Ukuphathwa okuphumelelayo koketshezi lokuqhekeka kubalulekile ekukhuliseni ukukhishwa kwe-methane eboshwe ngamalahle. Ukulinganiswa kwe-viscosity ngesikhathi sangempela kulungisa lezi zinselele ngokunikeza impendulo esheshayo mayelana nokwakheka koketshezi lokuqhekeka ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Amadamu e-methane eboshwe ngamalahle (CBM), achazwa ngokungena kwamanzi okuphansi kanye nezakhiwo ezincane eziyinkimbinkimbi, adinga ukulawulwa okunembile kwezakhiwo zoketshezi lokuqhekeka ukuze kufezwe ukuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic okuphumelelayo kanye nokubuyiselwa kwe-methane okuhle kakhulu.
Izinselele zokusebenza ziyaqhubeka, ikakhulukazi ukuphuka kwejeli okungaphelele, ukubuyiselwa koketshezi lokuqhekeka okungasebenzi kahle, kanye nokumuncwa kwe-methane okungaphansi kokufanele. Ukuphuka kwejeli okungaphelele kuholela ekugcinweni kwezinsalela ze-polymer emithungweni yamalahle, okuphazamisa kakhulu ukugeleza kwe-methane kanye nokunciphisa amazinga okutakula. Ukugeleza okungalungile koketshezi lokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic kwandisa umonakalo wokungena kwamanzi, kunciphisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokukhipha futhi kwandise izikhathi zokuhlanza imithombo. Lezi zingqinamba zihlangene zikhawulela ukukhiqizwa kwegesi futhi zikhuphule izindleko zokusebenza.
Ukuqonda Ukukhishwa kwe-Coalbed Methane
Iyini i-Coalbed Methane?
I-Coalbed methane (CBM) uhlobo lwegesi yemvelo etholakala ikakhulukazi efakwe ezindaweni zangaphakathi zamalahle kanti ezinye zikhona kunethiwekhi yokuqhekeka komthungo wamalahle. Ngokungafani negesi yemvelo evamile, eqongelela ekwakhekeni kwamadwala anezimbobo, i-CBM ibanjwe ngaphakathi kwe-matrix yamalahle ngenxa yezici ezihlukile zamalahle amancane kanye nendawo yayo enkulu yangaphakathi. I-Methane ibanjwe amandla okumunca, okwenza ukukhishwa kwayo kuncike ekushintsheni kwengcindezi endaweni yokugcina amanzi kanye nezinqubo zokumunca amanzi ngaphakathi kwezindawo zokulahla amalahle.
Ama-CBM reservoirs aletha izinselele ezihlukile uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhishwa kwegesi okuvamile. Isakhiwo semidiya evuvukile emibili yamalahle—ukuqhekeka kwemvelo (ama-cleats) kanye nama-micropores—kusho ukuthi ukuvuleka kunqunywa kakhulu ukuxhumana kokuqhekeka, kuyilapho isitoreji segesi silawulwa yindawo engaphezulu kwe-matrix yamalahle. Amazinga okukhipha angashintsha kakhulu ngenxa yezinkambu zokucindezeleka eziguquguqukayo kanye nokungafani kwe-geological. Ukuvuvukala kwe-matrix yamalahle, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwe-CO₂ ukuze kutholakale kabusha (i-CO₂-ECBM), kunganciphisa ububanzi bokuqhekeka kanye nokuvuleka okuphansi, kunciphise ukugeleza kwegesi kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kuthuthukise ukumuncwa ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokuncintisana zokumuncwa. Ukuthambekela kwamalahle kokuguquguquka okusheshayo ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kanye nokuthambekela ekungazinzini kwe-wellbore kuqhubeka nokuba nzima imisebenzi yokukhiqiza futhi kudinga izindlela ezenzelwe ukukhuthaza nokuphathwa kokugeleza kwamachibi.
Ukufakwa Komusi Ekubuyiseleni Ukushisa Kwamafutha Anzima
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Iyini i-Coal Bed Methane?
Ukubaluleka Kokuqhekeka Kwama-Fracturing Emisebenzini Ye-CBM
Uketshezi lokuqhekeka lubalulekile ekukhishweni kwe-CBM, ikakhulukazi uma kucatshangelwa isidingo sokuvula imiphetho yamalahle engangeni kahle futhi kube lula ukukhululwa nokufuduka kwe-methane efakwe emanzini. Imisebenzi eyinhloko yalolu ketshezi ihlanganisa:
- Ukudala nokwandisa ukuqhekeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-matrix yamalahle kanye nomthombo wokukhiqiza.
- Ukuthutha ama-proppants (izinhlayiya eziqinile) ajule angene emaqakaleni ukuze kugcinwe izindlela zokugeleza kwegesi uma ingcindezi isikhishiwe.
- Ukushintsha izinkambu zokucindezeleka zendawo ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-geometry yokuqhekeka nokwandisa isivuno se-methane.
Izakhiwo ezibalulekile zoketshezi lokuqhekeka ukuze kukhuthazwe i-CBM ngempumelelo yilezi:
- Ukuthamba: Iphakeme ngokwanele ukuthi imiswe futhi ithwale i-proppant, kodwa kumele iphuke kalula ukuze i-flowback ephumelelayo kanye nokubuyiswa koketshezi lwe-hydraulic fracturing. I-viscosity ilawula ukuthi ama-proppant alethwa kahle kangakanani futhi ithinta i-flowback fluid viscosity, ithonya ukunqunywa kwe-endpoint ephukile yejeli kanye nesikhathi somjikelezo wokubuyisa.
- Ezokuthutha Ezisheshayo: Ikhono lokugcina ama-proppant elenga nokuqinisekisa ukuthi indawo efanayo ibalulekile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zamalahle ezivame ukukhiqiza izinhlawulo noma amaphethini okuphuka angajwayelekile. Ubuchwepheshe obusha boketshezi, njenge-high viscosity friction reducer fluids (ama-HVFR) kanye nama-hydrophobic polymer/surfactant composites, aklanyelwe ukwenza ngcono ukuthuthwa kwe-proppant nokuthuthukisa ukuphuma kwe-methane ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene zamanzi.
