I-rheology yoketshezi lokubhoboza iyisisekelo ekusebenzeni nasekuphepheni kwezinhlelo zokubhoboza udaka olusekelwe kumafutha (OBM). I-Rheology ichaza indlela udaka olugeleza ngayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene zokucindezela kanye nokushisa, okuthinta zonke izigaba zokubhoboza udaka olusekelwe kumafutha. Ukugcina i-rheology yoketshezi efanele kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthuthwa okuphumelelayo kokusika, ukuphathwa kokucindezela komgodi ophansi, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokusebenza komgodi ophansi.
Izingozi Zokulawulwa Okungalungile Kwe-Rheological
Ukwehluleka ukuqapha nokulungisa i-rheology yodaka olusekelwe ku-oyili kwandisa kakhulu izingozi zokusebenza:
- Ukungazinzi kwe-Wellbore:Ukungaqini kahle kanye nezinga lokukhiqiza kungaholela ekumisweni kabi kwezinto eziqinile, okubangela ukugoba, ukugoba, noma ukubhidlika kwezindonga zemigodi.
- Ipayipi Elinamathele:Uma amandla ejeli ephansi kakhulu, izingcezu ziyahlala, okwandisa amathuba okunamathela okuhlukile noma imicimbi yokupakisha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amandla ejeli aphezulu kakhulu noma ukuqina kwepulasitiki kuphakamisa ukucindezeleka kwephampu futhi kungaphazamisa ukunyakaza kwephayiphi, futhi kube nomthelela ezigamekweni zephayiphi elibambekile.
- Ukulahleka Kokujikeleza Kwegazi:Ibhalansi embi ye-rheological, ikakhulukazi ku-ECD ephezulu, ingaholela ekulahlekelweni kodaka kube ukuqhekeka kokwakheka. Lokhu kuyabiza, kuphazamisa inqubekela phambili yokubhoboza, futhi kwandisa ingozi yezinye izinkinga ezifana nezehlakalo zokulawula imisele.
- Ukufundwa Okungalungile Kwe-Downhole:Izinguquko ezingabalwanga ku-rheology—ngokuvamile ezivela ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa noma ekusebenzisaneni okungalindelekile nokwakheka—ziveza ukubalwa okungalungile kwe-ECD kanye nesisindo sodaka, okungase kubangele izingozi zokusebenza.
Ukulawula okusebenzayo phezuuketshezi lokubhobozai-rheology esebenzisa ukuhlaziya okuqinile kanye nempendulo yezinzwa eziqhubekayo manje iyindlela engcono kakhulu yokubhoboza i-OBM, ukunciphisa isikhathi esingasebenzi kahle, ukwehlisa amazinga ezigameko, kanye nokusekela ukwenziwa ngcono kwesistimu yodaka olusekelwe ku-oyili.
Udaka Lokubhoboza Olusekelwe Kuwoyela
*
Intuthuko Ekuqapheni Kwangempela Kwezakhiwo Zokubhoboza Ezisekelwe Kuwoyela
Imikhawulo Yokuhlolwa Kwempahla Yodaka Lwendabuko
Okusekelwe kumafutha endabukoukuhlolwa kodaka lokubhobozaIthembela kakhulu ekuthathweni kwesampula ngesandla kanye nokuhlolwa kwelebhu, okuvame ukwenziwa ngezikhathi ezihlukene. Lokhu kuhlolwa kwezigameko kusala ngemuva kwezinguquko zesikhathi sangempela ezimweni zoketshezi, kwehluleka ukubamba ukushintshashintsha okubangelwa izinga lokushisa eliphansi, ingcindezi, kanye neziguquguquko zokusebenza. Isibonelo, izilinganiso ze-rheological ezisekelwe elabhorethri zingase zingabangeli ukungqubuzana okuphezulu komngcele okubonwe oketshezini lokubhoboza olusekelwe kumafutha ngesikhathi sokuxhumana kwedayimane nedwala, okuphikisana nezinkolelo ezivamile mayelana nokugcotshwa kwendawo yonke.
Izindawo ezinomfutho ophezulu, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu (i-HPHT) ziveza lokhu kulinganiselwa. Izinhlelo zokumba udaka ezivamile ezisekelwe ku-oyili zibeka engcupheni ukwakheka koketshezi kanye nokulahlekelwa ukulawulwa kwe-rheological ngaphansi kwezimo ze-HPHT—ubuthaka obungenakubikezelwa noma buncishiswe kalula. Izinto ezintsha ezifana noketshezi lokumba oluthuthukisiwe ngama-nanoparticle zibonisa ithemba lokuzinza okuthuthukisiwe, kodwa izinzuzo zazo zingatholakala ngokugcwele kuphela ngokuhlolwa kwempahla okusheshayo noma okuqhubekayo.
Ukuhlolwa kodaka ngesandla nakho kwethula amaphutha kanye nokubambezeleka komuntu, okungaphazamisa ukwenza izinqumo ezibalulekile ngesikhathi sangempela, okungafaka engcupheni ukungasebenzi kahle kanye nokuphepha emisebenzini eyinkimbinkimbi.
Izinzuzo Zokuqapha Ngesikhathi Sangempela Ngezidingo Zanamuhla Zokubhoboza
Ukuhlaziywa kwempahla yodaka ngesikhathi sangempela kuguqula ukucutshungulwa kodaka okusekelwe ku-oyela ngokuletha izilinganiso eziqhubekayo nezizenzakalelayo njengoba uketshezi lujikeleza. Amapulatifomu okuqapha azenzakalelayo asebenzisa izinzwa ezinethiwekhi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwedatha, okuvumela impendulo esheshayo yokulungiswa kwenqubo—inzuzo ecacile ngaphezu kokubambezeleka kanye nokungaqiniseki kokuthatha amasampula ngesandla.
