Coi-ntinui-ousgUkulinganiswa kwe-uar gum viscosity kuvumela ukuqapha okunembile kwezinguquko ze-viscosity ezixhunywe ekugxilweni. Ukumodela kwe-rheological okubikezelayo kusiza ekunqumeni ukugxilwa okuthile okudingekayo kumazinga e-viscosity afunwayo, okubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono ukwakheka kwethangi lokuxuba nokuqinisekisa i-rheology yoketshezi eqhubekayo. Lobu budlelwano obuqondile bokugxilwa-ukuvinjelwa kusiza onjiniyela ekunikezeni ukuvinjelwa okulawulwayo kwezidingo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene.
Ukuqonda i-Guar Gum ku-Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids
Indima yeGuar Gum njenge-Thickener
Ama-polymer emvelo afana ne-guar gum abalulekile ekuqhekekeni koketshezi ngenxa yekhono lawo lokukhulisa kakhulu i-viscosity, okubalulekile ekumisweni nasekuthuthweni kwe-proppant okuphumelelayo. Etholakala kubhontshisi be-guar, isakhiwo se-polysaccharide se-guar gum sishesha ukufudumala ukuze sakhe izixazululo eziqinile—okubalulekile ekuthwaleni isihlabathi noma ezinye izinto eziqinile zingene emifantwini yamadwala ngesikhathi sokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic.
Izindlela Zokuqina Nokuzinza:
- Ama-molecule e-Guar gum ayathandelana futhi ande emanzini, okuholela ekukhushulweni okukhulu kwama-molecule kanye nokujiya koketshezi. Lokhu kuthamba okuphezulu kunciphisa ijubane lokumiswa kwe-proppant kuketshezi lwe-hydraulic fracturing, okuholela ekumisweni okungcono nasekubekweni kwama-proppants.
- Ama-ejenti okuxhumanisa afana ne-boric acid, i-organoboron, noma i-organozirconium athuthukisa kakhulu i-viscosity. Isibonelo, uketshezi lwe-organozirconium-crosslinked hydroxypropyl guar (HPG) lugcina ngaphezu kuka-89.7% we-viscosity yalo yokuqala ku-120 °C ngaphansi kokushisa okuphezulu, okusebenza kahle kakhulu kunezinhlelo ezivamile futhi lunikeza amandla okuthwala i-proppant aqinile kakhulu kuketshezi lokuqhekeka.
- Ukwanda kobuningi be-crosslink, okufinyelelwa ngokukhulisa ukujiya kwe-thickener, kuqinisa isakhiwo sejeli futhi kuvumela ukuzinza okuphezulu, ngisho nasezimweni ezinzima zokugcina amanzi.
Ukwakheka kwejeli okusheshayo kwe-Guar gum kwenza kube lula ukwakheka kwethangi lokuxuba uketshezi oluqhekekile. Kodwa-ke, iyazwela ekuhlaselweni yi-shear kanye ne-microbial; ngakho-ke, ukulungiselela ngokucophelela kanye nezithasiselo ezifanele kuyadingeka ukuze kusebenze kahle.
Impuphu yeGuar Gum
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Izakhiwo Eziyinhloko Ezihlobene Nemisebenzi Yokuqhekeka
Ukuqina Kwezinga Lokushisa
Uketshezi lwe-guar gum kumele lugcine iphrofayili yalo ye-viscosity emazingeni okushisa aphezulu e-reservoir. I-guar gum engashintshiwe iqala ukonakala ngaphezu kuka-160°C, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kwe-viscosity kanye nokuncipha kokumiswa kwe-proppant. Ukuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali—njengokuncishiswa kwe-sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylsulfonate—kuthuthukisa ukuqina kokushisa, okuvumela uketshezi ukuthi lugcine i-viscosity engaphezu kuka-200 mPa·s ku-180°C amahora amabili (shear 170 s⁻¹).
Ama-Crosslink ayisihluthulelo sokuqina kwezinga lokushisa:
- Ama-crosslink e-Organozirconium abonisa ukugcinwa kwe-viscosity okuphezulu emazingeni okushisa aphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ze-borate.
- Amajeli axhumene ne-borate asebenza kahle ngaphansi kuka-100°C kodwa alahlekelwa amandla ngokushesha ngaphezu kwalesi silinganiso, ikakhulukazi uma amazinga e-biopolymer aphansi.
Izithasiselo ze-hybrid kanye ne-guar derivatives eziguqulwe ngamakhemikhali zicindezela imingcele yama-reservoirs ajulile kakhulu, ziqinisekisa ukuqhekeka koketshezi kanye nokulawulwa kwe-viscosity kulo lonke ububanzi bokushisa.
Ukumelana nokuhlunga
Ukumelana nokuhluzwa kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukulahleka koketshezi ekwakhekeni okungakwazi ukungena kalula. Uketshezi lwe-Guar gum, ikakhulukazi oluxhumene nama-nanoparticles afana ne-nano-ZrO₂ (i-zirconium dioxide), lubonisa ukumiswa kwesihlabathi okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokulahlekelwa kokuhlunga okuncishisiwe. Isibonelo, ukwengezwa kwe-nano-ZrO₂ okungu-0.4% kunciphisa kakhulu ukuqina kwe-proppant, okugcina izinhlayiya zilenga ngaphansi kwezimo ezimile nezinomfutho ophezulu.
I-Guar gum isebenza kangcono kunezinye izinhlobo eziningi ze-polymers zokwenziwa ekumelaneni nokugunda nokuhlunga, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisa kakhulu nezinosawoti omningi. Kodwa-ke, inselele yokuphuka kwezinto ezisele ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kwejeli isalokhu ikhona futhi kumele iphathwe ukuze kukhuliswe ukuhanjiswa kwe-reservoir.
Ukufakwa kwezithasiselo ezifana ne-thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors (THIs)—i-methanol kanye ne-PEG-200—kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kokulwa nokuhlunga, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezithwala amanzi. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwenza kube lula ukubuyiswa kwegesi okungcono futhi kunegalelo ekusebenzeni kahle kwethangi lokuxuba uketshezi lokuqhekeka.
Imiphumela Yokuvimbela Ubumba
Ukuvimbela ubumba kuvimbela ukuvuvukala nokufuduka kobumba, kunciphisa umonakalo wokwakheka ngesikhathi sokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic. Uketshezi lwe-Guar gum lufeza ukuzinza kobumba ngokusebenzisa:
- Ukuqina okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokumiswa kwe-proppant, okunciphisa ukunyakaza kwe-proppant okungaphazamisa ubumba.
- Ukumuncwa okuqondile ezindaweni ezimanzi, okungavimbela ukufuduka kwezinhlayiya zobumba.
Ama-derivative e-guar aguquliwe—njenge-manionic guar e-maleic anhydride—anciphisa okuqukethwe okungancibiliki emanzini, anciphisa umonakalo wokwakheka futhi athuthukise ukuzinza kobumba. Izinhlobo ze-guar gum ze-fluorinated hydrophobic cationic kanye nama-copolymer e-polyacrylamide-guar andisa ukumuncwa, alethe ukumelana nokushisa okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokusebenzisana okuzinzile koketshezi nobumba.