- Ukuzinza kwejeli: Uketshezi olusekelwe kujeli—kufaka phakathi izinhlobo zejeli ye-silica—kumele lugcine ukuqina ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa ajwayelekile edamu kanye nosawoti, lumelane nokuwohloka kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kuze kube yilapho ukuvuselelwa sekuqediwe. Ukwenziwa ngcono kwenqubo yokuphuka kwejeli kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuphuka kwejeli oketshezini lokuqhekeka kubalulekile ekuphatheni ukubuyela emuva kokukhishwa kwe-methane eboshiwe ngamalahle nokugwema ukuphuka kwejeli okungaphelele, okungaphazamisa ukubuyiselwa koketshezi futhi kulimaze ukungena kwedamu.
Kwenziwa izinto ezintsha ngezithasiselo zamakhemikhali eziphula ijeli ukulawula ngokunembile isikhathi kanye nobubanzi bokuphuka kwejeli, okuvumela abaqhubi ukuthi bathuthukise umthamo we-gel breaker, bathuthukise ukubuyiswa koketshezi lwe-hydraulic fracturing, futhi banciphise ingozi yokulimala kokwakheka. Ukuqapha intuthuko efana nokuhlolwa kwe-viscosity ngesikhathi sangempela kuya ngokuya kuba yinto ejwayelekile yokulungisa amapharamitha okusebenza ngokushesha, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle koketshezi lwe-fracturing kuyo yonke inqubo ye-coalbed methane hydraulic fracturing.
Uketshezi lokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic luyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka ekusebenzeni kwe-CBM, luqhutshwa yisidingo sokubekwa kwe-proppant okusebenzayo, ukuqhekeka kwejeli okuthembekile, kanye nokukhishwa kwe-methane okuphezulu emithungweni yamalahle eyinkimbinkimbi ngokwesakhiwo.
Ukuphuka kwejeli: Imiqondo kanye namaphuzu okulawula abalulekile
Kuyini i-Gel Break kanye ne-Gel Breaking Endpoint?
Ukuqhekeka kwejeli kubhekisela ekuwohlokeni kwamajeli e-polymer asetshenziswa ekuqhekekeni koketshezi ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwe-methane eboshiwe. Lawa majeli, abalulekile ekulengiseni ama-proppants nokulawula ukuthambekela koketshezi, kumele ashintshe kusuka kujeli ene-viscosity ephezulu aye kuketshezi olune-viscosity ephansi ukuze kubuyelwe kahle kwamanzi.indawo yokugcina yokuphula ijeliyisikhathi lapho i-viscosity yehla ngaphansi komkhawulo ocacisiwe, okubonisa ukuthi ijeli ayisaphazamisi ukuhamba koketshezi echibini futhi ingakhiqizwa kalula kusukela ekwakhekeni.
Ukufinyelela iphuzu lokuphuka kwejeli elifanele ekugelezeni kwe-hydraulic fracturing kubalulekile. Iphuzu lokugcina elifanele ngesikhathi liqinisekisa ukubuyiswa okusheshayo nokuphelele koketshezi lokuqhekeka, kunciphisa umonakalo wokwakheka, futhi kwandisa isivuno se-methane. Isibonelo, izinhlelo zokuqhekeka kwejeli ezithuthukisiwe ezikhishwa njalo—njenge-mesoporous SiO₂ nanoparticles noma ama-bio-enzyme breakers—zivumela opharetha ukulawula isikhathi kanye nokuphelela kwenqubo yokuqhekeka kwejeli, zivumelanisa ijika le-viscosity ukuze lihambisane nezimo ze-reservoir kanye nezidingo zokusebenza. Izilingo zasensimini zibonisa ukuthi ukuqapha i-viscosity ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nokukhululwa kwe-breaker okuhlakaniphile kuhlobene nokusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kwe-flowback kanye namazinga okukhishwa kwe-methane.
Imiphumela Yokuphuka Kwejeli Engaphelele
Ukuphuka kwejeli okungaphelele kushiya ama-polymer asele noma izingcezu zejeli ngaphakathi kwedamu lamalahle kanye nenethiwekhi yokuqhekeka. Lezi zinsalela zingavimba izikhala zemigodi, zinciphise ukungena kwedamu, futhi ziphazamise ukumuncwa kwe-methane. Umonakalo wokwakheka obangelwayo uvimbela ukunyakaza kwegesi, okubangela isivuno esiphansi futhi kuphazamise ukubuyiswa koketshezi olusebenza kahle lwe-hydraulic fracturing.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphuka okungaphelele kwandisa ukugcinwa kwamanzi emthungweni wamalahle. Lawa manzi amaningi avimba iziteshi zokugeleza kwegesi futhi anciphise ukusebenza kahle kokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic flowback. Isibonelo, izifundo zokuqhathanisa zembula ukuthi uketshezi olusha olususelwa ku-hydrophobic polymer/surfactant lufeza ukuqhekeka kwejeli okuphelele futhi lushiya insalela encane kunezinhlelo ezivamile, okuholela ekubuyiselweni okuphezulu kwe-methane eboshiwe ngamalahle. Ukungenelela okufana nokwelashwa nge-asidi ngemva kokuqhekeka kuye kwabonakala kubuyisela ukugeleza kwamanzi, kodwa ukuvimbela kusalokhu kungcono ngokusebenzisa inqubo efanele yokuqhekeka kwejeli.