Izinzuzo ezibalulekile zifaka:
Ukuvimbela Izehlakalo Nokuphepha Kokudonsela Emgodini: Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kokuguquguquka koketshezi kuthola izimpawu zesixwayiso kusenesikhathi zezehlakalo ezifana nokuwa kwe-barite noma ukungazinzi koketshezi, okubalulekile ezimisweni zokuphepha kwemigodi engaphansi komhlaba emisebenzini yokubhoboza.
Ukusebenza Kokubhoboza Okulungiselelwe: Impendulo yesikhathi sangempela ithuthukisa amasu okulawula i-rheology yodaka, isekela isivinini esihle kakhulu sokukhubeka kanye nokuphathwa kwengcindezi. Lokhu kusabela kuvumela opharetha ukuthi bathuthukise ukusebenza koketshezi lokubhoboza, banciphise isikhathi esilinganiselwe, futhi bathuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokubhoboza.
Ukuhlaziya Okubikezelayo: Izinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe zihlanganisa ukulinganisa kwesikhathi sangempela nokufunda komshini ukuze kuqashelwe izinkinga zokusebenza ngaphambi kokuba zikhule, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe isikhathi esingahleliwe esingenamsebenzi kanye nengozi yemvelo.
Ukuvikelwa Kwemvelo: Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwenza kube lula ukungenelela okusheshayo uma kwenzeka ukulahleka noma ukukhishwa koketshezi okungenzeka, okuhambisana nezidingo eziqinile zokuthobela imvelo.
Isibonelo, ukuthunyelwa kwama-viscometer angaphakathi kanye nezinzwa zobuningi ezenzakalelayo emithonjeni yamanzi ajulile kuholele ekuthuthukisweni okulinganiselwe kwesilinganiso sokungena kanye nobuqotho be-wellbore iyonke. Amamodeli okubikezela, anikezwa yile datha, athuthukisa kakhulu ukuphathwa kwengcindezi ye-downhole futhi avumele ukulungiswa okunembile nokuguquguqukayo.
Izakhiwo Eziyinhloko Eziyinhloko Zokulinganisa Ku-inthanethi: Ukuqina, Ubuningi, Izinga Lokushisa
Ukuthamba
Ukulinganiswa kwe-viscosity yesikhathi sangempela kuyisisekelo se-rheology yoketshezi lokubhoboza olufanele, ukuqina kwe-wellbore, kanye nokugcotshwa kwe-drillstring.Ama-viscometer adlidlizayo angaphakathi, efakwe ezindaweni ezihlelekile ngaphakathi kohlelo lodaka olusekelwe ku-oyela, ilandelela njalo i-viscosity futhi ivumela ukulungiswa okuhambayo ukuze kugcinwe amaphrofayili aqondiwe. Kodwa-ke, ukulinganisa kungavinjelwa ukudlidliza kwamapayipi kanye nokushaya kwephampu; ukucubungula isignali okuthuthukisiwe (isb., ukubola kwemodi ye-empirical) manje sekusetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa umsindo nedatha yangempela ye-viscosity yoketshezi. Izicelo ekubuyiseleni ukushisa zigcizelela kakhulu inani lokulawula i-viscosity eqinile, okuthinta ngqo ukusebenza kahle kokubuyisela.
Ubuningi
Ukuqapha njalo ukuminyana kodaka kubalulekile ekufakweni kodaka emgodini ongaphansi komhlabaukuphathwa kwengcindezikanye nokulawula umthombo. Ithuluzi elifana nemitha yobuningi eqondile linikeza ukufundwa kobuningi obungayeki, lisekela ukulungiswa kwe-hydraulic kanye nokutholakala kusenesikhathi kwezinkinga zobuningi boketshezi. Lawa mathuluzi azenzakalelayo anciphisa amaphutha okulinganisa ngesandla, athuthukisa ukuphepha, futhi anegalelo ekwenzeni ngcono uhlelo lodaka olusekelwe kumafutha.
Izinga lokushisa
Ukufundwa kwezinga lokushisa lodaka okunembile, okuqoqwe yiisitifiketitempinkathiuhlakaabathumeli, kuthonya ukuguquguquka koketshezi, ukuziphatha kwe-rheological, kanye nokusebenzisana kwamakhemikhali angaphansi kwemigodi. Ukuqapha izinga lokushisa ngesikhathi sangempela kubalulekile ukuze kulungiswe kahle izithasiselo zoketshezi lokumba uwoyela kanye nokuphatha ukuzinza kwemigodi, ikakhulukazi emithonjeni ye-HPHT. Idatha enembile yokushisa iphinde isekele ukuthunyelwa kanye nokuhlolwa kokusebenza kwezithasiselo zoketshezi lokumba ezithuthukisiwe zodaka olusekelwe ku-oyela ngaphansi kwezimiso zokushisa eziguquguqukayo.
Lobu buchwepheshe buthuthukisa ndawonye ukuqapha udaka ngesikhathi sangempela kusuka ekuphenduleni kuya emkhakheni wokuqapha—osekela ngqo ukuphepha kokusebenza, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokusebenza kokumba okusekelwe ku-oyela kwesimanje.