Ema-reservoirs acebile ngama-hydrate, ukusetshenziswa kwama-THI aphethe iqembu le-hydroxyl (isb.,i-methanol, PEG-200) kusiza ukugcina izakhiwo zoketshezi oluqhekeka, kusiza ngokungaqondile ukuqina kobumba nokukhulisa amazinga okukhiqiza jikelele.
Ngokuhlanganisa ukuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali okuthuthukisiwe kanye nezithasiselo eziqondiwe, uketshezi lwesimanje lokuqhekeka olusekelwe ku-guar gum lunikeza i-viscosity ethuthukisiwe, ukumelana nokuhlunga, kanye nokulawula ubumba, okusekela ukuthuthwa kwe-propant okuhle kakhulu kanye nomonakalo omncane wokwakheka.
Izisekelo ze-Guar Gum Viscosity kanye ne-Concentration Dynamics
Ubudlelwano: I-Guar Gum Viscosity vs Ukugxila
I-Guar gum viscosity ibonisa ubudlelwano obuqondile, obuvame ukuba bushelelezi nokuhlushwa kwayo ezixazululweni zamanzi. Njengoba ukuhlushwa kwe-guar gum kukhuphuka, ukuhlushwa kwesisombululo kuyakhuphuka, okuthuthukisa ikhono loketshezi lokumisa nokuthutha ama-proppants emisebenzini yokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic. Isibonelo, uketshezi olunezinga le-guar gum elisukela ku-0.2% kuya ku-0.6% (w/w) lungenziwa ngendlela yokulingisa ukuthungwa okufana ne-nectar noma okufana noju, okusebenzayo ekumisweni kwe-proppant kokubili ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi eziphansi neziphezulu.
Ukuhlushwa kwe-guar gum okulungile kulinganisela i-viscosity yomthamo wokuthwala i-proppant kanye nokukwazi ukupompa. Ukuhlushwa okuphansi kakhulu kuyingozi yokuzinza kwe-proppant ngokushesha kanye nobubanzi bokuqhekeka obuncishisiwe; ukuhlushwa ngokweqile kungaphazamisa ukugeleza futhi kuphakamise izindleko zokusebenza. Isibonelo, ukulayishwa kwe-guar gum engu-0.5 wt% kuma-hydrogel kuthuthukisa izakhiwo zokuqina kwe-shear cishe ngo-40%. Kodwa-ke, ku-0.75 wt%, ubuqotho benethiwekhi buyawohloka, kunciphisa ukumiswa kwe-proppant kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuthutha.
Umthelela Wezinga Lokugunda Nokushisa Ekuqineni
Izixazululo ze-Guar gum zibonisa ukuziphatha okucacile kokunciphisa ukugunda: i-viscosity iyancipha njengoba izinga lokugunda likhuphuka. Lesi sici sibalulekile ekuqhekekeni kwe-hydraulic, okuvumela ukupompa okuphumelelayo phakathi nezimo eziphezulu zokugunda kanye nokuthwala i-proppant eqinile ngamazinga okugeleza aphansi. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi somjovo osheshayo, i-viscosity ye-guar gum iyehla, okwenza kube lula ukunyakaza koketshezi ngamapayipi kanye nokuqhekeka. Njengoba ukugeleza kwehla kumanethiwekhi okuqhekeka, i-viscosity iyalulama, igcina ukumiswa kwe-proppant futhi inciphise ijubane lokuzinza.
Izinga lokushisa nalo lithinta kakhulu ukuqhekeka koketshezi. Njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, ama-polymer e-guar gum abhekana nokuwohloka kokushisa, ukuncipha kokunwebeka kanye nokuqina. Ukuhlaziywa kokushisa kubonisa ukuthi i-sulfonated guar gum imelana nokulahlekelwa ukunwebeka kangcono kunezinhlobo ezingashintshiwe, igcina ubuqotho besakhiwo kanye nomthamo wokuthwala i-proppant emazingeni okushisa afinyelela ku-90-100°C. Noma kunjalo, emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kakhulu ngaphezu kwalesi silinganiso, izinhlobo eziningi ze-guar gum (kufaka phakathi i-hydroxypropyl guar noma i-HPG) zibonisa ukunwebeka okunciphile kanye nokuzinza, okudinga ukuguqulwa noma amasu okwengeza.
Ukuhlushwa kukasawoti kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-ionic oketshezini oluyisisekelo (isb., amanzi olwandle) kuthinta kakhulu kokubili ukuncipha kwe-shear kanye nokuqina kokushisa. Usawoti ophezulu, ikakhulukazi ngama-cation amaningi, unganciphisa kakhulu ukuvuvukala kanye ne-viscosity, kuthinte ukusebenza kahle kokuthutha kwe-proppant.
Ithonya Lokuguqulwa Kwe-Guar Gum
Ukuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali kwe-guar gum kuvumela ukulungiswa kahle kwe-viscosity, ukuncibilika, kanye nokuqina kwezinga lokushisa, okwenza ngcono ukusebenza koketshezi oluqhekekayo. I-Sulfonation—eyethula amaqembu e-sulfonate ku-guar gum—ikhulisa ukuncibilika kwamanzi futhi iveza ukwenyuka okungu-33% kwe-viscosity, okuqinisekiswa yi-IR, DSC, TGA, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezinto eziyisisekelo. I-Sulfonated guar gum igcina i-viscosity kanye nokuqina ngisho nasezindaweni ezinosawoti noma ze-alkaline, idlula i-gum engashintshiwe ezimweni ezinzima zamanzi.
I-Hydroxypropylation (HPG) iphinde iphakamise i-viscosity futhi ithuthukise ukuncibilika, ikakhulukazi eziketshezini ezinamandla aphezulu e-ionic. Ama-gel e-HPG abonisa i-viscosity ephezulu kanye nokunwebeka phakathi kwe-pH 7 kanye ne-12.5, eguqukela ezicini ze-Newtonian kuphela ku-pH >13. Emanzini olwandle, i-HPG kanye ne-guar gum zigcina i-viscosity engcono kunezinye izinsini eziguquliwe njenge-carboxymethyl guar (CMG), okuthuthukisa ukufaneleka kwazo ekusebenzeni olwandle kanye nosawoti.
Ukuxhumanisa, okuvame ukwenziwa ngama-ejenti afana ne-boric acid, i-organoboron, noma i-organozirconium, kungenye indlela yokuqinisa isakhiwo senethiwekhi ye-guar gum. Ukwanda kobuningi bokuxhumanisa kuthuthukisa amandla e-gel kanye ne-viscosity, okubalulekile ekumisweni kwe-proppant ekushiseni okuphezulu kanye namazinga okushefa. Ukukhetha i-ejenti yokuxhumanisa efanele kanye nokuhlushwa kuncike ekushiseni okuthile kwe-reservoir kanye nezimo zokugeleza. Amamodeli okubikezela avumela onjiniyela ukuthi balinganise kokubili imithwalo ye-thickener kanye ne-cross-linker ukuze kulawulwe i-rheology yoketshezi oluqhekekayo kanye nokulawulwa kwe-viscosity.
