Isingeniso Senqubo Yokulungiselela Isitshalo Samalahle
Inqubo yokulungiselela isitshalo samalahle iqukethe uchungechunge lwezinyathelo ezenzelwe ukuthuthukisa amalahle aluhlaza ngaphambi kokulethwa emakethe. Amalahle afika esitshalweni axutshwe nezinto ezingafuneki njengedwala, umlotha, nesibabule. Umgomo oyinhloko ukususa lokhu kungcola, kukhiqizwe umkhiqizo wamalahle oyigugu, ohlanzekile ofanele ukukhiqizwa kukagesi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimboni.
Ukuphathwa nokulungiswa kwamalahleimisebenzi yezitshalo iqala ngokuphathwa kwamalahle, lapho izinto zithuthwa khona, zigcinwe, futhi zilinganiswe. Izinyathelo zenqubo yokulungiselela amalahle ngokuvamile zifaka phakathi ukuhlolwa, ukuchoboza, ukuhlanza, kanye nokuhlukanisa. Isigaba ngasinye sihlose ukungcola okuthile noma sigxile ekulinganisweni ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukucubungula okungezansi.
Isici esibalulekile sokucubungula amalahle ukuhlukaniswa kwamalahle. Lesi sinyathelo sisebenzisa izakhiwo ezibonakalayo—ikakhulukazi ubuningi—ukuhlukanisa amalahle ku-gangue. I-Gangue ibhekisela kumaminerali angewona amalahle axutshwe ekudleni okuluhlaza, okumele asuswe ukuze kuthuthukiswe inani lama-calories futhi kuncishiswe ukungcola. Ukusebenza kahle kokususwa kwama-gangue ekucubungulweni kwamalahle kuncike kakhulu ekulawulweni kobuningi obuqondile emithonjeni yokuhlukanisa.
Ukulinganisa ubuningi kubaluleke kakhulu kuyo yonke imisebenzi yenqubo yokuwasha amalahle. Ukugcina ubuningi bokumiswa obufanele kuqinisekisa ukuthi amasu okuhlukanisa, njengokuhlukaniswa okuphakathi nendawo, asebenza kahle.imitha yobuningi eku-inthanethiukungcola kwamalahle kuvumela abaqhubi ukuthi baqaphe futhi balawule indawo, banciphise ukulahleka kwamalahle ahlanzekile kanye nemfucuza.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwemidiya Enzima
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Ubuchwepheshe bamalahle ahlanzekile kanye nezindinganiso zenqubo yokukhiqiza amalahle ahlanzekile zidinga umkhiqizo ohambisanayo nosezingeni eliphezulu. Ukuphathwa kobuningi obuqondile kuholela ekuhlukanisweni okuthuthukisiwe, okuholela ekuvuneni okuphezulu kwamalahle ahlanzekile kanye nokulahlwa okuncane kwezingxenyana ezivuthayo. Inqubo yokuzuza amalahle kanye nomklamo wesitshalo sokuwasha amalahle kuhlanganiswa kakhulu nezinhlelo zokulinganisa ubuningi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukulawula.
Amagama abalulekile asetshenziswa emisebenzini yezitshalo zokulungisa amalahle afaka:
- I-Gangue: Amaminerali namatshe angashi axutshwe namalahle angavuthiwe.
- Amalahle ahlanzekile: Umkhiqizo ngemva kokususwa ngempumelelo kokungcola, kanye nokuqukethwe komlotha nesibabule okuncishisiwe.
- Ukuhlukaniswa kwamalahle: Amasu asetshenziswa ukuhlukanisa amalahle ku-gangue ngokusekelwe ezicini ezifana nobuningi.
Izindlela zokucubungula amalahle ezisebenzayo manje zisebenzisa imishini ehlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa izindlu zangasese ezixineneyo, izikrini, kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula ezenzakalelayo. Ukulungiswa kwamalahle okuphumelelayo kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwezitshalo, ukuthobela imithethonqubo yezemvelo, kanye nokuthengiseka okuthuthukisiwe komkhiqizo wamalahle.
Izisekelo Zokumiswa Okuphakathi Okunesisindo Esindayo
Ukumiswa okuphakathi nendawo okunamandla kuyitshe lesisekelo senqubo yokulungiselela isitshalo samalahle, okuvumela ukuhlukaniswa kahle kwamalahle kusuka ku-gangue nokunye ukungcola. Le ndlela isebenzisa isimiso sokuthi izinto zobuningi obuhlukene zizoziphatha kahle uma zicwiliswa endaweni ewuketshezi enobukhulu obuphakathi nendawo.
Incazelo kanye nendima ekuhlukanisweni kwamalahle
Ezitshalweni zokuphatha nokulungisa amalahle, ukumiswa okuphakathi okunamandla kuyingxube yoketshezi—ngokuvamile amanzi axutshwe namaminerali aqinile aqoshiwe—okusetshenziselwa ukudala ubuningi obuthile bodaka. Amalahle aluhlaza afakwa ekumisweni, lapho amalahle aphansi entanta khona, kanye nama-gangue anesisindo esiphezulu. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kobuningi kwakha isisekelo samasu okuhlukanisa amalahle futhi kusekelwe ubuchwepheshe banamuhla bamalahle ahlanzekile, okuvumela ukususwa okukhethiwe kwezinto ezingafuneki kanye nokuthuthukisa isivuno senqubo yokukhiqiza amalahle ahlanzekile. Ukwahlukana okuphakathi okuqinile kubhekwa njengesinyathelo esibalulekile senqubo yokuwasha amalahle, okwandisa ukubuyiswa kwamalahle ayigugu ngezindlela zokucubungula amalahle eziklanywe kahle.
Izinhlobo Zokusetshenziswa Okuphakathi
Ukumiswa kweMagnetiteiyindlela evame kakhulu yokusebenza kwenqubo yokuhlanza amalahle. I-Magnetite, iminerali eqinile futhi engasebenzisi amakhemikhali, igaywa kahle bese ilenga emanzini. I-slurry ephumayo inikeza ubuningi obulungisekayo, ngokuvamile phakathi kuka-1.3 no-1.8 g/cm³, efanelekile ekuhlukaniseni ngempumelelo izingxenyana ezahlukene zamalahle kanye nokususwa kwe-gangue ekucubungulweni kwamalahle. Ukuqina kanye nokutholakala kabusha kwe-magnetite kwenza kube yinto efiselekayo ngokwezomnotho nangokusebenza ekwakhiweni kwesitshalo sokuwasha amalahle, kanye nabahlukanisi bamagnetic abaphinda basebenzise i-magnetite ukuze isetshenziswe ngokuphindaphindiwe.
Ezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo ziye zasetshenziswa ezimweni ezikhethekile, njenge-ferrosilicon, i-galena, noma i-barite, yize lezi zingavamile ngenxa yezindleko eziphakeme noma imikhawulo yokusebenza. Ukukhetha indlela yokuxhumana kuncike ezinhlosweni zezitshalo, ezomnotho zenqubo, kanye nobubanzi bobuningi obudingekayo.
Izakhiwo Ezibonakalayo Ezihlobene Nokusebenza Kwenqubo
Ukusebenza kwenqubo yokulungiselela isitshalo sokuphatha amalahle kuncike ezicini eziningana ezibalulekile zomzimba zokumiswa okuphakathi nendawo esindayo:
- Ubuningi:Ubuningi be-medium (ρ) bulawulwa ngokunembile ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuhlukaniswa okukhethiwe. Abaqhubi bavame ukugcina i-ρ ngaphakathi kobubanzi obuncane, obuhambisana nobuningi bamalahle ahlanzekile kanye ne-gangue. Isibonelo, ubuningi obuphakathi obungu-1.5 g/cm³ buvumela amalahle (ubuningi ~1.2–1.5 g/cm³) ukuthi antante ngenkathi enqaba idwala eliqinile.
- Ukujiya:Ukuqina kokumiswa kuthinta i-kinetics yokuhlukanisa amalahle. Ukuqina okuphezulu kungaphazamisa ukunyakaza kwezinhlayiya futhi kunciphise ubukhali bokuhlukana, kuyilapho ukuqina okuphansi kwenza ukuhlukaniswa okusheshayo nokusebenzayo.
- Ukuzinza:Ukuqina okumaphakathi kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukuhlangana okusheshayo kwezinhlayiya eziminyene, okungashintsha ubuningi be-slurry obusebenzayo futhi kuphazamise ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa. Ukuqapha njalo, kusizwa imitha yobuningi be-inthanethi ye-slurry yamalahle njengeI-Lonnmeter, kusiza ukugcina izimo zokumiswa ezifanele.
- Ukusatshalaliswa Kosayizi Wezinhlayiyana:Izinhlayiya eziphakathi nendawo ezincane zinikeza ukuzinza okukhulu kodwa kungaba nzima ukuzibuyisela esimweni sazo ngempumelelo. Izinhlayiya eziqinile zihlala ngokushesha, zidinga ukulawulwa kwenqubo ngokucophelela kanye nokukhethwa kwemishini ekusebenzeni kwesitshalo sokucubungula amalahle.
Ukunemba ekuphatheni lezi zakhiwo ezibonakalayo kuchaza impumelelo yokwenziwa ngcono kwamalahle kanye nokuthembeka kwemisebenzi yezitshalo zokulungisa amalahle. Imishini yezitshalo zokuhlanza amalahle, okuhlanganisa neziphepho eziqinile, amabhavu, kanye nezigubhu, yenzelwe ukugcina izakhiwo ezifiselekayo eziphakathi nendawo, ukuqinisekisa ukuphindaphindeka kanye nokuqina kwezinyathelo zenqubo yokulungisa amalahle.
Isibonelo esijwayelekile ukusebenza kwesiphepho esiphakathi nendawo esiminyene: Ukudla kwamalahle kungena esiphepho, futhi ngaphansi kwamandla e-centrifugal, izinhlayiya ziyahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ekuxineni ekumisweni kwe-magnetite. Ukulungisa ukuminyana okuphakathi nendawo, ububanzi besiphepho, kanye nokucindezela kokudla kuvumela opharetha ukuthi bahlose osayizi abathile bokuhlukaniswa (d₅₀), bavumelanise ukusebenza kokuhlanza amalahle nezidingo zemakethe noma zezitshalo.
Ngokukhetha nokulawula ngobuhlakani izindawo ezisindayo eziphakathi nendawo, ukuwasha amalahle kanye nokuzuza kwawo kufinyelela ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, kusekela ubuchwepheshe bamalahle ahlanzekile kanye nokusebenza kwezitshalo okusimeme.
Ukubaluleka Kokulinganisa Ubuningi Obunembile
Ukugcina ubuningi bokumiswa obuqondile ezinyathelweni zenqubo yokulungiselela amalahle kubalulekile ukuze kusetshenziswe amasu okuhlukanisa amalahle asebenzayo kanye nokukhiqiza amalahle ahlanzekile aphezulu. Ukuphambuka okuncane—okuyi-0.01 g/cm³ kuphela—kungaholela ekulahlekelweni kwesivuno okungu-1–3% kanye nokuqukethwe komlotha kukhuphukela ku-0.5% kumkhiqizo wamalahle ahlanzekile. Ukunemba lapha kunquma indawo yokusika, okuchaza ukuthi izinhlayiya zibika yini emifuleni yamalahle noma yemfucuza. Ngakho-ke, ukulinganiswa kobuningi obuqondile kuthonya ngqo ukuthi izinto ze-gangue ezingafuneki zisuswa kanjani ngempumelelo ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhlanza amalahle kanye nemisebenzi yokuwasha.
Ukulawulwa kobuningi obunembile kunciphisa amaphutha okususwa kwe-gangue ekucutshungulweni kwamalahle, kukhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza. Uma ubuningi obuphakathi bubekwe phezulu kakhulu, amalahle ayigugu angalahlwa ngephutha njengodoti, kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwamalahle ahlanzekile kanye nokwanda kwemfucuza. Uma ubuningi buphansi kakhulu, ama-gangue amaningi aphelela emkhiqizweni wamalahle, akhuphule okuqukethwe komlotha futhi anciphise inani lomkhiqizo wobuchwepheshe bamalahle ahlanzekile. Imisebenzi yezitshalo zokulungiselela amalahle ezenzakalelayo ehlonyiswe ngemitha yobuningi eku-inthanethi ye-slurry yamalahle ifakazelwe ukuthi inciphisa amazinga okulahleka ngo-15-20%, ithuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza kanye nokugcina ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo izinzile.
Ukuphathwa kobuningi obuqondile kuyadingeka futhi ukuze kube nomthwalo wemfanelo wezemvelo ekuphathweni nasekulungisweni kwamalahle enkambisweni yesitshalo. Ukungcola okuncane kwe-gangue kunciphisa inani lemfucuza edinga ukuphathwa nokulahlwa, kuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yendawo futhi kunciphise ukuthinteka kwemvelo. Umkhiqizo wamalahle omsulwa kakhulu uholela ekunciphiseni ukungcola ngemuva kokusha, okuhambisana nemigomo yesimanje yenqubo yokukhiqiza amalahle ahlanzekile. Ubuningi obuzinzile buyasiza nasekulawuleni uthuli: lapho umlotha nezinhlawulo zihlukaniswa kahle futhi ziboshwe emifuleni kadoti, uthuli oluhamba emoyeni ngesikhathi sokuphathwa luyancipha, kunciphisa izingozi kubasebenzi kanye nendawo ezungezile.
Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi ukulinganiswa njalo kanye nokuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kobuningi bokumiswa emishinini yesitshalo sokucubungula amalahle kuvimbela ukukhukhuleka kobuningi, kugcina ukuhlushwa okuphakathi ngaphakathi kuka-±0.005 g/cm³ wamanani aqondiwe. Lokhu kuhambisana kusekela amazinga okuklama isitshalo sokugeza amalahle kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo ekusebenzeni kahle kokuhlukanisa amalahle. Izikhungo ezisebenzisa amathuluzi okulinganisa edijithali zibika okuqukethwe komlotha okuphansi njalo—0.3–0.6% uma kuqhathaniswa nalezo ezisebenzisa izindlela zokucubungula amalahle ngesandla.
Ukulinganisa ubuningi obunembile kuyisisekelo sokufeza isivuno samalahle esihlanzekile esingcono kakhulu, ukususwa kwe-gangue okuphumelelayo ekucutshungulweni kwamalahle, kanye nokuphathwa kwemvelo okunesibopho kuyo yonke inqubo yokulungiselela isitshalo sokuphatha amalahle. Le ndima ebalulekile igcizelela ukubaluleka kwezinhlelo zokuqapha ezithuthukisiwe kanye nezinqubo zokulinganisa eziqinile emisebenzini yokulungiselela amalahle ephumelelayo.
Izindlela Zokulinganisa Ubuningi Ezitshalweni Zokulungiselela Amalahle
Amasu Endabuko
Ukuthatha amasampula ngesandla kanye nokuhlaziywa kwelabhorethri kube umgogodla wokulawula inqubo yokulungiselela isitshalo samalahle. Kulezi zindlela, umqhubi uqoqa isampula ye-medium noma i-coal slurry ngezikhathi ezithile ezivela ezindaweni ezithile ohlelweni. Amasampula athuthwa aye elabhorethri elisendaweni ukuze kutholakale ubuningi, kusetshenziswa izindlela ze-hydrometer noma ze-gravimetric.
Indlela ye-hydrometer isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlolweni okusheshayo. Isampula yokumiswa ithululelwa kusilinda esilinganisiwe, bese i-hydrometer icwiliswa kancane. Ubuningi obuhlobene bufundwa ku-meniscus ewuketshezi, okuvame ukudinga ukulungiswa kokushisa ukuze kube nokunemba. Le ndlela iyashesha kodwa ithambekele ezinkingeni eziningana: izinto eziqinile ezincane ezifakiwe, amabhamuza, noma ukubonakala okungekuhle kumasampula angcolile kungaphazamisa imiphumela. Indlela yokusebenza iyinguquko ebalulekile; ukufundwa kungashintsha ngokusekelwe ekutheni i-hydrometer intanta kahle kangakanani noma uma isilinda ingafakwanga endaweni eqondile. Ama-Hydrometer ngokuvamile afinyelela ukunemba kwamayunithi wobuningi obuhlobene obungu-±0.005 kuya ku-±0.01, okwenza afaneleke ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kodwa hhayi ukulawula okunzima, ikakhulukazi ezimweni zokumiswa okuqinile noma okugcwele kahle. Lokhu kulinganiselwa kungathinta amasu okuhlukanisa amalahle kanye nenqubo yokukhiqiza amalahle ahlanzekile iyonke uma kungatholakali.
Indlela yokulinganisela (i-gravimetric) isebenzisa i-pycnometer noma isitsha esifanayo. Isitsha sigcwaliswa ngokucophelela ngokumiswa bese silinganiswa ngebhalansi yokuhlaziya. Umcwaningi ususa isisindo sesitsha esingenalutho bese ehlukanisa ngevolumu yesitsha ukuze anqume ubuningi. Uma kwenziwa ngokucophelela, le ndlela ifinyelela ukunemba okuphezulu (± 0.001 amayunithi), okwenza ibe usizo ekuqinisekisweni kwenqubo kanye nocwaningo lobuchwepheshe bamalahle ahlanzekile. Kodwa-ke, ihamba kancane ngokwemvelo futhi iletha amathuba amaphutha—amabhamuza omoya, ukungahambisani kwezinga lokushisa, kanye nokugcwaliswa okungaphelele kungashintsha imiphumela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo idinga ukulinganiswa okucophelela kwemishini yokukala, futhi ukumelwa kwesampula kumele kugcinwe kulo lonke ukuphathwa ukuze kuvinjelwe iziphetho eziyiphutha mayelana nenqubo yokuzuza amalahle.
Izixazululo Zemitha Yobuningi Besikhathi Sangempela Ku-inthanethi
Izitshalo zokuphatha nokulungisa amalahle zanamuhla zithembele kakhulu ezixazululweni zamamitha obuningi eziku-inthanethi ukuqapha inqubo yesitshalo sokulungiselela amalahle. Isimiso sokusebenza salezi zixhobo sihilela ukulinganisa okuqhubekayo, ngesikhathi sangempela kobuningi bokumiswa—ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obusekelwe kuma-microwave, ama-ultrasonic, noma ama-nuclear. Isibonelo, imitha yobuningi e-inthanethi ye-Lonnmeter isebenzisa izinzwa ze-elekthronikhi ezifakwe ngqo emgqeni wokuluka kwamalahle. Lawa madivayisi akhipha izimpawu nge-slurry futhi alinganisa ukuthi zishintshwa kanjani ubukhona kanye nokuhlushwa kwezinto eziqinile, okunikeza ukufundwa okusheshayo kobuningi bokuluka.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinyathelo zenqubo yokulungiselela amalahle ezibanzi kulula: amamitha okuminyana aku-inthanethi afaka idatha eqhubekayo ezinhlelweni zokulawula izitshalo. Abasebenzi bangaqapha ukuminyana kwe-medium esindayo emikhunjini yokuhlukanisa noma balawule isilinganiso se-magnetite noma i-ferrosilicon ngesikhathi sangempela. Ngama-loop okuphendula okuzenzakalelayo, isitshalo singalungisa ukungezwa okuphakathi, ukuncishiswa kwamanzi, noma izindawo zokuhlukanisa cishe ngokushesha—ukunciphisa ukungenelela komqhubi nokunciphisa ukuthembela ekuthathweni kwamasampula ngesandla.
Izinzuzo zamamitha okulinganisa azenzakalelayo, aku-inthanethi zinkulu kakhulu. Ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kuqinisekisa ukulawula okuqhubekayo kokuhlukaniswa okuphakathi okuxinene, isigaba esibalulekile ezindleleni zokucubungula amalahle. Ukutholwa okusheshayo kokuguquguquka kobuningi kusiza ukuvimbela ukubekwa kabi komkhiqizo obalulekile noma ukwanda kwemfucuza, kulondolozwa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nesivuno. Ngedatha eqhubekayo, imisebenzi yesitshalo sokulungiselela amalahle iba ngcono kakhulu, isekela imigomo yobuchwepheshe bamalahle ahlanzekile futhi ithuthukise ukuthembeka kwenqubo.
