Ukulinganisa okunembile kokugeleza kwe-HFO kubalulekile. Ezitshalweni zamandla ezisebenzisa uwoyela osindayo, ukulinganisa okuthembekile kokugeleza kukawoyela kuqinisekisa ukulawulwa kokushiswa kanye nebhalansi yamandla, kunciphisa imfucuza kanye nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle. Enqubweni yokuxazulula ukuhwebelana ngophethiloli, ukufundwa okunembile kwesisindo kanye nomthamo kusekela yonke intengiselwano yemali phakathi kwabathengi nabathengisi. Ukungafani, ngisho nokuncane, kungaba nemiphumela ebalulekile yezezimali uma kubhekwa inani elikhulu elihilelekile. Imisebenzi yasemanzini, evame ukuthembela ku-HFO ukuze iqhubezele phambili kanye namandla asekelayo, incike ekulinganisweni okufanele ukuze kugcinwe ukuhambisana, kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwenjini, futhi kuncishiswe ukukhishwa kwe-black carbon—okuyinkinga enkulu emvelweni. Ekushiseni kwezimboni, ukulinganisa ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kanye nokudla kuvikela imishini futhi kuvumele ukufakwa kokushisa okubikezelwayo, kuvikele ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nokuphepha kwabasebenzi.
Isikhungo Sikagesi Esisebenzisa Uphethiloli
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Ukulinganisa Ukugeleza Kwamafutha Amafutha Asindayo
Uwoyela ophethiloli osindayo (i-HFO) uwumkhiqizo kaphethiloli osekelwe ezinsaleleni onezici ezichazayo: ukujiya okuphezulu kakhulu, ukuminyana okuphezulu, okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwesibabule, kanye nobunzima bamakhemikhali. Lolu hlobo lwamafutha lukhiqizwa kusuka ezingxenyaneni ezingezansi ngesikhathi sokucwiliswa kukawoyela ongahluziwe. Ukujiya kwe-HFO kuphakeme kakhulu kunophethiloli olulula, futhi izakhiwo zokugeleza kwayo zisabela kahle ekushiseni—ziba cishe ziqinile ekushiseni kwegumbi kodwa zimanzi ngokwanele ukupompa nokusha uma zishiswa kahle. Ukuphathwa kwayo kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngokuthambekela kokwakha ama-emulsion azinzile, ukuchitheka okukhulu, kanye nokuba khona kwezinhlayiya ezinganyibiliki kanye nama-asphaltene. Lezi zici zithinta ngqo ukugcinwa, ukudluliselwa, kanye nokulinganiswa okunembile kukawoyela ophethiloli osindayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezidinga kakhulu.
Ukulinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo—kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obufana namamitha e-Coriolis—sekuyindinganiso yegolide ye-HFO ngoba ibangela ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu.izinga lokushisafuthiukuminyanaezithinta ukugeleza kwevolumu. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwemitha yokugeleza okuphumelelayo kudinga ulwazi olunembile ngobuningi be-HFO kanye ne-viscosity emazingeni okushisa enqubo, okuvame ukufezwa ngobuningi obungaphakathi kanye namamitha e-viscosity avela kubahlinzeki abakhethekile njengeLonnmeter.
Ukugcinwa kwe-HFO kuvame ukuhilela amathangi asilinda noma angunxande afakwe izinhlelo zokushisa ukuvimbela ukuqina nokusiza ukugeleza. Lawa matanki okugcina uwoyela osindayo aklanyelwe ukuphathwa kwenhlabathi, ukuvikela ukushisa, kanye nokusabalalisa okulawulwayo. Uhlelo lokugcina kumele luvikele ukubola, okuwukuhlaliswa kwamandla adonsela phansi kwe-asphaltenes, izinto ezingaphili, kanye nezinye izinhlayiya. Ukubola kungavimba imigqa yokuphuma, kunciphise umthamo wethangi, futhi kubangele ukwakheka kwenhlabathi eyinkinga phansi kwethangi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kusongela kokubili ubuqotho bokusebenza kanye nokunemba kokulinganiswa kokugeleza okuphansi.
Uma uwoyela usuphumile endaweni yokugcina, ungena kunethiwekhi yamapayipi ashisayo, amaphampu okudlulisa, kanye namayunithi okuhlunga—ngalinye linezidingo ezihlukile zokulwa nokungcola kanye nokuvinjelwa. Ukuthambekela okuphezulu kwe-HFO kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-asphaltene kuqhuba ukuthambekela okuvelele kokungcola: ukwakheka kwediphozithi ezindongeni zamapayipi, kumaphampu, kanye nangaphakathi kwamamitha ngokwawo. Ukungcola kunciphisa ububanzi bepayipi obusebenzayo, kushintsha amaphrofayili okugeleza kwamanzi, kuphakamisa ukulahlekelwa yingcindezi, futhi kungakhubaza imishini yokulinganisa. Ekulinganisweni, ngisho nefilimu encane yensalela ye-HFO ingachezukisa ukufundwa, okugcizelela ukubaluleka kokugcinwa nokulinganiswa kwemitha yokugeleza kawoyela osindayo njalo. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, amaphutha angasakazeka, onakalise ukulawula inqubo kanye nokunemba kokuhweba.