Izinselele kanye nezixazululo zokulawula ukugoba ngesikhathi sangempela kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zezimboni
Ukunqoba Ukulinganisa Nokuxuba Ubunzima
Ukucutshungulwa kwezixazululo ze-guar gum kwezimboni kubhekene nezinselele eziqhubekayo ekulinganisweni kwe-viscometer ngesikhathi sangempela. Ukungcola kwenzwa kuvamile ngenxa yokuthambekela kwe-guar gum ekwakheni izinsalela ezindaweni ze-viscometer. Ukungcola kuphazamisa ukunemba futhi kubangele ukukhukhuleka; isibonelo, ukwakheka kwe-polymer kungafihla izinguquko zangempela ze-viscometer, okuholela ekufundweni okungathembekile. Amasu okunciphisa anamuhla afaka phakathi izembozo ezihlanganisiwe, njengefilimu ze-CNT-PEG-hydrogel, ezixosha amadiphozithi e-organic futhi zigcine ukuzwela kwenzwa ngaphansi kwezimo eziqinile. Abagqugquzeli be-turbulence abaphrintiwe nge-3D, ababekwe ematangini okuxuba, bakha i-turbulence yendawo ezindaweni zezinzwa, banciphisa kakhulu ukwakheka kwezinsalela futhi bandise ukunemba kokusebenza. Izinzwa ze-RFID-IC ezihlanganisiwe zithuthukisa ukuqapha, zinciphisa ukulungiswa ngenkathi zisebenza eziketshezini eziyinselele, yize lezi nazo zidinga izinqubo eziqinile zokulwa nokungcola ukuze zithembeke isikhathi eside.
Izimo zethangi eziguquguqukayo, njengezilinganiso zokusika uketshezi ezingaguquki, amazinga okushisa ashintshashintshayo, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kokwengeza okungalingani, nakho kuthinta ukulawulwa kwe-viscosity. Isibonelo, ukuxuba amathangi ngaphandle kwe-geometry elungiselelwe kungashiya ama-guar gum ahlanganisiwe angaxubile, kukhiqize ama-spikes e-viscosity endawo kanye nokumuncwa okungaphelele. Ukuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwethangi—ngama-baffle kanye nama-mixer a-shear aphezulu—kukhuthaza ukuhlakazeka okufanayo futhi kuqinisekisa ukulinganisa okunembile kwesikhathi sangempela. Ukulinganiswa kwegeyiji kuhlala kubalulekile; ukulinganiswa okuvamile kwangaphakathi kusetshenziswa amazinga okulandelela kusiza ukulwa nokukhukhuleka kwenzwa kanye nokulahlekelwa kokusebenza emijikelezweni yokusebenza ende.
Amasu Okuqina Okungaguquguquki Ezinhlelweni Ezinkulu
Ukufeza i-viscometer ehambisanayo yezixazululo ze-guar gum kuzo zonke izinqubo zokuxuba ezinkulu kudinga izinhlelo zokulawula ezihlanganisiwe nezizenzakalelayo. Ama-viscometer angaphakathi komugqa ahlanganiswe ne-PLC-based (i-logic controller ehlelekile) inqubo yokwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo avumela ukulungiswa kwejubane lokuxuba, i-additive dosing, kanye nezinga lokushisa. Uhlaka lwe-IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) luvumela ukuqoqwa kwedatha okuqhubekayo, ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela, kanye nesenzo sokubikezela—amamodeli okufunda komshini abikezela ukuphambuka futhi enze ukulungiswa ngaphambi kokuba i-viscometer iphambuke ngaphandle kwencazelo.
Izinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo zinciphisa kakhulu ukuguquguquka kweqembu. Izifundo zakamuva zembula ukuguquguquka kwe-viscosity kwehla ngamaphesenti angama-97 kanti imfucuza yezinto ezibonakalayo yehla ngo-3.5% lapho kulawulwa isikhathi sangempela. Ukufakwa kwemithamo okuzenzakalelayo kwama-agent axhumanisayo—kufaka phakathi i-boric acid, i-organoboron, kanye ne-organozirconium—kanye nokulawulwa kokushisa okunembile, kunikeza ukusebenza okuphindaphindwayo kwe-rheological koketshezi oluthwala i-proppant. Ukuhlolwa kokuxubana kwe-guar gum yezinga lokudla kukhombisa ukuthi amamodeli aqhutshwa yi-IIoT adlula izindlela zomsebenzisi wesandla, okuholela ekumisweni kwe-proppant okunembe kakhudlwana kanye nesivinini sokunciphisa ukuqina, okubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwe-hydraulic fracturing.
Amasu okunciphisa kakhulu ukuhlukahluka kwe-batch-to-batch afaka phakathi ukukhetha ngokucophelela kanye nokulinganisa izithako zokuxhumanisa nokuzinzisa. Ukuhlanganiswa kwama-thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors (THIs) afana ne-methanol noma i-PEG-200 kuthuthukisa ukugcinwa kwe-viscosity kanye nobuqotho bejeli, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwezimo zokugcina izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ukugcwala kwawo kumele kuthuthukiswe—umthamo oweqile ukhulisa ukuncipha kwe-shear futhi wehlisa amandla okuthwala i-proppant, okudinga ibhalansi ngokucophelela nama-ejenti okujiya ayinhloko.
Ukuxazulula Izinkinga: Ukubhekana Nezakhiwo Zoketshezi Ezingacacisiwe
Uma ukuqhekeka koketshezi kuwela ngaphandle kwemingcele yokusebenza, izinyathelo eziningana zokuxazulula izinkinga zibalulekile. Ukungapheleli koketshezi kanye nokuhlakazeka okubi kwe-guar gum kuvame ukuholela ekwakhekeni kwamaqhubu, okuholela ekufundweni kwe-viscosity okungaguquki kanye nokuncipha kokumiswa kwe-proppant. Ukuxuba i-guar gum kusengaphambili nama-agent axhumanisayo noma ukusabalalisa ama-powders ezithwalini ezingezona amanzi njenge-glycol kungavimbela ukuhlangana futhi kukhuthaze ukulungiswa kwesisombululo esifanayo. Amasu okwengeza okusheshayo nangokwezigaba ayathandwa ukuze kugwenywe ukukhuphuka kwe-viscosity okungazelelwe; le nqubo iqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa okuphelele futhi inciphisa ukwakheka kwe-sediment emathangini okuxuba uketshezi lwe-hydraulic fracturing.
Ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi kuncike ekulandeleni ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezithasiselo nokuqapha ukuwohloka okubangelwa ukushisa noma ukucheba. Amasu e-Microscopic kanye ne-spectroscopic (SEM, FTIR) aveza ukwakheka kwezinsalela kanye nokuqhekeka kwejeli, okubonisa izinkinga zokwakheka. Ukulungiswa kungadinga ukushintsha ama-agent okuxhumanisa—izinhlelo ze-organozirconium, isibonelo, zigcina njalo ngaphezu kwama-89% we-viscosity yokuqala ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu (>120°C, i-shear ephezulu), efanelekile kuma-reservoir fluids ajulile kakhulu. Uma usebenzisa ama-stabilizers afana ne-methanol kanye ne-PEG-200, amazinga kufanele alungiswe kahle; amazinga aphansi azinza, kodwa okweqile kunganciphisa i-viscosity futhi kuphazamise amandla okuthwala ama-proppant.