Ukuthuthukisa Umthamo We-Gel Breaker
Ukuthuthukisa ukuhlushwa kwe-gel breaker kubalulekile ekuqhekekeni kwe-gel fluid. Umgomo ukusebenzisa izithasiselo zamakhemikhali ezanele ze-gel breaker—njenge-bio-enzymes, ama-oxidants endabuko, noma ama-nanoparticle-encapsulated breakers—ukuze yonakalise i-gel ngaphandle kokushiya amakhemikhali amaningi edamini. Ukweqisa umthamo kungaholela ekulahlekelweni kwe-viscosity ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngesikhathi sokubekwa kwe-proppant, kuyilapho ukungabi khona komthamo okwanele kubangela ukuqhekeka kwe-gel okungaphelele kanye nokuqongelela kwezinsalela.
Amasu okulinganisa athuthukile asebenzisa izinhlelo zokuhlukanisa ijeli ezifakwe emaphaketheni noma amafomula e-enzyme aqaliswa ukushisa ukuze alinganisele isikhathi sokunciphisa ijeli. Isibonelo, i-sulfamic acid efakwe emaphaketheni ku-urea-formaldehyde resin ivumela ukukhululwa kwe-breaker kancane kancane okufanele ukwakheka kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, okuqinisekisa ukuthi i-viscosity iyehla kuphela lapho kuqala ukubuyela emuva. Amathuluzi okuqapha i-viscosity ngesikhathi sangempela anikeza impendulo esiza ukulungisa ukusebenza kwe-gel breaker eziphuzweni zokuqhekeka, okusekela ukungenelela okusheshayo uma iphrofayili ye-viscosity iphambuka ohlelweni lokusebenza.
Izibonelo ezivela ezifundweni zakamuva zokuhlola ziqokomisa izinzuzo: Lapho umthamo we-breaker ufaniswa ne-fracturing fluid viscosity kanye nokushisa kwe-reservoir, abaqhubi bathola ukugeleza kwe-fracturing fluid okusheshayo, amakhemikhali asele ancishisiwe, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo ye-methane. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinqubo zomthamo ezijwayelekile zivame ukubangela ukubambezeleka noma ukugeleza kwe-flowback okungaphelele, okugcizelela ukubaluleka kwedatha yesikhathi sangempela kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-breaker okwenzelwe amasu e-coalbed methane hydraulic fracturing.
Ukuqapha Ukuqhekeka Koketshezi Oluthambile: Izindlela Nobuchwepheshe
Izindlela Zokulinganisa Ukuqhekeka Koketshezi
Ukukhishwa kwe-methane eboshwe ngamalahle kwanamuhla kuncike ekulawulweni okunembile kokuqhekeka koketshezi.I-viscometry eku-inthanethikanye nobuchwepheshe bezinzwa zesikhathi sangempela buvumela opharetha basensimini ukulandelela i-viscosity ngokuqhubekayo ngesikhathi sokugeleza kwe-hydraulic fracturing. Izinketho eziphawulekayo zifaka phakathi i-hydraulic fracturing flowback.Loi-nnmei-terI-Viscometer Esemgqeni, eyenzelwe izimo ezinzima zasensimini futhi ihlangabezana nezindinganiso ze-API zokuhlolwa kwe-viscosity. Ukuqina kwayo kuhambisana nokusebenza kwe-CBM okunomfutho ophezulu, okugeleza kakhulu futhi kuvumela ukuqapha okuqhubekayo ematangini okuxuba noma amaphampu okujova.
Izindlela zendabuko zelebhu, njenge-viscometer ezijikelezayo, zihilela ukuqoqa amasampula nokulinganisa i-viscosity nge-torque edingekayo ukuze kuguqulwe i-spindle ngesivinini esingaguquki.uketshezi olungeyona i-NewtonianOkuvamile kumasu okuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic e-CBM, izindlela zokujikeleza kwelebhu zinikeza ukunemba okuphezulu kodwa zihamba kancane, ziletha ukubambezeleka kokuthatha amasampula, futhi zivame ukwehluleka ukubamba izinguquko ze-viscosity ezishintshashintshayo ngesikhathi sangempela. Izindlela ezisekelwe ku-Ultraviolet kanye nezindlela ezisekelwe ku-computer zokulinganisa i-viscosity ziye zavela ukuze kuhlaziywe nge-high-throughput kodwa zisaboshelwe kakhulu elabhorethri.
Ama-viscometer adlidlizayo, njengezinhlobo ze-vibrating-rod, zilinganisa ngqo i-viscosity ensimini ngokuthola ukudlidliza noma ukuguqulwa kwe-resonance. Lezi zindlela zivumela ukuhlolwa okusheshayo nokuqhubekayo ngesikhathi sokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic hydraulic.
Ukuqapha Kwesikhathi Sangempela vs. Ukusampula Okuvamile
Ukuqapha i-viscometer ngesikhathi sangempela kunikeza opharetha impendulo esheshayo ngezinqumo ezibalulekile zokulawula inqubo. Ama-viscometer angaphakathi kanye nezinhlelo zezinzwa ziletha ukufundwa okuzenzakalelayo, okuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokubambezeleka okuhambisana nokuqoqwa kwamasampula kanye nokuhlaziywa kwelabhorethri. Lokhu kusabela kubalulekile ekuphatheni ukubuya kokukhipha i-methane eboshiwe ngamalahle, njengoba ukutholwa kusenesikhathi kokuphuka kwejeli okungaphelele kwenza ukulungiswa ngesikhathi esifanele komthamo we-gel breaker kanye nokwenza ngcono inqubo. Isibonelo, izithasiselo ze-gel breaker ezikhishwa njalo, njenge-paraffin-coated silica nanoparticles, zidinga isikhathi sokusebenza kwazo ngokwehla kwe-viscometer yangempela, kungenzeka kuphela ngedatha yesikhathi sangempela. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukusampula kwelabhorethri akukwazi ukubona izinguquko ezisheshayo, ukubambezela izenzo zokulungisa kanye nokubeka engcupheni ukubuyiselwa koketshezi lwe-hydraulic fracturing okungasebenzi kahle.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izithasiselo zamakhemikhali eziphula ijeli ezisekelwe kuma-enzyme kanye ne-CO₂-responsive zithembele ekuphenduleni okusheshayo mayelana nezitayela ze-viscosity. Ukulinganisa i-viscosity okuqhubekayo kusekela ukukala okuguquguqukayo kanye nokusebenza, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-gel breaker kuketshezi lwe-fracturing kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusetshenziswa ngesikhathi samasu e-coalbed methane hydraulic fracturing.
