Izinqubo ze-Electrolytic ekuhlanzeni nasekusebenziseni kabusha igolide lanamuhla
Ukucwenga nokuvuselela igolide kuyisici esibalulekile embonini yezinsimbi eziyigugu emhlabeni wonke, kusukela ezindaweni ezinkulu zokuhlanza ezentengiselwano kuya emisebenzini yokuvuselela encane. Lo mkhakha ucubungula igolide elitholakala ema-ore ambiwe kanye nemikhiqizo yokugcina impilo efana ne-elekthronikhi, ubucwebe, nezinto zamazinyo. Isidingo esikhulayo sokuphathwa kwezinto ezisimeme kanye negolide elihlanzekile kakhulu liqhuba ukusungula izinto ezintsha emikhubeni yokuhlanza.
Izinqubo zokucwenga igolide nge-electrolytic sezibe yinto ebalulekile kokubili emikhakheni yegolide evubukuliwe neyasetshenziswa kabusha. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zendabuko ze-pyrometallurgical kanye nezamakhemikhali, ukucwenga nge-electrolytic—ikakhulukazi inqubo ye-Wohlwill—kukhiqiza igolide elinamazinga angenakuqhathaniswa okumsulwa angu-99.99%. Leli zinga eliphakeme libalulekile ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezidinga ukungcola okuncane kakhulu, okuhlanganisa izinto zikagesi, amadivayisi ezokwelapha, kanye ne-bullion yokutshalwa kwezimali. Izikhungo zezimboni zivame ukusebenzisa imijikelezo yokuphatha kusukela kumakhilogremu amaningana kuya kumathani egolide, okubonisa ukuguquguquka nokuthembeka kwezindlela ze-electrolytic.
Izindlela zokubuyisa igolide nge-electrolytic manje seziyingxenye ebalulekile kulo lonke uhlobo lomkhakha. Emisebenzini emikhulu yezentengiselwano, izinqubo ze-electrolytic zokubuyisa igolide zisebenza ngokuqapha okuqinile kwezimo zenqubo, kuyilapho amabhizinisi amancane okuvuselela kabusha esebenzisa amasu alula okukhipha igolide lesibili. Amamitha e-Lonnmeter angaphakathi kwe-electrolyte yegolide kanye namamitha e-viscosity asekela lokhu kusethwa, okuvumela ukulinganiswa okunembile kokwakheka kwe-electrolyte nokuqinisekisa amazinga okufakwa kwegolide ahambisanayo. Lokhu kulawula kwesikhathi sangempela kusiza ukugcina ubuningi be-electrolyte obuhle kanye nokuhlushwa, okubalulekile ekwandiseni ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo kanye nokuhlangabezana nezidingo zobumsulwa.
Inqubo Yokucwenga Igolide
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Izinguquko zemakethe zinethonya eliqondile emikhubeni yokucwenga. Ukugeleza kwegolide elisetshenziswe kabusha kukhule kakhulu, kukhuthazwa ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwama-elekthronikhi abathengi kanye nokushintsha kwemijikelezo yesidingo sobucwebe. Njengoba amanani egolide eshintshashintsha, izindawo zokucwenga zivumelanisa ingxube yazo yokudla, zifaka izinto ezisetshenziswe kabusha eziningi lapho ukuphakelwa okumbiwayo kuqina. Le mijikelezo ithinta amashejuli okukhiqiza kanye nokukhethwa kwamasu okuvuselela kabusha igolide. Izinqubo ze-electrolytic zinikeza ukuguquguquka, okuvumela izindawo zokucwenga ukuthi ziphendule ngokushesha ezinguqukweni zokuhlanzeka kokudla kanye nobuningi. Imikhuba emihle manje ihlanganisa ukulinganisa kobuningi be-electrolyte okuthuthukisiwe nokuhlaziywa kwenqubo ukuqinisekisa umphumela oqhubekayo kungakhathaliseki ukushintshashintsha kokufaka, okubonisa isidingo sokwenza ngcono okuqhubekayo emisebenzini yokubuyisa igolide.
Ukuhlanganiswa kokucwengwa kwegolide nge-electrolytic kuvumelanisa imboni nemigomo yokuvuselela kabusha okunesibopho kanye nokuphathwa kwemvelo. Izinhlelo ezivaliwe kanye nokutholwa kwezinsimbi zesibili ezivela kuma-anode slimes kusekela ukusebenza kahle kwezinsizakusebenza, okwenza ukucwengwa kwegolide nge-electrolytic kube yitshe lesisekelo lamasu esimanje okuvuselela kabusha igolide kanye nokwenza ngcono inqubo ukuze kube nobumsulwa kanye nokusimama.
Izisekelo Zenqubo Yokucwengisisa Igolide Le-Electrolytic
Inqubo yokucwenga igolide nge-electrolytic igxile ezimisweni ze-electrochemical, lapho imisinga kagesi iqhuba ukuhlanzwa kwegolide. Ukucwenga nokuvuselela igolide ngale nqubo kuncike ekuphenduleni kwe-redox okuhlelwe ngokucophelela, ukuhlelwa kwe-electrode elawulwayo, i-electrolyte chemistry engcono kakhulu, kanye nokuqapha inqubo enembile.
Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zenqubo Yokucwengisisa Igolide Le-Electrolytic
Embindini wayo, inqubo yokucwenga igolide nge-electrolytic isebenzisa amandla kagesi ukuguqula igolide elingcolile libe amadiphozithi ahlanzekile kakhulu ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwe-electrochemical okukhethayo. Lapho kusetshenziswa i-voltage, ama-athomu egolide avela ku-anode engcolile axubeka abe ama-ion egolide, adlule ku-electrolyte, bese encipha abe yigolide lensimbi ku-cathode. Le nqubo isebenzisa ukuma kwe-electrode kanye nezindlela zokufaka esikhundleni se-redox, ikhulisa ukubuyiswa kwegolide futhi ivumela ukususwa okuqondile kwezinto ezingcolisayo.
Izibonelo zezinhlelo zokusebenza zenqubo yokubuyisa igolide zifaka phakathi ukuphinda kusetshenziswe ubucwebe, ama-alloy amazinyo, kanye nokukhishwa kwegolide emifuleni kadoti kagesi—okuyisihluthulelo samasu okuvuselela igolide anamuhla.