Ama-Viscometer Angaphakathi Komugqa: Ubuchwepheshe Obusebenzayo
Izimiso Zokusebenza Zama-Viscometer Angaphakathi Komugqa Odakeni Olusekelwe Kuwoyela
Ama-viscometer okudlidliza angaphakathi anquma i-viscometer ngokubona izinguquko entweni edlidlizayo—ngokuvamile induku—ecwiliswa ngqo kuketshezi lokubhoboza olusekelwe ku-oyela. Njengoba inzwa ye-viscometer idlidliza ngemvamisa ethile, ukumelana okuqinile koketshezi kumanzisa ukudlidliza. Lo mphumela wokudambisa ushintsha kokubili ubukhulu kanye nemvamisa yokudlidliza, kanye nobukhulu boshintsho obuhambisana ngqo ne-viscometer yoketshezi. Ekubhobozeni udaka olusekelwe ku-oyela, lawa mathuluzi aklanyelwe ukumelana nezimo ezinzima, zokucindezela okuphezulu, kanye nezimo zokushisa okuphezulu. Imiklamo yesimanje ilinganisa ngokuguquguqukayo, ikhokhela i-rheology engeyona i-Newtonian ejwayelekile yezinhlelo zokubhoboza udaka olusekelwe ku-oyela, okuvumela ukuqapha udaka okunembile kwesikhathi sangempela kwe-viscoster ebonakalayo, yepulasitiki, kanye ne-dynamic kuwo wonke amazinga okusika aguquguqukayo. Lokhu kusekela ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela kwezakhiwo zoketshezi oluyinhloko ezibalulekile ekuphathweni kwengcindezi ye-downhole futhi kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokusebenza kwe-downhole ngokunikeza ukuhlaziywa okusheshayo kwamasu okulawula i-rheology yodaka.
Ukuqhathaniswa Nezinye Izindlela Zokulinganisa Ukuthambekela Okungaphakathi Nokungaxhunyiwe Ku-inthanethi
Ama-viscometer adlidlizayo anikeza izinzuzo eziyingqayizivele kunezindlela zendabuko ezingaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi kanye nezindlela ezihlukile zokuqapha i-rheology yoketshezi lokubhoboza:
- Ama-Viscometer ajikelezayo:Amadivayisi okujikeleza asekelwe elabhorethri noma aphathekayo alinganisa i-viscosity nge-torque edingekayo ukuze kujikeleziswe i-spindle oketshezini. Nakuba ejwayelekile ekucubungulweni kodaka olusekelwe kumafutha, lawa aletha imiphumela ebambezelekile, adinga ukusampula ngesandla, futhi angase abe namaphutha omsebenzisi, okuphazamisa ukulungiswa kwenqubo ngokushesha.
- Ama-Ultrasonic Viscometer:Thembela ezinguqukweni zokusabalala kwamagagasi e-acoustic ukuze unqume i-viscosity, kodwa ungalahlekelwa ukuzwela ngenxa yokucindezela okuphezulu kanye nokuqukethwe kwezinhlayiya ezivamile ezinhlelweni zodaka olusekelwe kumafutha.
- Ama-Viscometer epayipi (ama-Capillary):Izinhlelo ezisekelwe ekugelezeni zinganikeza ukuqonda kwesikhathi sangempela kodwa ngokuvamile aziqinile kakhulu uma kukhona izinto eziqinile, futhi zingase zingasabeli ngokushesha ezimweni zokugeleza ezishintshayo.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ama-viscometer ashukumisayo asemgqeni ahlinzeka ngokulinganisa okuqhubekayo, okuzenzakalelayo ngqo emfudlaneni wenqubo. Ukuzwela kwawo okuphezulu kanye nesivinini sokusabela kwenza kube lula ukubona ngokushesha ukuguquguquka kwe-viscosity, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokubhoboza kanye nokwenza uhlelo lodaka olusekelwe ku-oyili lube ngcono ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukusebenza. Lezi zici zenza ama-viscometer ashukumisayo afaneleke kakhulu ezindaweni zokubhoboza ezidinga kakhulu lapho ukugcina ukuguquguquka koketshezi okufanele kuyimfuneko kokubili ekusebenzeni kahle kanye nezinqubo zokuphepha ezingaphansi kokubhoboza.
Ukufakwa OkubalulekileEzinhlelweni Zodaka Ezisekelwe Kuwoyela
Ukubekwa kahle kwama-viscometer okudlidliza emgqeni ngaphakathi kohlelo lokujikeleza koketshezi lokubhoboza kubalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza koketshezi lokubhoboza futhi kuvunyelwe ukuhlaziywa kwezakhiwo zodaka okunembile, kwesikhathi sangempela.
Izinketho Zokubeka Okubalulekile:
- Emigqeni Yesistimu Yokujikeleza:Ukufaka i-viscometer ku-recirculation loop eyinhloko noma imigqa ye-bypass kuvumela ukuqapha udaka njengoba lusakazwa ngenkuthalo. Ukubeka izinzwa ezansi komfula kusuka emathangini odaka noma ngemuva kwezindawo zokuxuba kunikeza impendulo esheshayo ngomthelela wezithasiselo zoketshezi lokubhoboza, okusekela ukulungiswa kwenqubo okusheshayo.
- Ezindaweni Zokugcina Udaka noma Eziphepheni Zokupholisa:Lokhu kubekwa kunikeza umbono ophelele wezakhiwo zodaka ngaphambi nangemva kokulungiswa kabusha kodwa kungase kubambezele ukuqashelwa kwezinguquko zenqubo esheshayo ezenzeka uma uketshezi lungena ohlelweni olusebenzayo.
- Izindawo Zokufaka Injection Eziseduze:Ukubeka eduze kwezindawo zokungena zepompo noma ngaphambi nje kokuba udaka lungene emgodini womthombo kuqinisekisa ukubaluleka kwedatha yezimo zemigodi engaphansi komhlaba, okubalulekile ekugcineni ukuqapha ukuguquguquka koketshezi emisebenzini yokubhoboza kanye nezinqubo zokuphepha kwemigodi engaphansi komhlaba.