Izinzuzo ezibalulekile zokuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela zifaka:
- Impendulo esheshayo ekushintsheni kwe-viscosity ngesikhathi sokuqhekeka koketshezi olugeleza emuva.
- Ukunciphisa ukungcola komkhiqizo kanye nokuvumelana okungcono kweqoqo.
- Ukuhlanganiswa okuqondile ezinhlelweni zokulawula izinqubo kanye nokuhambisana nemithetho.
Amapharamitha Abalulekile Okulandelela
Isibonakaliso esibaluleke kakhulu ekuqapheni uketshezi lwe-hydraulic fracturing yi-flowback fluid viscosity. Ukulandelela le pharamitha ngesikhathi sangempela kwembula isimo esisebenzayo sokuphuka kwejeli kanye nokusebenza kahle kwe-breaker. Izinguquko ezibalulekile esignalini ye-flowback fluid viscosity ukuthi ukuphuka kwejeli kuqediwe yini, okudinga ukunqunywa kwephuzu lokugcina kanye nokusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwe-breaker. Ukufunda komshini kanye nokucubungula isignali okuthuthukisiwe, njengokubola kwemodi ye-empirical, kucwengisisa ukunemba kwedatha ngisho nasezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zezimboni, kuqinisekisa ukuqonda okusebenzayo ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwe-fracturing.
Amapharamitha abalulekile wesikhathi sangempela afaka:
- Izinga lokushisa loketshezi kanye nengcindezi ezindaweni zokulinganisa.
- Izinga lokucheba ngaphakathi kwemigqa yokugeleza.
- Ukuba khona kwezinhlayiya ezingcolisayo nezingcolisayo okuthinta ukufundwa kwe-viscosity.
- Izinga kanye nokuvumelana kwe-viscosity kuyehla ngemva kokufakwa kwe-breaker.
Uma i-viscosity yehla kakhulu, abaqhubi bangaqinisekisa ukuphuka kwejeli okusebenzayo futhi banciphise umthamo we-breaker ongadingekile. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuphuka kwejeli okungaphelele kuphumela ekuqhekekeni okuphezulu okuqhubekayo, okudinga isinyathelo sokulungisa ngokushesha.
Ngamafuphi, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwe-flowback fluid viscosity kunikeza impendulo yesikhathi sangempela yokwenza ngcono inqubo yokuphuka kwejeli, kusekela ukunqunywa kwe-endpoint yokuphuka kwejeli, futhi kusekela ukuphathwa okuguquguqukayo kokubuyiselwa koketshezi lwe-hydraulic fracturing okuphumelelayo ekukhishweni kwe-methane eboshiwe ngamalahle.
Ukusetshenziswa kanye nokuhlanganiswa kokukhishwa kwe-methane ehlanganisiwe
Idatha Yesikhathi Sangempela Yokuvinjelwa Kokunqunywa Kwe-Gel Breaking Endpoint
Impendulo esheshayo ye-viscosity endaweni yomthombo ivumela opharetha ukuthi baqonde ngqo ukuphela kokuphuka kwejeli kuketshezi lokuqhekeka. Ama-viscometer angaphakathi abamba izinguquko eziqhubekayo ezakhiweni zoketshezi kuyo yonke inqubo yokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ushintsho oluvela kuketshezi oluqhekekile luye kolwelwesi oluphukile lulandelwa ngokunembile. Le ndlela ivimbela izingozi ezihlobene nomjovo we-gel breaker ngaphambi kwesikhathi, okungabangela ukuthuthwa kwe-proppant okungaphelele kanye nokunciphisa ukuhamba kwe-fracture. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kunciphisa nokubambezeleka kokuqhekeka kwejeli okungavimbela ukubuyela emuva, kubangele umonakalo wokwakheka, noma kwandise izindleko zamakhemikhali.
Ama-detector e-bubble shape asekelwe ku-optical sensor athuthukisiwe aqinisekiswe ukuthi asetshenziswa emithonjeni ye-coalbed methane (CBM), enikeza ukutholakala kokugeleza kwegesi noketshezi okuthonywa ngqo yi-fracturing fluid viscosity. Lawa mathuluzi ahlangana kalula nengqalasizinda yemithombo futhi ahlinzeka ngemininingwane yokusebenza ebalulekile ekuphatheni i-gel breaking dynamics, ikakhulukazi ezimweni zokugeleza kwezigaba eziningi ezivamile zokukhishwa kwe-CBM. Ngokusebenzisa amaphrofayili e-dynamic viscosity esikhundleni samanani e-static cutoff, opharetha bathola ukulawula okuphezulu endaweni yokuphela kokuphuka kwejeli, kunciphisa ingozi yokuphuka kwejeli okungaphelele kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kokukhiqiza okuhambisanayo.
Ukulungiswa Okuzenzakalelayo Kwesilinganiso Sokuphula Ijeli
Impendulo ye-viscosity ivumela ukulinganiswa okuzenzakalelayo kwesilinganiso se-gel breaker esisendaweni. Izinhlelo zokulawula ezihlakaniphile, ezihlonyiswe ngabahloli bodaka abazenzakalelayo kanye nama-feedback ahlanganiswe nezinzwa, zilungisa izinga lokujova kwamakhemikhali e-breaker ngokuphendula ngqo kudatha yempahla yoketshezi oluphilayo. Le ndlela eqhutshwa idatha iyisisekelo sokwenza ngcono inqubo yokuqhekeka kwe-gel kumasu okuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic methane ehlanganisiwe.