Abaqhubi basebenzisa amasu amaningana okulwa nokungcola kanye nokuvinjelwa. Izinhlelo zokushisa—ngokuvamile ukulandelela umusi noma ukushisa kukagesi—zigcina uwoyela ungaphezu kwezinga lokushisa elibucayi, zinciphisa ukujiya futhi zivimbele izendlalelo zemingcele ezihamba kancane lapho indle ihlala khona. Izihlungi eziqondile kanye nezihlungi zivimba izinhlayiya ngaphambi kokuba uwoyela ufinyelele kumadivayisi abucayi. Imijikelezo yokuhlanza amathangi kanye nokuhlunga okuseceleni kugcina amazinga endle elawulwa. Izindawo ezithintana ne-HFO ngezinye izikhathi ziphathwa nge-polymer noma izembozo zokwenziwa ukuze kuncishiswe ukunamathela futhi kube lula ukuhlanza. Izinhlelo zokuklwebha noma zokufaka izingulube ngomshini zisetshenziswa emapayipini ukuze kususwe ama-depositi ngobudlova.
Ingozi yokuthuthwa kwendle kanye nokungcola ibonakala kakhulu ezingxenyeni zethangi, isihlungi, kanye nemitha yokugeleza. Ukuze kuncishiswe, ukwakheka kohlelo kuhlanganisa ukwakheka (amathangi athambekele phansi, ukushukuma), inqubo (ukulungiswa okuhleliwe), kanye nezinyathelo zokufaka izinto (ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwe-viscosity/ubuningi).
Ngamafuphi, ukulinganisa uwoyela osindayo akuyona nje indaba yokulinganisa ukugeleza—kuyinqubo ehlanganisiwe edinga ukuzivumelanisa nesikhathi sangempela nezinselele ezihlukile zezakhiwo zomzimba ze-HFO. Izidingo zokusebenza zezindlela zokulwa nokungcola kanye nokuvimbela ukuvaleka azihlukaniseki nokuphishekela ukulinganisa ukugeleza kukawoyela osindayo okunembile, okuthembekile, nokunomnotho, okunethonya eliqondile ekukhiqizweni kwamandla, ukuthobela imvelo, ukuhweba, kanye nokuphepha kohlelo. Ukulinganisa okunembile kusetshenziswa amamitha okugeleza kawoyela osindayo asebenza kahle kakhulu, asekelwa ngamathuluzi afana namamitha e-Lonnmeter inline density kanye ne-viscosity, kuyisisekelo sokubhekana nalezi zinselele.
Ubuchwepheshe Obubalulekile Ekulinganisweni Kwamafutha Anzima
Amamitha Okugeleza Kwesisindo Se-Coriolis Okulinganisa Ukugeleza Kwesisindo Okuqondile
Amamitha okugeleza kobuningi beCoriolisisebenza ngokubangela ukudlidliza kwelinye noma ngaphezulu ipayipi lapho uwoyela osindayo ugeleza khona. Njengoba uwoyela udlula, i-inertia evela ku-moving mass ibangela ukushintsha kwesigaba okulinganiselwe, okuhambisana nesilinganiso sokugeleza kwesisindo. Le ndlela iveza ngqo ukugeleza kwesisindo, ubuningi, kanye namanani okushisa, isusa isidingo sokulungiswa kwevolumu yokushisa noma ingcindezi, okubalulekile lapho kuphathwa amazinga ahlukahlukene kawoyela osindayo (HFO) kanye nokwakheka kwawo. Isimiso sokulinganisa ngqo senza kube lula kakhulu ukufakwa kwemitha yokugeleza kwesisindo kawoyela osindayo kanye nemisebenzi yokulinganisa, kwenze inqubo yokulinganisa imitha yokugeleza kwesisindo kawoyela osindayo ibe lula futhi iqinisekise ubuqotho benqubo yokuxazulula ukuhwebelana kwamafutha.
Amamitha e-Coriolis anikeza izinzuzo ezihlukile zokulinganisa ukugeleza kukawoyela ezimweni ezidinga kakhulu, njengokuphathwa kwethangi lokugcina uwoyela osindayo, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi, kanyeindawo yokuhlala yasolwandleUkunemba kwazo kuhlala kuphezulu kungakhathaliseki ukuguquguquka kobuningi be-HFO, izinga lokushisa, nomaukujiyaNjengoba zingenazo izingxenye ezihambayo ezithinta uketshezi, amamitha e-Coriolis aqinile ngokwemvelo, amelana nokuguguleka okuvela ezinhlayiyeni ezirhabaxa ezivame kumafutha aqinile, futhi anciphisa kakhulu izidingo zokugcinwa kwemitha yokugeleza kawoyela osindayo. Ukwehla kwengcindezi kula mamitha kuncane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinketho eziningi zokulinganisa ngomshini. Ukungabikho kwezangaphakathi zomshini kuzenza zimelane kakhulu nokungcoliswa—inkinga ebalulekile ekulinganiseni ukugeleza kawoyela osindayo—kunciphisa kakhulu amasu okulwa nokungcoliswa kwamamitha okugeleza noma izixazululo zokulwa nokuvaleka kwamamitha kaphethiloli.