Ukuvikela Ithuluzi Ezintweni Eziqinile Nezingcolile:
Udaka lokubhoboza olusekelwe ku-oyili luthwala izinto eziqinile njengezisindo kanye nezicucu ezibhoboziwe, okungaphazamisa ukunemba kwenzwa kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside. Amasu okuvikela asebenzayo afaka:
- Ukuhlunga Okuphezulu:Ukufaka izikrini noma izakhi zokuhlunga ngaphambi kokuba i-viscometer ivimbele izinto ezinkulu eziqinile ukuthi zingaxhumani nenzwa ezwelayo.
- Ukufakwa kwe-Bypass Loop:Ukuhambisa udaka eceleni ngendlela ehlungiwe kuqinisekisa ukuthi amasampula amelela kodwa awahlukumezi kakhulu, okwandisa isikhathi sokuphila kwethuluzi.
- Izici Zokuzihlanza Zenzwa:Amanye ama-viscometer ashukumisayo afaka ukuhlanza okuzenzakalelayo noma ukuhlanza endaweni ukuze kuvinjelwe ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana.
- Ukuqapha Okuzenzakalelayo Nokungadingekile:Ukuhlanganiswa nezibalo zezinhlayiya noma ukuxilongwa kwesimo kwenza kube lula ukubona ukungcola kusenesikhathi, ukuvikela imishini nokunciphisa isikhathi esingasebenzi kahle.
Lezi zinyathelo zokuzivumelanisa nezimo, uma zihlanganiswa nokubekwa kwenzwa okuhle kakhulu, zisiza ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuqinile kwe-inline viscometry ngaphakathi kwendawo eguquguqukayo yokumba udaka olusekelwe ku-oyela, ekugcineni kuthuthukise ukusebenza kwezithasiselo zoketshezi lokumba kanye nokusekela ukwenziwa ngcono kohlelo lodaka olusekelwe ku-oyela oluqhutshwa idatha.
Isifinyezo sohlelo lokujikeleza koketshezi lokubhoboza emthonjeni kawoyela.
*
Ukuhlanganisa Izinzwa Zokugoba Okungaphakathi Nokujiya Ezinhlelweni Zokujikeleza Kodaka
Ukuphathwa kodaka lokumba olusekelwe ku-oyela okuphumelelayo kuncike ekuqapheni okunembile ngesikhathi sangempela kokubili ukujiya kanye nobuningi. Ukuhlanganisa izinzwa eziqondile zalezi zakhiwo ngaphakathi kwezihibe zokujikeleza kodaka kuguqula indlela opharetha abalawula ngayo i-rheology yoketshezi lokumba futhi bathuthukise ukusebenza koketshezi lokumba.
Ukwakhiwa Kwesistimu Kwezinzwa Zokushumeka
Izinhlelo zodaka ezivamile ezisekelwe ku-oyela zijikeleza uketshezi oluvela emathangini angaphezulu, ngamaphampu, phansi ngentambo yokubhoboza, bese zibuyisela emuva i-wellbor ziye emishinini yokuhlukanisa ubuso. Ama-viscometer ashukumisayo angaphakathi kanye namamitha obuningi angafakwa ezindaweni eziningana ezibalulekile:
- Ithangi lokuxuba ngemva kokuxubaukufakwa kuqinisekisa ukuthi izilinganiso zibonisa ukwakheka okusanda kuhlanganiswa, okubamba umthelela wezithasiselo ezintsha zoketshezi lokumba uwoyela noma izinguquko kokuqukethwe kwezinto eziqinile.
- Ukubekwa komugqa wokumunca (ngaphambi kwamaphampu odaka)Kunconywa kakhulu, njengoba le ndawo ithatha amasampula oketshezi oluya emgodini ophansi, ihlinzeka ngemininingwane efanelekile yokusebenza. Iphinde igweme ithonya lemishini yokususa igesi kanye neyokuhlukanisa izinto eziqinile, okungaphazamisa izilinganiso.
- Imigqa yokugeleza kokubuyaingasetshenziselwa ukuqapha uketshezi olubuya emgodini ongaphansi komhlaba, inikeze iluphu yempendulo ekusebenzisaneni koketshezi olungaphansi komhlaba kanye nokuthuthwa kwezicucu.
Ukufakwa okusebenzayo kuhilela ukusebenzisa izikhonkwane ezinomfutho ophezulu, ezingamelani namakhemikhali zezinzwa, ezinezintambo eziqinile kanye nezixhumi zedatha ezifanele izimo zensimu kawoyela. Amaphakheji ezinzwa eziguquguqukayo angasiza ekususweni nasekugcinweni ngokushesha, okubalulekile ekusebenzeni okuqhubekayo.
Ukuvumelanisa Idatha Evela Kuma-Viscometer Namamitha Obuningi
Ukuqapha udaka ngesikhathi sangempela akuxhomekile nje ekulinganisweni okunembile, kodwa futhi nasekuvumelaniseni imifudlana yedatha evela ezinzwa eziningi. Amasu okulawula i-rheology yodaka yesimanje asebenzisa amasethi edatha ahambisana nesikhathi ukuze akhiqize ukuhlaziywa okuphelele kwempahla yodaka ngesikhathi sangempela.
- Amanethiwekhi ezinzwahlanganisa ama-viscometer kanye namamitha obuningi nezinhlelo zokulawula zokuphatha, njenge-SCADA, ngokusebenzisa amaphrothokholi edatha ahlanganisiwe (isb., i-MODBUS, i-OPC-UA).
- Ukuvumelanisa okuzenzakalelayoingasebenzisa isitembu sesikhathi esiqondile ezingeni lenzwa, ivumelanise ukufundwa ngaphakathi kwama-millisecond—isidingo lapho izakhiwo zoketshezi zingashintsha ngokushesha ngenxa yezithasiselo ezintsha zoketshezi lokubhoboza noma izehlakalo eziphuthumayo zokwehla.
