Inqubo yokwelapha ngaphambi kokusebenzisa i-electroplating ihlanganisa ukulandelana kwezinyathelo zokuhlanza, ukulungisa isimo, kanye nokwenza kusebenze ukuze kulungiselelwe izindawo zokusebenzisa i-electroplating. Le nqubo isusa ukungcola kwendawo, ithuthukise umsebenzi wamakhemikhali, futhi idale isisekelo sokunamathela okuqinile, okufanayo.
Ukubuka Konke Kwenqubo Yokwelapha Ngaphambi Kokwelashwa Ekufakeni I-Electroplating
Ukwelashwa kwangaphambilini nge-electroplating kuqala ngokuhlanza kokuqala ukususa noma yimaphi amafutha, amafutha, noma ukungcola ebusweni be-substrate. Ukuhlanza i-solvent, njengokucwiliswa ku-trichlorethylene noma ukusula nge-organic solvents, kuhlose izinsalela ze-organic. Ukuhlanza i-alkaline kusebenzisa izixazululo eziqukethe ama-surfactant kanye ne-detergents—njenge-sodium carbonate kanye ne-trisodium phosphate—ngokuvamile nge-agitation noma ugesi wamandla ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokuqhekeka kokungcola.
Ama-substrate angase alungiswe ngomshini wokulungisa ubuso. Amasu anjengokuqhumisa isihlabathi, ukuqhumisa ama-bead, noma ukuxubha kususa ukugqwala, ama-scales, kanye nama-oxide aqhubekayo. Lezi zindlela zomshini zifanelekile ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezigcwele i-oxid noma ezirhabaxa.
Ukuhlanza ngamakhemikhali kulandela, ngokuvamile ngokusebenzisa izihlanzi ze-asidi (i-pickling), ezisusa ukungcola okungaphili okuhlanganisa isikali, ama-oxide, kanye nokugqwala. I-Hydrochloric acid ivame kakhulu ezinsimbini, kuyilapho i-sulfuric acid ikhethwa ezikalini ezisindayo. Izingxube zangasese ezinezithibi zivikela insimbi eyisisekelo ekuhlaselweni ngokweqile ngesikhathi sokuqoqwa. Kwezinsimbi ezingezona i-ferrous, izixazululo ezenzelwe wena njenge-sodium hydroxide ye-aluminium noma i-dilute sulfuric acid yethusi ziqinisekisa ukuhambisana nemiphumela emihle.
Ukwelashwa Kwangaphambi Kokugcotshwa Kwezinto Zokufakelwa Nge-Electroplating
*
Ukuhlanza kuhlanganiswa kuzo zonke izinyathelo zangaphambi kokwelashwa ukuze kususwe izinsalela zamakhemikhali futhi kuvinjelwe ukusabela okungafuneki ekwelashweni okulandelayo. Ukuhlanza okuphindwe kabili, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokukhipha i-asidi, kunciphisa kakhulu ukuhamba kwama-ion futhi kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yenqubo engezansi, kunciphisa amaphutha okufaka i-plating.
Ukuqalisa kuyisinyathelo sokugcina esibalulekile samakhemikhali. Ukucwiliswa okufushane kuma-asidi ancibilikisiwe, njenge-10–20% hydrochloric noma i-sulfuric acid, kususa noma yimaphi ama-oxide asele futhi kugcine i-substrate esimweni samakhemikhali esisebenzayo. Kwezinye izinto, kusetshenziswa ama-activator azimele noma i-cathodic acid bath.
Kwezinye izimo, i-flash noma i-"strike" coat yensimbi esebenzayo njenge-catalytically—njengethusi noma i-nickel—iyengezwa ngaphambi kwe-coating eyinhloko, ikakhulukazi kuma-non-metal noma ama-alloy angasebenzi. Lesi sinyathelo sangaphambi kwe-plating sithuthukisa ukufana okulandelayo kwenqubo ye-electroplating kanye namandla okunamathela.
Indima Yenqubo Yokwelashwa Kwangaphambi Kokungaphezulu Ekuthonyeni Ikhwalithi Yokugoba Nge-Electroplating
Ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kwendawo kubalulekile kwikhwalithi iyonke yenqubo yokufakelwa kwe-electroplating. Isigaba ngasinye sithinta ngqo isibopho sokunamathela esakhiwe phakathi kwe-substrate kanye nesendlalelo esilandelayo se-electroplated.
Ukususwa kahle kwamafutha, ama-oxide, kanye nezinhlayiya kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-electrolyte kanye nensimbi efakwe i-electrode kungathintana ngendlela efanayo nobuso besisekelo. Ukulahlekelwa ukunamathela, ukumbozwa okufiphele noma okungalingani, kanye nokuqhekeka kuvame ukulandelwa ekuhlanzweni okungaphelele noma izinyathelo zokuvula ezingafanele. Ukungcola kobuso kusalokhu kuyimbangela ehamba phambili yamazinga okulahlwa kwe-plating, okubangela ngaphezu kwengxenye yazo zonke izinkinga ezindaweni zezimboni.
Ukuqinisekisa Amandla Okunamathela Afanele Phakathi Kwe-Substrate Nokumboza
Ukunamathela kwesendlalelo esifakwe ipulasitiki kuncike ku-substrate esebenza ngamakhemikhali, engenazo izinto ezingcolile. Ukusetshenziswa ngokucophelela kwezindlela zangaphambi kokwelashwa kwe-electroplating kwenza kube lula ukuxhumanisa okukhulu kwemishini kanye nokubopha kwe-athomu kuyo yonke indawo. Isibonelo, isinyathelo sokusebenza, ngokususa ngisho namafilimu amancane e-oxide, sithuthukisa ukuhambisana kwe-electrochemical futhi sikhuthaza amandla aphezulu okunamathela ekufakweni kwe-electroplating. Uma ukusebenza kunganele noma ubuso buphinde buvezwe emoyeni ngaphambi kokufakwa, ukunamathela kungawohloka kakhulu.