Empeleni, amamitha e-Coriolis asetshenziswa ezindaweni ezibalulekile zochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kukawoyela osindayo. Isibonelo, asetshenziselwa imisebenzi yokudlulisa uphethiloli e-bunker emikhunjini yasolwandle, ukuqinisekisa ukukhokhisa okunembile kanye nokuhambisana nezidingo zokuqapha uphethiloli ezilawulayo. Ezitshalweni zamandla ezisebenzisa uwoyela osindayo, la mamitha alandelela ukusetshenziswa kokubili ekudlulisweni kokugcina kuya kubhoyila kanye nemigqa yokujikeleza kwangaphakathi, okwenza kube nokulawulwa kokushisa okulungiselelwe kanye nokuphathwa kokukhishwa okungcono komoya. Ikhono lobuchwepheshe be-Coriolis lokuhlinzeka ngedatha ethembekile, ephindaphindwayo, nelandelekayo libalulekile ekusebenzeni kokulayisha amathangi, ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa, kanye nokuhambisana nemithetho—konke okudinga ukuqinisekiswa kokulinganisa okungenakuqhathaniswa.
Ukuthuthukisa Ukulinganisa Ezindaweni Ezinzima
Ubunjiniyela Bokuthembeka Ezinhlelweni Zamafutha Amafutha Asindayo
Ezisetshenzisweni zemitha yokugeleza kawoyela osindayo, ukuthembeka kuncike ekukhetheni izinto eziqinile kanye nokwakhiwa okuklanyelwe ukumelana nezimo ezinzima. I-aluminium ingakhethwa ezindaweni ezinengcindezi ephansi, ezingaboli ngenxa yokumelana kwayo nokugqwala okulula nokuphakathi. Insimbi ephothiwe inikeza amandla kanye nokumelana nokuklwebheka okuthile, kodwa isengozini yokugqwala okune-asidi okuvame ukutholakala ngemikhiqizo yokushiswa kawoyela osindayo. Insimbi engagqwali ikhethwa kakhulu ezindikimbeni eziningi zemitha yokugeleza kawoyela osindayo, ngenxa yokumelana kwayo kokubili ekuhlaselweni ngamakhemikhali kanye nokuklwebheka, ikakhulukazi amazinga afana ne-316L kanye nensimbi engagqwali ephindwe kabili ephatha izindawo ezicebile ngesibabule nomoya-mpilo.
Izinto zangaphakathi zemitha zingasebenzisa ama-liners noma izembozo ezingezona ezensimbi—i-PTFE, i-PFA, noma i-polyurethane—ukuze zimelane nokugqwala nokungcola. Ngenkathi i-PTFE iletha ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali okumangalisayo, i-polyurethane idlula phambili ekumelaneni nokuguguleka, okubaluleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezinamafutha agcwele izinhlayiya. Lezi zinto zidlula ekuhlolweni kokulingisa komhlaba wangempela, ziziveza emazingeni okushisa ahlukahlukene, imijikelezo yokucindezela, kanye nobubanzi obuphelele be-HFO chemistryries, isekela ukuqina komjikelezo wokuphila kanye nomnotho wokugcinwa.
Imiklamo yemitha yokugeleza kawoyela osindayo oqinile igcizelela ukuvuleka okubanzi kwangaphakathi ukuze kuncishiswe ukwehla kwengcindezi kanye nengozi yokuvaleka. Amamitha e-inline density kanye ne-viscosity e-Lonnmeter akhiwe ukuze asebenze ngaphandle kwezingxenye ezihambayo, anciphise ukungcola komshini futhi asekele ukunemba kwesikhathi eside ngisho nangaphansi kwemithwalo ye-viscosity ephezulu, ephezulu yezinhlayiya.
Ukuze kuxazululwe ukungcola nokuvaleka, amasu obunjiniyela afaka phakathi izembozo ezinganamatheli—njenge-PTFE noma i-polysiloxane—ezindaweni zangaphakathi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo nezingaphili. Eminye imiklamo ifaka izindlela zokuzilungisa, njengokupholisha ubuso okubangelwa ukugeleza noma izindawo zokulungisa ezilula ezibekelwe ukuhlanza ngesandla. Izixazululo zokulwa nokuvaleka zigcizelela izindlela ezilula kanye nobulula bejometri, ezisiza ekumelaneni nokuqongelela kwezinhlayiya futhi zenze kube lula ukususwa noma ukuhlanza ngezikhathi ezithile. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamasu okuvimbela ukungcola kwamamitha okugeleza kuthinta ngqo ukuthembeka kokusebenza futhi kunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi, okubaluleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni zezitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa uwoyela osindayo.
Izinto Okufanele Uzicabangele Zokufaka Nokuhlanganisa
Ukuthuthukisa ukulinganiswa kokugeleza kukawoyela ezinhlelweni zikawoyela osindayo kuqala ngosayizi wemitha ofanele. Amamitha kumele akhethwe ukuze afane namazinga okugeleza angempela, i-viscosity, kanye nemingcele yokucindezela etholakala kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile—njengokudluliselwa kusuka ethangini lokugcina uwoyela osindayo noma ngaphakathi kwezihibe zokujikeleza esiteshini samandla esisebenzisa uwoyela osindayo. Amamitha amakhulu kakhulu ahlushwa ukunemba okonakele ekugelezeni okuphansi, kuyilapho amamitha amancane eveza ukwehla kwengcindezi ngokweqile.
Izindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokufaka imitha yokugeleza kawoyela osindayo zidinga ukunakwa ngokucophelela ekubekezeleni kwengcindezi kanye nokushisa. Iningi lezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-HFO zisebenza ngokucindezela okuphansi kuya okuphakathi kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu ukuze kugcinwe ukugeleza kukawoyela. Amamitha e-Lonnmeter angabekwa eduze kwethangi lokugcina uwoyela osindayo noma ezigabeni zomugqa obalulekile, okunciphisa izidingo ezinde zokugijima ngqo ngenxa yezici zawo zokulungisa ukugeleza okuthuthukile. Lokhu kunikeza ukuguquguquka kokufakwa ngisho nasezindaweni ezilinganiselwe.
Amapharamitha abalulekile okufakwa kwemitha yokugeleza kawoyela ethembekile afaka phakathi ukuphazamiseka okuncane okuvela kumaphampu nama-valve, amaphrofayili okugeleza azinzile, kanye nokuma okuhle ukuze kugwenywe ukungalungi okuvundlile noma okuqondile okungase kubangele iphutha lokulinganisa. Ukubekwa kufanele kuthande izindawo ezinokufinyelela okuqondile kwensizakalo yesikhathi esithile, okubalulekile ekugcinweni kwemitha yokugeleza kawoyela osindayo kanye nemikhuba yokulinganisa. Ukuzivumelanisa nemingcele ethile yesistimu kusekelwa usayizi wemitha we-modular kanye nezinketho zokuthutha, okuvumela ukuhlanganiswa kokubili ekufakweni kabusha nasekufakweni okusha.
Ukulinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo okunembile kukawoyela osindayo kuncike ekhwalithini yokufaka—usayizi wamamitha aqinile, ukubekwa okufanele eduze kwamatangi okuhambisa, kanye nemvume yokufinyelela ekulungisweni. Lokhu kuqondaniswa phakathi kobunjiniyela nokufakwa kwenza kube nokunemba ngesikhathi senqubo yokuxazulula ukuhwebelana ngophethiloli kanye nokulinganisa ukugeleza kukawoyela okuqhubekayo, ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo zasensimini eziyinselele.
Ukunemba, Ukugcinwa, kanye Nemiphumela Yokuxazululwa Kwezohwebo
Ukufinyelela ukunemba okuphezulu kanye nokuphindaphindeka ekulinganisweni kokugeleza kukawoyela osindayo kubalulekile ekuxazululweni kokuhweba ngophethiloli okusobala nokuthembekile. Ezinhlelweni ezifana namathangi okugcina uwoyela osindayo kanye neziteshi zamandla ezisebenzisa uwoyela osindayo, ukunemba okuqinile kuqinisekisa ukuthengiselana okuhambisanayo nokuvikelwa kwezentengiselwano.
Ukulinganisa kuyisisekelo sobuqotho bokulinganisa. Kunoma iyiphi imitha yokugeleza kawoyela osindayo—ikakhulukazi leyo esebenza ngaphansi kokudluliselwa okugcinwe—inqubo yokulinganisa ihilela ukuqhathaniswa nezindinganiso zokubhekisela ezilandelekayo. Amasu avame ukusebenzisa amamitha amakhulu noma amathangi okuhlola, futhi kumele enziwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo eziphinda ngokuseduze amaqiniso okusebenza, okuhlanganisa ingcindezi, izinga lokushisa, kanye nokwakheka koketshezi. Ukuphambuka, ngisho nokuncane, kungabangela izingxabano ezinkulu zezimali nezomthetho ngesikhathi sokuxazululwa kokuhweba ngophethiloli. Ukulinganisa kumele kubhalwe phansi futhi kulandelelwe ezindinganisweni zikazwelonke noma zomhlaba wonke, kanye nokulinganisa kabusha ngezikhathi ezithile okudingekayo ukuze kulandelwe njalo. Amamitha asetshenziselwa ukulinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo okuqondile, njengalawo ahlanganiswe namamitha e-Lonnmeter angaphakathi kanye ne-viscosity, adinga ukuqinisekiswa ngokumelene nezinqubo eziqinisekisiwe eziqashelwa yi-OIML R117 yakamuva noma amazinga e-metrological afanayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kokuxazulula ukuhweba.
Isinxephezelo sokushisa kanye ne-viscosity sibaluleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokulinganisa uwoyela osindayo. I-viscosity ephezulu kanye nokuzwela ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa okubonakaliswa uwoyela osindayo kubeka izinselele ezihlukile. Isinxephezelo esiqondile, esenziwa ngezinzwa ezihlanganisiwe (zobuningi kanye ne-viscosity), kanye nokulungiswa kwedatha yesikhathi sangempela, kubhekana nalezi ziguquguquko—ukunciphisa ukugeleza okungase kuphazamise ukulinganiswa kokugeleza kwesisindo. Isibonelo, ukuhlanganisa imitha yobuningi eqondile ye-Lonnmeter nemitha yokugeleza uwoyela osindayo kwenza ukulungiswa kobuningi besikhathi sangempela; ukuyihlanganisa nemitha yobukhulu eqondile kuvumela ukulungiswa okunembile kwe-viscosity. Izixazululo ezinjalo zokulinganisa ezibhangqiwe zibalulekile ekulinganisweni okuqondile kokugeleza kwesisindo kuzilungiselelo zokudlulisa zokugcina ezisezingeni eliphezulu.
