Ukulinganisa Ukuthamba Okuqhubekayo
I. Izici Ezingavamile Zoketshezi kanye Nezinselele Zokulinganisa
Ukusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kwe-ukulinganiswa okuqhubekayo kwe-viscosityizinhlelo emkhakheni we-ukukhipha uwoyela we-shalefuthiukukhipha isihlabathi samafuthakudinga ukuqashelwa okucacile kobunzima obukhulu be-rheological obuhambisana nalezi zinhlayiya ezingavamile. Ngokungafani nokukhanya kwendabukookuluhlaza, uwoyela osindayo,i-bitumen, futhi ama-slurry ahlobene nawo avame ukubonisa izici ezingezona eze-Newtonian, zezigaba eziningi ezihambisana nokuzwela okujulile ekushiseni, okudala ubunzima obuhlukile bokuzinza nokunemba kwezinsimbi.
1.1 Ukuchaza Isimo Se-Rheology Esingavamile
1.1.1 Iphrofayili Ephakeme Yokugqama: Inselele Ye-Bitumen Namafutha Anzima
Ama-hydrocarbon angavamile, ikakhulukazi i-bitumen etholakala ku-ukukhipha isihlabathi samafutha, zibonakala ngokuba namandla aphezulu kakhulu. I-bitumen evela kuma-deposit amakhulu ivame ukuveza amandla afinyelela ku-mPa·s (cP) ekushiseni okujwayelekile (25°C). Lokhu kuphakama kokungqubuzana kwangaphakathi kuyisithiyo esiyinhloko sokugeleza futhi kudinga izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi, njengezindlela zokubuyisa ukushisa njenge-Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD), ukuze kukhishwe futhi kuthuthwe ngendlela engabizi.
Ukuncika kwe-viscosity-temperature kawoyela osindayo akuyona nje into ebalwe ngobuningi; kuyisici esiyisisekelo sokuhlola ukuhamba koketshezi nokuhlola ukuziphatha kwesakhiwo sokugeleza kokushisa okuhlangene ngaphakathi kwedamu. I-viscosity enamandla yehla kakhulu ngokushisa okwandayo. Lolu shintsho olukhulu lusho ukuthi iphutha elincane ekulinganisweni kokushisa ngesikhathiukulinganiswa okuqhubekayo kwe-viscosityKuhumusha ngqo ephutheni elikhulu elilinganayo enanini le-viscosity elibikiwe. Ngakho-ke, isinxephezelo sokushisa esinembile nesihlanganisiwe sibalulekile kunoma yiluphi uhlelo oluqondile olusetshenziswa kulezi zindawo ezisengozini enkulu, ezizwela izinga lokushisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushintshashintsha kwe-viscosity okubangelwa izinga lokushisa kudala izindawo ezihlukile ze-geomechanical (ezikhishwe amanzi, ezikhishwe amanzi kancane, ezingasuswanga amanzi) ezithinta ngqo ukugeleza koketshezi kanye nokuguqulwa kwedamu, okudinga idatha eqondile ye-viscosity ukuze iqondise ukwakheka kohlelo lokubuyisa olusebenzayo.
1.1.2 Ukuziphatha Okungeyona i-Newtonian: Ukunciphisa Ukugunda, i-Thixotropy, kanye nemiphumela yokugunda
Uketshezi oluningi olutholakale ekubuyiselweni kwemithombo okungajwayelekile lubonisa izici ezingezona ezeNewtonian. Uketshezi lwe-hydraulic fracturing olusetshenziswa kuukukhipha uwoyela we-shale, ngokuvamile esekelwe kujeli, ziyizinhlayiya ezivamile zokunciphisa ukucheba, lapho i-viscosity esebenzayo incipha khona ngokushesha njengoba izinga lokunciphisa ukucheba landa. Ngokufanayo, izixazululo ze-polymer ezisetshenziselwa i-Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) ezindaweni zokugcina uwoyela ezisindayo nazo zibonisa izakhiwo eziqinile zokunciphisa ukucheba, ezivame ukulinganiswa yinkomba yokuziphatha kokugeleza okuphansi (n), njenge-n=0.3655 yezixazululo ezithile ze-polyacrylamide.
Ukwehluka kwe-viscosity ngesilinganiso sokushefa kudala inselele enkulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezinsimbi eziqondile. Njengoba i-viscosity yoketshezi olungeyona i-Newtonian ingeyona into ehlala injalo kodwa incike ensimini ethile yokushefa eyitholayo, i-eqhubekayoithuluzi lokulinganisa i-viscosity kawoyelakumele isebenze ngesilinganiso sokusika esichaziwe, esiphansi, nesiphindaphindwayo kakhulu esihambisanayo kungakhathaliseki izimo zokugeleza kwenqubo yobuningi (i-laminar, i-transitional, noma i-turbulent). Uma izinga lokusika elisetshenziswa yi-sensor lingaguquguquki, ukufundwa kwe-viscosity okubangelwayo kumane kuyisikhashana futhi akukwazi ukusetshenziswa ngokwethembeka ekuqhathaniseni inqubo, ekuthambekeleni, noma ekulawuleni. Lesi sidingo esiyisisekelo sidinga ukukhethwa kobuchwepheshe bezinzwa, njengamadivayisi e-resonant aphindaphindwayo kakhulu, ahlukaniswe ngamabomu kusuka ku-macro-fluid dynamics yephayiphi noma umkhumbi.