- Izibonelo:Ukuhlolwa kwelebhu kanye nokuhlolwa kwensimu kubonisa ukuthi ama-viscometer epayipi eliyindilinga kanye namamitha obuningi obungaphakathi, uma kuvumelaniswa, ahlinzeka ngedatha esebenzayo, esebenzisekayo kokubili ukuphathwa kwengcindezi engaphezulu kanye nephansi. Isibonelo, amapulatifomu asekelwe kunethiwekhi ye-neural njenge-SENSE ahlaziya idatha yenzwa evumelaniswe nesikhathi ukuze abikezele ukujiya kwefilimu kawoyela futhi aqinisekise ukuthambisa okufanele, okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokubhoboza.
Abaqhubi bathembela kakhulu kuma-algorithms okuhlanganisa idatha noma amadeshibhodi esikhathi sangempela ukuze babone futhi bathathe isinyathelo ngezitayela ezivumelanisiwe zokwenza ngcono ukucubungula udaka olusekelwe ku-oyili. Lokhu kusekela ukulungiswa okusebenzayo ekwakhiweni, okuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwemisebenzi ye-downhole.
Ukuqinisekisa Ukuthembeka Ezindaweni Ezinzima Zensimu Kawoyela
Ukugcina ubuqotho bedatha ephezulu endaweni enolaka yokubhoboza udaka olusekelwe ku-oyili kudinga izinzwa ezinemiklamo eqinile yemishini, kagesi, kanye neyamakhemikhali:
- Izindlu eziqinile:Abakhiqizi bezinzwa basebenzisa izinto ezivaliwe, ezingagqwali njengensimbi engagqwali noma i-titanium, ezimelana nokwakheka kodaka olukhuhlayo, olushisa kakhulu, nolunamandla amakhemikhali.
- Ukuphathwa kokushisa:Izindlela zokupholisa ezingasebenzi nezisebenzayo, kanye nokugcwaliswa kwamafutha e-dielectric, kusiza ukuvikela ama-elekthronikhi abucayi emazingeni okushisa aphezulu odaka. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuza nokushintshana okungenzeka, njengengozi yokubanda kokugcwalisa uwoyela noma ukuwohloka kokushisa ebangeni eliphezulu lokusebenza kwesistimu yodaka.
- Ukufakwa kwe-capsulation kanye nokwehlukaniswa kwemishini:Izinzwa ezifakwe endaweni kawoyela njengalezo ezisesimisweni se-eRTIS zisebenzisa ama-elekthronikhi ahlanganisiwe kanye nama-diaphragm okuzihlukanisa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukushaqeka komshini, ukudlidliza, kanye nokungena kwezingxenye zoketshezi lokubhoboza.
- Ukutholwa kwamaphutha okuhlakaniphile:Amayunithi athuthukile afaka ama-accelerometer kanye nemikhuba yokuzihlola; amasu okufunda komshini angabona futhi avimbele ukwehluleka kwezinzwa endaweni ethile, noma ngabe afakwe ezindaweni ezinzima njengamathangi odaka noma ngqo emigqeni yokugeleza.
Izinhlelo ezivivinywe ensimini zibika ukusebenza okuthembekile kwesikhathi eside ngaphansi kwezimo zokudlidliza okuphezulu, ingcindezi eguquguqukayo, kanye nokuchayeka kwamakhemikhali okuhlukahlukene, njengoba kubhaliwe ngamathuluzi afana nama-viscometer e-Rheonics inline kanye namamitha obuningi. Ukwakheka kwesistimu efanele—ukumboza ukubekwa kwenzwa, ukufakwa, ukuvikelwa kwekhebula, kanye nokutholwa kwedatha—kuthonya ngqo ukuthembeka kokulinganisa futhi, ngokwengeziwe, ikhono lokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwesistimu yodaka lokubhoboza.
Ukuhlanganiswa okufanele kwezinzwa kwakha umgogodla wokwenziwa ngcono kohlelo lodaka olusekelwe ku-oyili yedijithali, okuvumela abaqhubi ukuthi baqaphe izakhiwo zoketshezi oluyinhloko ngesikhathi sangempela futhi baphendule ngokushesha ngokuphepha kwe-downhole kanye nokusebenza kahle.
Ukuqapha Udaka Ngesikhathi Sangempela: Umthelela Ekuphathweni Kokucindezela Kwemigodi Ephansi kanye Nokusebenza Kahle Kokubhoboza
Ukuxhumana Okuqondile Phakathi Kwe-Fluid Rheology kanye Nokuphathwa Kokucindezela Kwe-Downhole
I-rheology yodaka lokubhoboza olusekelwe ku-oyili ibumba ngqo ukuphathwa kwengcindezi ye-downhole ngethonya layo kumapharamitha afana ne-viscosity yepulasitiki kanye ne-yield point. I-viscosity yepulasitiki ibonisa ukumelana okubangelwa yizinto eziqinile ezimisiwe kanye nokungqubuzana koketshezi, okunquma ukuthi udaka luhamba kalula kangakanani emgodini womthombo ngaphansi kwengcindezi. I-yield point, ukucindezeleka kokuqala okudingekayo ukuqala ukugeleza koketshezi, ilawula ukuthi udaka lungakwazi yini ukuthwala kahle izingcezu.
Ukulungiswa kwezithasiselo zoketshezi lokubhoboza uwoyela, njenge-polymer ye-PAC_UL noma izitashi eziguquliwe ze-CMITS, kwandisa iphuzu lokukhiqiza kanye ne-viscosity yepulasitiki. Lezi zinguquko ziphakamisa i-equivalent circulating density (ECD), i-effective density yodaka olujikelezayo, olulawula ukucindezela kwe-hydraulic kwe-downhole. Ukulungiswa okufanele kwe-ECD kubalulekile—amanani aphezulu athuthukisa ukuhlanzwa kwemigodi kodwa, uma kuningi, kungaphula ukwakheka noma kuholele ekulahlekelweni kokujikeleza kwegazi. Ngakho-ke, ukulawula okuqinile kwe-rheology yoketshezi lokubhoboza kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokusebenza kwemigodi kanye nobuqotho be-wellbore.