Ukwakheka kwe-Electrolyte: Amakhemikhali Abalulekile Okuqhuba Kahle Nokuhlanzeka Kwegolide
Ibhavu le-electrolyte lidlala indima ebalulekile ekuqhubeni amandla, ukukhetha, kanye nekhwalithi yegolide elikhiqizwayo. Ngokuvamile liqukethe:
- I-Gold chloride (AuCl₃) noma i-potassium aurocyanide (KAu(CN)₂):Nikeza ama-ion egolide ancibilikayo.
- I-Hydrochloric acid noma amanye ama-asidi:Thuthukisa ukuhanjiswa kwe-pH kanye nokulawula i-pH.
- Ama-ion asekelayo:Njenge-chloride noma i-cyanide, ukugcina ukuhamba kwe-gold ion kanye nezimo ze-redox ezizinzile.
Ukwengezwa kwama-oxidants, njenge-ion yethusi noma yensimbi, kungathinta indawo yegolide ye-redox—kuthuthukiswe amazinga okululama kodwa kudinga ukulawulwa ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe ukufakwa kwezinsimbi eziyisisekelo ngokuncintisana. Izindlela ezithuthukisiwe zilungisa futhi ukuminyana kwama-electrolyte kanye nokuhlushwa, kusetshenziswa amamitha okuminyana kwama-electrolyte egolide aqondile, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukulawulwa kwenqubo nokuqinisekisa imiphumela ehambisanayo. Ukulinganiswa kokuminyana kwama-electrolyte egolide okuqondile kubalulekile ekugcineni amafasitela okusebenza akhulisa isivuno futhi anciphise ukungcola.
Imiphumela Yokuhlanzwa: Ukususa Izinsimbi Eziyisisekelo Nezinto Ezingafuneki
Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zokucwengisiswa kwe-electrolytic ukukhetha kwayo okuyingqayizivele. Njengoba igolide lincibilika ku-anode, izinsimbi eziyisisekelo ezifana nesiliva, ithusi, i-nickel, ne-zinc zingancibilika kodwa, ngenxa yokwehluka kwamandla okunciphisa, cishe azinciphi futhi zibekwe ku-cathode ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile. Lezi zinsimbi zihlala esixazululweni noma zivele njengezinhlayiya ze-anodic ezinganyibiliki kanye nokunye ukungcola.
Lezi zindlela zokuhlukanisa zenza inqubo yokubuyisa igolide le-electrolytic isebenze kahle kakhulu ekukhiqizeni igolide elihlanzekile kakhulu, njengoba izinto ezingafuneki zishiywa ngokukhetha. Le nqubo ingaphinde ifinyelele ukuhlukaniswa okuqinile kwezinsimbi zeqembu eliyigugu uma kusekelwa ukulawulwa okuhle kwamapharamitha enqubo kanye nokusebenza kwamaseli. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi, ukuqapha okuqondile—isibonelo, ngemitha yokuhlushwa kwe-electrolyte yegolide noma amamitha obuningi be-electrolyte angcono kakhulu egolide—kuthola ukwenyuka okungafunwa kwamazinga okungcola futhi kusekela ukulungiswa okufika ngesikhathi.
Izinto Ezicatshangelwayo Nezemvelo Ekuhlanzeni Nge-Electrolytic
Amapharamitha okusebenza afana nokushisa, ubuningi bamanje, kanye nokwakheka kwe-electrolyte kudinga ukuphathwa okuseduze ukuze kuthuthukiswe isivuno futhi kugcinwe ubumsulwa begolide. Amamitha obuningi be-electrolyte egolide angaphakathi, njengalawo akhiqizwa yiLonnmeter, anikeza impendulo eqhubekayo ngezimo ze-electrolyte, esekela imikhuba emihle yokwenza ngcono inqubo kanye nokuvuselelwa kwegolide.
Ngokwemvelo, ukucwengisisa igolide nge-electrolytic kuyathandwa ngenxa yokuphathwa kwamakhemikhali okuvala, kunciphisa imfucuza kanye nokukhishwa okuyingozi uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zendabuko zokuncibilikisa kanye ne-chlorination. Noma kunjalo, le nqubo ikhiqiza imfucuza yesibili njenge-electrolytes esetshenzisiwe kanye ne-anodic slimes, okumele iphathwe ngokuphephile ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi yemvelo. Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, okuhlanganisa ukuphinda kusetshenziswe amakhemikhali asekelayo kanye nokubuyiswa kwezinsimbi ezincane ezinsaleleni, ithuthukisa kakhulu iphrofayili yokuzinza yalezi zindlela zokuphinda kusetshenziswe igolide.
Ngamafuphi, inqubo yokucwenga igolide nge-electrolytic isekelwe ekulawulweni okuqinile kwezimiso ze-electrochemical, ukwakheka kwesistimu eklanyelwe wena, kanye nokulinganisa okuqaphile—konke kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ubumsulwa, ukukhiqizwa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwemithombo yegolide ngendlela efanele.
Ubuningi be-Gold Electrolyte: Kungani Ukulinganisa Kubalulekile
Ubuningi be-electrolyte yegolide buyipharamitha ebalulekile enqubweni yokucwenga igolide nge-electrolytic. Kubhekisela ku-mass per unit volume ye-electrolyte ewuketshezi encibilikisa igolide kusuka ku-anode engcolile, okuvumela ukuthi ibekwe njengegolide elihlanzekile ku-cathode. Ubuningi buthonywa kakhulu ukugcwala kwegolide elincibilikisiwe kanye nosawoti osekelayo, kanye nokushisa kanye nokwakheka kwesisombululo se-electrolyte.
