Ukudla Nokuphuza Okugxile Ekudlani Naseziphuzweni
Ukuhlushwa kokudla kusho ukususa ingxenye yesinyibilikisi ekudleni okuwuketshezi ukuze kukhiqizwe, kulondolozwe futhi kuthuthwe kangcono. Kungahlukaniswa ngokuhlushwa kokuhwamuka kanye nokuqandisa.
Ukugxila Kokuhwamuka Komoya
Ukuhwamuka kusebenza ngokusekelwe ekuhlukeni okuguquguqukayo phakathi kwe-solute kanye ne-solvent. Uma ukuguquguquka kwe-solute esixazululweni kuncane futhi i-solvent inokuguquguquka okusobala, i-solvent iyashiswa ngokushisa ukuze igxilise isixazululo. Isixazululo sokudla okufanele sigxishwe sifakwa ku-evaporator bese sishiswa umthombo wokushisa wangaphandle. Njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, i-solvent (amanzi) esixazululweni izoguqulwa ibe ngumhwamuko, ngoba iphuzu lokubila lamanzi liphansi kakhulu futhi kulula ukulifudumeza.
Ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhwamuka, umhwamuko we-solvent uphuma njalo, kuyilapho i-solute (njengoshukela, amaprotheni, amaminerali, amavithamini, imibala kanye nezinye izingxenye ezingaguquki noma ezinzima ukuguquguquka) ihlala kusisombululo esisele ngenxa yokubila kwayo okuphezulu kanye nokuguquguquka okuphansi. Umhwamuko we-solvent oguqukile ube usuqoqwa bese upholiswa nge-condenser ukuze uguqulwe ube uketshezi. Le nqubo ingabuyisa amandla athile futhi inciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Amanzi aguqukile angaphinde asetshenziswe noma akhishwe.
Isixazululo sokuqala sigxishwa sibe yivolumu encane ngemva kokuhwamuka kanye nokujiya njengoba ukugcwala okwandayo kwe-solute. Isixazululo sokudla esigxilisiwe singasetshenziswa ekucutshungulweni okulandelayo, njengokomisa okwengeziwe, amaswidi, amajamu, amajusi, noma njengezinto zokusetshenziswa eziphakathi zokukhiqiza ukudla.
Uhlelo lokuhwamuka kanye nokugxila olunezigaba eziningi noma olunemiphumela eminingi luvame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwezimboni okusebenzayo. Ngokwezidingo zezinqubo ezithile zokukhiqiza, ukuhlushwa kokudla kudinga ukukalwa ngokunembile ngesikhathi sangempela ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ezinzile nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlushwa.I-Lonnmeter, umhlinzeki wemitha yokuhlushwa eku-inthanethi, ukuze uthole okwengeziweimitha yokuhlushwa eku-inthanethiizixazululo.
Izici Eziyinhloko Zokuhwamuka Nokugxilisa
Izinga lokushisa nesikhathi sokushisa kufanele kucatshangelwe ngokungathi sína ekushiseni ukudla neziphuzo. "Izinga lokushisa eliphansi nesikhathi esifushane" ngokuyinhloko lihloselwe ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yokudla ngangokunokwenzeka, kanti "izinga lokushisa eliphezulu nesikhathi esifushane" ngokuyinhloko lihloselwe ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.
Ukushisa ngokweqile kuzobangela ukuwohloka, ukushaja kanye nokwakheka kwamaprotheni, ushukela kanye ne-pectin. Izinto ezicutshunguliwe ezithintana eduze nendawo yokudlulisa ukushisa zivame ukuba sezikalini zokushisa okuphezulu kakhulu, uma kuqhathaniswa nokushisa okuzungezile kwezinto. Uma isikali sesibunjiwe, sizothinta kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokudlulisa ukushisa futhi sibangele nezinkinga zokuphepha. Isinyathelo esihle sokuxazulula inkinga yokulinganisa ukwandisa ijubane loketshezi. Okuhlangenwe nakho kukhombisile ukuthi ukwandisa ijubane loketshezi kunganciphisa kakhulu ukwakheka kwesikali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela zokuvimbela ukulinganisa ngogesi kanye nezindlela zokuvimbela ukulinganisa ngamakhemikhali zingathathwa ukuvimbela ukulinganisa okungenzeka.
Ukuthamba
Ukudla okuningi kuneprotheni ecebile, ushukela, i-pectin nezinye izithako ezine-viscosity ephezulu. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhwamuka, i-viscosity yesisombululo iyanda njengoba ukugeleza kwehla, okuvimbela kakhulu ukuqhutshwa kokushisa. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kuhwamuke imikhiqizo ene-viscous, ukujikeleza kwegazi noma izinyathelo zokuxuba eziphoqelelwa amandla angaphandle zivame ukwamukelwa.