Indlela Ukulinganisa Okuqondile Okukuthuthukisa Ngayo Ukuqapha Kwesikhathi Sangempela Kwezakhiwo Ze-Core Fluid
Ukuhlolwa kodaka kwendabuko, okulinganiselwe ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi okuvame ukubambezeleka ngezikhathi zokulinda kwelebhu, kungaphuthelwa ukushintsha okungazelelwe kokuziphatha kohlelo lodaka olusekelwe ku-oyili. Amasu okulawula i-rheology yodaka olusemgceni, ikakhulukazi ukusetshenziswa kwama-viscometer okudlidliza asemgqeni, manje avumela ukuqapha udaka ngesikhathi sangempela.
Lezi zinzwa zingafakwa ngendlela efanele ezindaweni ezibalulekile ezinhlelweni zodaka ezisekelwe ku-oyela, njengemigqa yokubuyisela kanye namathangi okuxuba. Ngokuthatha amasampula asheshayo, avame kakhulu, opharetha basensimini babona ngokushesha izitayela zokwakheka koketshezi lokubhoboza, njengokushintsha kwe-viscosity exhunywe ezithasiselweni ezintsha zoketshezi lokubhoboza uwoyela noma ukuguquguquka komthwalo wokusika.
Ngokuletha ulwazi olusheshayo nolusebenzayo, ukulinganisa okuqondile kusekela ukwenziwa ngcono kwesistimu yodaka olusekelwe ku-oyili, kugcina ukuguquguquka koketshezi oluqondiwe, futhi kuvumela ukulungiswa ngesikhathi sangempela njengoba izimo zokubhoboza zishintsha. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukusebenza koketshezi kodwa futhi kuhambisana kahle nezinqubo zokuphepha ezingaphansi kwembobo ekubhobozeni.
Ukutholwa Nokulungiswa Okusheshayo: Ukunciphisa Izingozi Nesikhathi Esingasebenzi
Ukuhlaziywa kwempahla yodaka okusheshayo nokunembile ngesikhathi sangempela kuvumela abaqhubi ukuthi babone ukungalingani kwempahla yoketshezi ngesikhathi zenzeka. Izinzwa eziqondile zithola ukwanda okuncane kokuxinana noma ukuqongelela kwe-ECD signaling cuttings, ukungena, noma ukucindezeleka kokwakheka okushintshashintshayo. Abasebenzi basensimini bangashintsha ngokushesha ukwakheka kodaka—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuxutshwa, ukuthuthukisa izithasiselo zoketshezi zokubhoboza udaka olusekelwe ku-oyili, noma ukulungisa amazinga okupompa—ukuze bagweme izimo eziyingozi njengokungazinzi kwe-wellbore, ipayipi elinamathele, noma ukulahleka kokujikeleza kwegazi.
Ukusebenza kahle kokubhoboza nakho kuyakhuphuka ngezinqumo eziqhutshwa idatha. Impendulo yesikhathi sangempela isekela ukubalwa kwama-hydraulic okufaka izinga lokushisa langempela kanye nengcindezi, okugwema amaphutha avamile ekubikezelweni kwengcindezi yephampu okuvame ukuphuthelwa yizindlela ze-API. Ukuqapha uhlelo lodaka oluhlanganisiwe—kusetshenziswaLonnwahlanganaer dili-lini-gfi-luid i-viscomi-eteremigqeni yokubuya—ikhomba izingozi ezifana nokungena kwegesi nomaukulahlekelwa uketshezingaphambi kokuba kuvele izinkinga ezinkulu, okunika amandla amaqembu ukuthi aphendule ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Ngamafuphi, ukuqapha udaka ngesikhathi sangempela kusetshenziswa ama-viscometer angaphakathi kanye nama-analyzer kuguqula ngokuyisisekelo ukuqapha kwe-fluid dynamics ekusebenzeni kokubhoboza. Ngokuqinisekisa i-rheology efanele yodaka kanye nekhono lokulungisa ngokushesha, abaqhubi bathola ukuphathwa okuthuthukisiwe kwengcindezi ye-downhole, ingozi encishisiwe, ukuxazulula izinkinga ngokushesha, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokubhoboza okukhulu.
Ukuthuthukisa Ukucubungula Udaka Olusekelwe Kuwoyela kanye Nokuphathwa Kokwengezwa
Impendulo Yesikhathi Sangempela Ekuhambeni Komsebenzi Wokucubungula Udaka Olusekelwe Kuwoyela
Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha udaka ngesikhathi sangempela kwenza kube lula ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo kwezakhiwo zodaka lokumba olusekelwe ku-oyela. Ama-viscometer angaphakathi komugqa kanye nezinhlelo ze-viscometer zamapayipi ezenzakalelayo zilandelela amapharamitha e-rheology yoketshezi lokumba—njenge-viscosity kanye nephuzu lokukhiqiza—ngqo ngaphakathi kokujikeleza kokucubungula udaka olusekelwe ku-oyela, kususa ukubambezeleka okuhlupha izindlela ezenziwe ngesandla. Lezi zinzwa zinikeza impendulo esheshayo futhi zivumela ukutholakala okusheshayo kokuphambuka ekuziphatheni kodaka, njengokwehla okungazelelwe kwe-viscosity noma izinguquko ezihlobene nokuncibilika noma ukungcola.