Uma kukhulunywa ngezindlela ze-electrolytic zokubuyisa igolide, ukugcina ukulawula okunembile phezu kobuningi be-electrolyte kuthinta ngqo ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo. Ukuhamba kwama-ion, okuyinhloko ekubekweni kwegolide ku-cathode, kuncike ezimpahleni zomzimba zesisombululo; ubuningi buthinta kokubili ukuhanjiswa kwe-electrolyte kanye nokuhamba kwama-ion. Lapho ubuningi be-electrolyte bungaphakathi kwebanga elifanele—njengamandla e-ionic alawulwayo (isb., ukuhlushwa okungu-2 M ku-25°C)—igolide elihlanzekile kakhulu (kufika ku-95.3%) lingatholakala njalo ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuhlushwa kwegolide le-electrolyte ngaphansi kuka-1 g/L. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kuthuthukisa isivuno segolide kanye nobumsulwa bomkhiqizo kuyo yonke inqubo yokucwenga nokuvuselela igolide [Ukugcina ubuningi be-electrolyte obuhle kakhulu kuthuthukisa ngqo amazinga okubuyisa igolide kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo].
Ukulawulwa kobuningi obungafanele kuphazamisa ukususwa kokungcola. Uma i-electrolyte iba nkulu kakhulu, ukuthuthwa kwama-ion kuyahamba kancane, kunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokungcola okufana nesiliva noma izinsimbi eziyisisekelo ezishiywa ngemuva ku-anode. Lokhu, kungaholela ekhwalithini ye-cathode engaphansi kwejwayelekile kanye nezindleko zokusebenza ezikhuphukile ngenxa yemikhiqizo ephansi yenqubo kanye nezidingo zokugcinwa njalo. Isibonelo, ukugcwala kwe-ionic ngokweqile kungabangela imvula noma ukubuyiselwa kwegolide okungaphelele, kuyilapho ukugcwala okunganele kungabangela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphezulu njengoba inqubo ikhokhela ukwehla kokuqhuba.
Izidingo zamandla zokufakwa kwegolide zihlobene kakhulu nobuningi be-electrolyte. Izixazululo ezinobuningi obuhle zivumela ukuthuthwa okungcono kwama-ion ensimbi, kunciphisa ukumelana kukagesi esitokisini. Lokhu kuholela ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla okuphansi, okwenza inqubo yokubuyisa igolide ibe ngcono futhi ikwazi ukwandiswa. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuphambuka kumapharamitha wobuningi obuhle (kungaba okuncishisiwe kakhulu noma okugxile kakhulu) kuphoqa opharetha ukuthi basebenzise ama-voltage aphezulu noma bandise izikhathi zokucwenga, ngaleyo ndlela bandise izindleko zamandla eziphelele.
Ukulinganiswa okunembile kobuningi be-electrolyte yegolide kuqhutshwa yizisusa zomthetho kanye nezemvelo. Njengoba abahlanzi beshintsha kusuka kuma-electrolyte ayingozi, asekelwe ku-cyanide baye kwezinye izindlela eziphephile (njengezingxube ze-HCl-glycerol-ethanol), ukulawulwa okunembile kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zemvelo. Abalawuli bafuna ukulandelelwa kanye nobufakazi bokusebenza okuhle kakhulu ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela emvelweni futhi kuthuthukiswe ukuphepha emsebenzini. Amamitha obuningi—njengalawo akhiqizwa yi-Lonnmeter—amathuluzi abalulekile okuqinisekisa ukuthi amasu okuvuselela igolide ahlangabezana nezilinganiso ezidingekayo ngenkathi futhi enza ngcono zonke izinyathelo zenqubo yokucwenga igolide.
Ukulinganisa ubuningi be-electrolyte yegolide okuthembekile, kusetshenziswa amamitha obuningi akhethekile, kwakha umgogodla wokwenza ngcono inqubo yokubuyisa igolide nge-electrolytic. Kwenza abahlanzi bakwazi ukukhiqiza igolide elihlanzekile njalo, bandise amazinga okubuyisa, banciphise ukukhiqizwa kwemfucuza, futhi bagcine izindleko zokusebenza zilawulwa. Le mikhuba emihle iyisisekelo kunoma ubani ofuna ukucwenga igolide nge-electrolytic, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kumongo wokusebenzisa kabusha okukhulu noma ukusetshenziswa kokunemba.
Izindlela Zokulinganisa Ubuningi Be-Electrolyte Yegolide
Izinqubo zokucwenga nokuvuselela igolide zincike ekulawuleni okunembile kwezakhiwo ze-electrolyte. Ukulinganiswa kobuningi bama-electrolyte egolide kubaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni ngcono ukucwenga nokubuyisa igolide nge-electrolytic. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zamasu: izindlela zendabuko (zesandla) kanye namamitha angaphakathi athuthukile.
Isingeniso kumamitha Obuningi be-Electrolyte Yegolide Yesimanje
Yesimanjeamamitha obuningi be-electrolyte egolide—njengemiklamo yeshubhu ejikelezayo emugqeni—ibhekana cishe nayo yonke imikhawulo yamathuluzi endabuko. I-Lonnmeter ikhiqiza amamitha okuqina asemgqeni akwazi ukuqapha njalo ukuqina kwesisombululo ngesikhathi sangempela. Lawa madivayisi awadingi ukuphathwa kwesampula ngesandla; afakwa ngqo emigqeni yenqubo ukuze kulinganiswe ngokungaphazanyiswa.
Amamitha epayipi ajikelezayofinyelela ukunemba kufika ku-±0.0001 g/cm³. Isinxephezelo sokushisa esithuthukisiwe kanye nokulinganiswa okuzenzakalelayo kuqinisekisa imiphumela ephindaphindwayo kulo lonke ububanzi bamazinga e-electrolyte egolide. Ukusebenza okuqondile kunciphisa ukuxhumana nemidiya egqwalisayo, kunciphisa ukugcinwa kanye nokwandisa isikhathi sokuphila kwenzwa. Idatha ingafakwa kumapulatifomu ezenzakalelayo enqubo, okunikeza ukulungiswa okusheshayo kanye nokulawulwa okuqinile kokuhlushwa kwe-electrolyte yegolide. Lokhu kuthuthuka kwenza kube lula amasu okuvuselela igolide futhi kusekela kokubili imisebenzi yokuhluza igolide eqhubekayo kanye nokuhluzwa kwegolide okuqhubekayo.