Imishini efana neLonnmeterimitha yobuningi eku-inthanethiibonise ukusebenza kwayo kahle ekugcineni ukuqina kokumiswa okuzinzile kanye nokuthembeka kwenqubo—izici ezibalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono inqubo yokuwasha amalahle kanye nokususwa kwe-gangue ekucutshungulweni kwamalahle. Ngokungafani nezindlela zendabuko, izinhlelo eziku-inthanethi zisusa ukubambezeleka kokuthatha amasampula, zinciphisa amaphutha abantu, futhi zinikeze idatha yemvamisa ephezulu. Ukulinganisa ubuningi obuzenzakalelayo kuvumela nokuphendula ngokushesha ezimeni ezingavamile, kusekela ukulawulwa okuqinile kwenqubo yokulungiselela isitshalo sokuphatha amalahle kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kanye ne-reagent ekwakhiweni kwesitshalo sokuwasha amalahle.
Nakuba ukusampula ngesandla kanye nokuhlaziywa kwelabhorethri kusabalulekile ekulinganisweni nasekuxazululeni izinkinga, ukushintshela kumitha yobuningi eku-inthanethi yezicelo ze-slurry yamalahle kuphawula intuthuko enkulu emishinini yesitshalo sokucubungula amalahle kanye nokusebenza kwesitshalo sokulungiselela amalahle sesimanje.
Imishini Ebalulekile Nobuchwepheshe Ekuphatheni Nokulungiselela Amalahle
Izitshalo zanamuhla zokuphatha nokulungisa amalahle zithembele emishinini ekhethekile kanye nobuchwepheshe obuhlanganisiwe ukuze kufezwe ukuhluzwa kwamalahle okuphumelelayo. Ukuchoboza, ukuhlola, ukugeza, kanye nokulawula ubuningi obusebenzayo kusekela inqubo yokulungiselela amalahle futhi kuthonya ngqo ukwamukelwa kobuchwepheshe bamalahle ahlanzekile kanye nokususwa kwe-gangue okuphumelelayo ekucutshungulweni kwamalahle.
Ama-Crushers, Izikrini, kanye Nezisekethe Zokuwasha
Ama-crusher abalulekile ekunciphiseni usayizi ezinyathelweni zenqubo yokulungiselela amalahle. Ama-crusher amalahle athuthukile, njengezilinganisi, ahlukanisa amalahle asebenza emayini abe amabanga osayizi aqondile ngaphambi kokuwasha. Ama-sizers asebenzisa ama-rolls aphikisanayo, avumelanisa isivinini sokugoqa nokugeleza kwamalahle ukuze anciphise ukuchotshozwa okungadingekile. Le ndlela inciphisa ukwenziwa kwezinhlawulo, okungavimbela ukuhlukaniswa okungezansi futhi kwehlise amazinga okubuyisa. Isibonelo, ubuchwepheshe besimanje be-sizer bunciphisa ukujikeleza kabusha ngaphakathi kwesigaba sokuchotshozwa, buletha usayizi wezinhlayiya ofana kakhulu ofaneleka kakhulu ukuhlukaniswa ngamasekethe okuwasha amalahle kanye nezinhlelo ezinde eziphakathi.
Izikrini zilandela isigaba sokuchotshozwa, zihlela amalahle abe yizingxenyana zosayizi ezifanele zamasekethe okuwasha. Ukuhlola okusebenzayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi amasekethe okuwasha, njengemigqomo esindayo ephakathi nendawo kanye neziphepho zokuhlukanisa, athola ukudla okunobukhulu obufanele. Lawa masekethe athembele ekusatshalalisweni kosayizi wezinhlayiya okuqondile okukhiqizwa phezulu. Ukuhlola okufanele kusekela amasu okuhlukanisa amalahle asebenzayo kanye nokubuyiselwa komkhiqizo ohlanzekile.
Amasekethe okugeza, okuhlanganisa namabhati aphakathi nendawo aminyene kanye neziphepho, abalulekile enkambisweni yokugeza amalahle. Lezi zinhlelo zisebenzisa umehluko wobuningi phakathi kwamalahle kanye ne-gangue, okwenza kube lula ukuhlukaniswa okunembile. Ukusebenza kahle kwalezi zindlela zokucubungula amalahle kuncike ekuhambisaneni kosayizi wokuphakelayo kanye nokuqina kobuningi obuphakathi, kokubili okusungulwe nge-crusher efanele kanye nokukhethwa kanye nokusebenza kwesikrini.
Amadivayisi Okulawula Isekethe Ephakathi kanye Nobuningi
Ukugcina ubuningi obuphakathi nendawo eqondile kusekethe yokuwasha kubalulekile ekuhlukaniseni amalahle ngendlela efanele. Amadivayisi okulawula ubuningi afana namabhentshi obuningi, amageyiji obuningi, kanye namamitha obuningi aku-inthanethi e-slurry yamalahle aqapha njalo futhi alungise ubuningi be-medium ngesikhathi sangempela. I-Lonnmeter, imitha yobuningi eku-inthanethi ye-slurry yamalahle, ibonisa lokhu kusetshenziswa, inikeza impendulo esheshayo yokugcina ubuningi obuphakathi obuqondiwe ngaphakathi kokubekezelelana okulinganiselwe. Leli zinga lokulawula lithonya kakhulu ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuhlukanisa, okunikeza opharetha idatha esebenzisekayo yokugcina ukusebenza okuzinzile ngaphakathi kwenqubo yokulungiselela isitshalo sokuphatha amalahle.
Amavalvu okuhlukaniswa kanye namavalvu ahambisa ukugeleza ahlanganisa ukugeleza kwesistimu, okuvumela ukuphathwa okunembile kokwengeza okuphakathi, ukubuyisa, kanye nokusatshalaliswa. Lezi zinto zokulawula ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinqubo zokuhlukanisa zihlala zihambisana, zinciphisa ukulahlekelwa komkhiqizo futhi zisekela inqubo yokukhiqiza amalahle ahlanzekile.
Izinzwa, Amavalvu, kanye Nezinhlelo Zokulawula Ezizenzakalelayo
Izinzwa zibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwezitshalo zokulungisa amalahle zanamuhla. Ziqapha izinto ezibalulekile ezifana nobuningi be-slurry, amazinga okugeleza, ingcindezi, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kosayizi wezinhlayiya kuyo yonke inqubo yokuzuza amalahle. Lezi zindlela zedatha zinikeza ukuqonda okusebenzayo kokubili ukulungiswa ngesandla kanye nokuzenzakalelayo ukuze kulondolozwe ukuzinza kwenqubo.