1.1.3 Umthelela Wokucindezeleka Kwesivuno Nobunzima Bezigaba Eziningi
Ngaphandle kokunciphisa ukusika okulula, uwoyela osindayo kanye ne-bitumen kungabonisa izici zepulasitiki ye-Bingham, okusho ukuthi bane-Threshold Pressure Gradient (TPG) okumele inqotshwe ngaphambi kokuba ukugeleza kuqalwe emithonjeni. Ekugelezeni kwamapayipi kanye ne-reservoir, umphumela ohlangene wokunciphisa ukusika kanye nokucindezeleka kwesivuno kunciphisa kakhulu ukuhamba futhi kuthinta ukusebenza kahle kokululama.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imifudlana yokukhipha engajwayelekile inezici eziningi ngokwemvelo futhi ayifani kakhulu. Le mifudlana ivame ukuqukethe izinto eziqinile ezilengayo, njengesihlabathi kanye nezinhlayiya, ikakhulukazi lapho kukhishwa amanzi amaningi.uwoyela we-viscositykusukela etsheni lesihlabathi elihlanganisiwe kancane. Ukungena kwesihlabathi kuyingozi enkulu yokusebenza, okubangela ukuguguleka okukhulu kwemishini, ukuvaleka kwemithombo, kanye nokuwa kwemigodi engezansi. Ukuhlanganiswa kwama-hydrocarbon aqinile kakhulu, anamathelayo (i-asphaltenes, i-bitumen) kanye nezinto eziqinile zamaminerali ezihuquzelayo kudala usongo oluphindwe kabili esikhathini eside senzwa: ukuqinaukungcolisa(ukunamathela ezintweni ezibonakalayo) kanye nokwemishiniukuklwebhekaNoma yikuphiukulinganisa i-viscosity emugqeniuhlelo kumele lube luqinile ngokomshini futhi luklanywe ngezindawo eziqinile ezizimele ukuze zimelane nezimo ezigqwalayo nezigugulekayo ngenkathi lumelana nokuqongelela kokuqina okuphezuluamafilimu.
1.2 Ukwehluleka Kwezindlela Zokulinganisa Zendabuko
Izindlela zendabuko zelebhu, njenge-rotational, capillary, noma i-falling ball viscometers, ngenkathi zijwayelekile kwizicelo ezithile, azifaneleki ukulawula okuqhubekayo, kwesikhathi sangempela okufunwa yimisebenzi yesimanje engajwayelekile. Ukulinganisa zelebhu ngokwemvelo akuguquki, kwehluleka ukubamba ama-dynamic, ancike ekushiseni ashintshashintshayo achaza izinqubo zokuxuba kanye nokubuyisa ukushisa.
Ubuchwepheshe obudala obungaphakathi kwemigqa obuthembele ezingxenyeni ezijikelezayo zendabuko, njenge-viscometer ethile ejikelezayo, bunobuthakathaka obungokwemvelo uma busetshenziswa ku-oyili osindayo noma isevisi ye-bitumen. Ukuthembela kuma-bearings nezingxenye ezithambile ezihambayo kwenza la mathuluzi abe sengozini enkulu yokwehluleka komshini, ukuguguleka kusenesikhathi okuvela ezinhlayiyeni zesihlabathi ezihuquzelayo, kanye nokungcola okukhulu ngenxa yokuqina okuphezulu, uhlobo lokunamathela lwe-crude. Ukungcola okuphezulu kuphazamisa ngokushesha ukunemba kwezikhala ezincane noma izindawo zokuzwa ezidingekayo ukuze kufundwe kahle i-viscometer, okuholela ekusebenzeni okungaguquki kanye nokuphazamiseka kokulungisa okubizayo. Indawo enzima yeukujiya kwamafutha e-shalefuthiukukhipha isihlabathi samafuthakudinga ubuchwepheshe obuklanywe ngokuyisisekelo ukuze kuqedwe la maphuzu okwehluleka kwemishini.
II. Ubuchwepheshe Bokulinganisa Okuthuthukisiwe: Izimiso Ze-Inline Viscometry
Indawo yokusebenza kawoyela ongajwayelekile isho ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa obukhethiwe kumele buqine kakhulu, bunikeze ububanzi obuguquguqukayo, futhi bunikeze ukufundwa okuzimele ezimweni zokugeleza okukhulu. Kule nsizakalo, ubuchwepheshe be-vibrating noma i-resonant viscometer bubonise ukusebenza okuphezulu nokuthembeka.
2.1 Izimiso Zobuchwepheshe Zama-Viscometer Adlidlizayo (Ama-Resonant Sensors)
Ama-viscometer adlidlizayo asebenza ngokusekelwe esimisweni sokudambisa i-oscillation. Isici esidlidlizayo, esivame ukuba yi-torsional resonator noma i-tuning fork, siqhutshwa ngogesi ukuze sihambisane nemvamisa yemvelo engaguquki (ωn) kanye ne-amplitude engaguquki (x). Uketshezi oluzungezile lunomphumela wokudambisa, oludinga amandla athile okuvusa (F) ukuze kugcinwe amapharamitha e-oscillation angaguquki.
Ubudlelwano obuguquguqukayo buchazwa ngendlela yokuthi, uma ubukhulu kanye nemvamisa yemvelo kugcinwe kungaguquguquki, amandla okuvuselela adingekayo alingana ngqo ne-viscosity coefficient (C). Le ndlela ifinyelela izilinganiso ze-viscosity ezizwela kakhulu ngenkathi isusa isidingo sezingxenye zemishini eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezivame ukuguguleka.
2.2 Ukulinganisa Ukuqina Okunamandla kanye Nokuzwa Ngesikhathi Esifanayo
Isimiso sokulinganisa i-resonant sinquma ngokuyisisekelo ukumelana koketshezi ekugelezeni nasekungeneni, okuholela ekulinganisweni okuvame ukuvezwa njengomkhiqizo we-dynamic viscosity (μ) kanye ne-density (ρ), emelelwa njenge-μ×ρ. Ukuze kuhlukaniswe futhi kubikwe i-dynamic viscosity yangempela (ρ), i-fluid density (ρ) kumele yaziwe kahle.
Izinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe, njengomndeni wezinsimbi ze-SRD, zihlukile ngoba zifaka amandla okulinganisa i-viscosity, izinga lokushisa, kanye nobuningi ngasikhathi sinye ngaphakathi kwe-probe eyodwa. Leli khono libalulekile emifudlaneni engajwayelekile yezigaba eziningi lapho ubuningi bushintsha khona ngenxa yegesi ehlanganisiwe, okuqukethwe kwamanzi okuhlukahlukene, noma ukushintsha kwezilinganiso zokuxuba. Ngokunikeza ukuphindaphinda kobuningi okuphansi njenge-g/cc, lawa mathuluzi aqinisekisa ukuthi ukubalwa kwe-viscosity okuguquguqukayo kuhlala kunembile ngisho noma ukwakheka koketshezi kushintsha. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuqeda ubunzima kanye nephutha elihlobene nokuthola ndawonye amathuluzi amathathu ahlukene futhi kuhlinzeka ngesiginesha ephelele yempahla yoketshezi yesikhathi sangempela.
2.3 Ukuqina Kwemishini Nokunciphisa Ukungcola
Izinzwa ezidlidlizayo zilungele izimo ezinzima ze-ukujiya kwamafutha e-shaleisevisi ngoba inezingxenye zokulinganisa eziqinile, ezingenakuthinta, ezizivumela ukuthi zisebenze ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu, okuhlanganisa ukucindezela okufika ku-5000 psi kanye namazinga okushisa afika ku-200°C.
Inzuzo eyinhloko ukuzivikela kwenzwa ezimweni zokugeleza kwe-macroscopic. Isici esizwakalayo siyashintshashintsha ngesivinini esiphezulu kakhulu (ngokuvamile izigidi zemijikelezo ngomzuzwana). Lokhu kudlidliza kwesivinini esiphezulu, okuphansi kwe-amplitude kusho ukuthi ukulinganiswa kwe-viscosity kuzimele kahle kwisilinganiso sokugeleza okukhulu, kususa amaphutha okulinganisa avela ekuguqukeni kwepayipi, izinguquko zokugeleza kwe-laminar, noma amaphrofayili okugeleza angalingani.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka okubonakalayo kunegalelo elikhulu ekusebenzeni kwesikhathi ngokunciphisa ukungcola. Ukunyakaza okuvama kakhulu kuvimbela ukunamathela okuqhubekayo kwezinto eziqinile njenge-bitumen noma i-asphaltenes, ezisebenza njengendlela eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, ezizihlanza kancane. Uma zihlanganiswa nezindawo eziqinile ezizimele, ezingaklwebheki, ezingakhubeki, lezi zinzwa ziyakwazi ukumelana nemiphumela eguguleka kakhulu yesihlabathi kanye nezinhlayiya ezivamile e-ukukhipha isihlabathi samafuthaudoti. Leli zinga eliphakeme lokuqina libalulekile ukuze inzwa ihlale isikhathi eside ezindaweni ezihlukumezayo.
2.4 Iziqondiso Zokukhetha Izindawo Ezinonya
Ukukhetha okufaneleukulinganisa i-viscosity emugqeniubuchwepheshe benkonzo engajwayelekile budinga ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela kokuqina nokusebenza kahle, kubekwe phambili lezi zici kunezindleko zethuluzi lokuqala.
2.4.1 Amapharamitha Okusebenza Okubalulekile kanye Nokumbozwa Kwebanga
Ukuze kulawulwe inqubo ngendlela ethembekile, i-viscometer kumele ibonise ukuphindaphindeka okumangalisayo, kanti imininingwane ngokuvamile idinga ukuba ngcono kune-±0.5% yokufunda. Lokhu kunemba akunakuxoxiswana ngakho ngezinhlelo zokusebenza zokulawula ezivaliwe, njengokujova ngamakhemikhali lapho amaphutha amancane esilinganisweni sokugeleza angaholela ezindleleni ezinkulu zezindleko kanye nezinhlawulo zokusebenza. Ububanzi be-viscosity kumele bube banzi ngokwanele ukuze buvumelane nobubanzi bonke bokusebenza, kusukela ku-oyili omncane oxubile kuya ku-bitumen ejiyile, engaxubile. Izinzwa ezithuthukisiwe ze-resonant zinikeza ububanzi obusukela ku-0.5 cP kuya ku-50,000 cP nangaphezulu, okuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo luhlala lusebenza phakathi nokushintsha kokuxuba kanye nokuphazamiseka.
2.4.2 Imvilophu Yokusebenza (i-HPHT) kanye Nezinto Ezisetshenziswayo
Njengoba kunezingcindezi eziphakeme kanye namazinga okushisa ahlobene nokululama nokuthuthwa okungajwayelekile, inzwa kumele ilinganiswe ukuze isebenze ngokugcwele, ngokuvamile idinga imininingwane efinyelela ku-5000 psi kanyei-viscometer yenqubo esemgqeniamazinga okushisa ahambisana nezinqubo zokushisa (isb., kufika ku-200°C). Ngale kokucindezela kanye nokuqina kokushisa, izinto zokwakha zibaluleke kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo eziqinile ezizimele kuyisici esibalulekile, okunikeza isivikelo esidingekayo ekugugulekeni komshini okubangelwa yizinhlayiya zesihlabathi kanye nokuhlaselwa ngamakhemikhali, okuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile kwesikhathi eside.
Ithebula 1 linikeza umbono omfushane wezinzuzo zokuqhathanisa zezinzwa eziphendulayo kulolu hlelo lokusebenza oludingayo.