Ukunemba, Ukuphindaphinda, kanye Nemithombo Yamaphutha Ekulinganisweni Kobuningi
Ukulinganisa ngesandla kuyaphazamiseka ngenxa yekhono lomsebenzisi, ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo, kanye nesimo sesampula. Amaphutha abantu—njengokufunda kabi i-meniscus ye-hydrometer noma ukwehluleka ukomisa i-pycnometer—athinta ukuqinisekiswa kwedatha. Ukuguquguquka kwezinga lokushisa kuwumthombo wamaphutha oqhubekayo kakhulu; ama-electrolyte egolide avame ukusebenza emazingeni okushisa aphezulu noma ashintshashintshayo, okwenza kube nzima ukuthola isinxephezelo.
Amamitha e-electrolyte egolide yesimanje anqoba lezi zinselele ngokuklama okuqinile kwezinzwa kanye nokuphathwa kokushisa okunembile. Izinzwa eziqondile zinikeza ukufundwa okuhambisanayo, zinciphisa ukubandakanyeka komqhubi kanye nokwehluka kwesampula. Ukulungiswa kwezinga lokushisa okuzenzakalelayo, ukuzinza okuphezulu kwemishini, kanye nezinqubo zokulinganisa zedijithali kunikeza ukuphindaphindeka kanye nokuphindaphinda okungatholakali ngezindlela ezenziwe ngesandla.
Amathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi bedijithali athuthukise ukuthembeka, ukuphindaphindeka, kanye nesivinini sokuqapha ama-electrolyte ekuhlanzeni nasekusebenziseni kabusha igolide, okusekela ngqo ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi kanye nokusebenza kahle kwenqubo.
Izinselele Zokulinganisa Ama-Electrolyte Egolide Agcwele Ukugxila Okuphezulu, Agqwalile
Ama-electrolyte okucwenga igolide avame ukuba aqinile futhi agqwala kakhulu, aqukethe ama-acid noma ama-cyanide angcolisa amathuluzi engilazi avamile. Ama-Hydrometer nama-pycnometer ahlushwa ukungahambelani kwezinto, impilo yenkonzo emfushane, kanye nezingozi zokungcola.
Amamitha angaphakathi kusuka ku-I-LonnmeterInezici zokwakha eziqinile ukuze imelane namakhemikhali anolaka. Izingxenye ezimanzi ezingezona ingilazi, ubuchwepheshe bokuvala obuthuthukisiwe, kanye namakhono okuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kuzenza zifanelekele izindawo zenqubo ezidinga amandla. Lawa madivayisi agcina ukusebenza kahle emifudlaneni enokuhlushwa okuphezulu, esekela ukulawulwa kwenqubo yokucwengisisa igolide nge-electrolytic eqinile kanye nokuphathwa kwenqubo ye-electrolytic yokubuyisa igolide.
Ngamafuphi, ukulinganisa okuhle kakhulu kobuningi be-electrolyte yegolide kudinga ukushintsha kusuka ezindleleni zendabuko, ezenziwe ngesandla kuya kubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe obungaphakathi, ikakhulukazi lapho ukwenziwa ngcono kwenqubo, ukuphepha, kanye nokunemba kubalulekile.
Amamitha Obuningi be-Electrolyte Yegolide: Amathuluzi Nobuchwepheshe
Amamitha okuqina kwe-electrolyte yegolide abalulekile ekuhlanzeni nasekuvuseleleni igolide. Aklanyelwe ukulinganisa okunembile, ngesikhathi sangempela kokuqina kwe-electrolyte, ukusekela izinqubo ze-electrolytic zokubuyisa igolide kanye nokwenza ngcono izinqubo. Ukulinganisa ukuqina okuthembekile kusiza ukugcina ukuhlushwa kwe-electrolyte yegolide efanele, okubalulekile esinyathelweni ngasinye senqubo yokuhlanzeni igolide.
Izici Eziyinhloko kanye Nemisebenzi
Amamitha e-electrolyte egolide yesimanje avame ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe benzwa yeshubhu edlidlizayo. Lawa madivayisi alinganisa ubuningi besampula ngokushintsha kwemvamisa yeshubhu egcwele i-electrolyte. Imvamisa etholakele—eguqulwa yisisindo soketshezi—ivumela ukubalwa okusheshayo nokunembile kakhulu, kanti amanye amayunithi afinyelela ukunemba okungu-±0.0001 g/cm³.
Ezinye izici eziyinhloko zifaka:
- Isinxephezelo sokushisa sedijithali, okuqinisekisa ukunemba naphezu kokushintshashintsha kokushisa kwesisombululo.
- Izingxenye ezimanzi ezingamelani namakhemikhali—ngokuvamile i-Hastelloy C-276, i-tantalum, noma i-titanium—ezimelana nezimo ezinamandla njenge-potassium cyanide, i-hydrochloric kanye ne-sulfuric acid, ezivame kakhulu ezindleleni zokubuyisa igolide nge-electrolytic.
- Idizayini yenzwa ebushelelezi, engenamifantu ukuze kuncishiswe ukugcinwa kwensimbi futhi kube lula ukuhlanza, okubaluleke kakhulu ekucwengisisweni kwegolide nasekusetshenzisweni kabusha.
Amamitha amaningi athuthukile asekela imisebenzi yokuhlanza ehlanganisiwe ukuvimbela ukungcola, kuyilapho ukuvala noma ukwakheka kokugcina okubili kuvikela ama-elekthronikhi abucayi futhi kunciphisa izingozi zokuvuza. Amaningi anikeza nezindlela zesampula ezingangeni ukungcola kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwama-elekthronikhi angamanzi.
Inqubo Yokuncibilikisa I-Copper Flash cc
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Imitha Yobuningi beLonnmeter ekuhlanzeni igolide
Imitha yobuningi be-Lonnmeter yenzelwe ukusetshenziswa kokulinganisa okusemgqeni embonini yokucwenga nokuvuselela igolide. Ngesikhathi sezinqubo zokucwenga igolide nge-electrolytic, i-Lonnmeter ifakwe ngqo ohlelweni lwepayipi noma lokugeza. Ihlala iqapha ubuningi be-electrolyte yegolide, ivumela ukulawulwa kwesikhathi sangempela kokwakheka.
Abasebenzi basebenzisa iLonnmeter ukuze:
- Lungisa umthamo we-reagent ngokusekelwe ekufundweni kobuningi obubukhoma.