Umthelela Ekukhanyeni, Ukuqina, kanye Nokuncishiswa Kwamaphutha Okungaphezulu
Uchungechunge lwangaphambi kokwelashwa olwenziwe kahle luveza ukukhanya okuphezulu, ukuqina kwesakhiwo, kanye neziphambeko ezincane zobuso ezifana nokuqhekeka, ukubhamuka, kanye nokungalingani. Izindawo ezihlanziwe nezilungisiwe zinikeza i-nucleation ehambisanayo yokufakwa kwensimbi, okuholela ekujiyeni nasekukhanyeni okufanayo.
Ukulawulwa kokwakheka kwebhavu lokufaka i-electroplating, okuhlanganisa nokugcwala kwesisombululo se-potassium permanganate ngaphambi kokwelashwa, kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kwendawo, ikakhulukazi kumapulasitiki nakwezinye izinsimbi. Ukugcwala kwesisombululo se-potassium permanganate esifanele kunqunywa uhlobo lwe-substrate kanye nokusebenza okufunwayo. I-potassium permanganate yokufakelwa i-electroplating, uma ilungiswa kahle futhi ihlanzwa, yandisa ubulukhuni bendawo nge-microscopically, ihlinzeka ngokuvuleka okuphezulu komshini wesendlalelo sokumboza futhi ithuthukise kokubili ukunamathela kanye nokuqina kwesikhathi eside. Ukugcwala okungalungile noma ukuhlanza okunganele ngesikhathi sokulungiselela isisombululo se-potassium permanganate sokwelashwa kwendawo, nokho, kungaholela ezifweni noma ekudaleni, okufaka engcupheni kokubili ubuhle kanye nokusebenza komshini.
Ngamafuphi, amasu aqinile okulungiselela ubuso obusebenzisa i-electroplating anquma ngqo ukusebenza, ukuthembeka, kanye nokubonakala kwezingxenye ezisebenzisa i-electroplated. Isinyathelo ngasinye enkambisweni yangaphambi kokwelashwa kobuso—kusukela ekususeni amafutha kokuqala kuya ekusebenzeni kokugcina kanye nokugqoka okukhethwayo—kuhlose uhlobo oluthile lwezinto ezingcolisayo noma izimo zobuso. Ukwazi lolu chungechunge kubalulekile ekufakeni i-electroplating esezingeni eliphezulu enamandla amakhulu okunamathela kanye namaphutha amancane obuso.
Izinyathelo Eziyinhloko Zokulungiselela Indawo
Ukuhlonza Nokususa Izinto Ezingcolisayo Ezivamile Ezingaphezulu
Ukwelashwa kwangaphambilini nge-electroplateKuqala ngokuhlonza izinto ezingcolisayo ezifana namafutha, amafutha, izendlalelo ze-oxide, uthuli, imikhiqizo yokugqwala, kanye nezingubo ezindala. Amafutha namafutha ngokuvamile avela ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza noma ekuphatheni. Ama-oxide akheka ngokwemvelo ezinsimbini ezivezwe emoyeni, okunciphisa ukuqhutshwa kukagesi ukuze kufakwe amaplati. Uthuli kanye nezinsalela zezinhlayiya kungasala kusukela ekushiseni noma ekuthuthweni.
Ukususwa okwanele kwalezi zinto ezingcolisayo kuholela ekunamatheleni okungekuhle, ukuqhumisa, imigodi emincane, kanye nokufakwa okungalingani ngaphakathi kwesendlalelo esifakwe ngogesi. Isibonelo, amafutha asele abangela ukunganamatheli endaweni ethile, kuyilapho izendlalelo ze-oxide zingase ziholele ekuqhumiseni noma ekuqhekekeni ngaphansi kokucindezeleka.
Izindlela Zokwelapha Ngaphambi Komshini
Izindlela zemishini zibalulekile enkambisweni yokwelashwa kwangaphambi kobuso ukuze kufakwe i-electroplating. Ukugaya kususa ukungcola okukhulu futhi kunciphise ukungalingani. Ukupholisha kuthuthukisa ukushelela kobuso, kunciphisa imigodi emincane lapho amaphutha angase aqhume khona. Ukuqhumisa ngesanti ("ukuqhuma kwe-grit") kususa ama-oxide aqinile, izinsalela, kanye nezinhlayiya ezifakiwe, futhi kwandisa ukujiya kobuso ukuze kunamathele kangcono kobuso. Ukususa i-burborne kuhlubula imiphetho ebukhali kanye nezingcezu ezikhululekile ezingalimaza ukufana kobuso.
Izindlela zokukhetha zincike ohlotsheni lwe-substrate kanye nezidingo zohlelo lokusebenza. Isibonelo, ukuqhuma kwe-grit kungcono kakhulu ensimbi ngaphambi kokufakwa kwe-nanocomposite nickel-tungsten (Ni-W/SiC), okuthuthukisa ubulukhuni kanye nokunamathela uma kuqhathaniswa nokupholisha. Ama-alloy e-aluminium alungiselelwe ngokuqhuma okunamandla asabela kangcono ezidingweni zokumelana nokugqwala ekusetshenzisweni kolwandle.
Ubulukhuni bomphezulu bubalulekile ekuqineni kokunamathela ekufakeni i-electroplating. Ubulukhuni obuphezulu—obudalwe ukuqhumisa isihlabathi noma ukugaya—bukhuthaza ukuhlangana komshini kwediphozithi, kubambe izembozo ezifakwe i-electroplating. Izindawo ezipholishiwe, nakuba zibushelelezi, zingase zilahle amandla okubopha ukuze kufezwe ukufana. Izifundo zithola njalo ukuthi izindawo eziqhumise isihlabathi zinikeza imiphumela emihle kakhulu maqondana nokunamathela nokuqina.