Ukuphindaphinda kubaluleke ngokulinganayo; kuchaza ikhono lemitha lokukhiqiza imiphumela efanayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo. Ukwakhiwa kwemitha ye-modular kanye nokulungiswa okuncane kuthuthukisa ukuphindaphinda, okuvumela ukulinganiswa okunembile kwendawo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekulinganisweni kokugeleza kukawoyela okukhulu kanye nokulinganisa uwoyela osindayo lapho ukuphazamiseka kwenqubo kubiza khona.
Isitifiketi, ukuqinisekiswa, kanye nokuhambisana nomthetho kuhlobene kakhulu nokwethembeka kwenqubo yokuxazulula ukuhwebelana ngophethiloli. Izindinganiso eziqashelwa emhlabeni wonke njenge-OIML R117 zidinga amamitha okugeleza ukuze ahlolwe ngokuqinile, ahlolwe isitifiketi sokunemba, kanye nokuqinisekiswa kabusha njalo. Ukunamathela kulezo zinqubo kuvikela inqubo yokuhweba futhi kunikeza ireferensi eqondile uma kuba nezingxabano.
Uwoyela osindayo uletha izingozi eziqhubekayo zokungcola nokuvaleka kwamamitha okugeleza, okuphazamisa kokubili ukunemba kanye nobude besikhathi semitha. Ukugcinwa kokuvimbela kuyadingeka. Izici ezifana nokwakhiwa kwamamitha ajwayelekile kanye nezinhlangano ezincane ezilungisekayo zisekela ukuhlanza okulula kanye nokushintsha izingxenye. Amasu okuqinisekisa ngaphakathi—okuvumela ukuhlolwa kokulinganisa ngaphandle kokuqaqa—anciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi, agcina izikhawu zokulinganisa imitha yokugeleza kwamafutha anzima ziqinile futhi zithembekile.
Ukuhlela nokuqapha izinqubo, okuhlanganisa amasu okulwa nokungcola kanye nezixazululo zokulwa nokuvalwa, kuyinto edingekayo. Lokhu kuhilela amathuluzi okubikezela, njengokuqapha ukwehla kwengcindezi ukuze kutholakale ukungcola kusenesikhathi, kanye nokuhlolwa okuvamile okubonakalayo. Kubasebenzisi bezitshalo zikagesi ezisebenzisa uwoyela osindayo, izexwayiso ezizenzakalelayo ezisekelwe ekuxilongweni kwedijithali zingabonisa imijikelezo yokuhlanza edingekayo, okuvumela ukungenelela ngaphambi kokulahlekelwa okukhulu kokunemba noma isikhathi sokungasebenzi esingahleliwe. Amasu okuhlanza endaweni, alungiselelwe izici zikawoyela kanye namazinga okugeleza, anciphisa kakhulu ukungenelela okuhleliwe.
Iziqondiso zokufaka imitha yokugeleza kukawoyela zigcizelela ukubaluleka kokufakwa kwedatha okuphelele kanye nokuqapha okuphephile kwedijithali. Amalogi edijithali athembekile asekela zonke izigaba zokuxazululwa kokuhweba ngophethiloli. Izinhlelo zesimanje zifaka izinqubo zokuxhumana eziphephile, isitoreji sedatha esibethelwe, kanye nokufinyelela okusekelwe ezimvumeni ukuvikela ubuqotho bedatha yezentengiselwano. Amalogi emicimbi anemininingwane, imizila yokuhlola, kanye nezitifiketi ze-elekthronikhi zokulinganisa zisetshenziselwa ukuhlangabezana nezibopho zezentengiselwano nezomthetho. Ukuqapha uhlelo njalo kwezimo ezingavamile kanye nobuthakathaka be-cyber kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuhlolwa nokuvimbela ukuphazamiseka kwedatha kuyo yonke inqubo yokulinganisa ukugeleza kukawoyela.
Ndawonye, ukucophelela kobuchwepheshe—ngokulinganisa ngokunemba, isinxephezelo sokushisa kanye nokuthamba, imikhuba yedijithali evikelekile, kanye nokugcinwa okuqinile—kwakha isisekelo sokulinganisa uwoyela osindayo okunembile, okuphindaphindwayo, nokuhambisanayo ezindaweni zezentengiselwano.
Ukuhlanganiswa Nezinhlelo Zezitshalo Namapulatifomu Edijithali
Ukuhlanganiswa Kwezinga Lezitshalo Ezitshalweni Zamandla Ezisebenzisa Uphethiloli Osindayo
Amamitha okugeleza kawoyela osindayo (i-HFO) adlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwezitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa uwoyela osindayo ukuze kulinganiswe ukugeleza kukawoyela okunembile, kulinganiswe ukugeleza kobuningi, kanye nokulawula. Ukuhlanganisa la mamitha—njengobuningi obungaphakathi kanye namamitha e-viscosity avela ku-I-Lonnmeter—Ku-Distributed Control Systems (DCS) noma ku-Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) kudinga amasu aqinile aqinisekisa ukuqapha okungenamthungo ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nokulawulwa okunembile kokulinganisa uwoyela osindayo.