- Gcina ukuhlushwa okufanayo kwama-electrolyte kanye nobumsulwa, okubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwe-electroplating noma ekucwengisiseni.
- Vimbela ukulahleka kwegolide okubangelwa ukuphambuka kwenqubo.
- Thola ngokushesha izinto ezingavamile ezingase zibonise ukuzulazula kokusebenza noma ukungcola.
Ngokuhlanganisa i-Lonnmeter, izikhungo zithola ukulawula okuqinile ekubuyiselweni kwegolide nge-electrolytic, okuqhuba kokubili isivuno kanye nekhwalithi ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Izindlela Zokukhetha Imitha Yobuningi Be-Electrolyte Yegolide Ethembekile
Ukukhethwa kwamamitha okuqina kwe-electrolyte angcono kakhulu egolide kuhilela ukucabangela ngokucophelela:
- Ukumelana namakhemikhali:Amamitha kuphela anezingxenye ezimanzi zezinto ezimelana ne-Hastelloy C-276 noma i-tantalum okufanele asetshenziswe. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukusebenza isikhathi eside ezinhlelweni ze-cyanide kanye ne-acidic.
- Ukulinganisa:Idivayisi kumele ivumele ukulinganisa okuvamile nokuqondile—ngokufanelekile ngemikhuba ezenzakalelayo kanye nekhono lokukhiqiza ama-curve okulinganisa ngokwezifiso ezingxenyeni ze-electrolyte eziguquguqukayo.
- Isixhumanisi kanye Nokukhipha Idatha:Ukuhambisana kwezimboni kubalulekile. Imitha kufanele isekele izinqubo zokuxhumana ezijwayelekile (i-Modbus, i-Profibus, i-Ethernet) ukuze kuhlanganiswe kahle ezinhlelweni zokulawula.
- Isinxephezelo Sokushisa:Njengoba ubuningi bushintsha ngokushisa, isinxephezelo esizenzakalelayo esinembile kakhulu siyimpoqo.
- Ukuqina Kwemishini:Funa indawo yokubeka izinto ezimbili kanye nomklamo oqinile wokuvala ukuze ubhekane nokuvuza okungenzeka kanye nezimo ezinolaka.
- Izidingo Zokulungisa:Ukufinyelela okulula, okungenamathuluzi okuhlanza nokuhlola kuyathandwa, uma kubhekwa ukuthambekela kwezixazululo zenqubo okubangela ukungcola.
Izixazululo Zokulinganisa Ezingaphakathi Komugqa Uma Ziqhathaniswa Nezingaxhunyiwe Ku-inthanethi
Ukulinganisa okusemgqeni:Amadivayisi afana ne-Lonnmeter ahlinzeka ngokuqapha okuqhubekayo, ngesikhathi sangempela ngqo ngaphakathi komugqa we-electrolyte noma ethangini. Izinzuzo zifaka phakathi ukutholakala okusheshayo kokuphazamiseka kwenqubo kanye nokuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo nezindlela zokusebenza zokulungisa inqubo yokubuyisa igolide. Le ndlela iqeda ukubambezeleka okuhlobene nokuthatha amasampula ngesandla futhi inciphisa ukuchayeka komqhubi kumakhemikhali ayingozi.
Intuthuko Ekusetshenzisweni Kwamathuluzi Obuningi kanye Nezinzuzo Zokucwengisisa Igolide
Intuthuko yakamuva kumamitha okuhlushwa kwe-electrolyte yegolide ifaka:
- Ukucubungula isignali yedijithali evame kakhulu, okulola ukuxazululwa futhi kuthuthukise ukwenqatshwa komsindo ezindaweni zokugeza zegolide eziyinselele.
- Izici zokuzihlola eziqinile kanye nezici zokulungisa ezibikezelayo, kunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi esingahleliwe.
- Umklamo wezinto ezimanzisiwe kanye nepayipi othuthukisiwe ukuze kuncishiswe ukugcinwa kwesampula, okubalulekile lapho kuphathwa izixazululo zegolide ezinenani eliphezulu.
- Izinhlelo zokulinganisa izinga lokushisa ezisheshayo ukuze kufundwe ubuningi obusheshayo nobuzinzile.
Ngokubambisana, lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwenza kube nokuqapha okuqhubekayo kwenqubo, kuqiniswe amasu okuvuselela igolide, futhi kuvumela ukuzenzekela okukhulu kanye nokwenza ngcono inqubo yokubuyisa igolide. Emisebenzini ephumelela kakhulu, lezi zinzuzo zihumusha ngokuqondile ekulahlekelweni kwegolide okuncishisiwe, ukuthembeka okukhulu kwenqubo, kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo ethuthukisiwe ezinqubweni zokucwengisisa igolide nge-electrolytic.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwenqubo Kusetshenziswa Ukulinganiswa Kobuningi Be-Gold Electrolyte
Ukuhlanganiswa Kwezinyathelo Ngezinyathelo Kwamamitha Obuningi Emisebenzini Yokubuyisa Igolide Ye-Electrolytic
Ukuhlanganisa imitha yobuningi be-electrolyte yegolide, njengaleyo ekhiqizwe yiLonnmeter, emisebenzini yokuhlanza nokuvuselela igolide nge-electrolytic kuqala ngokubekwa kwedivayisi okunesu. Okokuqala, faka imitha yobuningi endaweni yokungena yesisombululo sokuphakelayo ukuqinisekisa ukugcwala kwe-electrolyte yegolide ngaphambi kokuba i-electrolyte ingene esitokisini. Lokhu kufundwa kokuqala kuqinisekisa ukwakheka kwesisombululo okunembile kwenqubo ye-electrolytic yokubuyisa igolide, kusekela ukugcinwa kokugcwala okufanele ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle kwe-plating.