Amasu Okwelapha Amakhemikhali Ngaphambi Kokwelashwa
Ukwelashwa kwamakhemikhali kusengaphambili kuhlose ukungcola okungaxazululwa ngezindlela zemishini, njengefilimu yamafutha amancane kanye nezendlalelo ze-oxide eziqhubekayo.Ukususa amafuthaisebenzisa izinyibilikisi eziphilayo noma izixazululo ze-alkaline ukususa uwoyela namafutha ngokuphelele; izinto ezivamile zifaka i-sodium hydroxide noma i-trichlorethylene, kuye ngokuthi i-substrate ihambisana kanjani.
Ukuqoqwa kwe-pickling, ukufaka izixazululo ze-acidic, kuncibilikisa ama-oxide kanye nezikali ezivela ebusweni bensimbi. Isibonelo, i-sulfuric noma i-hydrochloric acid ijwayelekile ensimbini, kuyilapho i-nitric acid ifanelana nama-aluminium alloys. Ukuqoqwa kwe-asidi—ukuhlaselwa okulawulwayo kwe-substrate—kuthuthukisa ukulungela kwamakhemikhali, okubalulekile ekufakweni kwensimbi ngempumelelo. Ukuqoqwa kwe-hydrofluoric acid kusebenza kahle kakhulu kuma-ceramics, kususa izendlalelo ze-siliceous kanye nokukhulisa amandla okubopha okulungisa.
Ngemva kokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali okunamandla, ukuhlanza ngamanzi ahlanzekile kuvimbela ukuphinda kufakwe ukungcola okuncibilikisiwe. Ukususwa kokungcola kulandela, kusetshenziswa izisekelo ezibuthakathaka (njenge-sodium bicarbonate) ukuze kuqiniswe ubuso be-substrate esabelayo futhi kugwenywe ukusabela okungafuneki emabhafini okugcoba alandelayo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa kokubili ukuzinza kanye nokuhambisana nokwakheka kwebhafu lokugcoba nge-electroplating.
Ukusebenza Komphezulu We-Electrochemical
Ukusebenza kwe-electrochemical kulungiselela indawo engaphansi komhlaba, kusebenzisa ama-short current pulses noma ukwelashwa kwe-anodic/cathodic emabhafini e-electrolyte. Lawa masu aguqula amandla ongaphezulu, asuse ama-oxide asele, futhi athuthukise ukumanzisa—okubalulekile ekuthinteni kwe-electrolyte okuhlangene kanye nokufakwa okulandelayo.
Izimiso zokusebenza kwe-electrochemical zilawulwa yi-substrate kanye ne-target coating. Isibonelo, ukwelashwa kwe-cathodic ku-sodium hydroxide kusetha kabusha ukushaja kobuso futhi kususe amafilimu e-oxide ahlala isikhathi eside. Lesi sinyathelo sandisa ukugcwala kwezindawo zobuso ezisabelayo, sikhuthaza i-nucleation efanayo yesendlalelo se-electroplated.
Sekukonke, indlela ngayinye yangaphambi kokwelashwa ikhethwa futhi ihlelwe ngokulandelana ngokusekelwe ezicini zezinto ezisetshenziswayo ze-substrate, izinhlobo zokungcola, ukusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe, kanye nekhwalithi yokuplata nge-electroplating efiselekayo. Ukuhluza ngomshini, ukuhlanza ngamakhemikhali, kanye nokusebenza kwe-electrochemical ndawonye kuqhuba amandla okunamathela afanele kanye nokusebenza kokumboza enqubweni yokuplata nge-electroplating.
Indima ye-Potassium Permanganate ekuphathweni kwangaphambili kwe-Electroplating
I-Chemistry ye-Potassium Permanganate Solutions
I-Potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) iyaziwa ngomthamo wayo oqinile wokuxova enqubweni yokufakelwa kwe-electroplating. Uma incibilikiswa emanzini, i-KMnO₄ iyahlukana ukuze ikhiphe ama-ion e-permanganate (MnO₄⁻), anamandla aphezulu e-redox. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukuxova okunamandla kwamakhemikhali e-organic kanye ne-inorganic, okwenza kube ithuluzi eliwusizo lokwelashwa kwangaphambilini kwendawo ekwenziweni kwe-electroplating ngaphambi kokufakelwa kwe-electroplating.
Amandla okuxova i-oxidizing esixazululo abalulekile ekususeni ukungcola okuphilayo okuqhubekayo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amafutha, ama-surfactant, kanye nama-polymer asele asele kuma-substrate ensimbi. Isenzo se-oxidative siqhubeka ngokudluliselwa kwe-electron okuqondile, okuholela ekuqhekekeni kwala ma-molecule e-organic abe yizinhlobo ezincibilika emanzini noma ukumbiwa ngokuphelele. Isibonelo, izindawo ezithuthukisiwe ezisebenzayo ngogesi—njenge-Mo-doped MnO₂ kuma-arrays e-TiO₂ nanotube—ziye zabonisa ukuthi zikhuthaza ukuwohloka okusheshayo kokungcola okuphilayo kokubili nge-oxidation eqondile kanye nokwakheka kwama-oxidant anamandla aphakathi, njenge-Mn(III/IV) kanye nama-hydroxyl radicals, okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo.
Ukuze kususwe ukungcola okungadalwanga, isixazululo se-KMnO₄ senza kube lula ukushiswa kwezinsimbi ezisindayo kanye nokuvimbela ukuhamba kwazo, njenge-Pb(II), i-Cd(II), kanye ne-Cu(II), ezindaweni noma ngaphakathi kwe-matrices. Lokhu kubangelwa kakhulu ukuna kwe-MnO₂ microparticles ngesikhathi sokusabela kwe-KMnO₄, okunikeza izindawo eziningi ezisebenzayo zokumuncwa kwe-ion yensimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-KMnO₄ ingashintsha ama-adsorbents asekelwe ku-carbon, njenge-hydrochar, ngokungeza amaqembu asebenzayo ane-oxygen kanye nokukhulisa amandla awo okungenisa insimbi esindayo—okubalulekile ekulungiseleleni ubuso obuhlanzekile kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba kuhlanganiswe amabhati okufaka i-electroplating.