Ithebula 1: Ukuhlaziywa Okuqhathanisayo Kwezobuchwepheshe Be-Inline Viscometer Zesevisi Yamafutha Engavamile
| Ubuchwepheshe | Isimiso Sokulinganisa | Ukusebenza ku-Non-Newtonian Fluids | Ukumelana Nokungcola/Ukuguguleka | Imvamisa Yokulungisa Ejwayelekile |
| Ukudlidliza Okujikijelayo (Okuzwakalayo) | Ukudambisa kwento enyakazayo (μ×ρ) | Kuhle kakhulu (Insimu ephansi yokucheba echazwe kahle) | Phezulu (Azikho izingxenye ezihambayo, ukumbozwa okuqinile) | Amakhono aphansi (Ukuzihlanza) |
| Ukujikeleza (Okusemgqeni) | I-torque iyadingeka ukuze kujikeleziswe into | Okuphezulu (Kunganikeza idatha yejika lokugeleza) | Okuphansi kuya Okumaphakathi (Kudinga amabheringi, angase aqongeleleke/aguge) | Phezulu (Kudinga ukuhlanzwa/ukulinganiswa njalo) |
| Igagasi le-Ultrasonic/Acoustic | Ukunciphisa ukusabalala kwamagagasi e-acoustic | Okumaphakathi (Incazelo ye-Shear inqunyelwe) | Okuphezulu (Okungenakuthintana noma okuncane kokuthintana) | Phansi |
Ithebula 2 lichaza imininingwane ebalulekile edingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe isevisi enzima, njengokucubungula i-bitumen.
Ithebula 2: Imininingwane Yokusebenza Okubalulekile Yama-Viscometer Enqubo Yokudlidliza
| Ipharamitha | Incazelo Edingekayo Yesevisi Ye-Bitumen/Amafutha Anzima | Ibanga Elijwayelekile Lezinzwa Ezithuthukisiwe Ze-Resonant | Ukubaluleka |
| Ububanzi be-Viscosity | Kumelwe kungene kufikela ku-100,000+ cP | 0.5 cP kufika ku-50,000+ cP | Kumelwe kumboze ukuhlukahluka kokusakaza okuphakelayo (okuxutshwe kube okungaxutshiwe). |
| Ukuphindaphinda kwe-Viscosity | Kungcono kuno-±0.5% wokufunda | Ngokuvamile ±0.5% noma ngaphezulu | Kubalulekile ekulawuleni ukujova ngamakhemikhali okuvalekile. |
| Isilinganiso Sokucindezela (HP) | Ubuncane be-psi engu-1500 (ngokuvamile i-psi engu-5000 iyadingeka) | Kufika ku-5000 psi | Kuyadingeka emigqeni yepayipi enomfutho ophezulu noma yokuqhekeka. |
| Ukulinganisa Ubuningi | Kuyadingeka (Ngesikhathi esifanayo μ kanye no-ρ) | ukuphindaphindwa kwe-g/cc | Kubalulekile ekutholakaleni kwezigaba eziningi kanye nokubalwa kwe-dynamic viscosity.
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III. Ukusetshenziswa Kwensimu, Ukufakwa, kanye Nobude Besikhathi Sokusebenza
Impumelelo yokusebenza kweukulinganiswa okuqhubekayo kwe-viscosityEkubuyiselweni kwezinsiza okungajwayelekile kuncike ngokulinganayo kubuchwepheshe bezinzwa obuphezulu kanye nobunjiniyela bezicelo zobungcweti. Ukufakwa kahle kunciphisa imiphumela yokugeleza kwangaphandle futhi kugwema izindawo ezivame ukuqina, kuyilapho izinqubo zokulungisa eziqinile zilawula izinselele ezingenakugwenywa zokungcola nokuklwebheka.
3.1 Amasu Afanele Okusabalalisa
3.1.1 Ukubekwa Kwezinzwa Nokunciphisa Indawo Yokuma
Ukulinganisa kumele kuthathwe njalo ohlelweni lokugeleza lapho uketshezi luhamba khona njalo endaweni yokuzwa. Lokhu kuyinto ebalulekile okufanele icatshangelwe ngamafutha asindayo kanye ne-bitumen, okuvame ukukhombisa ukuziphatha kokucindezeleka kokukhiqiza. Uma uketshezi luvunyelwe ukuma, ukufundwa kuzoba okuguquguqukayo kakhulu, okungameleli umfudlana omkhulu, futhi cishe kube ngaphezulu ngokuphindwe kaningana kune-viscosity yangempela yoketshezi oluhambayo.
Onjiniyela kumele basuse ngenkuthalo zonke izindawo ezingaba khona zokuma, ngisho nezincane, ikakhulukazi eduze kwesisekelo sento yokuzwa. Ekufakweni kwezingxenye ze-T, ezivame kakhulu emapayipini, i-probe emfushane ngokuvamile ayanele. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi into yokuzwa ivezwa ekugelezeni okuqhubekayo, okufanayo, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa i-inzwa yokufaka endeefinyelela kude emgodini wepayipi, okungcono kakhulu ngale kwalapho umfudlana wokugeleza uphuma khona ku-T-piece. Leli cebo libeka isici esibucayi ngaphakathi kwenhliziyo yokugeleza, likhulisa ukuvezwa koketshezi olumele inqubo. Ezisetshenzisweni ezibandakanya uketshezi olunengcindezi enkulu yokukhiqiza, ukuqondiswa kokufakwa okuthandwayo kuhambisana nesiqondiso sokugeleza ukuze kuncishiswe ukumelana nokukhuthaza ukucheba uketshezi okuqhubekayo ebusweni benzwa.