Okulandelayo, beka imitha yobuningi emkhiqizweni weseli noma emigqeni yokujikeleza kwegazi. Ukulandelela ubuningi okuqhubekayo lapha kwenza kube lula ukubona ukushintsha kokusebenza kahle kweplati, ukwakheka okungafuneki kwemikhiqizo engaphansi, noma ukuxubana okuvela emijikelezweni yokuhlanza. Imitha eyengeziwe esigabeni sokuhlanza noma sokuhlanza ivumela opharetha ukuqinisekisa amazinga okubuyisa amanzi nokulawula ubumsulwa obuphansi, ukucwenga ubucwebe obulahliwe, i-bullion, noma izinsalela zezimboni. Ukulinganisa okuvamile, kusetshenziswa uketshezi olubhekisela kanye nama-kit okuhlanza, kuqinisekisa ukunemba; izinqubo ezinconywayo zidinga ukuqinisekiswa kwamasonto onke kanye nokuhlolwa ngemva kwanoma yiziphi izinguquko ezinkulu zokulungisa noma zokushintsha.
Ukuhunyushwa Kwedatha: Ukuqonda Ukufundwa Kobuningi kanye Nemiphumela Yabo Yokulungiswa Kwenqubo
Ukufundwa kobuningi be-electrolyte yegolide kubonisa ukugcwala kwama-ion egolide, usawoti oncibilikisiwe, kanye nokungcola ngaphakathi kwesisombululo. Ukwanda kobuningi kuvame ukuhlobana nokugcwala kwegolide okuphezulu, kuyilapho ukulinganisa okwehlayo kungabonisa ukuncishiswa okuvela emanzini okuhlanza noma ukungalingani kwe-reagent. Ukuphambuka okubukhali kusikisela ukuphazamiseka kwenqubo, okuhlanganisa ukungcola noma ukungena kokungcola. Ukufundwa kobuningi kusiza ukuthuthukisa izinyathelo zenqubo yokucwenga igolide. Isibonelo, uma ukufundwa kobuningi bokukhipha kwehla ngaphansi kwenhloso, opharetha bangase balungise umthamo wesisombululo segolide noma baphinde bajikeleze isisombululo esingacutshunguliwe ukuze bathole igolide eliningi.
Ukufaka nokuhlaziya idatha yobuningi kwenza kube lula ukwenza ngcono inqubo yesikhathi eside kanye nokugcinwa kokubikezela. Amanani obuningi ahambisanayo abonisa i-chemistry yesisombululo esizinzile, okuholela ekubekweni kwe-electrode okuthembekile kanye nokuhlanzeka komkhiqizo okuphindaphindwayo. Izindlela zokusebenza ezithuthukisiwe zivame ukuhlanganisa ukufundwa kobuningi kudathabheyisi yokulandelela kanye nokuhambisana, okuhlinzeka ngemibhalo ebalulekile yokuhlolwa.
Ukulawulwa Kwempendulo: Ukulungiswa Okwenziwa Ngokuzithandela Uma Kuqhathaniswa Nokulungiswa Okuzenzakalelayo Okusekelwe Kudatha Yobuningi Besikhathi Sangempela
Ezinhlelweni zokuphendula ngesandla, ochwepheshe baqapha ukufundwa kobuningi obubukhoma futhi benze izinguquko zesikhathi sangempela ngokushintsha amazinga okugeleza kwamanje, i-voltage, izinga lokushisa, noma i-electrolyte. Abasebenzi bangaphinde bathathe igolide elengeziwe ngesandla, balungise amazinga e-reagent, noma baqalise imijikelezo yokuhlanza ngokuphendula izitayela zedatha ye-Lonnmeter. Nakuba kusebenza kahle, ukulawula ngesandla kuncike kakhulu ekhonweni lomqhubi kanye nokuqapha.
Imisebenzi yokusebenza ezenzakalelayo ifaka amamitha okuqina e-Lonnmeter ngqo ezinhlelweni ze-PLC zesitshalo noma ze-SCADA. Ukulinganiswa kokuqina okuzenzakalelayo kusekela impendulo yokulawula yesikhathi sangempela—ukulungisa imijikelezo yokususa, i-logic yokulinganisa, kanye nama-setpoints okushisa ngokuya ngezimo zangempela zenqubo. Lokhu kunciphisa ukungenelela ngesandla, kunciphisa iphutha lomqhubi, futhi kugcina ukuminyana kwe-electrolyte yegolide efanele ukuze kutholakale kahle. Izinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo zibonise ukusebenza kahle kwamandla okuthuthukisiwe kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo wegolide ehambisanayo uma kuqhathaniswa nokusebenza ngesandla, njengoba kubikwe ezihlokweni zocwaningo zakamuva.
Umphumela Wokuthuthukiswa Kobuningi Emazingeni Okubuyisa Igolide, Ukusebenza Kahle Kwamandla, kanye Nezindleko Zokusebenza
Ukuthuthukisa ukuminyana kwe-electrolyte yegolide kuthuthukisa ukuvunwa kwe-electrodeposition, kunciphisa ukususwa kokungcola kanyekanye, futhi kuzinzise inqubo yokucwenga igolide nge-electrolytic. Izitshalo ezilandelela ukuminyana ngesikhathi sangempela zibhale amazinga okubuyisa igolide angaphezu kuka-98% emisebenzini yokuwina i-electrolytic, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemfucuza okuncishisiwe. Ukulawulwa kokuminyana okunembile kuthuthukisa nokusebenza kahle kwamandla ngokugcina i-voltage yamaseli kanye nogesi ofanele; ukuguquguquka kwenqubo kuyehla, kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngekhilogremu ngayinye yegolide elicwengisiwe. Ngenxa yalokho, izindleko zokusebenza ziyehla—amakhemikhali ambalwa ayachithwa, kudingeka ukungenelela okuncane, futhi isivuno somkhiqizo siyakhuphuka. Izindleko zokulungisa nazo ziyehla ngenxa yokwehluleka okuncane kwenqubo okungalindelekile kanye nokuphila kwesikhathi eside kwemishini.
Izinzuzo Ezingalinganiswa Zobucwebe, Ukukhiqizwa Kwezinkunzi, kanye Nemikhakha Yokucwengisisa Izimboni
Ezindaweni zokuvuselela ubucwebe, ukulinganiswa kobuningi okuthuthukisiwe kunciphisa ukulahleka kwegolide kanye nokuhanjiswa kokungcola. Abakhiqizi be-bullion bayazuza ekuhlanzekeni komkhiqizo okuphezulu kanye nesivuno se-batch esibikezelwayo, okuholela enanini eliphakeme lemakethe. Izindawo zokuhluza izimboni ezicubungula imfucuza kagesi noma izinsalela zezimboni zibika ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi, ukwanda komkhiqizo, kanye nokuphazamiseka kwenqubo okubangelwa ukuthobela imithetho lapho kusetshenziswa amamitha obuningi be-Lonnmeter angaphakathi.