Ukuhlushwa kwesisombululo se-potassium permanganate esifanele kubalulekile ekulinganiseni ukusebenza kahle kokususwa kokungcola kanye nobuqotho bomphezulu. Ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kakhulu kungaholela ekuqhekekeni okukhulu komphezulu noma ngisho nasekufakweni kwe-oxidation ngokweqile, kuyilapho izinga eliphansi kakhulu lingase liphazamise amandla okunamathela ekufakweni kwe-electroplating futhi lishiye izinsalela eziphazamisa ukwakheka kwebhavu lokugeza le-electroplating.
Ukuqaliswa Kwezinqubo Zangaphambi Kokwelashwa Okungaphezulu
Ukuhlanganisa i-potassium permanganate ukuze kufakwe i-electroplating ezindleleni ezikhona zangaphambi kokwelashwa kuqala ngokulungiselela isixazululo esilawulwa kahle. Ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kokwelashwa kuvame ukulandela lezi zinyathelo:
- Ukuhlanza Okungaphezulu:Ukususwa kokuqala kwenhlabathi engcolile, amafutha, noma izinto ezincane kusetshenziswa ukuhuzuka okwenziwe ngomshini noma ukugeza nge-alkaline.
- Ukwelashwa kwe-KMnO₄:Ukucwilisa noma ukufafaza i-substrate ngesisombululo se-potassium permanganate. Ukuhlushwa kwesisombululo se-potassium permanganate ekufakweni kwe-electroplating kumele kuhambisane nohlobo lwe-substrate kanye nomthwalo ongcolile ukuze kususwe kahle okuqondiwe.
- Isikhathi Sokusabela:Ukuvumela isikhathi esanele sokuxhumana ukuze kufakwe i-oxidation, ngokuvamile phakathi kwemizuzu embalwa kuya kwengxenye yehora, kuye ngokwakheka kwendawo kanye nohlobo lwezinto ezingcolisayo.
- Hlanza futhi unciphise ukungcola:Hlanza kahle ngamanzi ukuze ususe izinsalela ezonakele, futhi uma kudingeka, unciphise noma iyiphi i-KMnO₄ esele nge-sodium bisulfite noma i-reductant efanayo ukuze uvimbele ukuphazamiseka kwe-electroplating bath chemistry elandelayo.
- Ukuhlolwa Okuphakathi:Ukusebenzisa amamitha okuqina noma i-viscosity avela eLonnmeter ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinsalela namakhemikhali angaphambi kokwelashwa asusiwe ngokwanele futhi izimo zobuso zizinzile ukuze kube namandla afanele okunamathela ekufakweni kwe-electroplating.
Le nqubo ingenziwa ngezinsimbi ezahlukene—ithusi, i-nickel, noma i-zinc—ngokulungisa ukulungiswa kwesisombululo se-potassium permanganate sokwelashwa kwendawo. Ukuqapha izindawo zokugcina zangaphambi kokwelashwa kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukugcwala ngokweqile, okungalimaza ikhwalithi yokugcina ye-electroplating noma amandla okunamathela.
I-potassium permanganate inikeza izinzuzo eziningana ngaphezu kwamakhemikhali avamile okwelapha kwangaphambilini njengama-chromates noma ama-asidi alula. Akunangozi kangako ukuphatha nokulahla kunamakhemikhali e-chromium ane-hexavalent. Ikhono le-KMnO₄ lokuxilisa i-spectrum ebanzi lisho ukuthi lingabhekana nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nezingaphili ngesinyathelo esisodwa, okwenza kube lula inani lezigaba zangaphambi kokwelashwa ezidingekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kwama-microparticles e-MnO₂ kungathuthukisa amasu okulungiselela ubuso alandelayo ngokuthuthukisa ukumuncwa kwezinto ezingcolile kanye nokwenza kube lula ukufakwa kwensimbi okufanayo ezindaweni ezilungisiwe kusengaphambili.
Ngamafuphi, i-potassium permanganate yokufakelwa i-electroplating inikeza indlela ephumelelayo yokuthuthukisa amasu okulungiselela ubuso bokufakelwa i-electroplating, ngokuthuthukiswa okubhaliwe kokubili ukusebenza kahle kokususa kanye namandla okugcina okunamathela. Ukusetshenziswa okuhle kuncike ekulawulweni okunembile kokuhlushwa kwe-KMnO₄ kanye nokuhlanganiswa nokuqapha inqubo, njengokuqina kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwe-viscosity ngamathuluzi afana nalawo anikezwa yi-Lonnmeter.
Inqubo Yokusonga Insimbi
*
Ukuqinisekisa Amandla Okunamathelayo kanye Nekhwalithi Yokumboza
Ukushiswa kwe-potassium permanganate kubalulekile ekwelashweni kwangaphambi kokusebenzisa i-electroplating, ikakhulukazi kuma-polymers afana ne-ABS. Lesi sinyathelo sibhekana nenselele eyinhloko yokunamathela kwengqimba yensimbi ngokuguqula ubuso be-substrate ngamakhemikhali nangokomzimba.