Izakhiwo zoketshezi ezingapheli ezingaphandle kwe-spec zidinga impendulo yesikhathi sangempela evela kuzinzwa eziku-inthanethi kanye nokulawulwa kwenqubo okuqhutshwa idatha. Ukulinganisa kanye nemikhuba yokuhlanza, kuhlanganiswe nokugcinwa kokubikezela, kuxazulula ukungafani okuqhubekayo futhi kukhulisa ukuthembeka kokulinganisa i-viscosity, kuthuthukisa ngqo ukwakheka kwethangi lokuxuba, i-fracturing fluid rheology, kanye nokumiswa kwe-proppant yesikhathi eside kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ze-hydraulic fracturing.
ukumiswa kwesihlabathi esinomfutho ophezulu kanye nomthamo wokumuncwa kwe-guar gum
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Ama-Viscometer Azenzakalelayo Asemgqeni
Ezinhlelweni zokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic,ama-viscometer asemgqeniezifakwe ngqo ngaphakathi kwamapayipi ethangi lokuxuba zinikeza idatha ye-viscometer eqhubekayo. Izindlela zakamuva—kufaka phakathi ama-viscometer asekelwe ekufundeni komshini kanye nama-viscometer ombono wekhompyutha—zilinganisela i-viscometer e-zero-shear evela ekuthathweni kwezithombe zoketshezi noma impendulo eguquguqukayo, ehlanganisa kusukela ekuncibilikeni kuya ekuqhekekeni okukhulu. Lezi zinhlelo zingahlanganiswa ekulawulweni kwenqubo okuzenzakalelayo, kuncishiswe ukungenelela ngesandla.
Isibonelo:
- Ama-viscometer asekelwe ekuboneni kwekhompyutha azenzakalela ukulinganisa i-viscosity ngokuhlaziya ukuziphatha koketshezi ebhodleleni eliguquliwe noma kudivayisi yokugeleza, enikeza imiphumela ngokushesha ye-automation elandelayo noma i-feedback loops.
Ukuqapha Ukugxila Kwe-Guar Gum Kwesikhathi Sangempela
Ukugcina ukuhlushwa kwe-guar gum njalo ngesikhathi sokuxuba kunciphisa ukuhlukahluka kwe-batch futhi kusekela ukusebenza okuthembekile koketshezi lokuqhekeka. Ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha ukuhlushwa ngesikhathi sangempela buhlanganisa:
Ubuchwepheshe be-SLIM (i-Ross Solids/i-Liquid Injection Manifold):I-SLIM ifaka i-guar gum powder ngaphansi kobuso boketshezi, iyihlanganise ngokushesha noketshezi ngokuxuba okushefa kakhulu. Lo mklamo unciphisa ukuhlangana kanye nokulahlekelwa yi-viscosity ngenxa yokuxuba ngokweqile, okwenza kube nokulawula okunembile kokuhlushwa kuzo zonke izigaba.
Non-Nui-clear Sli-urry Dama-eni-ityMi-eter:Amamitha okulinganisa ubuningi afakwe emathangini okuxuba aqapha izakhiwo zikagesi kanye nezinguquko zobuningi njengoba i-guar gum ingezwa futhi ihlakazwa, okuvumela ukulandelela okuqhubekayo kokuhlushwa kanye nesenzo sokulungisa ngokushesha.
Ukuthwebula Nge-Ultrasonic Kuhambisana Ne-Rheometry (“I-Rheo-ultrasound”):Le ndlela ethuthukisiwe ithwebula izithombe ze-ultrasonic ezishesha kakhulu (kufika ku-10,000 ozimele/umzuzwana) kanye nedatha ye-rheometric viscosity. Ivumela ukuqapha ngasikhathi sinye amazinga endawo, amazinga okusika, kanye nokukhubazeka, okubalulekile ekuboneni ukuxubana okungalingani kanye nezinguquko ezisheshayo ze-viscous kuzixazululo ze-guar gum.
Izibonelo:
- Izinzwa zokumelana nogesi zixwayisa opharetha uma ukwengezwa kwempuphu kuholela ekuphambukeni kokuhlushwa, okuvumela ukulungiswa ngokushesha.
- Izinhlelo ze-Rheo-ultrasound zibona izinto ezixubayo, zikhomba ukuhlangana kwendawo noma ukuhlakazeka okungaphelele okungalimaza ikhwalithi yoketshezi oluqhekekayo.
Amathuluzi Okuqapha Asebenzayo Navamile
Izindlela ezifana ne-Ama-viscometer ezimboni angaphakathi kwe-Lonnmeterhlinzeka ngezindlela ezisebenzayo nezithembekile zokulinganisa i-viscosity ezindaweni zokukhiqiza. Lawa mathuluzi afanele ukuhlolwa okuvamile ngesikhathi sokuxuba, uma nje inqubo ihlala ngaphakathi kwemingcele ethile.
Izinqubo Zokuqinisekisa Ikhwalithi Nokuhlanganiswa
Izinhlelo zokulinganisa ukujiya okuqhubekayo kanye nokuhlushwa kumele ziqinisekiswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthembeka nokunemba:
- Izinqubo Zokulinganisa:Ukulinganiswa okuvamile ngokwezindinganiso ezaziwayo kuqinisekisa ukunemba kwenzwa kanye nokungaguquguquki.
- Ukuqinisekiswa Kokufunda Komshini:Ama-viscometer asekelwe ekuboneni kwekhompyutha aqeqeshwa futhi ahlolwe inethiwekhi ye-neural ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kuwo wonke amazinga ahlukahlukene e-guar gum kanye nokuqina koketshezi.
- Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-QA kwesikhathi sangempela:Ukuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo zokulawula izinqubo kuvumela ukuthambekela, ukutholwa kwamaphutha, kanye nokusabela okusheshayo ekuphambukeni, okusekela kokubili ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nokuhambisana nemithetho.
Ngamafuphi, ikhono lokuqapha ukujiya kwe-guar gum kanye nokuhlushwa kwayo kuncike njalo ekukhetheni nasekuhlanganisweni kobuchwepheshe obufanele. Ama-viscometer ajikelezayo, izinzwa ezisezingeni eliphezulu, ubuchwepheshe bokuxuba be-SLIM, kanye ne-rheo-ultrasound zinikeza umgogodla wezinzwa, kuyilapho amathuluzi asebenzayo kanye nezinqubo ze-QA eziqinile ziqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekile kuzo zonke izinqubo zokuxuba zezimboni.
Ubuchwepheshe Bokulinganisa Bokuqapha Okuqhubekayo Emathangini Okuxuba
Izimiso Zokulinganisa Ukuqina
Ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo kwe-viscometer ematangini okuxuba kubalulekile ekulawuleni i-rheology ye-fracturing fluids esekelwe ku-guar gum. Ama-viscometer angaphakathi afakwe kabanzi ezinhlelweni zezimboni ukuze alethe idatha yesikhathi sangempela ku-viscometer ye-guar gum. Lezi zinzwa zisebenza ngqo ngaphakathi kwendlela yokugeleza, zisusa isidingo sokuthatha amasampula ngesandla futhi ngaleyo ndlela zinciphise ukubambezeleka kwempendulo.