Ukuphotha
Izinto zokudla ezineprotheyini eningi zinomfutho ophezulu wobuso. Lapho zihwamuka futhi zibila, kuba namagwebu azinzile, okwenza kalula ukuthi uketshezi lungene ku-condenser kanye nomusi, okubangela ukuthi uketshezi lulahleke. Ukwakheka kwegwebu kuhlobene nomfutho wobuso. Umfutho wobuso kwenzeka phakathi komusi, uketshezi olushisiwe kakhulu kanye nezinto eziqinile ezilengayo, futhi izinto eziqinile zidlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhekeni kwegwebu. Ngokuvamile, ama-surfactant angasetshenziswa ukulawula ukwakheka kwegwebu, futhi amadivayisi ahlukahlukene emishini angasetshenziswa futhi ukuqeda igwebu.
Ukugqwala
Okunye ukudla okune-asidi, njengejusi yemifino kanye nejusi yezithelo, kuthambekele ekugqwaleni kwe-evaporator ngesikhathi sokuhwamuka kanye nokuhlushwa. Ekudleni, ngisho nokugqwala okuncane kuvame ukubangela ukungcola okwenza umkhiqizo ungafaneleki. Ngakho-ke, i-evaporator esetshenziselwa ukudla okune-asidi idinga ukwenziwa ngezinto ezingagqwali futhi ezihambisa ukushisa, futhi ukwakheka kwesakhiwo kufanele kube lula ukukushintsha. Isibonelo, ukuhlushwa kwesisombululo se-citric acid kungasebenzisa amashubhu okushisa e-graphite angangeni noma ama-evaporator e-enamel sandwich angamelana ne-asidi.
Izakhi eziguquguqukayo Ukudla okuningi okuwuketshezi kuqukethe izakhi ezinuka kamnandi nezinokunambitheka, eziguquguqukayo kakhulu kunamanzi. Lapho uketshezi luhwamuka, lezi zakhi zizophuma kanye nomusi, zithinte ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ogxilile. Nakuba ukuhlushwa okuphansi kwezinga lokushisa kunganciphisa ukulahleka kwezakhi zokunambitheka, indlela ephelele kakhulu ukuthatha izinyathelo zokululama bese uzifaka emkhiqizweni ngemva kokululama.
Ukuqandisa Ukugxila
Uketshezi lokudla okuluhlaza (njengejusi, imikhiqizo yobisi noma ezinye izixazululo eziqukethe inani elikhulu lamanzi) luyapholiswa endaweni ephansi yokushisa. Lapho izinga lokushisa lehla ngaphansi kwephuzu lokubanda, ama-molecule amanzi esixazululweni azogobhoza ngesimo samakristalu eqhwa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amanzi afinyelela ukulingana okuqinile noketshezi ekushiseni nasekucindezelweni okuthile. Ngaphansi kwaleli zinga lokushisa, amanzi akhululekile angaphezulu azoqala ukubanda, kuyilapho izinto ezincibilikayo (ezifana noshukela, ama-organic acid, imibala, ukunambitheka, njll.) akulula ukuziqandisa ngamanzi ngenxa yokuncibilika okuhlukile, kodwa zihlala endaweni engaqandisiwe.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwamakristalu Eqhwa
Amakristalu eqhwa akhiwe ahlukaniswa nokugxila ngokufaka i-centrifugation, ukuhlunga noma ezinye izindlela zomzimba. Le nqubo ayihileli ukuhwamuka kwe-solutes, ngakho-ke ingavimbela ngempumelelo ukuwohloka kwezithako ezizwela ukushisa kanye nokulahlekelwa yiphunga. Ukugxila ngemva kokuhlukanisa amakristalu eqhwa kungumkhiqizo wokugxila oqandisiwe, onokugxila okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-solute kunesixazululo sokuqala, kuyilapho kugcinwa umbala wokuqala, ukunambitheka, inani lokudla okunempilo kanye nokunambitheka kokudla ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu.
Ukulawula Izimo Zokuqandisa
Ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhlushwa kweqhwa, izici ezifana nesivinini sokuqandisa, izinga lokushisa lokuqandisa kanye nesikhathi kudingeka zilawulwe ngokunembile ukuze kuthuthukiswe usayizi wekristalu yeqhwa, isimo kanye nokuhlukaniswa kokuhlushwa ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wokugcina. Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlushwa kweqhwa bufanelekela ikakhulukazi ukudla neziphuzo ezithinta ukushisa, njengezithelo nemifino emisha, imikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo, imithi kanye nezinongo eziphezulu. Ingakhulisa ikhwalithi yemvelo yezinto zokusetshenziswa futhi inezici zokonga amandla kanye nokusebenza kahle kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, le ndlela inemikhawulo ethile. Isibonelo, inqubo yokuhlushwa ayikwazi ukuhlanza ngempumelelo futhi ingadinga ukwelashwa okwengeziwe kokuhlanza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwezinye izixazululo ezine-viscosity ephezulu noma eziqukethe izithako ezikhethekile, ubunzima bokuhlukanisa amakristalu eqhwa kokuhlushwa bungakhula, okuholela ekunciphiseni ukusebenza kahle kokuhlushwa kanye nezindleko ezandayo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Feb-13-2025
