Ukulinganisa ubuningi obuqondile obuqondile kubalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwe-acetonitrile (methyl cyanide). Ukuguquguquka okuphezulu kwe-Acetonitrile kanye nokuxubana okuphelele namanzi kuyinkimbinkimbi yokuhlukanisa, okudinga idatha eqhubekayo yokubuyisa i-solvent enembile kanye nokwenza ngcono isivuno.
Ubuningi bamakhemikhali angaphakathi kunciphisa amaqoqo angaphandle kwe-spec kanye nokulahlekelwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo ezindaweni zokukhiqiza eziqhubekayo. Ukulinganisa kwesikhathi sangempela kubalulekile ekuqinisekisweni kwekhwalithi ye-API, ukubuyiselwa kwe-solvent okuphumelelayo, kanye nokunciphisa umthelela wemvelo ovela ekuphathweni komkhiqizo we-neonicotinoids.
Yini i-Neonicotinoids
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Ukugeleza Kwenquboof Ai-cetonitrileUkukhiqizwa
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-acetonitrile (i-methyl cyanide) yezimboni kuncike ezindleleni ezintathu eziyinhloko: ukusabela kokujiya, ukufakelwa kwe-nucleophilic, kanye nokushintshaniswa kwe-ester. Indlela enkulu ingumkhiqizo ophumayo wokukhiqizwa kwe-acrylonitrile, okudinga ukuhluzwa kwengxenye ukuze kuhlukaniswe. Ukujiya okuqondile kwe-acetaldehyde nge-ammonia nomoya phezu kwe-bismuth molybdate kukhiqiza i-acetonitrile, kodwa kubalwa isabelo esincane ngenxa yesivuno esiphansi.
Ukushintshaniswa kwe-nucleophilic kusebenzisa ama-haloethane nama-cyanide, okunikeza i-CH₃CH₂CN, kodwa akuvamile ngezinga ngenxa yezingozi ze-feedstock kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko okuphansi. Ukushintshaniswa kwe-Ester, njenge-methanolysis ye-acetamide, kunesivuno esiphansi sezimboni. Iphuzu lokubilisa le-Acetonitrile (81.6°C) kanye nokuxubana okugcwele ngokuhlukaniswa kwenselele yamanzi—ukulinganisa ubuningi obungaphakathi kwe-inline kuthuthukisa izigaba zokuphinda kusetshenziswe kanye nokuhlanza.
I-Acetonitrile ibhekwa njenge-solvent ye-polar aprotic ekuhlanganisweni kwe-organic intermediate kanye ne-API, enezindima ezibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid. Ukuphathwa kwe-solvent okunembile kwandisa ubumsulwa, isivuno, kanye nokuphepha ekusetshenzisweni kabusha kwe-crystallization kanye nokucubungula okulandelayo.
Ukuqapha UbuningiIzinselelekuAi-cetonitrileUkukhiqizwa
I-kinetics yenqubo esheshayo ekukhiqizweni kwe-acetonitrile idinga ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela ukuphatha amazinga okusabela okusheshayo kanye nama-intermediate angesikhathi esifushane. Izindlela zokusabela kokuqiniswa, njengalezo ezisezindleleni zokufaka i-ammoxidation, zidinga impendulo esheshayo ngenxa yokuzwela kokushisa kanye nokucindezela. Izitsha zokudla eziguquguqukayo ezivela emithonjeni evuselelekayo kanye neyasendulo zethula ukushintshashintsha kokuhlushwa kwe-methyl cyanide, okuthinta izinyathelo ezingezansi. Ukulinganiswa kobuningi obuphakathi kuthola lezi zinguquko ngokushesha, kugcina amazinga okuhlosiwe ngisho nokungcola kwe-bioethanol noma i-ammonia.
Ukulawulwa okuqondile kwe-solvent kubalulekile ezinyathelweni zokuphinda kusetshenziswe i-crystallization ukuze kube nobumsulwa, njengoba ukuxubana okugcwele kwe-acetonitrile namanzi kuphazamisa kalula ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa ngo-5–10%. I-acetonitrile enembile njenge-solvent ye-polar aprotic ibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwezinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid, lapho ukuphambuka okungu-0.5% ekugxilweni kunganciphisa isivuno somkhiqizo ngamaphesenti angu-3. Ukulinganisa okuqondile kuvimbela amaqoqo angaphandle kwe-spec ezinhlelweni zokugeleza okuqhubekayo, kunciphisa imfucuza ye-solvent ngamaphesenti angu-8 futhi kunciphisa izehlakalo zokucubungula kabusha ezingezansi.