Indlela Yokwenza: Indlela I-Potassium Permanganate Ethuthukisa Ngayo Amandla Okunamathela
I-Potassium permanganate, i-oxidizer enamandla, iguqula ubuso ngesikhathi senqubo yokulungiselela ubuso be-electroplating. Kuma-polymer substrates, ihlose amaqembu obuso be-organic, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ze-polybutadiene ezitholakala kumapulasitiki e-ABS. I-oxidation ihlukanisa izibopho eziphindwe kabili, yethula amaqembu asebenzayo acebile nge-oxygen njenge-hydroxyl (–OH) kanye ne-carboxyl (–COOH). La maqembu e-polar akhulisa kakhulu amandla obuso, athuthukisa ukumanzisa kanye nokuhambisana kwamakhemikhali nama-ion ensimbi ezingxubeni zokugeza ze-electroplating ezilandelayo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukugqwala kwe-permanganate kubangela ukugoba okuncane, okwandisa indawo engaphezulu futhi kuhlinzeke ngezindawo zokubambelela ezibonakalayo. Lokhu kuthungwa okuncane kanye nokuncane kwenza isikhombimsebenzisi samukele kangcono i-nucleation kanye nokukhula kwengqimba yensimbi efakiwe, ekugcineni kuphakamisa amandla okuxhumanisa okwenziwa ngomshini kanye nokunamathela.
Ukuxhumana Phakathi Kokwelashwa Kwangaphambi Kokuhlala, Ukusebenza Komphezulu, Nokuqina Kokumboza
Izindlela zokusebenzisa i-electroplating ngaphambi kokwelashwa kumele zithuthukise ukusebenza kwamakhemikhali kanye nokuthungwa komzimba. Uma kusetshenziswa i-potassium permanganate ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele—ngokuvamile ekugxilweni okuphakathi kuka-0.5% no-2%, imizuzu emi-3-10 ku-60-80°C—kufeza ukusebenza okuphumelelayo kobuso ngaphandle kokubangela umonakalo ku-substrate.
Izindawo ezifakwe i-oxidized kahle zibonisa okuqukethwe okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-oxygen kanye nobulukhuni bomphezulu, njengoba kufakazelwa yi-XPS kanye ne-SEM. Lezi zici zihlobene ngqo nokunamathela okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokuqina kwesembozo sokugcina. Amandla okunamathela athuthukisiwe ahumushela ekumelaneni okuphezulu nokuqhekeka, ukubhamuka, kanye nemijikelezo yokushaqeka kokushisa, okubaluleke kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni okudingakalayo njengokukhiqiza izimoto noma izinto zikagesi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abashayeli bezemvelo basheshisa ukushintshela ekwelashweni kwangaphambi kokusebenzisa i-permanganate. Njengoba izindinganiso zomthetho zivimbela ukusetshenziswa kwe-chromic acid, i-permanganate oxidation inikeza ukunamathela okufanayo noma okuphezulu ngenkathi kunciphisa imfucuza eyingozi. Le ndlela isebenza kahle kuzo zonke izinhlobo zepulasitiki zobunjiniyela, kufaka phakathi i-polypropylene ne-polycarbonate, lapho izimo zesisombululo zilungiswa ku-substrate okukhulunywa ngayo.
Izinkomba Eziyinhloko Zokuhlola Amandla Okunamathelayo Ngemva Kokwelashwa Kwangaphambi Komphezulu
Ukuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwesinyathelo se-potassium permanganate enkambisweni yokwelashwa ebusweni kugxile ezinkombeni eziningana ezilinganiswayo:
- Ukuhlolwa Kwamandla Okuhluza:Ilinganisa amandla adingekayo ukuze kuhlutshwe ungqimba olufakwe ipulasitiki kusuka ku-substrate. Ku-ABS ephathwe nge-permanganate, amanani avame ukwanda kusuka ku-~8 N/cm (engalungiswanga) kuya ku->25 N/cm, okubonisa inzuzo ebalulekile yenqubo.
- Ukuhlolwa Kokuklwebha Nokuklwebheka:Hlola ukumelana nokuqhekeka kwemishini, okubonisa hhayi nje ikhwalithi yokunamathela kodwa futhi nokuxhumana phakathi kobulukhuni bomphezulu kanye nobuningi beqembu elisebenzayo.
- Ukumelana Nokushisa Nokushisa:Iveza amasampula afakwe amapuleti ekushintsheni okuphindaphindiwe kwezinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama, okulinganisa ukuqina kwesixhumi esibonakalayo sensimbi-polymer ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
- Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Microscopic kanye ne-Spectroscopic:I-SEM kanye ne-XPS zinikeza idatha yobuningi mayelana nokwakheka kwendawo kanye nokwakheka kwezinto eziyisisekelo, okuvumela ukuhlangana kokuhlushwa kwe-oxygen kanye ne-micro-topography ngezilinganiso zokunamathela ezilinganiswe ngokwesayensi.
Ukuze kuqashwe izinga lezimboni, ukuqinisekisa ukulawulwa okuqinile kanye nokuphindaphindeka kokuhlushwa kwesisombululo se-potassium permanganate kubalulekile. Yilapho ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa ubungako noma i-viscosity, njengalezo ezinikezwe yi-Lonnmeter, buqinisekisa ukuthi ibhetshi ngalinye lifinyelela isimo sesisombululo esifanele, lisekela ikhwalithi ehambisanayo emiphumeleni ye-plating engezansi.
Izinto Ezicatshangelwayo Zokuphepha, Ezemvelo, kanye Nokusebenza
Ukuphatha izixazululo ze-potassium permanganate enkambisweni yokufakelwa kwe-electroplating kanye nemisebenzi yangaphambi kokwelashwa kudinga izinqubo eziqinile zempilo, ukuphepha, kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezinamandla zokufaka i-oxidizing kanye nokusebenza kwayo, isinyathelo ngasinye kusukela ekugcinweni kuya ekulahleni sidinga ukunakwa emininingwaneni yokulawula kanye nokusebenza.