3.1.2 Ukuhlanganiswa Kwemisebenzi Yokuxuba Nokusebenzisa Amathangi
Nakuba ukuqinisekiswa kokugeleza kwamapayipi kuyimbangela eyinhloko, ukusetshenziswaukulinganisa i-viscosity emugqeniEzindaweni ezimile nakho kubalulekile. Ama-Viscometer asetshenziswa kakhulu emathangini okuxuba lapho amafutha ahlukahlukene angahluziwe, i-bitumen, kanye nama-diluent kuhlanganiswa khona ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nemininingwane engezansi komfula. Kulezi zinhlelo zokusebenza, inzwa ingafakwa ethangini kunoma yikuphi ukuqondiswa, uma nje kusetshenziswa ukufakwa kwenqubo efanele. Ukufundwa kwesikhathi sangempela kunikeza impendulo esheshayo ngokuhambisana kwengxube, okuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo wokugcina uhlangabezana nezinhloso zekhwalithi ezibekiwe, njengokudingekayo.inkomba ye-viscosity.
3.2 Izinqubo Zokulinganisa Nokuqinisekisa
Ukunemba kungagcinwa kuphela uma izinqubo zokulinganisa ziqinile futhi zilandeleka ngokuphelele. Lokhu kuhilela ukukhethwa ngokucophelela kwezindinganiso zokulinganisa kanye nokulawula ngokucophelela iziguquguquki zemvelo.
Ukuqina kwemboniuwoyela wokugcobakulinganiswa ngoi-centipoise noma i-millipascal-seconds (mPa⋅s) noma i-kinematic viscosity kuma-centistokes (cSt), futhi ukunemba kugcinwa ngokuqhathanisa amanani alinganisiwe nezindinganiso zokulinganisa eziqinisekisiwe. Lezi zindinganiso kumele zilandelelwe ezindinganisweni ze-metrological zikazwelonke noma zomhlaba wonke (isb., i-NIST, i-ISO 17025) ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka. Izindinganiso kumele zikhethwe ukuze zimboze ngokuphelele lonke uhla lokusebenza, kusukela ku-viscosity ephansi kakhulu elindelekile (umkhiqizo oxutshwe) kuya ku-viscosity elindelekile ephezulu kakhulu (ukudla okuluhlaza).
Ngenxa yokuzwela okukhulu kokushisa kwe-viscosity kawoyela osindayo, ukufeza ukulinganisa okunembile kuncike ngokuphelele ekugcineni izimo eziqondile zokushisa. Uma izinga lokushisa ngesikhathi senqubo yokulinganisa liphambuka ngisho nakancane, inani le-viscosity elibhekiselwe ku-oyela ojwayelekile liyaphazamiseka, okwenza kube nzima ukunemba okusungulwe yinzwa yensimu. Ngakho-ke, ukulawulwa kokushisa okuqinile ngesikhathi sokulinganisa kuyinguquko encike ndawonye enquma ukuthembeka kwe-ukulinganiswa okuqhubekayo kwe-viscosityuhlelo olusebenzayo. Abahlaziyi bezinqubo bavame ukusebenzisa izinzwa ezimbili ezilinganiswe emazingeni okushisa athile, njengo-40°C no-100°C, ukuze babale ngokunembile isikhathi sangempelaInkomba Yokugoba(VI) yamafutha okugcoba.
3.3 Ukuxazulula Izinkinga Nokunakekelwa Ezindaweni Ezingcolisa Kakhulu
Ngisho nezinzwa ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ezikwazi ukuvuselela umsindo zizodinga ukulungiswa njalo ezindaweni ezibonakala ngokungcola okuphezulu okuvela ku-bitumen, i-asphaltenes, kanye nezinsalela ezisindayo ze-crude. Inqubo yokuhlanza ezinikele nesebenzayo ibalulekile ukuze kuncishiswe isikhathi sokungasebenzi nokuvimbela ukuzulazula kokulinganisa.
3.3.1 Izixazululo Zokuhlanza Ezikhethekile
Izinyibilikisi ezijwayelekile zezimboni zivame ukungasebenzi kahle ngokumelene nezinsalela eziyinkimbinkimbi nezinamathelayo kakhulu ezikhiqizwa uwoyela osindayo ne-bitumen. Ukuhlanza okuphumelelayo kudinga izixazululo zamakhemikhali ezikhethekile nezithuthukisiwe ezisebenzisa ama-dispersant anamandla nama-surfactant ahlanganiswe nohlelo lwe-aromatic solvent. Lezi zixazululo, njenge-HYDROSOL, zenzelwe ngqo ukungena okuthuthukisiwe kwediphozithi kanye nokumanzisa indawo, ngokushesha nangokuphumelelayo ukuncibilikisa uwoyela osindayo, uwoyela ongahluziwe, i-bitumen, i-asphaltenes, kanye nezinsalela ze-paraffin, ngenkathi futhi kuvimbela ukufakwa kabusha kwalezi zinto kwenye indawo ohlelweni ngesikhathi somjikelezo wokuhlanza.
3.3.2 Inqubo Yokuhlanza
Inqubo yokuhlanza imvamisa ihilela ukujikeleza i-solvent eyinhloko ekhethekile, evame ukuhlanganiswa ne-flush elandelayo kusetshenziswa i-solvent yesibili eguquguqukayo kakhulu, njenge-acetone. I-Acetone iyathandwa ngenxa yekhono layo lokuncibilikisa izinyibilikisi ze-petroleum ezisele kanye neminonjana yamanzi. Ngemva kokuncibilikisa izinyibilikisi, i-sensor kanye nendlu kumele komiswe kahle. Lokhu kwenziwa kangcono kusetshenziswa umoya ohlanzekile, ofudumele onesivinini esiphansi. Ukuhwamuka okusheshayo kwezinyibilikisi eziguquguqukayo kungapholisa ubuso be-sensor ngaphansi kwephuzu lamazolo, okubangela umoya omanzi ukuthi uhlanganise amafilimu amanzi, angangcolisa uketshezi lwenqubo lapho uqala kabusha. Ukushisa umoya noma ithuluzi ngokwalo kunciphisa le ngozi. Izinqubo zokuhlanza kumele zihlanganiswe ekujikeni kwepayipi noma imikhumbi okuhleliwe ukuze kuncishiswe ukuphazamiseka kokusebenza.