Amamodeli okufunda komshini angafakwa kulo msebenzi ukuze abikezele ukufundwa kwe-viscometer ejwayelekile kanye namanye amanani e-rheological kusuka kudatha yesenzwa yesikhathi sangempela. Lawa mamodeli aveza ukuhlaziya okuthembekile ukusekela izinqumo ezibalulekile ekuphathweni kwempahla yodaka, athuthukise ikhono lokwenza ngcono ukusebenza koketshezi lokubhoboza futhi athuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokubhoboza. Isibonelo, isignali engazelelwe evela ku-viscometer ingabangela isincomo sokulungisa izithasiselo noma ukuguqula amazinga epompo, ukuqinisekisa ukuphathwa kwengcindezi yokubhoboza kanye nokuqinisa ukuphepha kwemisebenzi yokubhoboza.
Ukulungisa Izithasiselo Zokubhoboza Udoti Ukuze Kuthuthukiswe Ukulawulwa Kokusebenza Kodaka
Ukulawulwa okuguquguqukayo kwezithasiselo zoketshezi lokubhoboza uwoyela kuncike kudatha yesikhathi sangempela. Izinhlelo zokulinganisa ezizenzakalelayo zisebenzisa okokufaka kwenzwa ukulawula ukwethulwa kwama-viscosifier, ama-ejenti okulahlekelwa uketshezi, ama-emulsifier, kanye nama-shale inhibitors. Lapho ukufundwa kwe-viscosity kungaphandle kwebanga eliqondiwe, iyunithi yokulinganisa ingandisa ukulethwa kobumba lwe-organophilic noma ama-polymer amphipathic - ukuwafaka ngqo ukuze kubuyiselwe ukuzinza kwe-rheological.
Intuthuko yakamuva ifaka phakathi nezinhlobo ezintsha zezithako—njenge-nanocomposite agents noma ama-polymer asekelwe ku-β-cyclodextrin—abonisa ukuzinza kokushisa kanye nokulawulwa kokulahlekelwa uketshezi okuthuthukisiwe ezindaweni ze-HPHT. Isibonelo, lapho kutholwa ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi, uhlelo lungashintsha ngokuzenzakalelayo isilinganiso sama-polymer ahlanganisayo ukuze kube nokuzinza okuqinile kwe-wellbore.
Ama-emulsifier aphuphu, okuhlanganisa nalawo enziwe ngezitsha zokudla ezithathwe emfucumfucwini, anikeza ukuzinza okungcono kweshelufu kanye nokulula kokuhlanganiswa kune-emulsifiers yoketshezi yendabuko. Ukufakwa kwawo kwenza kube lula ukuphathwa okungeziwe futhi kusekela imizamo yokuzinza. Isibonelo: ukushintsha kwempahla ngesikhathi sangempela kushukumisela uhlelo ukuthi luxube i-emulsifier ethile ukuze kugcinwe isakhiwo esifanele se-emulsion ohlelweni lodaka olusekelwe kumafutha.
Ukulungisa Ukwakheka Kodaka Ngesikhathi Esindizayo
Ukugeleza kwedatha okuqhubekayo kusuka ekulobeni udaka lwedijithali, ukuhlaziywa kokusika, kanye nezinzwa zomphezulu kudla kumapulatifomu okulawula okuzenzakalelayo. Lezi zinhlelo zihlaziya izitayela ngokumelene nezisekelo zomlando kanye namamodeli okubikezela ukuze zincome—noma zisebenzise ngqo—izinguquko zokwakheka kodaka. Isibonelo, njengoba izimo zemigodi zishintsha, uhlelo lunganciphisa inani le-ejenti yokulahlekelwa uketshezi futhi lwandise ukuhlushwa kokuguqula i-viscosity, konke ngaphandle kokumisa imisebenzi.
Lokhu kuzivumelanisa nezimo okuguquguqukayo kubalulekile emithonjeni eyinkimbinkimbi, kufaka phakathi izimo ze-HPHT kanye ne-ERD, lapho ifasitela lokuphathwa kwengcindezi yembobo ephansi lincane. Ukulungiswa kungenziwa ngokushesha ngenxa yomthwalo wokusika, ukungena kwegesi, noma izinguquko ekucindezelweni kwe-annular, kunciphisa isikhathi esingenzi lutho futhi kunciphisa ingozi. Ngokuhlanganiswa kokufunda komshini kokuhlaziywa kwempahla yodaka ngesikhathi sangempela, i-feedback loop iyaqina, ihlinzeka ngezindlela ezisebenzayo zokwenza ngcono uhlelo lodaka olusekelwe ku-oyili ngesivinini sokushintsha kokubhoboza.
Isibonelo sensimu esisebenzayo: Emthonjeni wamanzi ajulile, i-viscometer yokudlidliza emugqeni ibona ukwanda kwe-viscosifier ngenxa yokwakheka okupholile. I-algorithm yokulawula ezenzakalelayo iyala ukufakwa kwe-viscosifier okuncishisiwe kanye nokwenyuka okuncane komthamo we-emulsifier yokwenziwa, okwenza uhlelo lube ngcono ukuze kugeleze futhi kuncishiswe ingozi yepayipi elibambekile. Lokhu kungenelela okusheshayo, okwenziwe kwaba nokwenzeka ngokuhlaziya okuhlanganisiwe kanye nokwenza okuzenzakalelayo, kusebenza njengesisekelo sezinhlelo zoketshezi zokubhoboza ezizimele zesikhathi esizayo.
imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
Umbuzo 1. Ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kwe-rheology yoketshezi lokubhoboza kuthuthukisa kanjani ukusebenza kahle kokubhoboza udaka olusekelwe kumafutha?
Ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kwe-rheology yoketshezi lokubhoboza olusekelwe ku-oyela kuvumela ukutholakala ngokushesha kokushintsha kwe-viscosity kanye nokungalingani. Izinzwa ezizenzakalelayo namamodeli okubikezela ahlala elinganisa izakhiwo ezifana ne-viscosity, iphuzu lokukhiqiza, kanye nobuningi endaweni yokugaya. Abaqhubi bangalungisa ngokushesha amapharamitha okubhoboza—njengamazinga okupompa udaka noma imithamo eyengeziwe—ukunciphisa isikhathi esingekhiqizi (i-NPT) nokunciphisa ingozi yokungazinzi kwe-wellbore. Le ndlela yokulawula i-rheology yodaka olusebenzayo ivimbela izinkinga ezifana nokuwa kwe-barite kanye nokwehluleka kokulawula ukuhlunga, okwenza ngcono ukusebenza koketshezi lokubhoboza, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinengcindezi ephezulu, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu (i-HPHT). Izifundo zakamuva zamacala ekubhobozeni udaka olusekelwe ku-oyela olujulile zibonise ukuthuthuka okukhulu ekusebenzeni kahle nasekuphepheni, okubangelwa ngqo izinhlelo zokuqapha udaka lwesikhathi sangempela.
Umbuzo 2. Yiziphi izinzuzo zama-viscometer adlidlizayo angaphakathi komugqa kunokulinganisa i-viscosity ngesandla ekuphathweni koketshezi lokubhoboza olusekelwe ku-oyili?
Ama-viscometer ashukumisayo asemgqeni anikeza ukuhlaziywa okuqhubekayo, kwesikhathi sangempela, ngokungafani nokuhlolwa kwe-viscometer ngesandla kusetshenziswa ama-Marsh funnels noma ama-viscometer e-capillary, ahlala isikhathi esithile futhi ebambezeleka. Lawa masensa anikeza impendulo eqondile ngaphandle kokuthatha amasampula ngesandla, okunciphisa umthelela wephutha lomuntu futhi kuqinisekiswe ukulungiswa okusheshayo kokwakheka kodaka noma izithasiselo zoketshezi lokubhoboza uwoyela. Ama-viscometer ashukumisayo aklanyelwe ukuqina kokucubungula udaka olusekelwe ku-oyela, kufaka phakathi izimo ze-HPHT, futhi adinga ukulungiswa okuncane ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezingxenye ezihambayo. Ukufakwa kwensimu emithonjeni ejulile kakhulu kuqinisekisa ukuqina nokunemba kwawo okuphezulu, okwenza kube amathuluzi abalulekile okufaka ama-viscometer ezinhlelweni zoketshezi lokubhoboza kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokusebenza.
Umbuzo 3. Kufanele zifakwe kuphi izinzwa ezingaphakathi kwemigqa ezinhlelweni zodaka olusekelwe ku-oyili ukuze kulinganiswe kahle izakhiwo zodaka?
Ukufakwa okuhle kakhulu ezinhlelweni zodaka olusekelwe ku-oyela kufaka phakathi amaphampu odaka ngemva kokudaka, ekubuyiselweni kwezihluthulelo (isb., izinhlelo zokuhlanza udaka ngemva kokudaka), kanye nama-shale shakers ngokushesha. Leli cebo libamba amasampula odaka amele, okuvumela ukuqapha okuphelele kwe-rheology yodaka kanye nobuningi ngenkathi kuvikelwa izinsimbi ezintweni eziqinile ezihuzukayo kanye nokuguguleka ngokweqile. Ukuhlanganiswa nezinzwa ze-acoustic kanye nobuningi kulezi zindawo kuqinisa ukuqapha kwe-fluid dynamics emisebenzini yokubhoboza futhi kusekela izinqubo zokuphepha ezisebenzayo ekubhobozeni. E-Permian Basin, ukuthunyelwa kwezinzwa ezihlakaniphile kunciphise izindleko zokuloba futhi kwathuthukisa ukubhoboza ezindaweni ezibalulekile eziqondiwe.
Umbuzo 4. Iyiphi indima edlalwa yizithasiselo zoketshezi lokumba uwoyela ekuqapheni udaka ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza?
Izithasiselo zoketshezi lokumba uwoyela—njengezi-emulsifiers, ama-weighting agents, kanye neziguquli ze-rheology—zibalulekile ekuhleleni i-rheology, ukuzinza, kanye nobuningi bodaka lokumba olusekelwe ku-oyela. Ukuhlaziywa kwempahla yodaka ngesikhathi sangempela kuqondisa opharetha ekulungiseni izithasiselo ngokuguquguqukayo ukuze baphendule ezinguqukweni ezibonwe ku-viscosity, ubuningi, noma izinga lokushisa. Izinhlelo zokumodela ezibikezelayo zihumusha idatha yezinzwa, zivumela ukuzivumelanisa okusheshayo komthamo wokwengeza ekucutshungulweni kodaka olusekelwe ku-oyela. Le ndlela ezenzakalelayo igcina ukuzinza kwe-wellbore, ilawula ingcindezi ye-downhole, futhi ivimbela izehlakalo ezifana nokulahleka kokujikeleza kwegazi, ukugoba kwe-barite, noma ukukhahlela, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kokumba kanye nemingcele yokuphepha.
Umbuzo 5. Ukulawulwa kwe-viscosity kanye nobuningi obungaphakathi kwe-inline kusiza kanjani ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokusebenza kwe-downhole?
Ukulawulwa okuqhubekayo kwe-viscosity kanye nokuxinana kugcina izakhiwo ezibalulekile zoketshezi lokubhoboza ngaphakathi kwemingcele ephephile ngaso sonke isikhathi. Impendulo yesikhathi sangempela evela ezinzwa ivumela impendulo esheshayo ekuphambukeni okubangelwa ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, ukulahlekelwa koketshezi, noma ukungcola.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-11-2025