Izinhlelo zokulawula ezizenzakalelayo zihlanganisa idatha yezinzwa, ukubeka ama-valve, kanye nempendulo yemishini ukuze kuthuthukiswe izimo zokuhlukanisa. Izinhlelo zesimanje zilungisa ukuminyana okuphakathi, ziphathe ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuphula i-tiebreaker, futhi zilinganisele ukujikeleza kwegazi ngempumelelo, zinciphise ukungenelela ngesandla. Ukulawula okuzenzakalelayo kuthuthukisa ukuphuma kwesitshalo, isivuno somkhiqizo, kanye nokungaguquguquki kokusebenza ngenkathi kunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi ngokusebenzisa izaziso zokuqapha isimo esibikezelayo kanye nokugcinwa.
Ama-valve, aqondiswa izinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo, agcina ukulawula okuthembekile nokuguquguqukayo kukho konke ukugeleza kwamanzi—ukulethwa kwamalahle angavuthiwe, ukujikeleza okuphakathi, kanye nokwengezwa kwamanzi. Le ndlela ebanzi iqinisekisa ukuthi ukusebenza kweyunithi ngayinye—ukuchoboza, ukuhlola, ukugeza—kusebenza njengento evumelanayo, kusekela ukwakheka kwesitshalo sokuwasha amalahle esithuthukisiwe kanye nokulungiswa kwemishini yesitshalo sokucubungula amalahle esebenza kahle.
Umklamo wezitshalo zesimanje uthuthukisa kokubili ukuhlukaniswa kwamalahle kanye nokunciphisa uthuli, okuqinisekisa isivuno esiphezulu kanye nezindinganiso zokuphepha ezithuthukisiwe kulo lonke isitshalo sokuphatha nokulungisa amalahle.
Izici Ezithonya Ubuningi Bokumiswa Okuphakathi Okukhulu
Ama-suspension aphakathi nendawo aqinile asetshenziswa kuzo zonke izikhungo zokulungiselela amalahle ukuhlukanisa amalahle ne-gangue, okulawula ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye namazinga okubuyisa. Ubuningi balezi suspension buthintwa yizici eziningana ezibalulekile:
Ukusatshalaliswa Kobukhulu Bezinhlayiya Zamalahle Ne-Gangue
Ukusatshalaliswa kosayizi wezinhlayiya (i-PSD) kwe-magnetite noma i-ferrosilicon kubumba ngqo ukuzinza nokuqina kokumiswa. Izinhlayiya ezincane, ikakhulukazi lezo ezingaphansi kwama-micron ayi-10, zandisa ukuzinza kokumiswa ngokunciphisa amazinga okuhlala nokukhuthaza ukusebenzisana kwe-colloidal. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-medium igcina ubuningi obufanayo ngesikhathi sezinyathelo zokuhlukanisa enkambisweni yokulungiselela amalahle. Kodwa-ke, ukumiswa okubuswa yizinhlawulo kungaba nzima, okwenza ukupompa nokujikeleza kwegazi kube nzima. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinto eziqinile ngokweqile zihlala ngokushesha, okubangela ukuhlukaniswa kobuningi kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwamalahle okungasebenzi kahle. I-PSD efanele idinga ukuhlanganiswa ngokucophelela, okuvame ukubhekwa futhi kulungiswe ngesikhathi sangempela kusetshenziswa imishini ekhethekile efana namamitha obuningi aku-inthanethi e-slurry yamalahle, njenge-Lonnmeter, esekela ukusebenza kwesitshalo sokulungiselela amalahle futhi ikhulise ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo.
Ukwakheka Okuphakathi kanye ne-Rheology
Ukwakheka kwamaminerali kwe-medium—ngokuvamile i-magnetite noma i-ferrosilicon—kunquma ubuningi obungafinyeleleka kanye nokuziphatha kwe-rheological. Ukuba khona kwe-fines kwandisa i-viscosity kanye nokucindezeleka kwesivuno, okungaba inselele ekuphathweni nasekujikelezeni kwegazi. Uma kune-fines ezimbalwa kakhulu, ubuningi buyehla, futhi kufanele kwengezwe i-medium eyengeziwe, okuthinta izindleko zokusebenza. Ukuhlolwa kwe-rheological eminyakeni yamuva nje kubonisa ukuthi i-PSD efanele (enesilinganiso esimaphakathi se-sub-10 micron fines) ilinganisa ubuningi ne-viscosity elawulekayo, iqinisekisa ukusebenza kwenqubo yokuwasha amalahle okuqhubekayo ngenkathi isekela izinqubo zokukhiqiza amalahle ahlanzekile. Izitshalo zilungisa ukwakheka okumaphakathi ngendlela enamandla ukuze kufezwe ubuningi obuqondiwe, ngokuvamile phakathi kuka-1.3 no-1.5 g/cm³ kwezilungiselelo eziningi zenqubo yokuphatha amalahle nokulungiselela izitshalo.
Amapharamitha Okusebenza Kwesitshalo
Imisebenzi yansuku zonke ithinta kakhulu ubuningi bokumiswa okuphakathi nendawo. Izinga lokuphakelwa lilawula ivolumu kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezigaba eziqinile neziwuketshezi ezingena kumasekethe okuhlukanisa. Amazinga aphezulu okuphakelwa anganciphisa ukugxila okuphakathi nendawo, okuholela ekushintsheni kobuningi uma kungakhokhelwa. Ukushukuma kubalulekile ekugcineni izinhlayiya zimile futhi kuvimbele ukuhlangana, kodwa ukushukuma ngokweqile kungadala izinhlawulo eziningi, kuphakamise ukushuba futhi kwenze kube nzima amasu okuhlukanisa amalahle. Izinga lokushisa lithinta kokubili ukushuba kanye nokuqina kokumiswa; amazinga okushisa afudumele ngokuvamile anciphisa ukushuba, kodwa uma amazinga okushisa edlula amazinga afanele, angasheshisa ukuwohloka okuphakathi noma ukuguquguquka, aphazamise inqubo yokuzuza amalahle. Abaphathi bezitshalo bahlanganisa la mapharamitha ezindleleni zokusebenza, bawalungise ukuze alondoloze ukushuba okuphakathi okuhle kakhulu kokususwa kwe-gangue ekucutshungulweni kwamalahle.
Imiphumela Yokuhlakazwa Kothuli Empilweni Yabasebenzi
Ukuphathwa nokujikeleziswa kwezinsimbi ezisindayo eziphakathi nendawo kuholela ekuhlakazekeni kothuli, ikakhulukazi uma kusetshenziswa i-magnetite encane noma i-ferrosilicon. Ubuningi bothuli buyakhuphuka ngokushukuma okuphezulu, ibhalansi engafanele ye-PSD, noma ukuphathwa okomile ngokweqile. Lezi zinhlayiya eziphuma emoyeni zibeka izingozi zokuphefumula kubasebenzi ezindaweni zemishini yesitshalo sokucubungula amalahle. Imiklamo yezitshalo manje isebenzisa izinhlelo zokungenisa umoya ezithuthukisiwe kanye nokuqoqa uthuli ukuze kuncishiswe ukuvezwa ngesikhathi sezinyathelo zenqubo yokulungiselela isitshalo samalahle. Amathuluzi okuqapha angaphakathi, njenge-Lonnmeter, angasiza ekunciphiseni ukuphuma kothuli ngokuzenzakalelayo ukulawula ubuningi kanye nokunciphisa ukungenelela ngesandla. Ukuphathwa kahle kwezingozi zothuli kubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kobuchwepheshe banamuhla bamalahle ahlanzekile.