Inqubo yokuhlanganisa iqala ngokufanisa ukuphuma kwesignali yemitha namamojula okufaka amapulatifomu e-DCS noma e-PLC. Ku-interface ye-analog, imboni ithembele kakhulu esignalini engu-4–20 mA ngenxa yamandla ayo ngokumelene nomsindo kagesi kanye nokufaneleka kokugijima ikhebula isikhathi eside. Izinketho zedijithali zifaka phakathi amaphrothokholi afana ne-Modbus, i-HART, kanye ne-pulse outputs, okunikeza inzuzo yokuphatha ukuxilongwa kanye nedatha eguquguqukayo eminingi ezinhlelweni zokulawula.
Ukuze kulinganiswe ukugeleza kobuningi obuqondile, izintambo ezivela kumamitha e-Lonnmeter kanye ne-viscosity zixhuma kumakhadi okufaka ahlelwe ku-DCS/PLC, ngokuvamile ngokusebenzisa ama-conditioner esignali ukuze kube nekhwalithi yedatha efanelekile. Uhlelo lokulawula lwesitshalo kumele luhumushe la manani, lwenze kube lula ukulinganisa ukugeleza kukawoyela, ukwenziwa kwe-alamu, kanye nempendulo yenqubo yesikhathi sangempela. Empeleni, izinhlelo zingase zixhumane nesendlalelo se-Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), esingasebenza njengomlamuleli wokuhlanganiswa kwedatha, ukuqapha okude, noma ukugcinwa kwengobo yomlando yesikhathi eside. Lolu hlaka alugcini nje ngokusekela ukulawula kokusebenza kwezinga lesitshalo kodwa luphakela ukulandelela uphethiloli, ukuhambisana nomthetho, kanye nenqubo yokuxazulula ukuhweba ngophethiloli ngedatha ephindaphindwayo, enesitembu sesikhathi.
Ukuxilongwa kanye nokuthembeka kokuxhumana kugcinwa ngokusebenzisa amazinga okuxhumana avulekile, ahambisanayo. Izinqubo zedijithali ezifana ne-IEC 62056 (DLMS/COSEM) zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizeni ugesi, okuvumela ukudluliselwa okuphephile, ukumaka imifudlana yokulinganisa ngamakhodi e-OBIS, kanye nokushintshaniswa kwedatha okubethelwe okuhlangabezana nemigomo yokuhlolwa kanye nokuhambisana nomthetho.
Isibonelo: Isitshalo esisebenza nge-HFO esihlanganisa amamitha okuqina e-Lonnmeter ne-DCS yaso ekhona sizoxhumanisa ukuphuma kwe-analog kwemitha ngayinye okungu-4-20 mA kumakhadi okufaka e-DCS. Isofthiwe ye-DCS izolungiselelwa ukucubungula lokhu kufundwa, ikhiqize izitayela zesikhathi sangempela, ama-alamu okufundwa okungajwayelekile, futhi inikeze impendulo eqhubekayo yokulawula amazinga okugeleza kukaphethiloli, iqinisekise ukushisa okuzinzile kanye nokusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli. Imibhalo yokuhlanganisa ichaza yonke indawo yokushintshana kwedatha futhi iqinisekisa ukunemba nokuthembeka ngokusebenza nokuhlolwa okuhleliwe.
Ukuhlanganiswa kudlulela nasezinhlelweni zezimali: amapulatifomu okudluliselwa kokugcinwa kanye nokukhokha ancike ekudlulisweni kwedatha yamamitha okunembile, okungenakuguqulwa. Ngokuqhubekayo, lokhu kuhilela ukugcinwa kwedatha okuphephile okuhambisana nezindinganiso zemboni zezindlela zokuhlola kanye nokubika okulawulwayo. Kulezi zimo, ikhono lokugcina ubuqotho bedatha, ukuvimbela ukuhlukunyezwa, nokuvumela ukutholwa okusheshayo kwamarekhodi okugeleza sekuyinto ebalulekile ekusebenzeni nasekuxazululweni kwezingxabano.
Ukuqinisekisa Ikusasa Ngezilinganiso Eziguquguqukayo Neziguquguqukayo
Ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zikawoyela osindayo, okuhlanganisa nezingxube ezigcinwe emathangini amakhulu okugcina uwoyela osindayo, kudinga ukuthi amamitha okugeleza azivumelanise nezinguquko zebanga likawoyela, i-viscosity, kanye nobuningi. Amamitha okuqina angaphakathi kanye ne-viscosity avela eLonnmeter aklanyelwe ukuhambisana okubanzi, okuvumela ukulinganiswa okunembile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zikawoyela osindayo ezitholakala ezitshalweni zamandla zanamuhla.
Ukuvikela esikhathini esizayo la mamitha kuncike ezimisweni ezimbili: ukuthuthuka kanye nokuguquguquka. Ihadiwe yokulinganisa yaklanywa ngezingxenye zemodyuli, okwenza kube lula ukufaka esikhundleni noma ukuthuthukisa izinzwa, amabhodi kagesi, noma izixhumanisi njengoba izidingo zokusebenza zithuthuka. Le ndlela yemodyuli iphinde isekele ukulungiswa okusheshayo futhi inciphise isikhathi sokungasebenzi kwemishini ngesikhathi sokushintsha noma sokuthuthukisa, okubalulekile ezindaweni zenqubo eqhubekayo njengezitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa uwoyela osindayo.