Ama-gel breaker ahlanganisiwe—kufaka phakathi i-urea-formaldehyde resin kanye nezinhlobo ze-sulfamic acid—aklanyelwe ukukhululwa okulawulwayo, avimbele ukwehla kwe-viscosity ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo zokugcina izinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Izivivinyo zelabhorethri ziqinisekisa umsebenzi wazo oqhubekayo kanye nokusebenza okuthembekile, zisekela amasu okulungisa okuzenzakalelayo ensimini. Ama-bio-enzyme-enhanced breakers athuthukisa kakhulu ukukhetha kanye nokusebenza kahle komthamo, ikakhulukazi lapho izinga lokushisa kanye namaphrofayili e-shear eshintshashintsha ngesikhathi sokuqhekeka koketshezi. Lezi zinhlanganisela ze-smart breaker zinciphisa i-viscosity ibe ngaphansi kwe-10 cP ngesilinganiso sokushefa esingu-100 s⁻¹, zisiza ngqo ekunqumeni ukuphulwa kwe-gel endpoint kanye nokwenza ngcono ukwengeza kwamakhemikhali.
Izinzuzo zifaka phakathi ukukhululwa okuthuthukisiwe kwe-methane kusuka kuma-seam amalahle, ukubuyiswa koketshezi oluqhekeka kahle kakhulu, kanye nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali jikelele. Izinhlelo zokulinganisa ama-breaker ezizenzakalelayo zinciphisa ingozi yokwelashwa okungaphelele kanye nokweqile, zenza kube lula ukuphathwa okuphelele kokungezwa kwamakhemikhali okuqhekeka kwejeli ngokungcola okuncane.
Umthelela Ekusebenzeni Kahle Kokuqhekeka Kwe-Hydraulic
Ukuqapha iphrofayili ye-viscosity ngesikhathi sokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic hydraulic kubalulekile ekubikezeleni nasekunciphiseni ubude bokuqhekeka kwe-flowback ekukhishweni kwe-CBM. Amamodeli okuhlaziya asebenzisa idatha ye-viscosity yesikhathi sangempela kanye nezibalo zebhalansi yezinto ezibonakalayo abonise ukubuyiselwa okuthuthukisiwe koketshezi lwe-fracturing, okuholela ekubuyeni okusheshayo ekukhiqizweni kwegesi. Abaqhubi basebenzisa le datha ukuqondisa ngokunamandla indawo eqondile yokuqhekeka kwejeli nokusheshisa ukuqhekeka kwe-flowback, ukunciphisa ingozi yokulimala kokwakheka kwesikhathi eside kanye nokukhulisa umkhiqizo wedamu.
Ukulingisa inethiwekhi yokuqhekeka kwe-fractal kanye nezifundo zokulandelela kubonisa ukuthi ukuphathwa okuphendulayo kwe-viscosity kuthuthukisa ukugcinwa kwevolumu yokuqhekeka futhi kuvimbela ukuvalwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi. Ukuhlaziywa kokuqhathanisa kwezikhathi zokuqala nezesibili zokugeleza kwegazi kugqamisa indima yokulawula i-viscosity ekulondolozeni amazinga aphezulu okukhiqiza kanye nokunciphisa ukubanjwa koketshezi ngaphakathi kwe-matrix yamalahle. Ngokuhlanganisa impendulo ye-tracer nokuqapha i-viscosity ngesikhathi sangempela, abaqhubi bathola ubuhlakani obusebenzayo bokuthuthukisa okuqhubekayo kokwenziwa ngcono kwe-fricturing fluid flowback emithonjeni ye-CBM.
Ukuhlanganiswa ne-CO₂ Fracturing ye-Coalbed Methane
Ukusebenza kwe-CO₂ fracturing coalbed methane kuletha izinselele ezihlukile zokuphatha i-flowback fluid viscosity. Ukwethulwa kwama-surfactants aphendula i-CO₂ kwenza ukulungiswa kwe-viscosity okusheshayo, kwesikhathi sangempela, okuhambisana nezinguquko ekubunjweni koketshezi kanye nokushisa kwe-reservoir ngesikhathi sokuvuselelwa. Izifundo zokuhlola zibonisa ukuthi amazinga aphezulu e-surfactant kanye nama-thickeners e-CO₂ athuthukile aveza ukulingana okusheshayo kwe-viscosity, okusekela ukusabalala kwe-fracture okuphumelelayo kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi.
Izinhlelo ezintsha ze-wireline kagesi kanye ne-telemetry zinikeza impendulo esheshayo mayelana nezingxenye zoketshezi eziqhekekayo kanye nokusebenzisana kwazo ne-CO₂, okuvumela ukulungiswa okuguquguqukayo kokwakheka koketshezi ngesikhathi sokuqeda. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukulawulwa kwe-kinetics yokuphuka kwejeli futhi kunciphisa ukuphuka kwejeli okungaphelele, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhuthazwa komthombo kufeza imiphumela emihle kakhulu.
Ezimweni zokuqhekeka kwejeli ye-CO₂ foam, amafomula agcina i-viscosity engaphezu kwama-50 mPa·s futhi anciphise umonakalo ongaphakathi ngaphansi kwama-19%. Ukulungisa isikhathi kanye nomthamo wezithasiselo zokuqhekeka kwejeli kubalulekile, njengoba ukwanda kwezingxenyana ze-CO₂, amazinga okushisa, kanye namazinga okucheba kushintsha ngokushesha ukuziphatha kwe-rheological. Ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha yesikhathi sangempela, kuhlanganiswe nezithasiselo eziphendula ngokuhlakanipha, kusekela kokubili ukulawulwa kwenqubo kanye nokuphathwa kwemvelo ngokwenza ngcono ukubuyiswa koketshezi lokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic kanye nokunciphisa umonakalo wokwakheka.