Izimo zokusebenza kwezitshalo zithinta ngqo amazinga okuminyana okuphakathi kanye nothuli, zigcizelela isidingo sokulawula okunembile kuzo zonke izici ezithinta izakhiwo zokumiswa okuphakathi okusindayo. Izindlela zokucubungula amalahle ezisebenzayo zincike endleleni ehlanganisiwe, ukulinganisa i-PSD, ukwakheka okuphakathi, kanye nezilungiselelo zokusebenza zokubuyisa amalahle ahlanzekile okuthembekile kanye nezindawo zokusebenza eziphephile.
Ukulungiswa Kwamalahle
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Amasu Okuthuthukisa Inqubo Yokulungiselela Amalahle
Ukugcina Ukuqina Kokumiswa Okuzinzile
Ukugcina ukuqina kokumiswa okuqinile okuphakathi nendawo kubalulekile ekuhlukaniseni amalahle ngempumelelo kunoma yisiphi isitshalo sokuphatha nokulungiselela amalahle. Izinhlelo zokuphendula zakha isisekelo sokwenza okuzenzakalelayo kwenqubo. Amamitha okuqina aku-inthanethi, njengalawo akhiqizwe yiLonnmeter, asebenzisa izinzwa zesikhathi sangempela njengezilinganiso zokuqina kwe-nuclear, ama-densimeter eshubhu adlidlizayo, kanye nezinzwa ze-ultrasonic ukunikeza ukufundwa okuqhubekayo kokuqina kokumiswa. Lezi zinzwa zihlanganiswe nezinhlelo zokulawula izinqubo, okubangela izenzo zokuphendula uma ukuqina okulinganisiwe kuphambuka ezinhlosweni ezihleliwe. Isibonelo, uhlelo lungalawula ngokuzenzakalelayo i-magnetite noma ukungezwa kwamanzi, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqina kuhlala ngaphakathi kwefasitela lokuqina elifanele lenqubo yokuwasha amalahle.
Ukulungiswa okusebenzayo kuhilela ama-valve namaphampu azenzakalelayo ukuze kulungiswe amazinga okugeleza kwamanzi aphakathi nendawo kanye namanzi axubile noma i-magnetite slurry. Lezi zenzo zilawulwa idatha evela kumitha yobuningi be-inthanethi ye-slurry yamalahle, ehlala iqapha izinguquko futhi iqinisekise ukuthi inqubo yokulungiselela amalahle ihlala ngaphakathi kobubanzi bokusebenza obufunwayo. Ama-alamu athunyelwa uma ukufundwa kobuningi kwephula imikhawulo eyamukelekayo, kuxwayisa opharetha ngokuphazamiseka kwenqubo okungenzeka noma ukungcola kwenzwa, okuholela esenzweni sokulungisa ngokushesha.
Iziqondiso zomsebenzisi zengeza ukuzenzekela, zigcizelela ukuqapha okuqaphile kokuboniswa kobuningi, ukulungiswa kwezinzwa njalo, kanye nokuxazulula ngokushesha izinkinga ezifana nokufundwa okungaguquki, ama-alamu aqhubekayo, noma ukungahambisani okubonakalayo ekusakazweni komkhiqizo. Izinqubo zokuxazulula izinkinga ezilandelanayo zifaka: ukuqinisekisa ukulinganiswa kwezinzwa; ukuhlola ukuvinjelwa noma ukuvuza emigqeni yokulethwa ephakathi; ukubukeza ukulungiswa kwamuva noma izinguquko ze-setpoint; kanye nokuhlukanisa imbangela yokuphambuka, njengezakhiwo zokudla kwamalahle ezingalindelekile noma ukungasebenzi kahle kwemishini. Ukuhlaziywa kwemikhuba ejwayelekile kanye nokufakwa kwedatha kusekela kakhulu ukwenziwa ngcono okuqhubekayo kanye nokuxilongwa kwezimbangela eziyinhloko ekusebenzeni kwesitshalo sokulungiselela amalahle.
Ukuthuthukisa Ukusebenza Kahle Kokuhlukaniswa Kwamalahle
Amasu okuhlukanisa amalahle ancike ekulungiseni ubuningi be-medium esindayo ukuze kudalwe umngcele oqondile phakathi kwamalahle ne-gangue. Ukubeka ubuningi obuphakathi obufanele kubalulekile: ubuningi obunganele buholela ekususweni kwe-gangue okungekuhle ekucutshungulweni kwamalahle, kunciphisa ikhwalithi yamalahle ahlanzekile; ubuningi obedlulele bubangela ukulahlekelwa kwezinto ezivuthayo eziseleni, kunciphisa isivuno kanye nokwanda kwemfucuza yezinsiza. Abaqhubi kumele balungise ubuningi ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni okuvamile kwezici zokudla kanye nemininingwane yomkhiqizo oyifunayo.
Ukulawulwa kwenqubo eku-inthanethi kuvumela ukulungiswa okuqhubekayo ukugcina indawo yokuhlukanisa, ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwamalahle ahlanzekile nokunciphisa okuqukethwe komlotha. Isibonelo, enkambisweni yokuhlanza amalahle, ubuningi obuphakathi obungu-1.35–1.50 g/cm³ bujwayelekile ekuhlukaniseni amalahle asezingeni eliphezulu nokungcola okunobuningi obuphezulu. Ukuhlolwa okuvamile kwelabhorethri kuqinisekisa ukunemba kwezinhlelo eziku-inthanethi futhi kusiza ukugcina ubudlelwano obuqinile phakathi kobuningi bangempela nobokuhlosiwe, kusekela ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bamalahle ahlanzekile okuqhubekayo.
Inqubo yokulungisa amalahle esebenza kahle idinga ukuthi abaqhubi baphendule ngokushesha ezinguqukweni zekhwalithi yokudla. Uma amalahle angenayo ehluka ngobukhulu noma ngobuningi, ukulinganiswa kabusha okusheshayo kwe-suspension density set kuthuthukisa ukuhlukaniswa. Lokhu kuguquguquka kwenza umklamo we-coal wash plant ukwazi ukuzivumelanisa nokushintshashintsha komkhiqizo wezimayini, kuncishiswe ukuhanjiswa kwe-gangue okungahlosiwe futhi kukhuliswe ukubuyiswa kanye nobumsulwa bomkhiqizo wokugcina.