Isibonelo, njengoba kungeniswa ukuxubana okusha kukaphethiloli okunezakhiwo ezahlukene ze-rheological, amamojula emitha angashintshwa noma alinganiswe kabusha—kuqondiswa umhlahlandlela wokufaka imitha yokugeleza kukawoyela—ukugcina ukulinganiswa okunembile kokugeleza kukawoyela kanye nokulinganiswa kokugeleza kwesisindo ngaphandle kokufakwa kwesistimu ephelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasu okulwa nokungcola kwamamitha okugeleza kanye nezixazululo zokulwa nokuvaleka kusiza ukugcina ukufundwa okunembile futhi kunciphise izikhawu zokugcinwa kwemitha yokugeleza kukawoyela osindayo, ngisho noma izimo zenqubo zishintsha.
Izinqubo zokulinganisa imitha zenzelwe ukuba lula, okuvumela abaqhubi ukuthi basebenzise izinqubo zokulinganisa imitha yokugeleza kukawoyela osindayo ngokushesha lapho imijikelezo yokulungisa idinga ukulinganiswa kabusha. Zonke izinguquko ezithuthukisiwe kanye nezinguquko zemodyuli zibhaliwe phansi, okuqinisekisa ukulandelelwa kokuhambisana kwemithetho kanye nokuhweba ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kukaphethiloli.
Indlela eya ekulinganisweni okuthembekile kukawoyela osindayo namuhla idinga ukuhlanganiswa okuqinile kwezinhlelo zokulinganisa nokuzisebenzela kwezitshalo kanye namapulatifomu edijithali, asekelwe yizinqubo kanye nezakhiwo zehadiwe ezivulekile, ezihlanganisiwe, futhi eziklanyelwe ukuthuthuka kanye nokusebenza kwezitshalo kanye nezidingo zomthetho.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa)
Yini eyenza imitha yokugeleza kukawoyela osindayo ifanelekele izicelo zokuxazululwa kwezivumelwano zokuhweba ngophethiloli?
Imitha yokugeleza kawoyela osindayo ehloselwe ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa kanye nokuxazululwa kwezentengiselwano kumele ifinyelele amazinga okunemba aqinile, ngokuvamile ngokungaqiniseki kokulinganisa okungaphansi kuka-0.1%. Lokhu kubalulekile ngoba ngisho nokuphambuka okuncane kungabangela ukungafani okukhulu kwezezimali lapho kuphathwa umthamo omkhulu kawoyela. Imitha yokugeleza kawoyela osindayo efanelekile inikeza isilinganiso sokugeleza kwesisindo esiqondile, iqinile ngokumelene ne-viscosity eguquguqukayo kanye nokushisa, futhi igcina ubuqotho bokulinganisa kuyo yonke imijikelezo yokusetshenziswa okuphezulu. Ukuthobela imithetho kubaluleke kakhulu; amamitha kumele avumele amarekhodi alandelekayo, ahlolwe futhi avumelane nezindinganiso ezifana nalezo ezibekwe ku-IMO's MARPOL Annex VI kanye neziqondiso ze-UNECE. Ukunemba, ukulandeleka, kanye nokuthembeka kunciphisa izingxabano zokuthengiselana futhi kuvikela bonke abathintekayo enkambisweni yokuxazululwa kwezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano. Ezinhlelweni zokulinganisa kawoyela osindayo, amamitha okugeleza kwesisindo seCoriolis asetshenziswa kabanzi njengendinganiso yokubhekisela ngoba alinganisa ngqo isisindo, kunokuba asichaze ngokufundwa kwevolumu, avumela ukuguquguquka kobuningi kanye nokushisa kwamafutha osindayo.
Izici zokulwa nokungcola kanye nokuvinjelwa zingakuthuthukisa kanjani ukuthembeka kokulinganisa ezinhlelweni zikawoyela osindayo?
Ubuningi obukhulu be-oyela ophethiloli osindayo kanye nokuqukethwe kokungcola kuholela ekuqongeleleni nasekuvinjweni kwezinhlelo zokulinganisa ukugeleza. Amasu akhethekile okulwa nokungcola kwamamitha okugeleza ahilela ukusebenzisa izembozo zangaphakathi ezinganamatheli, ama-geometri enzwa angenamthungo anciphisa izindawo ezifile, kanye nezindlela zokugeleza ezinciphisa amavolumu okubamba. Izinto zokwakha zikhethwa ngenxa yokungasebenzi kahle kwamakhemikhali kanye nokushelela; insimbi engagqwali ivame kakhulu ngenxa yokumelana kwayo nokunamathela. Imisebenzi yokuzihlanza ekwakhiweni kwamamitha—njengemibhobho yokugeleza edlidlizayo—isiza ekulahleni amadiphozithi anamathelayo. Lobu buchwepheshe buhlanganisa ukuzinzisa ukusebenza kwamamitha okugeleza kawoyela ophethiloli osindayo, ukuqinisekisa ukulinganiswa okunembile kokugeleza kawoyela kanye nokunciphisa imvamisa yokulungisa kanye nesikhathi esingalindelekile sokungasebenzi kwesistimu.