Viibhulukwei-tionalama-viscometerIlawula ukulinganisa uketshezi okungeyona i-Newtonian ngenxa yekhono lazo lokubamba izimpendulo zoketshezi eziguquguqukayo. Amathuluzi afana ne-inline process viscometer aklanyelwe ukufakwa emgqeni futhi ahlinzeka ngokufundwa okuqhubekayo okufanelekela amazinga aguquguqukayo kanye ne-viscosities, njengoba kuhlangatshezwana nakho ekulungiseleleni uketshezi lwe-hydraulic fracturing. Le ndlela ihamba phambili ngezixazululo ze-guar gum ngenxa yokuziphatha kwazo kokunciphisa ukugunda kanye nobubanzi be-viscosity ebanzi, okuqinisekisa ukutholwa kwedatha okuqinile kanye nokuthembeka kwenqubo.
Ukuhlolwa Kokugxila Okuqhubekayo
Ukufeza ukusebenza kahle koketshezi oluqhekeka kudinga ukulawulwa okunembile kokuhlushwa kwe-guar gum. Lokhu kufezwa kusetshenziswa izinhlelo zokulinganisa ukuhlushwa okuqhubekayo njengeI-ACOMP (Ukuqapha Okuqhubekayo Oku-inthanethi Okuzenzakalelayo Kokwenziwa Kwe-Polymerization)ubuchwepheshe. I-ACOMP isebenzisa inhlanganisela yamaphampu angenhla, ama-mixer, kanye nama-optical detector angezansi ukuze ilethe amaphrofayili okuhlushwa ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nokufundwa kwe-viscosity yangaphakathi njengoba izixazululo ze-polymer zilungiswa emathangini amakhulu okuxuba.
Ukusampula okuphumelelayo ezindaweni zokuxuba eziguquguqukayo kuhilela ukumodela kwesistimu ye-third-order ukuze kuchazwe ukuguquguquka kokuhlushwa ngesikhathi sangempela. Ukuhlaziywa kwempendulo yemvamisa kuqinisekisa ukuhlangana okunembile phakathi kwamamodeli ethiyori kanye nedatha yokuhlola, okunikeza ukuqonda okusebenzayo kokulungiselela isixazululo se-guar gum njalo. Lobu buchwepheshe bufanelekela ikakhulukazi ukuqinisekiswa kokuhlushwa okusheshayo, ukulinganisa okuguquguqukayo, kanye nokunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwe-batch-to-batch.
Ukuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo zokulinganisa ezenzakalelayoithuthukisa kakhulu ukuphathwa kokuhlushwa.imitha yobuningi be-ultrasonicuma ifakwe ngqo ethangini noma epayipini, inikeza impendulo eqhubekayo; amaphampu azenzakalelayo alungisa amazinga okulinganisa ngokuya ngedatha yenzwa ebukhoma, aqinisekisa ukuthi i-guar gum viscosity vs ukuhlushwa kufanelana ne-target fracturing fluid rheology. Lokhu kubambisana kunciphisa ukungenelela kwabantu futhi kuvumela isenzo sokulungisa ngokushesha ama-off-spec batches.
Imiphumela Yezithasiselo Nokuguqulwa Kwezinqubo Ekuqineni Kwe-Guar Gum
Ukuguqulwa kwe-Sulfonation
I-Sulfonation ingenisa amaqembu e-sulfonate ku-guar gum, okuthuthukisa kakhulu i-viscosity kanye nokuncibilika kwezixazululo ze-guar gum ezisetshenziswa ekuqhekekeni kwe-hydraulic. Izimo zokusabela ezifanele zidinga ukulawulwa okunembile kwezinga lokushisa, isikhathi, kanye nokugcwala kwe-reagent. Isibonelo, ukusebenzisa i-sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylsulfonate ku-26°C, ngesikhathi sokusabela samahora ama-2, 1.0%.I-NaOH, kanye ne-sulfonate engu-0.5% ngesisindo se-guar gum, kuholela ekwandeni okungu-33% kokubonakala kwe-viscosity kanye nokwehla kokuqukethwe okungancibiliki emanzini ngo-0.42%. Lezi zinguquko zithuthukisa amandla okuthwala i-proppant kuketshezi lokuqhekeka futhi zisekela ukuzinza okukhulu kokushisa nokuhlunga.
Izindlela zokuxuba ezinye izindlela—njengokuxuba nge-sulphur trioxide–1,4-dioxane complex ku-60°C amahora angu-2.9, kusetshenziswa i-chlorosulfonic acid engu-3.1 mL—ziphinde zibonise i-viscosity ethuthukisiwe kanye nezingxenye ezincane ezinganyibiliki. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kunciphisa insalela emathangini okuxuba uketshezi lwe-hydraulic fracturing, kunciphisa ingozi yokuvaleka futhi kusizakale ukubuya kwamanzi okungcono. I-FTIR, i-DSC, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezinto eziyisisekelo kuqinisekisa lokhu kuguqulwa kwesakhiwo, ngokushintsha okuyinhloko endaweni ye-C-6. Izinga lokushintsha kanye nokwehla kwesisindo sama-molecule kuphumela ekuncibilikeni okungcono, umsebenzi we-antioxidant, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwe-viscosity okusebenzayo—imingcele ebalulekile ye-rheology yoketshezi lwe-fracturing ephumelelayo kanye nokulawula i-viscosity.
Ama-Cross-linking Ejenti kanye Nokusebenza Kahle Kokwakha
I-Guar gum viscosity ekuqhekekeni koketshezi izuza kakhulu ngokufakwa kwama-agent okuxhumanisa. Ama-Organozirconium nama-cross-linkers asekelwe ku-borate yiwona avame kakhulu:
Izixhumi ze-Organozirconium Cross-linkers:Njengoba zithandwa kakhulu ezindaweni zokugcina ukushisa okuphezulu, ama-organozirconium agents akhulisa ukuzinza kokushisa kwama-guar gels. Ku-120°C kanye ne-170 s⁻¹ shear, i-hydroxypropyl guar gum exhunywe ne-organozirconium igcina ngaphezu kuka-89.7% we-viscosity yayo yokuqala. Ukuthwebula kwe-SEM kukhombisa izakhiwo zenethiwekhi ezinde ezinezilinganiso ezintathu ezinobukhulu be-pore ngaphansi kuka-12 μm, okusekela ukumiswa kwe-proppant okuthuthukisiwe kanye nesivinini sokunciphisa sokuxazulula i-proppant ku-hydraulic fracturing.
Ama-Borate Cross-linkers:I-boric acid yendabuko kanye nama-organoboron cross-linkers abonisa ukusebenza kahle emazingeni okushisa aphakathi. Ukusebenza kungathuthukiswa kusetshenziswa izithasiselo ezifana ne-polyethyleneimine (PEI) noma i-nanocellulose. Isibonelo, ama-nanocellulose-boron crosslinkers agcina i-viscosity eseleyo engaphezu kwama-50 mPa·s ku-110°C imizuzu engama-60 ngaphansi kokushisa okuphezulu, okubonisa izinga lokushisa eliqinile kanye nokumelana nosawoti. Ukubopha kwe-hydrogen okuvela ku-nanocellulose kusiza ekugcineni izakhiwo ze-viscoelastic ezidingekayo ukuze kube namandla okuthwala i-proppant eziphuzweni zokuqhekeka.