Ithebula 3: Umhlahlandlela Wokuxazulula Izinkinga Wokungazinzi Kokulinganisa Ukugoba Okuqhubekayo
| I-Anomaly Ebonwe | Imbangela Engaba Khona Enkonzweni Engavamile | Isenzo Sokulungisa/Isiqondiso Sensimu | Isici Senzwa Esifanele |
| Ukufundwa kwe-viscosity ephezulu okungazelelwe, okungachazeki | Ukungcola kwezinzwa (i-asphaltenes, ifilimu kawoyela osindayo) noma ukwakheka kwezinhlayiya | Qala umjikelezo wokuhlanza ngamakhemikhali usebenzisa izithasiselo ezikhethekile ze-aromatic. | Ukudlidliza okuvama kakhulu kuvame ukunciphisa ukuthambekela kokungcola. |
| Ukuqina kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokwezinga lokugeleza | Inzwa efakwe endaweni yokuma noma ukugeleza kwayo i-laminar/non-uniform (uketshezi olungeyona i-Newtonian) | Faka inzwa yokufaka ende ukuze ufinyelele enkabeni yokugeleza; shintsha indawo ihambisane nokugeleza. | Inzwa Yokufaka Ende (Isici Sokuklama). |
| Ukufunda i-drift ngemuva kokuqalisa | Amaphakethe omoya/igesi avalelekile (imiphumela yezigaba eziningi) | Qinisekisa ukuthi umoya uphuma kahle futhi ulingana kahle nengcindezi; sebenzisa i-transient flow flush. | Ukufunda kwe-Simultaneous density (SRD) kungabona ingxenye yegesi/engenalutho. |
| Ukuqina okuphansi njalo uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlolwa kwelebhu | Ukuwohloka/ukuncipha okukhulu kwesithasiselo se-polymer/DRA | Qinisekisa ukusebenza okuphansi kokugunda kumaphampu okujova; lungisa izinqubo zokulungiselela isixazululo se-DRA. | Ukulinganisa ukuzimela kusuka esilinganisweni sokugeleza (umklamo wenzwa). |
IV. Idatha Yesikhathi Sangempela Yokwenza Inqubo Isebenze Kahle Nokulungiswa Okubikezelayo
Idatha yesikhathi sangempela isakaza kusuka ku-ethembekile kakhuluukulinganiswa okuqhubekayo kwe-viscosityuhlelo luguqula ukulawula kokusebenza kusuka ekuqapheni okusabelayo kuya ekuphatheni okusebenzayo, okulungiselelwe kuzo zonke izici zokukhipha nokuthutha okungajwayelekile.
4.1 Ukulawulwa Okunembile Kokujova Kwamakhemikhali
4.1.1 Ukuthuthukisa Ukunciphisa Ukudonswa (i-DRA)
Ama-Drag Reducing Agents (ama-DRA) asetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-crudeukujiya kwamafuthaamapayipi ukunciphisa ukungqubuzana okuguquguqukayo nokunciphisa izidingo zamandla okupompa. Lawa ma-ejenti, ngokuvamile ama-polymer noma ama-surfactant, asebenza ngokubangela ukuziphatha kokunciphisa uketshezi. Ukuthembela kuphela ekulinganisweni kokwehla kwengcindezi ukulawula umjovo we-DRA akuphumelelanga ngoba ukwehla kwengcindezi kungathinteka yizinga lokushisa, ukuguquguquka kwesilinganiso sokugeleza, kanye nokuguguleka okuvamile kwemishini.
I-paradigm yokulawula ephezulu isebenzisa i-viscosity ebonakalayo yesikhathi sangempela njenge-real-time feedback variable eyinhloko yesilinganiso samakhemikhali. Ngokuqapha ngqo i-rheology yoketshezi ephumelayo, uhlelo lungalungisa ngokunembile izinga lokujova le-DRA ukuze lugcine uketshezi lusesimweni esihle kakhulu se-rheological (okungukuthi, ukufeza ukwehla okuhlosiwe kwe-viscosity ebonakalayo nokwandisa inkomba yokunciphisa ukugunda, ). Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukuthi ukunciphisa okukhulu kokuhudula kufinyelelwa ngokusetshenziswa okuncane kwamakhemikhali, okuholela ekongeni izindleko okukhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kuvumela opharetha ukuthi bathole futhi banciphise ukuwohloka komshini kwe-DRA, okungenzeka ngenxa yamazinga aphezulu okugugula ukugeleza. Ukusebenzisa amaphampu okujova aphansi kanye nokuqapha i-viscosity ngokushesha phansi kwendawo yokujova kuqinisekisa ukuhlakazeka okufanele ngaphandle kokuqhekeka kwe-polymer chain okulimazayo okunciphisa ikhono lokunciphisa ukudonsa.
4.1.2 Ukuthuthukiswa Komjovo Wokuxuba Ukuze Kuthuthwe Uwoyela Osindayo
Ukuxutshwa kubalulekile ekuthuthweni kukawoyela ongahluziwe kanye ne-bitumen okuqinile kakhulu, okudinga ukuhlanganiswa kwezixube (ama-condensate noma ama-crude alula) ukuze kufezwe umfudlana ohlanganisiwe ohlangabezana nezimiso zombhobho.ukulinganisa i-viscosity emugqeniinikeza impendulo esheshayo ku-viscosity ehlanganisiwe ephumayo (μm).
