Ukulinganisa ubuningi obunembile nobuqhubekayo kubalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwe-naphtha kanye nokusebenza kwe-ethylene cracker—kubonisa izakhiwo ze-feedstock (ukwakheka kwe-hydrocarbon, okuqukethwe kwe-sulfur, njll.), kuqondisa ukulungiswa kwenqubo ngesikhathi sangempela (izinga lokushisa lesithando/isikhathi sokuhlala), kunciphisa izingozi ezingacacisiwe, kunciphisa ukufakwa kwe-fouling/coke, futhi kusekela ukuhambisana nokusebenza kahle kwesitshalo se-petrochemical, ngamathuluzi angaphakathi afana nama-densitometer e-oscillating tube kanye nesinxephezelo sokushisa/ingcindezi esiqinisekisa ukuthembeka.
Ukubuka Konke Kwezinqubo Zokukhiqiza I-Naphtha kanye Nokuqhekeka Kwe-Ethylene
Inqubo yokukhiqiza i-naphtha yakha isisekelo somkhakha wesimanje wamakhemikhali kaphethiloli. I-Naphtha, ingxube ye-hydrocarbon eguquguqukayo esukela ku-C5 kuya ku-C12, itholakala kakhulu ngokuhluzwa kwamafutha aluhlaza kanye nokucutshungulwa kwama-condensate. Ukubaluleka kwe-naphtha kuvela ekuguquguqukeni kwayo: njenge-feedstock eyinhloko yokukhiqizwa kwe-ethylene ne-propylene, iphinde isebenze indima ebalulekile ekuxubeni uphethiloli, ukwenziwa kwe-solvent, kanye nokudalwa kwamakhemikhali akhethekile.
Izigaba Zokukhiqiza i-Naphtha
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Ukukhiqizwa kwe-naphtha kuqala ngokulungiselela izitsha zokudla, okuhlose ukususwa kwezinto ezingcolisayo ku-oyili oluhlaza noma ama-condensate. Ukulawulwa kokungcola, njengokususwa kwesibabule, kubalulekile ukuvikela amayunithi enqubo engezansi futhi kuhambisane nemithethonqubo yezemvelo. Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuhluzwa okuyinhloko—kusetshenziswa amakholomu asemoyeni noma e-vacuum ukukhipha i-naphtha njengengxenye encane. Kulandela ukwelashwa ngamanzi, ukuhlanza i-naphtha ngokukhipha isibabule esisele, i-nitrogen, kanye nezinsimbi. Lesi sigaba sithuthukisa kakhulu ikhwalithi yezitsha zokudla ezinyathelweni ezilandelayo zokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali.
Ukuthuthukiswa okwengeziwe kufaka phakathi ukuguqulwa kwe-catalytic kanye ne-isomerization, okulungisa ukwakheka kwe-naphtha ngokuya ngesicelo sayo esihlosiwe. Ukuguqulwa kuthuthukisa izilinganiso ze-octane zephethiloli, kuyilapho i-isomerization ilungisa isakhiwo se-hydrocarbon ukuze sivumelane kangcono nokwenziwa kwamakhemikhali. Lezi zinyathelo zokuhlunga zichaza ukufaneleka komkhiqizo wokugcina ekuqhekekeni noma ekuxubeni phansi.
Indima yeNaphtha njenge-core ethylene cracker furnace ibangelwa isakhiwo sayo sama-molecule esilinganiselayo. Lapho yethulwa enkambisweni yokuqhekeka komusi, ukwakheka kwe-naphtha kusekela isivuno semikhiqizo ehlukahlukene—kufaka phakathi ingxube ye-ethylene, i-propylene, i-butadiene, i-benzene, i-toluene, ne-xylene. Lokhu kuguquguquka kusekela ama-chemical complexes ahlanganisiwe, adinga ama-olefin amakhulu kanye nemikhiqizo ewusizo ukuze kwandiswe inzuzo futhi kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zemakethe.
Ngaphakathi kwesithando se-ethylene cracker, inqubo yenzeka ngezigaba eziningana ezilawulwa ngokuqinile:
- Ukushisa Kwempahla Yokudla:I-Naphtha ixutshwa nomusi oxutshwe, ikakhulukazi ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwe-coke. Le ngxube ishiswa ngokushesha, ihlinzeka ngamandla okushisa adingekayo ukuze kuqhume ukusabela.