Amasu Okunciphisa Uthuli
Ukulawulwa kothuli okuphumelelayo kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwezitshalo zokulungiselela amalahle okuphephile nokuvumelanayo. Izinhlelo zokucindezela uthuli olumanzi zijwayelekile ezindaweni zokusebenzela zokuhambisa kanye nezindawo zokudlulisa, lapho imigoqo yokufafaza amanzi noma amadivayisi oku-athomu egcina amazinga othuli olusemoyeni ephansi kakhulu. Izinqubo zokukhiqiza amalahle ezihlanzekile zivame ukuhlanganisa ukucindezela uthuli nokuphathwa kobuningi obuphakathi, ziqaphela ukuthi ukulawula ubuningi obuqondile kunciphisa ukuxokozela kwezinto kanye nokwakheka kothuli olubangelwa yi-agitator ngesikhathi sokucubungula nokudlulisa. Ukuqina okuphakathi okuzinzile kusho ukuchitheka okuncane kanye nokufakwa okuncane kwezinhlayiya ezincane emifuleni yomoya.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuningi obuphakathi obulawulwa kahle buvimbela ukugcwala ngokweqile kwezinto eziqinile, kunciphisa ukuguguleka kwepayipi, izingozi zokuchitheka, kanye nokukhiqizwa kothuli okuhambisana nakho—okubaluleke kakhulu emishinini yokucubungula amalahle evalekile. Abasebenzi bezitshalo banomsebenzi wokuqinisekisa njalo ubuqotho bohlelo lokucindezela uthuli futhi kumele balungise ngokushesha ukuvuza, ukuvaleka kwe-nozzle yokufutha, noma ukushintsha kobuningi okungase kuphakamise ingozi yothuli. Umkhuba omuhle usho ukubuyekezwa njalo kwezindawo zokulawula ubuningi kanye nokusebenza kahle kokucindezela uthuli, ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa okuqhubekayo kwabasebenzi, imishini, kanye nemvelo.
Ukugcina ubuningi bokumiswa obufanele, ukuhlukaniswa kwamalahle okunembile, kanye nokunciphisa uthuli okuqinile kusekela izinqubo zokulungiselela isitshalo sokuphatha amalahle ezisebenza kahle, eziphephile, nezisezingeni eliphezulu. Lezi zinyathelo zenqubo yokulungiselela amalahle, ezisekelwa ukuqapha ubuningi obuthuthukisiwe ku-inthanethi kanye nezinqubo zokusebenza ezihlelekile, zakha isisekelo sokukhiqizwa kwamalahle ahlanzekile kwanamuhla.
Izinto Ezicatshangelwayo Kwezemvelo Nokuphepha
Ukuphathwa kobuningi obufanele enkambisweni yokulungiselela isitshalo samalahle kunemiphumela eqondile ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa kwezinhlayiya. Ubuningi bokumiswa okuphakathi nendawo bunquma ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa, kuthonye ukuthi zingakanani izinto ezincane, njengothuli lwamalahle noma izinhlayiya ze-gangue, ezinamathela emalahleni ngemva kokuwasha. Uma ubuningi obuphakathi bungalungiswanga, izinto ezisele ezincane zingase ziphume ngesikhathi sokuhlanza noma sokuphatha, okubangela ukukhishwa kothuli okuphezulu ngesikhathi sokuqoqa nokuthutha.
Ukukhishwa kothuli kuyindaba ebalulekile kunoma yisiphi isitshalo sokuphatha nokulungiselela amalahle. Izindlela zokucubungula amalahle ezifana nokuhlukaniswa okuphakathi okuxinene, uma kwenziwa ngokulawula ubuningi obuqondile, ziyasiza ekukhiqizeni izindawo zamalahle ezihlanzekile ezinezinhlawulo ezincane ezinamathele. Lobu buchwepheshe bamalahle ahlanzekile buvumela uthuli oluncane ukuthi lukhishwe emoyeni lapho amalahle ephathwa kamuva ochungechungeni lwenqubo. Isibonelo, uma ukuhlanza ngemva kokuhlukaniswa kunganele ngenxa yobuningi obungalingani kahle, izinhlayiya ezincane zingahlala zinamathele kumalahle. Lezi zinhlawulo kamuva ziba emoyeni ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa noma ukugcinwa komthuthi, okuphakamisa amazinga e-PM10 kanye ne-PM2.5, okwaziwa ngokulimaza impilo yokuphefumula futhi kwehlisa ikhwalithi yomoya ozungezile.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi yomoya kanye nokuphepha kwabasebenzi kungatholakala ngokunciphisa uthuli ngendlela ehlelekile ehambisana nenqubo yokuhlanza amalahle. Ukucindezela okumanzi kubhekwa njengokusebenza kahle kakhulu, ukusebenzisa amanzi noma ama-surfactant akhethekile ngesikhathi nangemva kokuhlukaniswa okuphakathi okuxineneyo. Le ndlela ivimbela uthuli olusemoyeni ngokubamba izinhlayiya ezincane ezindaweni zokudlulisa kanye nokugcina kunciphisa kakhulu ukufuduka kothuli. Ukwakheka kwezinqwaba zamalahle nakho kuthinta ukukhishwa kwegesi: izinqwaba ezinezithende ezisicaba, uma kuqhathaniswa neziyindilinga, zikhiqiza uthuli oluncane kakhulu ngenxa yokuncipha kokuvezwa komoya kanye nokuxokozela ebusweni bezinqwaba.
Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, njengokusetshenziswa kwamamitha obuningi aku-inthanethi odaka lwamalahle (njengalawo avela eLonnmeter), kuvumela ukuqapha kanye nokulungiswa kwesikhathi sangempela kobuningi bokumiswa. Lokhu kuvumela ukulawulwa kwenqubo okungcono ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwesitshalo sokulungiselela amalahle futhi kusekela ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwamasu okucindezela uthuli ahambisana nemingcele yenqubo ebekiwe.
Ukuze kugcinwe ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zemvelo, kuvela izincomo eziningana:
- Ukulinganiswa njalo kanye nokuqapha ubuningi bokumiswa okuphakathi nendawo kulo lonke umklamo wesitshalo sokuwasha amalahle ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ububanzi bokuqina obufanele buyagcinwa ukuze kuhlukaniswe ngempumelelo futhi kugcinwe okuncane.
- Ukususwa kothuli okuphelele kuzo zonke izindawo ezibalulekile, ikakhulukazi lapho kuhlukaniswa amalahle, kuhlanzwa, nasezikhungweni zokudlulisa izinto, kukhethwe izinhlelo zokususwa okumanzi. Uma kusetshenziswa izinto zokususa amakhemikhali, khetha izinto zemvelo eziqinisekisiwe ukuthi ziphephile kubasebenzi kanye nemvelo.