Lokhu kusabela kwesikhathi sangempela kuvumela ukulawula okuqinile, okuqhubekayo phezu kwesilinganiso somjovo we-diluent (). Ngenxa yokuthi i-diluents ivame ukuba imikhiqizo enenani eliphezulu, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngenkathi kulandelwa ngokuqinile imithethonqubo yokugeleza kwamapayipi kanye nokuphepha kuyinhloso enkulu kwezomnotho kuukukhipha isihlabathi samafuthaUkuqapha ukuqina kanye nobuningi nakho kubalulekile ekutholeni ukungalingani okungalindelekile kwe-crude ngesikhathi sokuxuba, okungasheshisa ukungcola futhi kwandise izindleko zamandla ezinqubweni ezingezansi.
4.2 Ukuqinisekiswa Kokugeleza Komoya kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Kokuthuthwa Kwepayipi
Ukugcina ukugeleza okuzinzile nokuphumelelayo kwezinto eziluhlaza ezingavamile kuyinselele ngenxa yokuthambekela kwazo ekushintsheni kwesigaba kanye nokulahlekelwa okukhulu kokungqubuzana. Idatha ye-viscosity yesikhathi sangempela iyisisekelo samasu okuqinisekisa ukugeleza kwesimanje.
4.2.1 Ukubalwa Kwephrofayili Yokucindezela Okunembile
Ukuqina komoya kuyinto ebalulekile kumamodeli e-hydraulic abala ukulahlekelwa kokungqubuzana kanye namaphrofayili okucindezela. Kumafutha aluhlaza, lapho izakhiwo zingahluka kakhulu kusuka ensimini eyodwa kuya kwenye, idatha eqhubekayo nenembile iqinisekisa ukuthi amamodeli e-hydraulic epayipi ahlala ebikezela futhi ethembekile.
4.2.2 Ukuthuthukisa Izinhlelo Zokuthola Ukuvuza
Izinhlelo zanamuhla zokuthola ukuvuza zithembele kakhulu ekuhlaziyweni kwe-Real Time Transient Model (RTTM), okusebenzisa idatha yokucindezela nokugeleza ukuhlonza ukungalingani okubonisa ukuvuza. Njengoba i-viscosity ithonya ngqo ukwehla kwengcindezi kanye nokuguquguquka kokugeleza, izinguquko ezenzeka ngokwemvelo ezimpahleni zikawoyela ongahluziwe zingabangela ukushintsha kwephrofayili yokucindezela okulingisa ukuvuza, okuholela emazingeni aphezulu ezixwayiso ezingamanga. Ngokuhlanganisa isikhathi sangempelaukulinganiswa okuqhubekayo kwe-viscosityUma i-RTTM ishintsha idatha, ingashintsha imodeli yayo ngokuguquguqukayo ukuze ihambisane nalezi zinguquko zempahla yangempela. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukuzwela nokuthembeka kohlelo lokuthola ukuvuza, okuvumela ukubalwa okunembe kakhudlwana kwamazinga okuvuza kanye nezikhundla kanye nokunciphisa ingozi yokusebenza.
4.3 Ukupompa Nokulungisa Okubikezelayo
Isimo se-rheological salolu ketshezi sithinta kakhulu ukulayisha kwemishini kanye nokusebenza kahle kwemishini yokupompa. Idatha ye-viscosity yesikhathi sangempela ivumela kokubili ukwenza ngcono kanye nokuqapha okusekelwe esimweni.
4.3.1 Ukusebenza Kahle Nokulawulwa Kokugoba Indlebe
Njengoba i-viscosity yoketshezi ikhula, ukulahlekelwa kwamandla ngaphakathi kwephampu kuyanda, okuholela ekusebenzeni kahle kwe-hydraulic okuphansi kakhulu kanye nokwenyuka okuhambisanayo kokusetshenziswa kwamandla okudingekayo ukuze kulondolozwe ukugeleza. Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwe-viscosity kuvumela opharetha ukuthi balandele ukusebenza kahle kwephampu yangempela futhi balungise ama-drive esivinini esiguquguqukayo ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kakhulu nokuphatha ukusetshenziswa kukagesi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-viscosity ephezulu ikhulisa ingozi ye-cavitation. Uketshezi oluqinile kakhulu lukhulisa ukwehla kwengcindezi ekumunceni kwephampu, lushintsha ijika lephampu futhi lukhulise i-Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHr). Uma i-NPSHr edingekayo ibhekwa njengengabalulekile—isimo esivamile lapho kusetshenziswa idatha ye-viscosity engaguquki noma eyephuzile—ipampu isebenza eduze kakhulu nendawo ye-cavitation, ibeka engcupheni umonakalo womshini. Isikhathi sangempelaukulinganisa i-viscosity emugqeniinikeza idatha edingekayo ukuze kubalwe ngokuguquguqukayo isici sokulungisa se-NPSHr esifanele, iqinisekise ukuthi iphampu igcina umkhawulo wokusebenza ophephile futhi ivimbele ukuguguleka nokwehluleka kwemishini.
4.3.2 Ukutholwa Kwe-Anomaly
Idatha ye-viscosity inikeza isendlalelo esinamandla somongo sokugcinwa kokubikezela. Ukushintsha okungavamile kwe-viscosity (isb., ukwanda okungazelelwe ngenxa yokugwinya kwezinhlayiya, noma ukwehla ngenxa yokwanda okungalindelekile kwe-diluent noma ukuphuma kwegesi) kungabonisa izinguquko ekulayishweni kwephampu noma ezinkingeni zokuhambisana noketshezi. Ukuhlanganisa idatha ye-viscosity nemingcele yokuqapha yendabuko, njengezimpawu zokucindezela nokudlidliza, kuvumela ukutholakala kwe-anomaly kwangaphambilini nangokunembile kanye nokuxilongwa kwamaphutha, ukuvimbela ukwehluleka kwemishini ebalulekile njengamaphampu okujova.