Ukuxhumanisa i-cross-linking kuzixazululo ze-guar gum kuholela ekuthuthukisweni kokuncipha kwe-shear kanye nokunwebeka, kokubili okubalulekile ekupompeni kanye nokumiswa kwe-proppant. Ama-hydrogel axhumene ngamakhemikhali abonisa ukululama okunamandla kwe-thixotropic, okusho ukuthi i-viscosity kanye nesakhiwo kuyabuyiselwa ngemuva kokugunda okuphezulu - okubalulekile ngesikhathi sokufakwa koketshezi kanye nokuhlanzwa kwemisebenzi yokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic.
Umthelela Oqhathaniswayo Wezinhlelo Zoketshezi Ezingezona Eze-Polymeric vs Polymeric
Izinhlelo ze-polymeric kanye ne-non-polymeric fluid ziveza amaphrofayili ahlukene e-rheological, okuthinta kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokuthutha kwe-proppant:
Izinhlelo ze-Polymeric:Lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-polymer emvelo (i-guar gum, i-hydroxypropyl guar) kanye nama-polymer okwenziwa. Ama-polymer e-polymer ayakwazi ukuguqulwa ukuze kube ne-viscosity, iphuzu lokukhiqiza, kanye nokuqina. Ama-copolymer athuthukisiwe e-amphoteric (isb., i-ATP-I) athola ukugcinwa kwe-viscosity okungcono kanye nokuqina kwe-rheological ezindaweni zokushisa okuphezulu kanye nosawoti ophezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlobo ezindala ze-polyanionic cellulose. I-viscosity ekhulayo kanye nokuqina kuthuthukisa ukumiswa kwe-proppant, kwehlisa ijubane lokuhlala, futhi kwenze ngcono ukwakheka kwethangi lokuxuba uketshezi oluqhekeka. Kodwa-ke, i-viscosity ephezulu ingavimbela ukuthuthwa kwe-proppant ezinhlotsheni eziphansi zokungena ngaphandle kokuthi kulinganiswe ngokucophelela.
Izinhlelo Ezingezona Eze-Polymeric (Ezisekelwe Ku-Surfactant):Lokhu kuncike kuma-surfactants e-viscoelastic kune-polymer networks. Uketshezi olusekelwe ku-surfactant lunikeza i-residue ephansi, i-flowback esheshayo, kanye ne-proppant-carrier ephumelelayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ezingavamile lapho ukuhlanzwa okungena-residue kubekwa phambili khona. Nakuba lezi zinhlelo zinikeza i-viscosity encane engashintshwa kune-polymers, zisebenza kahle maqondana nokumiswa kwe-proppant futhi zinciphisa ingozi yokuvaleka kwamatangi okuxuba uketshezi lwe-hydraulic fracturing.
Ukukhetha phakathi koketshezi lwe-polymeric kanye nolwe-non-polymeric fracturing kuncike ebhalansini elifunekayo phakathi kwe-viscosity, ukusebenza kahle kokuhlanza, umthelela wemvelo, kanye nezidingo zokuthwala i-proppant. Izinhlelo ze-hybrid ezihlanganisa ama-polymers kanye nama-surfactants e-viscoelastic ziyavela ukuze zisebenzise kokubili i-viscosity ephezulu kanye nokubuyiselwa okusheshayo koketshezi. Ukuhlolwa kwe-rheological—kusetshenziswa ukuguquguquka kwe-oscillatory okuqondile kanye nokugeleza kokugeleza—kunikeza ukuqonda ngokuziphatha kwe-thixotropic kanye ne-pseudoplastic, okusiza ekwenzeni ngcono ukwakheka kwezimo ezithile zemithombo.
Amasu Okuthuthukisa Ukuqina Koketshezi kanye Nomthamo Wokuthwala I-Proppant
Ukuziphatha Kwe-Rheological kanye Nokuthuthwa Okuqhubekayo
Ukuthuthukisa i-guar gum viscosity kubalulekile ekulawuleni ijubane lokumiswa kwe-proppant ekuqhekekeni kwe-hydraulic. I-viscosity ephezulu yoketshezi inciphisa izinga lapho izinhlayiya ze-proppant zicwila khona, okwandisa amathuba okuthuthwa okuphumelelayo kunethiwekhi yokuqhekeka. Ukuxhumanisa kuthuthukisa i-viscosity ngokudala izakhiwo zejeli eziqinile; isibonelo, uketshezi lwe-hydroxypropyl guar oluhlanganiswe yi-organozirconium lwakha amanethiwekhi aminyene anobukhulu be-pore obungaphansi kuka-12 μm, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukumiswa futhi kunciphisa ijubane lokumiswa uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ze-organoboron.
Ukulungisa ukugcwala kwe-guar gum kuthinta ngqo ukujiya kwezixazululo ze-guar gum. Njengoba ukugcwala kwe-polymer kukhuphuka, kanjalo nokuqina kwe-crosslinking kanye namandla e-gel, okunciphisa ukugaywa kwe-proppant futhi kwandisa ukubekwa. Isibonelo: ukwandisa ukugcwala kwe-crosslinker kuketshezi lwe-HPG kuphakamisa ukugcinwa kwe-viscosity okungaphezu kuka-89% ngesikhathi sokushisa okuphezulu (120°C), okuqinisekisa umthamo wokuthwala i-proppant ngisho nasezimweni ezinzima zedamu.
Amaphrothokholi Okulungiswa Kwefomula
Amasu aqhutshwa idatha manje avumela ukulawulwa kwesikhathi sangempela kokuqhekeka koketshezi kanye nokuhlushwa. Amamodeli okufunda komshini—ihlathi elingahleliwe kanye nomuthi wesinqumo—abikezela imingcele ye-rheological efana nokufundwa kwe-viscometer ngokushesha, ethatha indawo yokuhlolwa kwelebhu okuhamba kancane, okwenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile. Empeleni, amathangi okuxuba uketshezi okuqhekeka koketshezi ahlonyiswe ngezindlela ezihambisanayo kanye nezinzwa ze-piezoelectric zilinganisa ukuqhekeka koketshezi lwe-guar njengoba izakhiwo zoketshezi zishintsha, ngokulungiswa kwamaphutha ngokuqhekeka kwemodi ye-empirical.
Abasebenzi baqapha i-viscosity kanye nokuhlushwa endaweni, bese belungisa umthamo we-guar gum, ama-crosslinkers, noma ama-thickeners engeziwe ngokusekelwe kumpendulo yenzwa ebukhoma. Lokhu kulungiswa okwenzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa kuqinisekisa ukuthi uketshezi lwe-fracturing lugcina i-viscosity yoketshezi lwe-fracturing efanele yokumiswa kwe-proppant ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokungasebenzi. Isibonelo, ukulinganiswa kwe-viscosity yepayipi eqondile okufakwa ezinhlelweni zokulawula kuvumela ukulungiswa koketshezi okuguquguqukayo, okulondoloza ukumiswa kwe-proppant okufanele njengoba amapharamitha okusebenza eshintsha.