Ukugeleza Kokuqhekeka Kwe-Hydraulic kanye Namanzi Akhiqizwe Ukususwa kwe-CO2
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Ukuthuthukisa Imiphumela Yezemvelo Nezomnotho
Ukunciphisa Imithwalo Yokwelapha Amanzi Ebuyela Emuva
Ukuqhekeka kwejeli yoketshezi lokuqhekeka okwenziwe ngcono, okuvunyelwe ukulinganiswa kwe-viscosity yesikhathi sangempela kanye nomthamo oqondile we-gel breaker, kunciphisa kakhulu ukugxila kwe-polymer esele kuketshezi olubuyela emuva. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukwelashwa kwamanzi angaphansi komfula, njengoba izinsalela ezimbalwa zejeli zihumusha ekuvalekeni okuncane kwemidiya yokuhlunga kanye nesidingo esinciphile sama-ejenti okwelapha ngamakhemikhali. Isibonelo, izinqubo ezisekelwe ku-cavitation zisebenzisa ukuwa kwe-microbubble ukuze ziphazamise ngempumelelo ukungcola namajeli asele, okuvumela ukuphuma okukhulu ezitshalweni zokwelapha kanye nokunciphisa ukungcola kwe-membrane okubonwa ezinhlelweni ze-reverse osmosis kanye ne-forward osmosis.
Uketshezi lokugeleza kwamanzi oluhlanzekile luphinde lunciphise ingozi yemvelo, njengoba amajeli asele ancishisiwe namakhemikhali asho amathuba amancane okungcoliswa kwenhlabathi namanzi ezindaweni zokulahla noma zokusebenzisa kabusha. Izifundo ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphuka kwejeli ngokuphelele—ikakhulukazi ngama-bio-enzyme gel breakers—kuphumela ekubeni nobuthi obuphansi, insalela encane, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokuhamba kokuqhuma, okusekela ukubuyiswa kwe-methane okuphumelelayo kanye nokuvuselelwa kwamanzi okulula ngaphandle kokwenyuka okukhulu kwezindleko. Ukuhlolwa kwasensimini e-Ordos Basin kubonisa lezi zinzuzo zemvelo nezokusebenza, okuxhumanisa ukuphuka kwejeli okujulile ngqo nokuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi yamanzi kanye nomthwalo wokulawula oncishisiwe kubasebenzi.
Ukonga Izindleko Zokusebenza kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Kwezinsizakusebenza
Ukuphuka kwejeli koketshezi lokuqhekeka okusebenzayo kunciphisa isikhathi esidingekayo sokugeleza kokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic ekukhishweni kwe-methane yamalahle. Ngokunquma ngokunembile indawo yokugcina yokuqhekeka kwejeli kanye nokwenza ngcono umthamo wokuqhekeka kwejeli, abaqhubi banciphisa kokubili umthamo woketshezi lokugeleza oludinga ukwelashwa kanye nesikhathi esiphelele umthombo okumele uhlale kuso kwimodi yokugeleza kokuqhekeka ngemva kokuqhekeka. Lokhu kwehla kwesikhathi sokugeleza kuholela ekongeni amanzi okukhulu futhi kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ekuphathweni, kunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza eziphelele.
Izindlela ezithuthukisiwe—njengeziphuli zejeli ze-SiO₂ nanoparticle ezikhishwa njalo kanye nezixazululo ze-bio-enzyme—zithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuphuka kwejeli kumaphrofayili ahlukahlukene okushisa, ziqinisekisa ukuwohloka kwezinsalela okusheshayo nokuphelele. Ngenxa yalokho, ukubuyiselwa koketshezi kuba ngokushesha futhi kuhlanzekile, kunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi futhi kuthuthukise ukuthunyelwa kwemithombo. Ukukhishwa kwe-methane okuthuthukisiwe kusuka kumalahle kuyabonwa ngenxa yokuvaleka okuncane kwezimbobo, okuqhuba amazinga aphezulu okukhiqizwa kwegesi kokuqala. Izifundo zamalahle zase-Illinois ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinsalela zejeli zingaphazamisa ukufuthwa kwe-methane ne-CO₂, okugcizelela ukubaluleka kokufuthwa kwejeli okuphelele ukuze kukhiqizwe kahle.
Abaqhubi abasebenzisa ukuqapha kwe-viscosity ngesikhathi sangempela babonise ukuphathwa okuthuthukisiwe koketshezi lokuqhekeka, okuhumusha ngqo ekusetshenzisweni kahle kwezinsizakusebenza. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kusengaphambili kumasu athuthukile okuphula ijeli kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kuletha ukonga kwezomnotho ngokunciphisa izindleko zokuhlanza, ukunciphisa umonakalo wokwakheka, kanye nokukhiqiza igesi okuqhubekayo okuqinile. Lokhu kusungula izinto ezintsha manje sekuyisisekelo sabaqhubi abafuna ukunciphisa imiphumela yemvelo kanye nokukhulisa imbuyiselo yezomnotho emisebenzini yokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic methane eboshwe ngamalahle.
Amasu Ayisihluthulelo Okusebenzisa Ukuqapha Ukugoba Kwe-Real-Time
Ukukhethwa Nokubekwa Kwezinsimbi
Ukukhetha izinzwa ze-viscosity ezifanele zokukhishwa kwe-methane eboshwe ngamalahle kudinga ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela izinqubo eziningana:
- Ibanga Lokulinganisa:Izinzwa kumele zivumelane nobubanzi obuphelele bokuqhekeka koketshezi, okuhlanganisa nokuguquka ngesikhathi sokuqhekeka kwejeli kanye nokugeleza kwegazi.
- Isikhathi Sempendulo:Izinzwa eziphendula ngokushesha ziyadingeka ukuze kulandelwe izinguquko ezisheshayo ekuqhekekeni koketshezi oluphumayo, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwamakhemikhali kanye nemicimbi yokubuyela emuva. Impendulo yesikhathi sangempela isekela izinqumo mayelana nokwenza ngcono umthamo we-gel breaker futhi inquma ngokunembile izindawo zokugcina ze-gel breaking.
