonza ukuhlukaniswa okungaphelele noma ukungcola kwenqubo, okubangela ukwenziwa kabusha kokwenziwa ngokushesha okunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi futhi kusekele ukuphuma kahle.
Okubalulekile, ukususwa kwe-wax kanye nezinsini kuhlobene kakhulu nokusebenza kahle kwenqubo. Ukuqongelela kwalezi zinto kungaholela ekuhlanzweni kwemishini njalo ngisho nasekucinyweni kwe-catalyst, kokubili okwandisa izindleko zokusebenza kanye nesikhathi sokungasebenzi. Ngokuhlanganisa imishini yokuqapha inqubo yesikhathi sangempela yeLonnmeter kuwo wonke amayunithi okususa i-gum kanye ne-dewaxing, izindawo zokuhlanza zingathola ukungcola ngaphambi kokuba kufinyelele ekugxilweni okuyinkinga, zisekele ngqo ukukhiqizwa kwamafutha okugcoba okufanelekile futhi zandise impilo yokusebenza kwemishini ebalulekile. Ngakho-ke ukulinganiswa kobuningi obuphakathi kuba yitshe lesisekelo lokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, ukulawulwa kokugcina kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo, kanye nokufeza ukulethwa okuqhubekayo kwamafutha okuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke kanye nezidingo ezithile zemakethe zokucaca komkhiqizo, inkomba ye-viscosity, kanye nezakhiwo zokugeleza okubandayo.
Ngokusebenzisa amathuluzi okuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela, ikakhulukazi amamitha obuningi angaphakathi, abahlanzi bathola izinzuzo ezinkulu ezenzakalelayo, ukuphendula, kanye nomkhiqizo ofanelekile, ekugcineni baqinisekisa ukuthi yonke inqwaba ihlangabezana nemininingwane ngenkathi benciphisa amandla, i-catalyst, kanye nokuchitheka kwezinto.
Ukuqinisekiswa Kwekhwalithi kanye Nezinzuzo Zokungaguquguquki Komkhiqizo
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi obuqhubekayo nesikhathi sangempela sekubalulekile ekuqinisekisweni kwekhwalithi kanye nokuvumelana komkhiqizo kuwo wonke uwoyela omhlophe kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamafutha okugcoba. Amamitha obuningi obuqondile, njengalawo avela eLonnmeter, ahlinzeka ngemithombo yedatha engaphazanyiswa, okwenza opharetha bakwazi ukuhlola ngokushesha nokulungisa izinqubo. Amanani obuningi obufanayo, alinganiswa kulo lonke i-batch noma kulo lonke ukukhiqizwa okuqhubekayo, asekela ngokuqondile ukuhambisana kwe-batch-to-batch—isidingo esiyinhloko samafutha okugcoba asezingeni eliphezulu kanye namafutha amhlophe ebanga lemithi.
Le datha yesikhathi sangempela yakha umgogodla womkhiqizo oqhubekayo. Ngesikhathi sobuchwepheshe obubalulekile bokucwenga uwoyela omhlophe—kufaka phakathi i-hydroisomerization dewaxing kanye nenqubo yokususa ukungcola—ubuningi kumele bulawulwe ngokuqinile ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nencazelo. Isibonelo, uma ukuphambuka kobuningi kutholwa ngesikhathi sokususa i-hydrocarbon dewaxing, opharetha bangalungisa ngokushesha izinga lokushisa noma ukugxila kwe-catalyst, okusiza ukuvimbela i-viscosity engaphandle kwe-spec noma ukwakheka okungaphandle kwebanga. Lokhu kusekela isitifiketi somkhiqizo esisheshayo, kunciphisa ingozi yokubuyiselwa emuva, futhi kusheshise ukuthunyelwa ngokunikeza ubufakazi besikhathi sangempela bokuthi yonke into ihambisana nezindinganiso ezibekiwe ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwamafutha okugcoba okufanelekile.