Ukuphathwa Kahle, Ukugcinwa, Nokulahlwa Kwezixazululo Ze-Potassium Permanganate
Imishini yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu (i-PPE) ibalulekile noma nini lapho usebenzisa i-potassium permanganate. Abasebenzi kufanele basebenzise amagilavu angamelani namakhemikhali, izibuko zokuzivikela, izihlangu zobuso, kanye namajazi elebhu ukuvimbela ukuthintana kwesikhumba namehlo. Sebenza namakhemikhali ezindaweni ezinomoya omuhle noma ngaphansi kwezimbobo zomlilo ukuze ugweme ukuphefumula uthuli noma umhwamuko. Gwema ukuthintana ngqo nokudalwa kwama-aerosols—uthuli noma inkungu ye-KMnO₄ iyingozi.
Ukuphatha ngokucophelela kuvimbela ukusabela okuyingozi. I-potassium permanganate isabela ngamandla ezintweni eziphilayo, izinto ezinciphisayo, nama-asidi, okubangela umlilo noma ukuqhuma. Yigcine ihlukanisiwe nazo zonke izinto ezivuthayo kanye namakhemikhali angahambisani kuzo zonke izigaba zezindlela zangaphambi kokwelashwa zokufaka i-electroplating.
Gcina i-potassium permanganate ezitsheni ezivalwe kahle, ezingagqwali (kungcono i-HDPE noma ingilazi) endaweni yokugcina epholile, eyomile, nenomoya omuhle. Faka amalebula kuzo zonke izitsha ngokunembile. Gcina kude nokukhanya kwelanga, imithombo yokushisa, kanye nezinto ezingase zibe khona ezingcolisayo. Ukuhlukaniswa ngokomzimba kubalulekile: ungalokothi ugcine nama-acid, izinto ezivuthayo, noma izinto zokunciphisa.
Vimbela noma yikuphi ukukhishwa emanzini, enhlabathini, noma emiseleni yamanzi. Ukufakwa kwesibili, njengamathileyi angamelana namakhemikhali ngaphansi kwemikhumbi yokugcina izinto, kusiza ukuvimba ukuvuza ngengozi ukuthi kungafiki endaweni ezungezile. Ukuze kulahlwe, izixazululo ze-potassium permanganate kumele zisuswe—ngokuvamile ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo nge-ejenti yokunciphisa efanele—ngaphambi kokuba ziphathwe njengemfucuza eyingozi. Lahla zonke izinto zokuhlanza bese ugeza ngokwemithetho yendawo ukuze uvikele ikhwalithi yamanzi kanye nezinhlelo zemvelo.
Uma kwenzeka ukuchitheka, hlukanisa indawo ngokushesha bese ususa imithombo yokushisa. Sebenzisa kuphela izinto ezimunca amanzi ezingashi, ezingashisi ukuze uhlanze. Ungashaneli noma womise amakhemikhali nge-vacuum cleaner—ukuhlanza okumanzi nge-PPE kuyathandwa. Zonke izinsalela zokuchitheka ziphathwa njengemfucuza eyingozi futhi zidinga imibhalo ngokwemithethonqubo yemvelo.
Imithelela Yemvelo Nezidingo Zokulawula Zokusetshenziswa Kwaphakade
I-potassium permanganate inobuthi ezimpilweni zasemanzini futhi ihlala ikhona endaweni ezungezile. Ukwakheka kwebhavu lokugeza nge-electroplating kanye nezinqubo zokwelashwa komhlaba kumele zifake izindlela zokuvikela ezivimbela ukukhishwa okungahlosiwe. Izindawo zokusebenza kufanele zihlonyiswe ngezindlela zokuvimbela zesibili futhi zihlolwe njalo ukuthi azivuzi yini.
Ukuthobela imithetho kazwelonke neyesifunda kuyimpoqo. E-United States, i-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ibeka imingcele eqinile ekukhishweni kwe-permanganate emanzini. Izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke nazo ziyaqaphela i-potassium permanganate njengento ekhathazayo, efuna imibhalo evamile yempahla, ukusetshenziswa, kanye nemikhuba yokulahla. Noma yikuphi ukukhishwa ngengozi kumele kubikwe ngokwezidingo zomthetho zendawo. Ukuhlolwa kwemithetho kuvame ukugxila ezimweni zokugcina, ezinhlelweni zokuphendula ukuchitheka, kanye nokunamathela ezinqubweni zemfucuza eyingozi.
Iziqondiso Zempilo Nokuphepha Komqhubi
Abasebenzi kumele bathole ukuqeqeshwa okuhlobene nezingozi zokusetshenziswa kwe-potassium permanganate ekuphathweni nge-electroplating ngaphambi kokusebenzisa i-electroplate kanye nezinqubo zangaphambi kokwelashwa komhlaba. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kahle kwe-PPE, ukusingatha izehlakalo zokuchitheka, kanye nokusabela ekuvezweni.
Izindlela zokusiza kuqala zifaka phakathi ukuhlanza ngokushesha ngamanzi ukuze kutholakale isikhumba kanye nokuxhumana kwamehlo. Uma uphefumula, hambisa abantu emoyeni omusha bese ucela ukuhlolwa ngudokotela. Uma uphefumula, kudingeka usizo lwezokwelapha—ungabangeli ukuhlanza. Ukufinyelela kalula eziteshini zokugeza amehlo kanye naseshaweni eziphuthumayo ezindaweni zokusebenza akunakuxoxiswana ngakho.
Ukuqeqeshwa okuphuthumayo kufanele kufake phakathi ukuvimbela ukuchitheka, ukwaziswa kweziphathimandla zokuphepha, kanye nezinqubo zokuphuma kwabantu endaweni ethintekile. Amarekhodi ezigameko kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwabaqhubi kumele kugcinwe ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezindinganiso zomthetho nezangaphakathi zokuphathwa kwezingozi.