- Ukuhambisana:Izinzwa kufanele zimelane nokuhlaselwa ngamakhemikhali okuvela ezithasiselweni zamakhemikhali eziphuka ijeli, uketshezi olusekelwe ku-CO2, kanye nezingxube ze-proppant ezirhabaxa. Izinto kumele zimelane nezimo ezinzima neziguquguqukayo ze-hydraulic ezitholakala kumasekethe okuqhekeka kwe-CBM.
Ukubekwa kahle kwezinzwa ze-viscosity kubalulekile ukuze idatha inembile futhi ithembeke:
- Izindawo Eziphezulu Zomsebenzi We-Hydraulic:Izinzwa ezifakwe eduze noma ngaphakathi kwemigqa yokulethwa koketshezi oluqhekekayo—phezulu nangaphansi kwezindawo zokujova ze-gel breaker—zibamba izinguquko ze-viscosity ezifanele ngqo zokulawula ukusebenza.
- Iziteshi Zokuqapha Ukuhamba Komoya:Ukubeka izinzwa ezindaweni zokuqala zokuqoqa nokukhipha i-flowback kwenza kube lula ukuhlola ngesikhathi sangempela ukusebenza kahle kokuphuka kwejeli, izinkinga zokuphuka kwejeli ezingaphelele, kanye ne-flowback fluid viscosity yokubuyisa uketshezi lwe-hydraulic fracturing.
- Ukukhethwa Kwendawo Eqhutshwa Yidatha:Izindlela zokuhlola zokuklama kanye nokuhlaziya ukuzwela zeBayesian zigxila ezinzwa ezindaweni ezinolwazi olulindeleke kakhulu, zinciphisa ukungaqiniseki futhi zikhulise ukumelwa kokuqapha kwe-viscosity.
Izibonelo:Ama-viscometer angaphakathiokuhlanganiswe ngqo ezingxenyeni ezibalulekile zesekethe yokuqhekeka kuvumela ukuqondiswa okuqhubekayo kwenqubo, kuyilapho ama-array ezinzwa ezincane aklanywe kusetshenziswa i-QR factorization egcina ukuqina ngamadivayisi ambalwa.
Ukuhlanganiswa Nengqalasizinda Ye-CBM Ekhona
Ukulungisa ukuqapha i-viscosity ngesikhathi sangempela kuhilela kokubili ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe kanye nokulungiswa komsebenzi:
- Izindlela Zokulungisa Izinto Kabusha:Izinhlelo zokuqhekeka ezikhona zivame ukwamukela izinzwa eziqondile—njengezi-viscometer zamapayipi—ngokuxhumeka okune-flange noma okunentambo. Ukukhethwa kwezinzwa ezinezinqubo zokuxhumana zenethiwekhi ezijwayelekile (i-Modbus, i-OPC) kuqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo.
- Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-SCADA:Ukuxhuma izinzwa ze-viscosity ezinhlelweni ze-Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) endaweni yonke kwenza kube lula ukuqoqwa kwedatha okuzenzakalelayo, ama-alamu e-viscosity e-off-spec, kanye nokulawulwa okuguqukayo kwe-fracturing fluid rheology.
- Ukuqeqeshwa Kwabachwepheshe Bensimu:Ochwepheshe akufanele bafunde ukusebenza kwezinzwa kuphela kodwa nezindlela zokuhumusha idatha. Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha zifaka phakathi izindlela zokulinganisa, ukuqinisekiswa kwedatha, ukuxazulula izinkinga, kanye nokulinganisa okuguquguqukayo kwezithasiselo zamakhemikhali eziphula ijeli ngokwemiphumela ye-viscosity yesikhathi sangempela.
- Ukusebenzisa Idatha Yokugoba:Amadeshibhodi esikhathi sangempela abonisa izitayela zokuqhekeka koketshezi, esekela ukulungiswa okusheshayo komthamo we-gel breaker kanye nokuphatha ukubuyela emuva kokukhishwa kwe-methane eboshiwe. Isibonelo: Izinhlelo zokulinganisa ezizenzakalelayo zisebenzisa impendulo yezinzwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe inqubo yokuqhekeka kwe-gel futhi kuvinjelwe ukuqhekeka kwe-gel okungaphelele.
Isu ngalinye—ukukhetha inzwa ehlanganisa konke, ukubeka kahle, ukuhlanganiswa kwengqalasizinda, kanye nokusekelwa okuqhubekayo kokusebenza—liqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqapha i-viscosity ngesikhathi sangempela kuletha idatha esebenzisekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinqubo zokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic methane ehlanganisiwe kanye nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwezinsiza.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
1. Iyini i-methane eboshwe ngamalahle futhi ihluke kanjani kugesi yemvelo evamile?
I-methane ehlanganisiwe (i-CBM) iyigesi yemvelo egcinwe emigqeni yamalahle, ikakhulukazi njengegesi efakwe emanzini ebusweni bamalahle. Ngokungafani negesi yemvelo evamile, etholakala njengegesi yamahhala ezindaweni zokugcina amadwala ezinezimbobo ezifana namatshe esihlabathi nama-carbonate, i-CBM inezimbobo ezincane kanye nokuvuleka kwamanzi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi igesi iboshwe ngokuqinile, futhi ukukhishwa kwayo kuncike ekususeni amanzi kanye nokunciphisa ingcindezi ukuze kukhishwe i-methane kusuka ku-matrix yamalahle. Izindawo zokugcina amalahle ze-CBM nazo zihlukile kakhulu, ngokuvamile ziqukethe i-methane ye-biogenic noma ye-thermogenic. Ukuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic kubalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwe-CBM, kudinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela kokugeleza kwegazi kanye nokuqhekeka kwejeli ukuze kukhuliswe ukubuyiswa kwegesi futhi kuncishiswe umonakalo wokwakheka.