- Ukuqhekeka Komusi (Indawo Ekhazimulayo):Umfudlana oshisiwe ungena emapayipini esithando, abekwe emazingeni okushisa aphakathi kuka-850°C no-950°C. Ngaphansi kwala mazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nezikhathi zokuhlala ezimfushane, izibopho ze-hydrocarbon ziyaphuka, zikhiqize i-ethylene, i-propylene, kanye nezinye i-olefin ezikhanyayo.
- Ukucima kanye nokuhlukaniswa komkhiqizo:Lapho iphuma, igesi eqhekekile ipholiswa ngokushesha esigabeni sokucima ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusabela okungafuneki kwesibili futhi kulondolozwe isivuno se-ethylene. Umfudlana womkhiqizo ophumayo uhlukaniswa kusetshenziswa imibhoshongo yokuhlukanisa, ama-decanters, kanye nama-absorber, okuhlukanisa ama-olefin kanye nemikhiqizo engaphansi kwawo.
- Ukuhlanzwa Komkhiqizo:Ekugcineni, umfudlana ngamunye womkhiqizo uhlanzwa ube yizimfanelo ezithile, kususwa noma yikuphi ukungcola okusele ngezifutho, izihlungi zama-molecule, kanye namakholomu okuhluza.
Uhlobo lwe-feedstock ephukile lubumba ngqo ukusatshalaliswa komkhiqizo. I-Naphtha idala iphothifoliyo eqinile yomkhiqizo ohlangene kodwa inesivuno esiphansi se-ethylene—ngokuvamile esingu-25-35% ngesisindo sokudla. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukudla okunye okufana ne-ethane kunikeza isivuno se-ethylene esifinyelela ku-80% kodwa ngemikhiqizo emincane yokubambisana. Lokhu kwehluka kuhlanganisa ukwakheka kwezitshalo, imiphumela yezomnotho, kanye nobunzima bezinselelo zokulinganisa ubuningi boketshezi.
Ama-ethylene crackers asebenzisa i-naphtha adinga amathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi obuthuthukisiwe kanye nemishini yokuhlola ubuningi boketshezi kuyo yonke inqubo. Amathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi aqapha ikhwalithi yokudla kwe-naphtha, ukunemba kokuxuba, futhi asiza ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-cracker. Ukulinganisa ubuningi boketshezi okunembile kwazisa izindlela zokulinganisa ubuningi boketshezi futhi kusekela imodeli yesivuno somkhiqizo, kugqamisa ukuhlanganiswa okusebenzayo kwemishini yokulinganisa ubuningi—okubalulekile kubasebenzisi bezitshalo ezinkulu ze-ethylene.
Ukuqonda inqubo yokukhiqiza i-naphtha kanye nendima yayo elandelayo ekuqhekekeni kwe-ethylene kubalulekile ekusebenziseni ukuguquguquka komkhiqizo embonini yamakhemikhali kaphethroli kanye nokusebenza kahle. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kohlobo lwe-feedstock, ukucushwa kwenqubo, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokulinganisa kuqhuba ukwenziwa ngcono kwezitshalo futhi kuhambisana nezidingo zemakethe ezishintshayo kanye nezendawo ezungezile.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwenqubo kanye Namapharamitha Okulawula Okubalulekile
Ukulawulwa okunembile kwezinguquko zenqubo ngaphakathi kwesithando se-ethylene cracker kunquma ngqo ukukhiqizwa kwe-ethylene kanye nokusebenza kahle kwenqubo. Ukukhethwa kwempahla yokudla, ukulawulwa kwezimo zesithando, kanye nokuphathwa kwezikhathi zokusabela kuyisisekelo sezinqubo zokukhiqiza ze-naphtha ezilungiselelwe.