Ukulinganisa ubuningi obuqhubekayo kusekela nokulawula ukuqina kwe-viscosity emishinini yokuqapha inqubo ethuthukisiwe yokucwenga uwoyela. Ngenxa yokuthi ukuqina kwe-viscosity kanye nobuningi kuxhumene kakhulu—ikakhulukazi ngemva kwezinyathelo ezibalulekile njengokususa i-dewaxing noma ukususa i-gumming—ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kuvumela ukwenziwa ngcono kwenqubo. Ukulinganisa kwesikhathi sangempela kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwezinto ezingacacisiwe, kunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwesivuno ngokuxuba noma ukusebenza kabusha, futhi kusekela ukuhambisana nezidingo zomthetho eziqinile kanye nezabasebenzisi bokugcina zokulawula ikhwalithi kawoyela nowoyela omhlophe.
Abaqhubi basebenzisa idatha yesikhathi sangempela evela kumamitha angaphakathi ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa komkhiqizo nokuxuba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo ethunyelwe noma ethunyelwe ihlangabezana nezindinganiso zemakethe ze-viscosity index, umbala, kanye nobumsulwa. Esikhundleni sokuthembela ekuhlaziyweni kwelebhu okwenziwa njalo, ukulinganisa okuqhubekayo ngamathuluzi e-Lonnmeter kunikeza impendulo esheshayo. Isibonelo, lapho ubuningi bamafutha okugcoba bukhuphuka ngaphandle kwefasitela lenqubo elilindelekile—mhlawumbe ngenxa yokungalingani kwama-catalyst okususa i-dewaxing noma ukuhlukahluka kokudla okungalindelekile—izenzo zokulungisa inqubo ziyenzeka, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo wokugcina uhlala ulungele imakethe.
Ezindaweni zokucwenga ezenzakalelayo nezesimanje, ukuhlanganiswa kokuqapha ubuningi kanye ne-viscosity ekulawuleni okuvaliwe kwenza abacwengi bakwazi ukulungisa izimo ngokushesha futhi balondoloze ikhwalithi yokukhipha ehambisanayo. Izindlela ezinjalo azigcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi, kodwa futhi zithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokucwenga, zinciphisa ukungenelela ngesandla, futhi zisheshise ukukhishwa kwamafutha aqediwe emakethe, okusiza ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zamakhasimende nezomthetho ezishintsha ngokushesha zokuhlanzeka nokusebenza.
Ngakho-ke ukushintshela ekulinganisweni okuqhubekayo, okuqondile kubaluleke kakhulu ekusekeleni ukwenziwa ngcono kwenqubo, ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa okungacacisiwe, ukusekela ukususwa kokungcola ekuhlanzweni kwamafutha, kanye nokuletha ukuhambisana komkhiqizo kumafutha okugcoba namafutha amhlophe afunwa yizicelo zemithi, izimonyo, kanye nezimboni.
imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
Kuyini i-hydroisomerization dewaxing futhi kungani kubalulekile ekugcobeni ukukhiqizwa kwamafutha?
Ukususa i-dewaxing nge-hydroisomerization kuyinqubo eshintsha ama-paraffin amade, aqondile (avamile) akhona ezingxenyeni zikawoyela one-wax. Ngokusebenzisa ukuguqulwa kwe-catalytic, lawa ma-paraffin aguqulwa abe ama-isoparaffin ahlanganisiwe. Lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu amaphuzu okuphuma kanye namafu kawoyela oyisisekelo, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukisa ukufaneleka kwawo ekukhiqizeni uwoyela okugcobayo—ikakhulukazi emikhiqizweni okumele isebenze ngokwethembeka emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Ukususa i-waxing kubalulekile ngoba kwenza kube lula ukukhiqizwa kwamafutha okugcoba amelana nokuqina ezindaweni ezibandayo, kusekela ukusebenza okuphezulu kanye nokuzinza ngenkathi kukhulisa isivuno kanye nokugcina imininingwane yomkhiqizo edingekayo.
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi okuqhubekayo kuthuthukisa kanjani ukusebenza kahle kokucwenga ekukhiqizweni kwamafutha amhlophe?
Ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa ubuningi obuqhubekayo buqapha ubuningi boketshezi ngesikhathi sangempela ngaphakathi kwemigqa yenqubo. Ngokunikeza impendulo esheshayo neqhubekayo, opharetha bangalungisa ngokushesha izimo zokusebenza ukuze kulawulwe inqubo efanele. Lokhu kuholela ekuhambisaneni okungcono kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo, ukusetshenziswa kahle kwezinsizakusebenza, kanye nokuphendula okusheshayo lapho kuvela ukuphambuka—njengokushintsha ukwakheka kwe-feedstock noma ukungcola ngengozi. Ukususwa kokuthatha amasampula ngesandla kwandisa ukukhishwa futhi kunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi, kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle okuphelele ekuhlanzeni uwoyela omhlophe. Izinhlelo ezihlonyiswe ngamamitha obuningi angaphakathi, njengalawo akhiqizwa yiLonnmeter, zidlala indima ebalulekile ekufezeni le miphumela ngokuqinisekisa amaphrofayili obuningi aqondile, azenzakalelayo kuzo zonke izigaba zokuhlanza. Ukulandelela ubuningi besikhathi sangempela kusiza ekuxubeni, ekuhlukaniseni, nasekudluliseni imisebenzi yomkhiqizo, ukunciphisa izehlakalo ezingacacisiwe kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuzinza kwesivuno.
Kungani ukulawula i-viscosity kubalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwamafutha okugcoba asezingeni eliphezulu?
Ukuqina kuchaza ukuziphatha kokugeleza kanye namandla efilimu yokuvikela amafutha okugcoba. Ukugcina ukuqina okuqondile, okuqondiwe kuqinisekisa ukuthi uwoyela uzohlinzeka ngokugcoba okudingekayo ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa ahlukahlukene kanye nokucindezeleka komshini. Uma ukuqina kwehla, ukugcoba kungase kungasebenzi, okubangela umonakalo wemishini; uma kuphakama kakhulu, kwenzeka ukulahlekelwa amandla futhi ukugeleza kungasebenzi kahle. Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kokuqina kwenza ukulungiswa kwenqubo ngokushesha, kusiza abakhiqizi ukuba bahambisane nezindinganiso eziqinile futhi banikeze ukugcoba okuqhubekayo, okusebenza kahle kakhulu. Amamitha okuqina angaphakathi ahlinzekwa yi-Lonnmeter avumela ukulandelela nokulungisa ngesikhathi sangempela, okusekela kokubili ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kanye nokuhambisana namazinga okusebenza embonini.
Iyiphi indima edlalwa yi-degumming ekhwalithini iyonke yamafutha amhlophe acwengisisiwe?
Ukususa i-gum kuyisinyathelo esiyisisekelo sokuhlanza ekuhlanzeni uwoyela omhlophe, okuhloswe ngaso ama-phospholipid nama-ion ensimbi angase aphazamise ukucaca kwamafutha, ukuzinza, kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside. Uma kungalashwa, lokhu kungcola kukhuthaza ukuwohloka futhi kuphazamise uwoyela, kuphazamise ukucubungula okusezansi kanye nokusebenza kokusetshenziswa kokugcina. Amasu afana namanzi, i-asidi, noma ukususa i-enzyme kususa lokhu kungcola, okuholela emikhiqizweni engenambala futhi ezinzile. Ukuhlaziywa okunembile, kwesikhathi sangempela—okufezwe ngamathuluzi okuqapha inqubo yesimanje—kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kokususa i-gum futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukungcola akuqhubeki ngezigaba zokuhlanzwa kamuva.
Imishini yokuqapha izinqubo inegalelo kanjani ekususweni kokungcola ekuhlanzweni kwamafutha?
Imishini yokuqapha inqubo yesimanje—kufaka phakathi amamitha okuqina angaphakathi kanye namamitha okungcola—ivumela ukulinganisa okusheshayo, okungaphazamisi ukungcola okufana ne-wax kanye nezinsini njengoba zithuthuka kuyo yonke inqubo yokucwenga uwoyela. Lawa mathuluzi ahlinzeka ngempendulo esheshayo ebalulekile ekugcineni izimo zenqubo ezifanele kanye nokususa ukungcola ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuba kuthinte ikhwalithi yokugcina yomkhiqizo. Ngokuhlanganisa imishini enjalo, abahlanzi bangafinyelela ekususweni kokungcola okuphumelelayo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukukhiqizwa, okuholela ezindinganisweni eziphakeme njalo kanye nomkhiqizo ozinzile. Izixazululo zokulinganisa ezingaphakathi zeLonnmeter zibalulekile ekulandeleleni ukungcola ngesikhathi sangempela futhi zengeza inani elibalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono inqubo kanye nokuqinisekiswa komkhiqizo wokugcina okufanelekile.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 15-2025