- Ukusetshenziswa kokuqapha ikhwalithi yomoya ngesikhathi sangempela ezindaweni zokusebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukugcwala kwe-PM akudluli imikhawulo yokuchayeka emsebenzini.
- Ukuqaliswa kwezindawo zokuvimbela kanye nezindawo zokufinyelela ezilawulwayo ezizungeze izindawo ezinothuli oluningi ukuze kuncishiswe ukuchayeka kwabasebenzi kanye nokufuduka ngaphandle kwendawo.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi ukusebenza kwezitshalo kanye nemishini yezitshalo zokucubungula amalahle kuhambisana nemigomo yokulawula yokukhishwa kwegesi kanye nokuphepha emsebenzini. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa ikhono lokulawula uthuli enqubweni yokulungiselela isitshalo sokuphatha amalahle kanye nokwenza ukuhlolwa kwemvelo njalo.
Ukunamathela kulezi zindlela kuqinisekisa ukucutshungulwa kwamalahle okuphephile nokunomthwalo wemfanelo emvelweni, kusekela ngqo inqubo yokukhiqizwa kwamalahle ahlanzekile kanye nokuthuthukisa kokubili ukusebenza kwezitshalo kanye nezindinganiso zempilo zabasebenzi.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa)
Iyini indima yokulinganisa ubuningi enqubweni yokulungiselela isitshalo samalahle?
Ukulinganisa ubuningi kusebenza njengepharamitha yokulawula ephakathi enqubweni yokulungiselela isitshalo samalahle. Kunquma ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa okuphakathi okuqinile—indlela encike ekuqineni okuqondile kokumiswa, ngokuvamile i-magnetite namanzi, ukuze kuhlukaniswe amalahle ahlanzekile ne-gangue. Ukugcina ubuningi obuphakathi obufanele kuqinisekisa ukuthi amalahle ayantanta kuyilapho ukungcola okufana nesinki samatshe ne-shale, kukhulisa isivuno samalahle ahlanzekile kanye nokususwa kwe-gangue okuphumelelayo. Ngisho nokuphambuka okuncane ekuqineni kunganciphisa amazinga okubuyisa amalahle futhi kwandise ukungcola, kuthinte kokubili ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nomnotho wokusebenza enqubweni yokuwasha amalahle kanye nenqubo yokuzuza amalahle.
Imitha yobuningi be-inthanethi ithuthukisa kanjani ukusebenza kwenqubo yokulungiselela amalahle?
Imitha yobuningi eku-inthanethi, njengamamodeli anikezwe yiLonnmeter, ivumela ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, ngesikhathi sangempela kwe-heavy medium esetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwesitshalo sokuwasha amalahle. Ngempendulo esheshayo, abaqhubi bangalungisa ukugeleza kwenqubo, balondoloze amazinga aphezulu obuningi, futhi baqinisekise ukukhiqizwa kwamalahle ahlanzekile okuzinzile. Lokhu kunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi okubangelwa ukusampula ngesandla futhi kunciphisa ingozi yokuphazamiseka kwenqubo, okuholela ekusebenzeni kahle kokuhlanza okuthuthukisiwe, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi, kanye nenqubo yokukhiqiza amalahle ahlanzekile eqhubekayo. Izinhlelo zokulawula ezenzakalelayo ezivaliwe zisebenzisa idatha evela kumamitha obuningi aku-inthanethi ukulawula ukungezwa kwe-magnetite nokugeleza kwamanzi, okwenza kube nokuzinza okuqhubekayo kokusebenza kwenqubo.
Iyini i-gangue futhi ihlukaniswa kanjani ezitshalweni zokulungiselela ukuphatha amalahle?
I-Gangue ichaza izinto zamaminerali ezingezona amalahle kanye nokungcola—njengamatshe, i-shale, nobumba—okumbiwa kanye namalahle. Enqubweni yokulungiselela isitshalo sokuphatha amalahle, i-gangue ihlukaniswa namalahle kusetshenziswa amasu asekelwe ekuxineni. Ukumiswa kwe-heavy medium kusebenza njengesihlukanisi: amalahle, ngobuningi bawo obuphansi, ayantanta, kuyilapho i-gangue exineneyo ishona. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuqhutshwa ubuncane obuphakathi obulawulwa kahle futhi kubalulekile kubuchwepheshe bamalahle ahlanzekile kanye nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
Kungani ukususwa kothuli kubalulekile ezitshalweni zokuphatha nokulungisa amalahle?
Ukususwa kothuli kubalulekile ngenxa yezizathu zempilo, ezemvelo, kanye nemishini ekusebenzeni kwezitshalo zokuphatha nokulungisa amalahle. Uthuli lwamalahle lungadala izingozi zokuphefumula kubasebenzi, lunciphise ukubonakala, futhi lonakalise imishini ngokuhuzuka nokuvaleka. Ukulawulwa kothuli okuphumelelayo—kufaka phakathi izindlela zokucindezela okumanzi ezindaweni zokusebenzela zebhande lokuhambisa—kwehlisa uthuli olusemoyeni, kuthuthukisa ukuphepha endaweni yokusebenza, futhi kwandise isikhathi sokuphila kwemishini. Abaphathi bezitshalo bavame ukuhlanganisa izifutho zamanzi ezenzakalelayo kanye namayunithi okukhipha uthuli njengengxenye yezinyathelo zenqubo yokulungiselela amalahle.
Yimiphi imishini ehilelekile enqubweni yokulungiselela amalahle yokulinganisa nokulawula ukuminyana okuphakathi?
Imishini ebalulekile yokulinganisa nokulawula ukuminyana okuphakathi ihlanganisa:
- Amamitha okuminyana aku-inthanethi okusetshenziswa kwamalahle amdaka, njengeIzinsimbi zomculo zeLonnmeter, enikeza idatha yesikhathi sangempela.
- Ama-Hydrometer okuqinisekisa ngezikhathi ezithile ngesandla.
- Izikrini zokunciphisa usayizi nokuhlukanisa.
- Amasekethe okugeza afaka phakathi isiphepho esiphakathi nendawo kanye nebhavu, ukuze kuhlukaniswe ngokuxinana.
- Izinhlelo zokulawula ezenzakalelayo ezilungisa ukwakheka okuphakathi ngokusekelwe ekufundweni kobuningi.
Lezi zinhlelo namadivayisi ahlanganisiwe aqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile, ukuqondiswa okunembile kobuningi, kanye nokususwa kwe-gangue okuphumelelayo emishinini yesitshalo sokucubungula amalahle kanye nenqubo yokuhlanza amalahle. Isibonelo, amamitha obuningi aku-inthanethi axhumana ngqo namaphaneli okulawula ukulawula ukulinganisa kwe-magnetite nokugcina izindawo ezibekiwe zobuningi, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwamasu okuhlukanisa amalahle kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamalahle ahlanzekile.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba-02-2025