Ngamafuphi, ukuphepha okuqinile, ukulawulwa kwemvelo, kanye nokusebenza kubalulekile ekusebenziseni i-potassium permanganate ekufakweni kwe-electroplating. Zisekela ukuhambisana nemithetho kanye nezinhloso zokusebenza njengokuthuthukisa amandla okunamathela ekufakweni kwe-electroplating ngenkathi kuvikelwa abasebenzi kanye nemvelo. Amathuluzi okuqapha afanele, njengalawo anikezwe yiLonnmeter, asiza kakhulu ngokulungiselela isixazululo se-potassium permanganate esiphephile nesithembekile sokwelashwa kwendawo kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi yenqubo eqhubekayo.
Ukuxazulula Izinkinga kanye Nemikhuba Emihle Kakhulu
Ukunamathela kanye nokwehluleka kwekhwalithi enqubweni yokufaka i-electroplating kuvame ukubangelwa yizinkinga ngenqubo yokwelapha ngaphambi kokusebenzisa i-potassium permanganate. Uhlu lokuhlola oluhlelekile lubalulekile ukuze kulandelwe ukwehluleka emuva kokusebenzisa i-electroplating. Izici ezibalulekile zifaka phakathi ukuqinisekisa ukuhlushwa kwesisombululo se-potassium permanganate emabhavini okufaka i-electroplating kanye nokuqinisekisa ukulungiswa kwesisombululo sokushiswa kobuso okuqhubekayo. Ukusebenza kobuso okungaphelele kuvame ukubangelwa ukuhlushwa okungalungile, ukulawulwa okushisa okunganele, noma isikhathi sokuvezwa esinganele, okunganciphisa amandla okunamathela ekufakeni i-electroplating futhi kubangele izibopho ezibuthakathaka.
Izinto ezingcolisayo ezisele, njengamafutha okugaya noma izinsalela zezingubo zangaphambilini, kumele zisuswe ngezinyathelo zokuhlanza nokuhlanza ngokuphelele. Noma yimaphi ama-salts e-permanganate asele noma izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo zinganciphisa kakhulu imiphumela yokugcwala kwe-potassium permanganate kwikhwalithi ye-electroplating. Ukucheba ngokweqile ngenxa ye-potassium permanganate eningi noma ukuvezwa isikhathi eside kungadala izindawo ezibuthakathaka ezingase zisuswe. Izinga lokushisa lokugeza, i-pH, kanye nesikhathi sokuvezwa kumele kubhalwe phansi futhi kuqashwe ukuqinisekisa ukugcwala kwesisombululo se-potassium permanganate esifanele kuzo zonke izigaba. Ukwehluka kwe-substrate kufanele futhi kubhalwe phansi, njengoba umehluko kokuqukethwe kwe-resin noma kokugcwalisa kungashintsha impendulo yokwelashwa kwangaphambi kokwelashwa, kuthinte amandla okunamathela ekufakweni kwe-electroplating.
Uhlu lokuhlola ukuxilonga:
- Qinisekisa ukuthi ukwakheka kwebhavu lokufaka i-electroplating kuhambisana nezindinganiso ezibekiwe ze-potassium permanganate nezinye izithako.
- Hlola njalo futhi ulinganise imitha yobuningi eqondile evela eLonnmeter ukuqinisekisa ukulingana kwebhavu.
- Gada izinga lokushisa lokugeza kanye ne-pH kuyo yonke inqubo yokulungiselela ubuso ukuze ugcine ukuhlushwa okuhle kwesisombululo se-potassium permanganate.
- Sebenzisa amathuluzi okuchaza ubuso—njengokulinganisa i-contact angle kanye ne-FTIR—ukuhlola amazinga e-oxidation nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kobuso okufanayo.
- Yenza ukuhlolwa kokunamathela ngomshini (isb., ukuhlolwa kokucheba i-lap noma kokudonsa) ukuze uhlukanise phakathi kokwehluleka okuhlobene nokuhlangana, ukunamathela, noma i-substrate.
- Bhala phansi izinombolo ze-substrate batch bese ulandela izikhathi ezibekiwe phakathi kokwelashwa kwangaphambi kokwelashwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-glue.
Ukulungisa amapharamitha enqubo kubalulekile ukuze kube nokuvumelana. Amapharamitha enqubo kufanele ahlungwe kusetshenziswa idatha yokuqapha evela kumamitha obuningi angaphakathi, ahlinzeka ngamanani esikhathi sangempela sokwakheka kwebhavu elisebenzisa i-electroplating. Isibonelo, uma izilinganiso zobuningi zibonisa ukuncipha kwe-potassium permanganate, amazinga okulinganisa kufanele alungiswe ukuze kubuyiselwe ukuhlushwa okulindelekile. Uma ukufundwa kobuningi kuphakamisa i-permanganate eyengeziwe, nciphisa umthamo noma wandise ukuxutshwa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukugqwala ngokweqile. Izilawuli zokushisa kwebhavu zisiza ukugcina ukusebenza okusebenzayo kobuso, kunciphisa ingozi yokwehluleka kokunamathela. Amazinga okuphazamiseka ngesikhathi sokucwiliswa kumele alinganiswe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuxhumana kobuso futhi kuvinjelwe ukwelashwa okungalingani.
Imikhuba yokulungisa ibalulekile ukuvimbela ukungcola kokugeza nokugcina imiphumela ye-electroplating esezingeni eliphezulu. Hlola njalo futhi uhlanze yonke imishini yokusebenza emanzi, okuhlanganisa amathangi namapayipi, ukuze ususe ukuqoqana kwezinsalela noma ukusha.Amamitha obuningi obungaphakathi kwe-Lonnmeterukulandelela ukushintshashintsha kokugeza ngesikhathi sangempela; izinguquko ezisheshayo zobuningi zivame ukukhombisa ukungcola noma ukubola kwamakhemikhali. Hlela ukulinganiswa okuhleliwe kwamadivayisi okuqapha bese ulungisa izikhawu zokulungisa ngokusekelwe kudatha yethrendi evela enkambisweni ye-electroplating. Buyisela isixazululo sokugeza ngezikhathi ezivamile ngokweziqondiso zokusebenza, ikakhulukazi uma ukubalwa kwezinhlayiya noma izinsalela ezingahlungiwe kudlula amanani omkhawulo. Ukugcinwa kwamarekhodi ngokucophelela, kusukela emijikelezweni yokuhlanza kuya ekulinganisweni kwedivayisi, kusiza ukugcina ukulungiswa kwesisombululo se-potassium permanganate esifanele sokwelashwa kwendawo futhi kunciphisa ukwehluleka okuhlobene nokwakheka nokungcola kokugeza.