izakhiwo zamakhemikhali zezinambuzane ezivamile ze-neonicotinoid
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Amasu Okulinganisa Ubuningi Obungaphakathi
Amamitha okuqina angaphakathi njenge-vibrating tube kanye nezinzwa ezisekelwe ku-Coriolis ziletha idatha eqhubekayo, yesikhathi sangempela ekugxilweni kwe-acetonitrile ngesikhathi sokwenziwa kwezinto eziphilayo. Amamitha okuqina kwamakhemikhali avela ku-Lonnmeter ahlobene ngqo nezakhiwo zomzimba ze-acetonitrile, asekela ukuzenzekela ngaphandle kokuthatha isampula ngesandla. Lezi zinzwa ezingaphakathi zisebenza ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa ezinamandla kanye nokugeleza okuvamile ekusabeleni komoya kanye nezinqubo zokushintshana kwe-nucleophilic.
Amamitha okuqina kweshubhu elidlidlizayo alinganisa umfudlana ophakathi, ahlinzeka ngokunemba okungu-±0.001 g/cm³ ngisho nangama-compounds aguquguqukayo njenge-acetonitrile. Amathuluzi e-Coriolis anikeza ukuqina okuphindwe kabili kanye nempendulo yokugeleza. Womabili amelana namazinga okushisa avame ukusuka ku--20°C kuya ku-120°C kanye nokucindezela kwamapayipi okufika ku-3 Mpa. Lawa madivayisi agcina ubuqotho benqubo lapho ephatha ukuguquguquka okuphezulu kwe-acetonitrile kanye nokungahlangani ngokuphelele ngamanzi.
Ukulinganisa okuqondile okuqondile kuthuthukisa izilinganiso zokudla ekushintsheni kwe-nucleophilic, kuvala ama-feedback loops ekushintshisaneni kwe-ester, futhi kunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwesivuno kusuka kuma-batches angaphandle kwe-spec. Ukuqapha okuqondile kuvumela futhi ukukhiqizwa kwe-API okuqinile futhi kusekela izidingo zobumsulwa obuqinile ekuhlanganisweni kwemithi kanye ne-neonicotinoid.
Izinzuzo Zokuhlanganisa Amamitha Okugxila/Ubuningi Obusemgqeni
Amamitha okuqina komugqa avumela ukutholakala ngokushesha kokuphambuka kwenqubo ekukhiqizweni kwe-acetonitrile, kusekela ubumsulwa obuqhubekayo kanye nokunciphisa ukubambezeleka kokulungiswa. Ukulinganiswa komugqa wesikhathi sangempela kugcina izakhiwo eziqondile ze-acetonitrile ezidingekayo ukuze kutholakale ukusabela okunembile kokujiya kanye nokufakwa esikhundleni kwe-nucleophilic. Ukulawulwa kokuhlushwa okuqhubekayo kuvimbela umkhiqizo ongekho ku-spec ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwe-methyl cyanide, kunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwezinto ngo-15% uma kuqhathaniswa nokusampula okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi.
Amathuluzi angaphakathi e-Lonnmeter ahlangana nezimo zenqubo ezinzima, agcina umkhiqizo othembekile ngesikhathi sokusabela okusheshayo kokushintshana kwe-ester noma izigaba ezicebile nge-solvent. Ukuqapha okuthuthukisiwe ngesikhathi sezinyathelo zokuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha kuvikela ubumsulwa bomkhiqizo, okuvumela ukwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo ukuthi kufinyelele isivuno esingaphezu kuka-98%. Ukugeleza kwedatha okunembile kwazisa ukuphathwa okuqinile kwe-solvent, kunciphisa ingozi yokungcola ekukhiqizweni kwezithako ezisebenzayo zemithi (API).
Ekuhlanganisweni kwezinambuzane ze-neonicotinoids, amazinga e-acetonitrile azinzile athuthukisa isivuno sokusabela futhi acindezele ukwakheka komkhiqizo ongafuneki. Ukulinganisa okuqondile kunciphisa ukulahleka kwemvelo okuhlobene nokukhiqizwa kwe-neonicotinoid ngokunikeza ukulandelela okunembile kwe-solvent, ukusiza ukuhambisana nemizamo kanye nokusimama.
Xazulula Izinselele Zobuningi Be-Inline in Ai-cetonitrilePukwakhiwa
Cela ikhotheshini eyenzelwe wena ukuxazulula izinselele zokulinganisa ubuningi obungaphakathi komugqa nokuqinisa ukulawula ekukhiqizweni kwe-acetonitrile, kufaka phakathi izakhiwo nokusetshenziswa kwe-methyl cyanide, ukusetshenziswa kwe-polar aprotic solvent, kanye nezidingo zemvelo zezinqubo ze-neonicotinoid.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Jan-27-2026