Ithebula 4: I-Real-Time Viscosity Data Application Matrix ekusebenzeni kwamafutha okungajwayelekile
| Indawo Yokusebenza | Ukuhunyushwa Kwedatha Yokugoba | Umphumela Wokwenza Kusebenze Kahle | Isikhombisi Sokusebenza Esiyinhloko (i-KPI) |
| Ukunciphisa Ukuhudula (Umugqa Wepayipi) | Ukuncipha kokuqina ngemva kokufakwa komjovo kuhambisana nokusebenza kahle kokunciphisa ukugunda. | Ukunciphisa umthamo wamakhemikhali ngokweqile ngenkathi kugcinwa ukugeleza okuhle kakhulu. | Amandla Okupompa Ancishisiwe (kWh/bbl); Ukwehla Kwengcindezi Okuncishisiwe. |
| Ukuxuba Okuxubile (Ithuluzi Lokulinganisa Ukuqina Kwamafutha) | I-loop esheshayo yempendulo iqinisekisa ukuthi i-viscosity yokuxuba okuqondiwe iyafinyelelwa. | Ukunamathela okuqinisekisiwe kwemininingwane yepayipi kanye nezindleko zokunciphisa uketshezi. | Ukuvumelana kwe-Output Product Viscosity Index (VI); Isilinganiso se-Diluent/Oyili. |
| Ukuqapha Impilo Yamaphampu | Ukuphambuka noma ukunyakaza kwe-viscosity okungachazeki. | Isexwayiso sokuqala sokungahambelani koketshezi, ukungena, noma ukugoba kwe-incipient; i-NPSHr margin elungiselelwe. | Ukunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi esingahleliwe; Ukusetshenziswa Kwamandla Okuthuthukisiwe. |
| Isiqinisekiso Sokugeleza (Ukulinganisa Ukuthamba Okuqhubekayo) | Kunembile ekubalweni kokulahlekelwa kokungqubuzana kanye nokunemba kwemodeli yesikhashana. | Ingozi encane yokuvaleka kwepayipi; ukuzwela okuthuthukisiwe kokubona ukuvuza. | Ukunemba Kwemodeli Yokuqinisekisa Ukugeleza; Ukunciphisa Ama-alamu Okuvuza Okungamanga. |
Isiphetho kanye Nezincomo
Okuthembekile nokunembileukulinganiswa okuqhubekayo kwe-viscosityama-hydrocarbon angavamile—ikakhulukaziukujiya kwamafutha e-shalekanye noketshezi oluvelaukukhipha isihlabathi samafutha—akuyona nje imfuneko yokuhlaziya kodwa kuyisidingo esiyinhloko sokusebenza kahle kanye nomnotho. Izinselele ezibangelwa ukujiya okuphezulu kakhulu, ukuziphatha okuyinkimbinkimbi okungeyona i-Newtonian, izici zokucindezeleka kwesivuno, kanye nosongo oluphindwe kabili lokungcolisa kanye nokuklwebheka kwenza ubuchwepheshe bendabuko bokulinganisa ngaphakathi buphelelwe yisikhathi.
Okuthuthukisiwe okuzwakalayo nomaama-viscometer adlidlizayozimelela ubuchwepheshe obufanele kakhulu kule nsizakalo ngenxa yezinzuzo zazo eziyisisekelo zokuklama: azikho izingxenye ezihambayo, ukulinganisa okungenakuthinta, ukumelana okuphezulu nokuhuzuka (ngokusebenzisa izembozo eziqinile), kanye nokungavikeleki kwangaphakathi ekushintsheni kokugeleza okukhulu. Amandla ezinsimbi zesimanje okukala i-viscosity, izinga lokushisa, kanye nobuningi ngasikhathi sinye (i-SRD) abalulekile ekutholeni i-viscosity enembile emifudlaneni eminingi kanye nokwenza kube lula ukuphathwa kwempahla yoketshezi okuphelele.
Ukufakwa kwamasu kudinga ukunakwa ngokucophelela kwe-geometry yokufaka, kuthanda izinzwa zokufaka ezinde ezicucu ze-T kanye nezindololwane ukuze kugwenywe izindawo zokuma ezihambisana noketshezi olune-stress. Ukuphila isikhathi eside kokusebenza kuqinisekiswa ngokugcinwa kwemithi kusetshenziswa izithasiselo ezikhethekile ezinuka kamnandi ezenzelwe ukungena nokusabalalisa ukungcola okukhulu kwe-hydrocarbon.
Ukusetshenziswa kwedatha ye-viscosity yesikhathi sangempela kudlula ukuqapha okulula, okuvumela ukulawulwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-closed-loop phezu kwezinqubo ezibalulekile. Imiphumela ebalulekile yokwenza ngcono ifaka phakathi ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ekunciphiseni ukudonsa ngokulawula esimweni se-rheological esiqondiwe, ukuthuthukisa ngokunembile ukusetshenziswa kwe-diluent ekusebenzeni kokuxuba, ukulola ukuthembeka kwezinhlelo zokuthola ukuvuza ezisekelwe ku-RTTM, kanye nokuvimbela ukwehluleka kwemishini ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi amaphampu asebenza ngaphakathi kwemingcele ephephile ye-NPSHr elungiswe ngokuguquguqukayo ukuze kube ne-viscosity yoketshezi. Ukutshala imali ku-eqinile, eqhubekayoukulinganisa i-viscosity emugqeniisu elibalulekile lokukhulisa umkhiqizo, ukunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza, kanye nokuqinisekisa ubuqotho bokuqinisekiswa kokugeleza kokukhiqizwa kukawoyela okungajwayelekile kanye nokuthuthwa kwawo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Okthoba-11-2025