Ukukhethwa kwe-feedstock kuyisici esiyinhloko. I-naphtha elula kanye ne-feed ehlukile efana ne-ethane iveza ubuningi obuphansi futhi icebile ngama-paraffin, ithuthukisa ukukhetha kwe-ethylene ngenkathi inciphisa imikhiqizo engemihle kanye nokwakheka kwe-coke. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-feedstock eqhekekile enobuningi obuphezulu—ngenxa yama-hydrocarbon asindayo—iphumela ekuvuneni kwe-ethylene okuphansi kanye nokukhishwa okukhulu komoya. Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi ukukhuphuka ngakunye kokuqukethwe kwe-C8+ kuhlobene nokulahlekelwa kwesivuno, okubonisa ukubaluleka kokuhlukaniswa nokulawulwa kwe-feedstock okuqhubekayo.
Ngaphakathi kwesithando somlilo, ukugcina amazinga okushisa afanele kakhulu e-coil-outlet (≈850°C) kubalulekile ukuze kukhuliswe ukusabela kokuqhekeka okuyinhloko. Ukuphambuka kuholela ekuphenduleni kwesibili okungafuneki noma ukufakwa kwe-coke ngokweqile. Isikhathi sokuhlala kumele silungiswe ngokucophelela; uma sifushane kakhulu, ukuguqulwa kuyaphazamiseka, kodwa uma kuqhubeka isikhathi eside, i-ethylene idliwa ngokulandelana, okunciphisa umkhiqizo. Ukuxhumana kwezinga lokushisa nesikhathi sokuhlala, okulungiselelwe ubuningi kanye nokwakheka kokudla, kuyisisekelo sokusebenza kahle.
Ukulinganisa ubuningi kuyindlela ebalulekile evumela leli zinga lokulawula. Besebenzisa amathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi athuthukile, njengemitha yobuningi eqondile ye-Lonnmeter, abaqhubi bathola idatha yesikhathi sangempela ngezakhiwo ze-feedstock eziwuketshezi. Imishini enjalo yokulinganisa ubuningi inikeza impendulo esheshayo ngokwakheka kwe-naphtha engenayo kanye ne-feedstocks ephukile. Le mpendulo yazisa ukulungiswa kwesithando sokugeleza kwesishisi, ukucindezela kwesigubhu somusi, kanye ne-oxygen ye-arch, okuvikela isivuno ngisho noma izakhiwo ze-feed zishintshashintsha.
Izindlela zokulinganisa ubuningi boketshezi kulo mongo zifaka phakathi ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela ngamathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi obuzinikele boketshezi, ikakhulukazi ngokusebenzisa izinzwa eziqondile ezimelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nezingcindezi ezivamile zokusebenza kwe-ethylene cracker. Lawa mathuluzi anciphisa ingozi yokuguquguquka kokudla okuholela ekulahlekelweni kwesivuno futhi avumela ukuhlanganiswa okuqinile nezinhlelo zokulawula izinqubo.
Amasu okulinganisa ubuningi boketshezi anembile asekela ukulawula nokubikezela nokwenza ngcono. Abaqhubi basebenzisa amathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi ukuze banqume ukuthi izitsha zokudla ezingenayo zilungele ukuguqulwa okuphumelelayo noma uma kudingeka ukuxuba. Isibonelo, amaqoqo e-naphtha angahlelwa ngokuguquguqukayo futhi ahlanganiswe ngokusekelwe kumanani obuningi obulinganisiwe, okuqinisekisa ukuthi izimo zesithando zihlala zisesimweni esihle kakhulu sokukhiqizwa kwe-ethylene.
Imishini yokuhlola ubuningi boketshezi ithinta ngqo ukuhlela, ukukhethwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla. Lapho ama-densitometer eqokomisa ukushintshela ekudleni okunobuningi obuphezulu, onjiniyela bezinqubo bangangenelela ngokulungisa izinga lokushisa lesithando, isilinganiso somusi, noma isikhathi sokusabela, okubuyisela inqubo ekusebenzeni kahle. Ezitshalweni zanamuhla, idatha yobuningi besikhathi sangempela etholakala emishinini eqinile nayo isekela ukumodelwa kwe-multigranularity yokwabiwa kokudla kanye nokuphathwa kokuphuma.