Ukunamathela njalo kulezi zinqubo zokuxilonga nokulungisa kusekela amasu okulungiselela ubuso obuhambisanayo, obuthembekile bokunamathisela nge-electroplating futhi kuthuthukisa indlela yokuthuthukisa amandla okunamathela ekunamathiseleni nge-electroplating. Ukufaka idatha yenqubo evela kumamitha obuningi be-inline kaLonnmeter kwenza kube lula ukulungisa amapharamitha enqubo, ekugcineni kunciphise ukwehluleka kokunamathela futhi kuqinisekiswe imiphumela efanayo kuwo wonke amaqoqo okukhiqiza.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa)
Iyini inhloso yokwelashwa nge-electroplating ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa?
Ukwelashwa kusengaphambili nge-electroplating kubalulekile ezinqubweni zangaphambi kokwelashwa komhlaba, okuhloswe ngazo ukususa ukungcola nokulungisa i-substrate ngaphambi kokufakwa kwensimbi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukususa uwoyela, amafutha, ama-oxide, kanye nezinhlayiya, ezingaphazamisa ukunamathela kanye nokumbozwa. Ukwelashwa kwangaphambili kuthuthukisa ukujiya kwendawo kanye nokusebenza kwamakhemikhali, okuvumela ukufakwa okufanayo kwengqimba ebekwe nge-electrode. Izinhlayiya ezifana nama-aluminium alloys kanye namapulasitiki aphrintiwe nge-3D zidinga izindlela zangaphambi kokwelashwa ezenzelwe wena ukuze kube nekhwalithi yokugqoka ethembekile kanye nokunciphisa amaphutha afana nama-pits noma ama-blister.
I-potassium permanganate iyithuthukisa kanjani inqubo ye-electroplating?
I-potassium permanganate yokufakelwa nge-electroplating isetshenziswa njenge-oxidizer enamandla esinyathelweni sokuhlanza. Isabela kahle ngezinsalela zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezinye izinto ezingaphili, iqinisekisa ukususwa ebusweni be-substrate. Lesi senzo se-Oxidative sakha ubuso obuhlanzekile nobusebenza ngamakhemikhali, okuholela emandleni aphezulu okunamathela ekufakweni nge-electroplating kanye nokusebenza okungcono kokumboza. Kuma-substrate ayinselele, njengalawo athambekele ekwakhekeni kwe-oxide engasebenzi, ukulungiselela isixazululo se-potassium permanganate sokwelashwa kobuso kukhulisa kakhulu ukusebenza kobuso.
Kungani ukuqapha ukugcwala kwesisombululo se-potassium permanganate kubalulekile?
Ukuhlushwa kwesisombululo se-potassium permanganate ekufakweni kwe-electroplating kumele kulawulwe ngokucophelela. Uma ukuhlushwa kwehla ngaphansi kwamazinga afanele, ukuhlanza okungaphelele kwenzeka, okuholela emandleni okunamathela abuthakathaka kanye nokwehluleka kokunamathela okungenzeka. Uma isisombululo sigxile kakhulu, ukucheba ngokweqile kungalimaza noma kugqwalise i-substrate, kubangele amaphutha. Ukuhlushwa kwesisombululo se-potassium permanganate esifanele kuqinisekisa ukususwa okungcolile okuphumelelayo futhi kugcina ubuqotho be-substrate, kuthinta ngqo ukwakheka kwebhavu lokufaka i-electroplating kanye nekhwalithi yokugcina yokumboza.
Ngingalinganisa kanjani ngokunembile ukuhlushwa kwesisombululo se-potassium permanganate?
Amalabhorethri ngokuvamile athembele ekuhlaziyweni kwe-titrimetric ukuze alinganise amazinga e-potassium permanganate. Le ndlela yamakhemikhali inquma ukuhlushwa ngokunemba okuphezulu, kodwa idla isikhathi. Ukuze kulawulwe inqubo eqhubekayo, izinzwa ezingaphakathi njenge-density noma i-viscosity metres ezivela eLonnmeter zingafakwa ngqo ebhavini le-electroplating. Lezi zihlinzeka ngokuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela kwamapharamitha angokwenyama ahlobene nokuhlushwa kwesisombululo, zisekela ukulungiswa kwenqubo okunembile kanye nokuthuthukisa umkhiqizo.
Ingabe i-potassium permanganate ingasetshenziswa nazo zonke izinsimbi ekwelashweni kwe-electroplating ngaphambi kokusebenzisa i-electroplating?
Nakuba i-potassium permanganate isebenza ezinsimbini ezahlukahlukene, ukufaneleka kwayo kuncike ekusebenzeni kwamakhemikhali kwe-substrate. Isibonelo, i-aluminium, ngokwakheka kwayo okusheshayo kwe-oxide, idinga izinyathelo zangaphambi kokwelashwa ezilungiselelwe wena; ukusetshenziswa okungafanele kungabangela ukusabela noma umonakalo ebusweni obungafuneki. Hlola ukuhambisana kwento ngayinye kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo. Izindlela zangaphambi kokwelashwa zokufaka i-electroplating kufanele zilungiswe njalo ukuze kuthuthukiswe amasu okulungiselela ubuso futhi kugwenywe imiphumela emibi ye-substrate.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba-08-2025