Kungani ukulinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo okuqondile kukhethwa kunezindlela zomthamo kawoyela osindayo?
Ukulinganisa ukugeleza kwesisindo okuqondile, njengoba kuhlinzekwe ngamamitha e-Coriolis, kubalulekile ekulinganiseni ukugeleza kwe-oyela okuthembekile ngenxa yobuningi kanye nokushisa okuguquguqukayo kukawoyela osindayo. Amamitha e-volumetric, njenge-turbine noma izinhlobo ezinhle zokuhambisa, alinganisa izinga lokugeleza ngevolumu ebonakalayo futhi adinga ukulungiswa kobuningi ukuze kulinganiswe ukugeleza kwesisindo—lokhu kwethula imithombo eyengeziwe yamaphutha njengoba ubukhulu bukawoyela osindayo buvame ukushintsha ngokwakheka kwamakhemikhali, umlando wokuvimbela, kanye nokushisa kokusebenza. Amamitha okugeleza kwesisindo se-Coriolis athatha ngqo izinga lokugeleza kwesisindo sangempela futhi, ngasikhathi sinye, abike inani langempela lobuningi kanye namanani okushisa, konke ngesikhathi sangempela. Leli khono lisusa ukungalungi kokuguqulwa futhi linikeza isisekelo sokulinganisa esihambisana nemigomo yenkontileka yemakethe, ikakhulukazi enkambisweni yokuxazulula ukuhweba ngophethiloli, lapho isisindo—hhayi ivolumu—ngokuvamile ichaza ukugcinwa.
Yiziphi izici zokufaka okumele zicatshangelwe ngemitha yokugeleza kawoyela osindayo ohlelweni lwethangi lokugcina izinto?
Imikhuba yokufaka amamitha okugeleza kawoyela osindayo ezindaweni zokugcina ithangi ithinta ngqo ukunemba kanye nobude bemitha. Ukukhethwa kosayizi wemitha kumele kuhambisane nobubanzi bokugeleza obulindelekile, kuvimbele ukwehla kokusebenza ekulayisheni okungaphansi noma ukulayisha ngokweqile. Ukubekwa kubalulekile; imitha kufanele ifakwe endaweni lapho ukugeleza kuthuthukiswe khona ngokuphelele—kude namaphampu aseduze, amajika, noma amavalvu, okungadala ukuphazamiseka kokugeleza. Kumathangi okugcina kawoyela osindayo, ukuphatha izinga lokushisa likawoyela nge-insulation noma ama-heating traces kuvimbela amaphutha okulinganisa ahlobene ne-viscosity futhi kugweme izindawo ezibandayo ezingase zikhuthaze ukuvaleka.
Ukuqondiswa okufanele, njengokuqinisekisa ukugeleza okuphezulu kweminye imiklamo yeCoriolis, kugwema ukubhajwa kwamabhamuza egesi. Ukubeka phansi kanye nokuhlukaniswa kukagesi kunciphisa izinto zokulinganisa ezibangelwa ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic. Umhlahlandlela wokufaka imitha yokugeleza kawoyela yezinhlelo zethangi lokugcina uncoma ukwesekwa okuqinile kokubili kwamamitha angaphakathi kanye nafakwe i-flange, njengoba ukudlidliza okuvela ekusebenzeni kwethangi kungathinta ukufundwa uma kungagcinwanga kahle noma kungavinjelwanga kahle. Zonke izinyathelo zokufaka kufanele zibhalwe phansi ukuze kulandelelwe futhi kuhambisane nomthetho.
Yiziphi izinto zokulinganisa ezinconywayo zokusingatha izindawo zikawoyela osindayo noma oqothulayo?
Amamitha okugeleza kawoyela osindayo afanele kakhulu akhiwe ngezinto ezingagqwali ukuqinisekisa impilo yesevisi ende ezindaweni ezinolaka lwamakhemikhali. Izinsimbi ezingagqwali, ikakhulukazi ama-duplex nama-super-duplex grades (njenge-2205 kanye ne-2507), zinikeza inhlanganisela yamandla omshini kanye nokumelana nokugqwala, afaneleka kumafutha aqukethe ama-chloride, i-sulfur, namanzi. Ama-alloy akhethekile ane-nickel ephezulu, kufaka phakathi i-Alloy 625 kanye ne-C-276, akhethwa ukuthi asetshenziswe ku-crude "omuncu" noma lapho kulindeleke ukuthi kuvezwe ku-hydrogen sulfide kanye ne-carbon dioxide. Ekusetshenzisweni okunokungcola okukhuhlayo, njenge-catalyst fines evela kumafutha asele, izinto zangaphakathi eziqinile noma izembozo ze-ceramic noma ze-polymeric ezizimele ziwusizo. Insimbi ehlanganisiwe ingasetshenziswa ezindaweni ezingagadli kakhulu kodwa ingadinga ukuhlolwa njalo. Ukukhetha izinto kufanele kubonise ukuhlaziywa okuphelele kwe-chemistry kawoyela, izinga lokushisa, kanye nengcindezi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imitha imelana nokugqwala kanye nokukhuhlana kuyo yonke impilo yayo yokusebenza.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba-23-2025