Sekukonke, ukwenza ngcono inqubo ekukhiqizeni i-ethylene kuncike ekuqapheni okuqhubekayo nokulawula izinguquko ezibalulekile zenqubo: ukukhethwa kwe-feedstock, amapharamitha esithando, kanye nobude bokusabela. Ukufakwa kwamathuluzi okulinganisa ubungako obuthembekile avela ku-Lonnmeter kuvumela ukuqonda kwenqubo okusebenzayo, ukuvikela isivuno kanye nokwenza kube nokusebenza okuzinzile nokusebenza kahle kuzo zonke izigaba zokuqhekeka kwe-naphtha.
Izimiso Nokubaluleka Kokulinganisa Ubuningi
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi kusebenza njengesisekelo sokulawula izinqubo zokukhiqiza i-naphtha kanye nokusebenza kwesithando se-ethylene cracker. Ekuqhekekeni kwe-naphtha-steam, ubuningi bunikeza ukuqonda okusheshayo kokubili imvelaphi yesitokwe sokudla kanye nomlando waso wokucwenga, okwenza kube yinto ebalulekile ekuphathweni kwenqubo. Ubuningi be-naphtha—okuvame ukulinganiswa ngamasu okulinganisa ubuningi boketshezi ajwayelekile njenge-ASTM D4052—abonisi nje kuphela ukwakheka kwe-hydrocarbon kodwa futhi nezinguquko kokuqukethwe kwesulfure, iphunga elimnandi, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwe-paraffin. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kuthinta ngqo isivuno somkhiqizo, ukusebenza kahle kokusebenza, kanye nokuthambekela kokungcola kuma-ethylene cracker furnaces, okuqinisa ubuningi njengesibonakaliso esiyinhloko sekhwalithi yokudla kanye nokuqhekeka.
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi kuvumela abaqhubi bezitshalo ukuthi baqaphe ukuhambisana kokudla okuqhekekile ngesikhathi sangempela. Ngokubamba ukuguquguquka kobuningi, kuba nokwenzeka ukulungisa amazinga okushisa esithandweni kanye nezikhathi zokuhlala ngokushesha, kuthuthukisa ukusatshalaliswa komkhiqizo futhi kuncishiswe ingozi yemifudlana engacacisiwe. Ukulawulwa okunjalo okusemgqeni kubalulekile ekwandiseni ukukhiqizwa kwe-ethylene, ekunciphiseni ukufakwa kwe-coke, kanye nokwandisa imijikelezo yokusebenza kwezithando zokuqhekeka.
Embindini wayo, ubuningi buchazwa njengobuningi ngeyunithi ngayinye yevolumu (ρ = m/V). Ukulinganisa ubuningi endaweni yokucwenga kuhilela ukunquma ubuningi obuqondile kanye nobuningi besampula yoketshezi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokushisa kanye nengcindezi. Amathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi bezimboni agxila ekulinganisweni kobuningi obunembile kanye nobuningi ngezindlela eziningana. I-Oscillating tube densitometry, esetshenziswa kakhulu kumamitha obuningi be-Lonnmeter, ibala ubuningi ngokuthola izinguquko zemvamisa ku-U-tube edlidlizayo egcwele uketshezi lwesampula—izinguquko ezihambisana ngqo nobuningi besampula. Le ndlela ifinyelela ukungaqiniseki okungaphansi kuka-0.1% ngokulinganiswa okuqinile futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi ngenxa yokuthembeka kwayo kanye nomthamo wayo.
Ezinye izindlela eziyisisekelo zifaka phakathi isisindo se-hydrostatic kanye ne-pycnometry. Kodwa-ke, lezi zifakwa kakhulu ekuhlaziyweni kwelabhorethri noma ekuthathweni kwesampula yokulawula ikhwalithi ngoba zivame ukudinga ukungenelela okwengeziwe ngesandla futhi azikwazi ukunikeza izilinganiso eziqhubekayo, zesikhathi sangempela ezidingekayo ezindaweni zezitshalo zanamuhla. Ezimbonini zezimboni, imishini yokulinganisa ubuningi obunembile kakhulu ifakwa njalo ezindaweni ezibalulekile ekugelezeni kwenqubo ukuze kuhlolwe njalo ubuningi boketshezi, okuvumela izimpendulo ezisebenzayo ngokushesha ekuphambukeni kanye nokusekela ukuhambisana nemininingwane yomkhiqizo.