Imiphumela Yokubambisana Ngezithasiselo Zobumba Nokuzinza Kokushisa
Iziqinisi zobumba kanye nezengezo zokuzinza kokushisa zibalulekile ekugcineni i-guar gum viscosity ezindaweni ezinobutha ze-shale kanye nezimo zokushisa eziphakeme. Iziqinisi zobumba—njenge-sulfonated guar derivatives—zivimbela ukuvuvukala nokufuduka kobumba; lokhu kuvikela i-viscosity yezixazululo ze-guar gum ekulahlekelweni okungazelelwe ngokunciphisa ukusebenzisana nezinhlobo ze-ionic ekwakhekeni. Isiqinisi esijwayelekile, i-sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylsulfonate–modified guar gum, iveza i-viscosities yangaphakathi efanele ukuqhekeka futhi imelana nokuqukethwe okungancibiliki emanzini, igcina isakhiwo se-gel kanye nokumiswa kwe-proppant okusebenzayo ngisho nasezindaweni ezinobumba obuningi.
Iziqinisi zokushisa, okuhlanganisa ama-viscosifier asezingeni eliphezulu kanye nama-thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors (isb.,i-methanol, PEG-200), ivikela ekuqhekekeni kwe-viscosity ngaphezu kuka-160°C. Ezinhlelweni zoketshezi olusekelwe ku-brine kanye nokushisa okuphezulu kakhulu, lezi zithasiselo zivumela ukugcinwa kwe-viscosity ngaphezu kwama-200 mPa·s ngaphansi kuka-180°C shear, okudlula kakhulu ama-viscosifier e-guar gum endabuko.
Izibonelo zifaka:
- I-guar gum ene-sulfonatedkokubili ubumba kanye nokumelana nokushisa.
- Izixhumi ze-Organozirconiumukuze kube nokuzinza okuphezulu kakhulu kokushisa.
- I-PEG-200njenge-THI yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza koketshezi nokunciphisa izinsalela.
Amaphrothokholi anjalo kanye namaphakheji okwengezwayo avumela opharetha ukuthi bathuthukise imiklamo yamathangi okuxuba ukuze kuqhekeke uketshezi futhi bahlele amasu okulinganisa i-guar gum viscosity ukuze kube ne-viscosity eqhubekayo kanye ne-viscosity.ukulinganisa ukuhlushwaUmphumela uba umthamo wokuthwala i-propant ophakeme kanye nokusabalala kokuqhekeka okuqhubekayo, ngisho nasezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu.
Ukuxhumanisa i-Guar Gum Viscosity ne-Proppant Setting Velocity kanye ne-Cracturing Efficiency
Ukuqonda Kwemishini Ngokumiswa Kwe-Proppant
I-Guar gum viscosity idlala indima eqondile ekulawuleni ijubane lokumiswa kwe-proppant ngesikhathi sokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic. Njengoba i-viscosity yezixazululo ze-guar gum ikhula, amandla okudonsa asebenza ezinhlayiyeni ze-proppant ayanda, okunciphisa kakhulu izinga lawo lokumiswa phansi. Empeleni, uketshezi olune-guar gum concentration ephezulu kanye nezakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe ze-viscous—kufaka phakathi lezo eziguqulwe ngezithasiselo ze-polymer kanye nemicu—lunikeza amandla athuthukisiwe okuthwala i-proppant, okuvumela izinhlayiya ezilengisiwe ukuthi zihlale zisakazwe ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke inethiwekhi yokuqhekeka kunokuba zihlangane phansi.
Izifundo zelebhu zibonisa ukuthi, uma kuqhathaniswa noketshezi lwe-Newtonian, izixazululo zejeli ye-guar ezinciphisa ukugunda zibonisa ijubane eliphansi lokuxazulula i-proppant, okubangelwa kokubili ukwanda kwe-viscosity kanye nemiphumela yokunwebeka. Isibonelo, ukuphinda kabili ukuhlushwa kwe-guar gum kunganciphisa ijubane lokuxazulula, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi i-proppant ihlala imisiwe isikhathi eside. Ukwengezwa kwemicu kuphazamisa kakhulu ukuthuthwa kwenhlabathi ngokudala inethiwekhi efana ne-mesh, okukhuthaza ukubekwa kwe-proppant efanayo. Amamodeli nama-coefficients aqanjwe ukuze kubikezelwe le miphumela ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene zokuqhekeka kanye noketshezi, okuqinisekisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-rheology yoketshezi kanye nokumiswa kwe-proppant.
Ezindaweni lapho ububanzi bufana kakhulu nobubanzi be-proppant, ukuvalwa kwe-vaccine kuholela ekubambezelekeni kokuhlala, okwandisa izinzuzo zezixazululo ze-high-viscosity guar. Kodwa-ke, i-viscosity eyeqile ingavimbela ukuhamba koketshezi, okungenzeka kunciphise ukujula kokuthutha kwe-proppant okuphumelelayo futhi kwandise ingozi yokwakheka kwezinsalela ezibeka engcupheni ukuhamba kwe-fracture.
Ukwandisa Ububanzi Nobude Bokuqhekeka Kwesikhumba
Ukulungisa i-viscosity yezixazululo ze-guar gum kunethonya elikhulu ekusabalaleni kokuqhekeka ngesikhathi sokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic. Ama-fluid ane-viscosity ephezulu avame ukudala ukuqhekeka okubanzi ngenxa yekhono lawo lokumelana nokucindezela kokuvala nokusabalalisa imifantu edwaleni. Ukulingisa kwe-computational fluid dynamics (CFD) kanye nokuqapha ukukhishwa kwe-acoustic kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-viscosity ephezulu iholela ekuqhekekeni okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kanye nobubanzi obuthuthukisiwe.
Kodwa-ke, ukuhwebelana phakathi kwe-viscosity nobude bokuqhekeka kumele kuphathwe ngokucophelela. Ngenkathi ukuqhekeka okubanzi kusiza ukubekwa kwe-proppant okuphumelelayo kanye nokuqhuba kahle, uketshezi oluqinile kakhulu lungasusa ingcindezi ngokushesha, okuphazamisa ukuthuthukiswa kokuqhekeka okude. Ukuqhathanisa okubonakalayo kubonisa ukuthi ukwehlisa i-viscosity ngaphakathi kwemingcele elawulwayo kuvumela ukungena okujulile, okuveza ukuqhekeka okude okuthuthukisa ukufinyelela kwe-reservoir. Ngakho-ke, i-viscosity kumele ilungiselelwe—hhayi ikhuliswe kakhulu—ngokusekelwe ohlotsheni lwedwala, usayizi we-proppant, kanye nesu lokusebenza.
Ukwelashwa kwe-rheology yoketshezi oluqhekekile, okuhlanganisa ukuncipha kwe-shear kanye ne-viscoelastic okuvela ekuguqulweni kwe-guar gum, kubumba ukwakheka kokuqala kokuqhekeka kanye namaphethini okukhula alandelayo. Ukuhlolwa kwasensimini ezindaweni zokugcina i-carbonate kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukulungisa ukugcwala kwe-guar gum, ukwengeza iziqinisi zokushisa, noma ukwethula ezinye izindlela ezisekelwe ku-surfactant kungalungisa ukusabalala kokuqhekeka, kukhulisa ububanzi nobude kuye ngokuthi umgomo wokukhuthaza ukhona.