2. Kuyini ukuphuka kwejeli ekucutshungulweni koketshezi oluqhekekile?
Ukuqhekeka kwejeli kubhekisela enqubweni yokuwohloka kwamakhemikhali koketshezi lokuqhekeka olune-viscosity ephezulu olusetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic. Lawa ma-fluid, avame ukujiya ngama-polymers, afakwa echibini ukuze adale ukuqhekeka futhi athwale isihlabathi noma i-proppant. Ngemva kokuqhekeka, ama-gel breakers—ikakhulukazi asekelwe kuma-enzyme, ama-nanoparticle, noma ama-chemical agents—anezelwa ukunciphisa i-viscosity ngokuphula amaketanga e-polymer. Uma ijeli seliphukile, uketshezi lushintshela ku-viscosity ephansi, okuvumela ukugeleza okuphumelelayo, ukuncipha kwezinsalela, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-methane okuthuthukisiwe.
3. Ukuqapha i-viscosity ngesikhathi sangempela kusiza kanjani ekuqhekekeni kwejeli yoketshezi?
Ukuqapha i-viscosity ngesikhathi sangempela kunikeza idatha esheshayo neqhubekayo mayelana ne-viscosity yoketshezi oluqhekeka njengoba kwenzeka ukuphuka kwejeli. Lokhu kuvumela opharetha ukuthi:
- Nquma ngokunembile indawo yokugcina yokuphuka kwejeli bese uvimbela ukuphuka okungaphelele.
- Lungisa imithamo ye-gel breaker ngendlela eguquguqukayo, ugweme ukusetshenziswa kwe-breaker ngokweqile noma ukwelashwa okungafanele.
- Thola izinguquko ezimbi (ukujiya okuphezulu, ukungcola) bese usabela ngokushesha.
- Lungiselela ukugeleza koketshezi oluqhekeka ukuze uthole ukululama okusheshayo nokuhlanzekile kanye nokusebenza kahle kokukhipha i-CBM.
Isibonelo, emithonjeni ye-CBM, izinzwa ze-telemetry kagesi kanye nezinzwa zomgodi ophansi ziqondisa isikhathi kanye nomthamo womjovo we-gel breaker, kunciphisa izingozi zokusebenza kanye nezikhathi zomjikelezo.
4. Kungani ukusebenzisa kahle umthamo we-gel breaker kubalulekile ekukhishweni kwe-methane eboshiwe ngamalahle?
Isilinganiso esifanele se-gel breaker sibalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuwohloka okuphelele kwama-polymer e-gel ngaphandle kokulimaza i-reservoir. Uma isilinganiso siphansi kakhulu, i-gel residue ingavimba izikhala ze-pore, yehlise ukungena kwamanzi kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-methane. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-breaker kuyingozi yokwehla okusheshayo kwe-viscosity noma ukulimala kwamakhemikhali. Izilinganiso ezilungiselelwe - ezivame ukufezwa ngama-nanoparticles noma ama-bio-enzymes akhishwa njalo - kuphumela ku:
- Umonakalo omncane wokwakheka kanye nokugcinwa kwezinsalela
- Ukugeleza koketshezi oluqhekeka kahle
- Izindleko zokwelashwa kwamanzi eziphansi ngemva kokugeleza kwamanzi
- Ukukhishwa kwe-methane okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokukhiqiza okuphelele.
5. Yiziphi izimbangela nezingozi ezivamile zokuphuka kwejeli okungaphelele ekukhishweni kwe-CBM?
Ukuphuka kwejeli okungaphelele kungabangelwa:
- Ukuhlushwa okunganele kwe-gel breaker noma isikhathi esingalungile
- Ukuxubana nokusabalala koketshezi okubi emgodini womthombo
- Izimo ezingezinhle zedamu (izinga lokushisa, i-pH, i-chemistry yamanzi)
Izingozi zifaka:
- Ukuchachamba koketshezi olugeleza emuva okuphezulu, okuvimbela ukuhlanzwa
- Ama-polymer asele avimba iziteshi ze-pore, okubangela umonakalo wokwakheka
- Amazinga okuthola i-methane aphansi ngenxa yezindlela ezivinjelwe zokukhipha amanzi
- Izindleko ezengeziwe zokwelashwa kwamanzi nokulungiswa kwemithombo
Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwama-chemical breaker avamile ngaphandle kokuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kungashiya izingcezu ze-polymer ezingagayiwe, kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kanye nokusebenza kahle kwe-CBM.
6. Ukuqhekeka kwe-CO₂ kuthinta kanjani ukugqashuka koketshezi ekusebenzeni kwe-methane eboshiwe ngamalahle?
Ukuqhekeka kwe-CO₂ kungenisa i-CO₂ njenge-foam noma uketshezi olubucayi kakhulu engxubeni yoketshezi lokuqhekeka. Lokhu kushintsha ukusebenzisana kwamakhemikhali kanye nezakhiwo ze-rheological zejeli, okubangela:
- Ukuqina kokuncipha ngokushesha ngengxenye ephezulu yevolumu ye-CO₂, izinga lokugunda, kanye nokushisa
- Kungenzeka kube nomonakalo we-matrix uma i-viscosity yehla ngokushesha kakhulu noma izinsalela ziqhubeka
- Isidingo sama-thickeners e-CO₂ akhethekile nama-surfactants ukuze kuqiniswe i-viscosity ukuze kuthuthwe i-propant ngempumelelo futhi kuphulwe ijeli ngempumelelo
Abasebenzi kumele basebenzise ukuqapha kwe-viscosity ngesikhathi sangempela ukuze balungise umthamo we-breaker ngokuphendula kulezi zinguquko, baqinisekise ukuphuka kwejeli ngokuphelele futhi bavikele umthungo wamalahle.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-06-2025