Amasu okuvuselela igolide asebenzisa amamitha okulinganisa ama-electrolyte angcono kakhulu egolide—njengeLonnmeter—ahlala ebuyisela amazinga aphezulu okuhlanza kanye nokunciphisa imfucuza. Ukulinganisa ubuningi obuzenzakalelayo kuholele emikhubeni emihle yokuvuselela igolide elandelekayo neqhubekayo yemikhakha eyahlukahlukene. Ucwaningo luqinisekisa lokhu kuthuthuka: Ukuqapha ubuningi obuzenzakalelayo kuholela ekuhlanzeni igolide nge-electrolytic okuphumelelayo kakhulu ngobumsulwa bomkhiqizo obuqhubekayo.
Ukucwengisisa Nokusebenzisa Kabusha Igolide: Ikhwalithi, Ukusimama, kanye Nemikhuba Emihle Kakhulu
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi be-electrolyte yegolide okunembile kuyimbangela yokucwengwa nokuvuselelwa kwegolide okusimeme. Ezinqubweni zesimanje zokucwengwa kwegolide nge-electrolytic, ukuphathwa okuqinile kobuningi be-electrolyte kuthuthukisa kokubili ubumsulwa begolide kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezinsiza, okwakha imikhuba emihle kakhulu yemisebenzi yezentengiselwano kanye nokuvuselelwa kabusha okunesibopho.
Ukuphathwa Kobuningi kanye Nendima Yakho Ekusebenziseni Kabusha Nokuzinza
Ubuningi be-electrolyte yegolide buthonya amazinga okuncibilika, ukuthuthwa kwama-ion ensimbi, kanye nekhwalithi yokuma kwe-electrode. Ezimweni zokuphinda kusetshenziswe, imifudlana ye-alloy exubile ingenisa ithusi, isiliva, nezinye izinsimbi eziyisisekelo, ezingashintsha izakhiwo ze-electrolyte—okushintsha i-viscosity, i-conductivity, kanye nokuncibilika. Okuqukethwe kwethusi okuphezulu, isibonelo, kwandisa ubuningi besisombululo, okwenza inqubo ye-electrolytic yokubuyisa igolide ibe nzima futhi kukhuphule izingozi zokungcola kanye nokufakwa ndawonye.
Ukulawula ubuningi ngamathuluzi afana namamitha okuqina kwe-electrolyte yegolide angaphakathi (njengalawo akhiqizwe yiLonnmeter) kwenza izindawo zokucwenga zikwazi ukuphendula ngesikhathi sangempela ekushintsheni kokwakheka kokudla okusetshenzisiwe. Ukugcina ubuningi obuhle kuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ngokweqile, kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwama-asidi aguquguqukayo, futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinyathelo zenqubo yokucwenga igolide zilawulwa ngokuqinile. Ukuqapha nokulungisa okuqhubekayo nakho kusekela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla namanzi okuphansi kweyunithi ngayinye yegolide ekhiqizwayo, okukhuthaza ukusimama kwezentengiselwano kanye nemvelo.
Imiphumela Yezinsimbi Ze-Alloy Nokuqukethwe Okuphinde Kwasetshenziswa
Ukuba khona kwezinsimbi ze-alloy emifudlaneni yegolide ephinde yasetshenziswa kushintsha ukuziphatha kwamakhemikhali kwe-electrolyte. Isiliva nethusi kuvame ukukhulula kalula noma kudale ukusabela okungekuhle okwengeziwe ekuminyaneni okuthile. Uma ubuningi bungaphathwa kahle, izakhi ze-alloy zinganciphisa noma zakhe amakhemikhali angancibiliki angcolisa idiphozithi yegolide, kunciphise isivuno sokucwenga kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
Emisebenzini yezimboni ethuthukisiwe, ukuhlanganisa igolide eliphinde lasetshenziswa kudinga ukuhlaziya izinto ezingenayo ukuze kutholakale okuqukethwe yi-alloy, bese kulungiswa izilungiselelo zemitha yokuhlushwa kwe-electrolyte yegolide ukuze kufezwe ibhalansi. Isibonelo, izindawo zokuhluza ezicubungula izingcezu ze-elekthronikhi noma ubucwebe kumele zivumelanise izindlela zokubuyisa igolide nge-electrolytic ukuze zibhekele ukuguquguquka kwenhlanganisela, ziqinisekise ukuthi ubuningi busekela ukubuyisa igolide okukhethiwe ngenkathi kunciphisa ukungcola okuphambene.
Izindlela Ezinhle Zokuhlanganisa Imifudlana Yegolide Esetshenziswe Kabusha
Amasu ahamba phambili okusebenzisa kabusha igolide ahlanganisa:
- Ukuhlunga kusengaphambili kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-alloy ukuze kubikezelwe ukulungiswa kwe-electrolyte.
- Ukuqapha ubuningi ngesikhathi sangempela, okuqondile ngamamitha obuningi be-electrolyte egolide anembile kakhulu.
- Ukulinganisa okuzenzakalelayo kwamakhemikhali ngokusekelwe ekufundweni kobuningi ukuze kulondolozwe izakhiwo ze-electrolyte eziqondiwe.
- Ukulinganiswa ngezikhathi ezithile kwezinsimbi zokusingatha ukuhlushwa kwe-electrolyte yegolide okuhlukahlukene.
Izikhungo ezisebenzisa izilawuli zenqubo ezilungiselelwe ubuningi zibika ukungcola okuncane kwamakhemikhali, isikhathi esinciphile sokusebenza, kanye nesivuno esiphezulu esivela kokufakwayo okuhlukahlukene kokusetshenziswa kabusha.
Izilinganiso Zemboni Zokuphathwa Kwe-Electrolyte
Imisebenzi yokucwenga yezentengiselwano ephezulu kakhulu ilinganisa ukuphathwa kokuminyana kwe-electrolyte ngo:
- Ukufinyelela amazinga okuhlanzeka angu-99.99% ngokulawula ubuningi obuqhubekayo.
- Ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ngethani ngalinye legolide elifakiwe ngo-5-10% uma kuqhathaniswa nokucutshungulwa kweqoqo ngesandla.
- Ukunciphisa imfucuza eyingozi kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi ngo-80% uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ezingalawulwa.
- Ukusebenzisa izinhlelo ezivaliwe zokusebenzisa kabusha i-electrolyte, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali amasha kanye nokukhishwa kwamanzi angcolile.
Ukunemba kuigolideukuphathwa kobuningi be-electrolytekubalulekile ekuhlanzweni kwegolide okuphumelelayo kanye nokuvuselelwa kabusha okunesibopho.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa)
Iyini imitha yobuningi be-electrolyte yegolide futhi kungani ibalulekile ekuhlanzeni igolide?
Imitha yobuningi be-electrolyte yegolide iyithuluzi elinembile elisetshenziselwa ukukala ubuningi besisombululo se-electrolyte enqubweni yokucwenga igolide nge-electrolytic. Ubuningi bubonisa ukugcwala kwama-ion egolide ancibilikisiwe, ama-acid, kanye nezithasiselo ezithinta ngqo ukusabela kwe-electrochemical ngesikhathi sokucwenga. Ukulinganiswa kobuningi be-electrolyte yegolide okunembile kusiza ukugcina ukwakheka kwe-electrolyte ngaphakathi kwemingcele eqinile, kuvimbele ukungasebenzi kahle njengokufakwa kabi, imfucuza eyengeziwe, kanye nobumsulwa begolide obungaguquki. Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi abaqhubi bangalungisa ngokushesha ukuphambuka, bandise isivuno futhi banciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye ne-reagent - izinyathelo ezibalulekile zokwenza ngcono imisebenzi yokucwenga igolide kanye nokuvuselela kabusha.
Imitha yobuningi beLonnmeter isebenza kanjani ekuhlanzeni igolide?
Imitha yobuningi be-Lonnmeter ifakwe inzwa yedijithali enikeza ukufundwa kwesikhathi sangempela kobuningi be-electrolyte yegolide. Yakhelwe ukuqina, ukwakheka kwayo okumelana nokugqwala kumelana nezimo ezinzima zokucwengisisa. Uma ifakwe emgqeni, ihlola njalo ukusakazwa kwenqubo futhi idlulisele idatha kusibonisi sendawo, okwenza kube nokulungiswa kwenqubo ngokushesha. Lolu hlelo oluphakathi luvumela abacwengi ukuthi balondoloze izimo ze-electrolyte ezifanele ngaphandle kokuphazamisa imisebenzi, besekela ukubuyiselwa kwegolide okumsulwa kakhulu kanye nokusebenza kahle kwenqubo okuthuthukisiwe.
Kungani ukulinganiswa kobuningi be-electrolyte kubalulekile enkambisweni ye-electrolytic yokubuyisa igolide?
Ukugcina ukuminyana kwe-electrolyte okulungile kubalulekile enkambisweni yokutakula igolide le-electrolytic.
- Izinga Lokuhlanzwa: Ukuhlushwa okufanele kwenza kube lula ukufakwa kwegolide okubikezelwayo ku-cathode. Ukuhlushwa okuphansi kunciphisa ukululama; ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kungaholela ekuphenduleni okungathandeki.
- Ukususwa Kokungcola: Ukugcina ubuningi obuhle kakhulu kukhulisa ukususwa kwezinsimbi eziyisisekelo futhi kunciphisa ukungcola egolideni elitholiwe.
- Ukuzinza Kokusebenza: Izimo ze-electrolyte ezizinzile zinciphisa ingozi yokungasebenzi, ukulahlekelwa ngamakhemikhali ngokuzumayo, noma izinguquko ze-voltage ezingalawulwa, okwenza ukucwengwa kuphephe futhi kuhambisane kakhudlwana.
Ukulinganisa njalo kuyindlela yokuthuthukisa inqubo yokubuyisa igolide eqinisekisiwe, edingekayo ekufinyeleleni amazinga aqinile okuhlanzeka kwegolide ngenkathi kulondolozwa izinsiza.
Ingabe ukuminyana kwe-electrolyte okungafanele kungathinta ikhwalithi yegolide elisetshenziswe kabusha?
Yebo, ukulawulwa okungekuhle kobuningi be-electrolyte kungalimaza kakhulu amasu okuvuselela igolide. Uma ubuningi budlula ngaphandle kwemingcele enconyiwe, kungase kwenzeke ukuhlanzwa okungaphelele, okuholela ekungcoleni okuphezulu kwegolide eliphinde lasetshenziswa. Amaphutha anjalo enqubo nawo achitha amandla namakhemikhali, andise izindleko zokusebenza futhi anciphise ukusimama. Ukulinganisa ubuningi be-electrolyte yegolide ngokuqinile kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokukhiqiza igolide lobucwebe noma i-bullion, lapho ubumsulwa nokuvumelana kubalulekile khona.
Ingabe kukhona umehluko phakathi kwezindlela zokulinganisa ukuminyana kwe-electrolyte yegolide emugqeni kanye nezindlela zokulinganisa ukuminyana kwe-electrolyte yegolide engaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi?
Ukulinganisa okusemgqeni—njengokuLonnmeter—kuhlinzeka ngedatha eqhubekayo, esheshayo evela emgudwini we-electrolyte, okunika amandla ukulungiswa okusheshayo. Lokhu kuyisihluthulelo sokucwengisisa igolide kanye nokuvuselela kabusha kwezimboni, lapho ukuphazamiseka kwenqubo kubiza khona. Izindlela ezingaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi zihilela ukuqoqa amasampula okuhlaziywa kwelabhorethri, kutholakale imiphumela enemininingwane kodwa kube nokubambezeleka okunganciphisa ukuphendula. Ukuhlola okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi kungafanelana nemisebenzi emincane, ukulinganisa okuvamile, noma ukuxazulula izinkinga ezithile, kodwa akunazo izinzuzo zesikhathi sangempela zezindlela ezixhumene zokulawula inqubo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba-08-2025