Ukuhlanganiswa namapharamitha okusebenza e-Downhole
Ukuthamba kwe-guar gum kumele kulawulwe ngesikhathi sangempela njengoba izinga lokushisa eliphansi kanye nengcindezi kushintshashintsha ngesikhathi sokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu ekujuleni anganciphisa ukuthamba kwe-guar gum fluids, anciphise amandla awo okumiswa kwe-proppant. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-crosslinkers, ama-thermal stabilizers, kanye nezithasiselo ezithuthukisiwe—njenge-thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors—kusiza ukugcina ukuthamba okuhle kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokugcina amazinga okushisa aphezulu.
Intuthuko yakamuva kumasu okulinganisa i-viscosity, okuhlanganisa i-pipe viscometry kanye ne-regression modeling, ivumela opharetha ukuthi baqaphe futhi balungise i-fracturing fluid viscosity ngokuguquguqukayo. Isibonelo, amathangi okuxuba uketshezi lwe-hydraulic fracturing ahlanganisa izinzwa zesikhathi sangempela ukulandelela izinguquko ze-viscosity futhi afake ngokuzenzakalelayo i-guar gum eyengeziwe noma iziqinisi njengoba kudingeka, okuqinisekisa ukuthi i-proppant iyakwazi ukuthwala kahle.
Abanye opharetha banezela noma bashintsha i-guar gum ngezinciphisi ze-high-viscosity friction (ama-HVFR) noma ama-polymers okwenziwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuzinza kokushisa kanye nezingozi eziphansi ze-residue. Lezi zinhlelo zoketshezi ezihlukile zibonisa ukusebenza kahle kokujiya kanye nokumelana nokuwohloka kwe-shear, zigcina i-viscosity ephezulu yokumiswa kwe-proppant ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu ze-downhole.
Amapharamitha okusebenza njengosayizi we-proppant, ukuhlushwa, izinga lokugeleza koketshezi, kanye ne-geometry yokuqhekeka kuhlanganiswe namasu okulawula i-viscosity. Ukwenza ngcono lezi ziguquguquko kuqinisekisa ukuthi uketshezi lokuqhekeka lungagcina ukuthuthwa kwe-proppant ngaphezu kobude nobubanzi bokuqhekeka okufiselekayo, kunciphisa ingozi yokuvaleka, ukugeleza, noma ukumbozwa okungaphelele. Ukuzivumelanisa ne-viscosity akugcini nje ngokusekela ukuhanjiswa kokuqhekeka kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa ukugeleza kwe-hydrocarbon endaweni evuselelwe.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa)
Q1: Ukuhlushwa kwe-guar gum kuthinta kanjani ukujiya kwayo eziphuzweni zokuqhekeka?
I-Guar gum viscosity iyanda ngokuhlushwa okuphezulu, okuthuthukisa ngqo amandla okuthwala i-propant yoketshezi. Imininingwane yelabhorethri iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlushwa okuzungeze i-40 pptg kunikeza i-viscosity ezinzile, inkomba yokuvula ukuqhekeka okungcono, kanye ne-residue encane kune-concentrations ephezulu, okulinganisela kokubili ukusebenza kanye nezindleko. Usawoti oweqile noma ama-ion amaningi emanzini angavimbela ukuvuvukala kwe-guar gum, ukwehlisa i-viscosity kanye nokusebenza kahle kwe-fracturing.
Umbuzo 2: Iyini indima yethangi lokuxuba ekugcineni ikhwalithi yesisombululo se-guar gum?
Ithangi lokuxuba uketshezi oluqhekeka nge-hydraulic lenza kube nokuhlakazeka okufanayo kwe-guar gum, kuvimbele ukugoba kanye nokungahambisani. Kukhethwa abaxubi abashefa kakhulu, njengoba befinyeza isikhathi sokuxuba, bephula ama-polymer agglomerate, futhi baqinisekise ukujiya okuhambisanayo kuyo yonke ikhambi. Amathuluzi okulinganisa aqhubekayo esikhathi sangempela ematangini okuxuba asiza ukugcina ukugcwala kwe-guar gum okudingekayo kanye nekhwalithi yoketshezi iyonke, okuvumela ukulungiswa okusheshayo uma izakhiwo ziphambuka kumanani aqondiwe.
UMBUZO 3: Ukuqhekeka koketshezi oluphumayo kuthinta kanjani ijubane lokumiswa kwe-propant?
Ukuqhekeka koketshezi oluyi-viscosity kuyisici esibalulekile esinquma ukuthi izinhlayiya ze-proppant zihlala ngokushesha kangakanani. Ukuqhekeka okuphezulu kunciphisa ijubane lokuhlala, kugcina i-proppant ilenga isikhathi eside futhi kuvumela ukungena okujulile ekuqhekekeni. Amamodeli ezibalo aqinisekisa ukuthi uketshezi olune-viscosity eyengeziwe luthuthukisa ukuthutha okuvundlile, luthuthukisa i-geometry yasebhange, futhi lukhuthaza ukubekwa kwe-proppant okufanayo. Kodwa-ke, kukhona ukuhweba: ukuqhekeka okuphezulu kakhulu kunganciphisa ubude bokuqhekeka, ngakho-ke ukuqhekeka okuhle kakhulu kumele kukhethwe ezimweni ezithile zedamu.
Q4: Yiziphi izithasiselo ezithinta ukujiya kwezixazululo ze-guar gum?
Ukuguqulwa kwe-sulfonation ye-guar gum kuthuthukisa i-viscosity kanye nokuqina. Izithasiselo ezifana ne-boric acid, i-organoboron, kanye ne-organozirconium cross-linkers zandisa kakhulu ukugcinwa kwe-viscosity kanye nokuqina kwezinga lokushisa, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima ezivamile emisebenzini ye-oilfield. Umphumela uncike ekugxilweni kwe-additives: amazinga aphezulu e-cross-linker aveza i-viscosity enkulu kodwa angathinta ukuguquguquka kokusebenza kanye nezindleko. Usawoti kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-ionic esixazululweni nakho kudlala indima, njengoba usawoti ophezulu (ikakhulukazi ama-cation amaningi) kunganciphisa i-viscosity ngokunciphisa ukuvuvukala kwe-polymer.
Umbuzo 5: Ingabe i-viscosity yoketshezi ingalinganiswa futhi ilawulwe ngokuqhubekayo ngesikhathi sokuqhekeka?
Yebo, ukulinganiswa kwe-viscometer okuqhubekayo kufezwa kusetshenziswa ama-viscometer asemgqeni kanye nezinhlelo zokuqapha ukuhlushwa okuzenzakalelayo. Ama-viscometer amapayipi kanye nezinzwa zesikhathi sangempela ezihlanganiswe nama-algorithms athuthukile zivumela opharetha ukuthi balandelele, balungise, futhi balungise i-viscometer yoketshezi oluqhekeka ngokushesha. Lezi zinhlelo zingakhokhela umsindo wezinzwa kanye nezimo zemvelo ezishintshayo, okuholela ekusebenzeni okungcono kokuthwala i-proppant kanye nemiphumela ye-hydraulic fracturing eyenziwe ngcono. Izinhlelo zokulawula ezihlakaniphile nazo zivumela ukulungiswa okusheshayo kokwehluka kwekhwalithi yamanzi noma amazinga okukhishwa.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-05-2025