Kubalulekile ukuthi amadivayisi okulinganisa ubuningi abhekele imiphumela yokushisa kanye nengcindezi, njengoba kokubili ukushintshashintsha kwemvelo kanye nezinqubo kungashintsha kakhulu inani elilinganisiwe. Amathuluzi athuthukisiwe ahlanganisa isinxephezelo sokushisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukufundwa kobukhulu kanye nomthamo kuhambisana nezimo zokubhekisela ezijwayelekile, umsebenzi owenziwe waba yinselele kakhulu kodwa futhi onembe kakhudlwana ngezinto ezintsha ekwakhiweni kwezinzwa kanye nemikhuba yokulinganisa.
Ngamafuphi, ukulinganisa okunembile nokuqhubekayo kokuminyana koketshezi kusetshenziswa amathuluzi aqinile njengemitha yamashubhu e-oscillating emugqeni kubalulekile ekuqinisekisweni kwekhwalithi kanye nokwenza ngcono inqubo enqubweni yokukhiqiza i-naphtha kanye nokusebenza kwesithando se-ethylene cracker. Lezi zindlela zokulinganisa ukuminyana zinikeza idatha ebalulekile yokugcina ubuqotho be-feedstock, ukuthuthukisa ukuhambisana komkhiqizo, futhi ekugcineni kuqhube ukusebenza kwezomnotho nokusebenza kwezitshalo ze-petrochemical.
Ubuchwepheshe Namathuluzi Okulinganisa Ubuningi Obuthuthukisiwe
Ukushintsha kusuka ekulinganisweni kobuningi boketshezi okusekelwe ezinzwa kuye kwashintsha izimboni zenqubo ezifana nokukhiqizwa kwe-naphtha, ukusebenza kwesithando se-ethylene cracker, kanye nokuqapha okuqhubekayo kwe-feedstock ephukile. Amasu okulinganisa ubuningi bokuqala ayethembele ezinqubweni ezenziwe ngesandla noma ezizenzakalelayo, ezidinga ukuphathwa kwesampula okukhulu kanye nesikhathi eside somsebenzisi. Ama-viscometer e-capillary, indlela ye-hydrostatic, kanye nesimiso sika-Archimedes kwakuyisisekelo kodwa kudla isikhathi, ngokuvamile kuveza idatha yelabhorethri yephuzu elilodwa kunokulawula inqubo yesikhathi sangempela.
Amathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi obujwayelekile, njengemitha yokugeleza yeCoriolis noma ama-viscometer e-oscillating tube, alethe ukunemba okuthuthukisiwe kodwa asabhekene nezinselele. Isibonelo, amamitha eCoriolis angabhekana nokulahlekelwa ukunemba ngezingxube zezigaba eziningi, igesi ehlanganisiwe, noma ukugeleza okungajwayelekile—izimo ezivamile embonini ye-petrochemical. Lezi zindlela ngokuvamile zidinga ukulungiswa okubanzi, ukulinganiswa, futhi zethule ukubambezeleka ngenxa yokukhishwa kwesampula noma ukusebenza ngesandla.
Imishini yokulinganisa ubuningi besimanje yethule izinzwa ezincane ezinokucubungula okuhlanganisiwe kwedijithali okukhuthaza ukuhlolwa kobuningi boketshezi ngesikhathi sangempela. Ubuchwepheshe bezinzwa ezifana nama-densitometer efoloko, amadivayisi e-acoustic kanye ne-capacitive, kanye nezinhlelo zokufaka i-x-ray manje zinikeza izilinganiso eziqhubekayo, endaweni, zisusa isidingo sokuthatha isampula sangaphandle futhi zinciphise amaphutha abantu.
Amathuluzi Okulinganisa Ubuningi Namathuluzi
Amathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningiingahlukaniswa ngezigaba eziningana eziyinhloko, ngasinye sisebenzisa izimiso zomzimba ezahlukene:
Amasu Okudlidliza (Ifoloko Yokulungisa, I-Cantilever):
Izinzwa zokudlidliza, kufaka phakathi amamitha okuqina e-Lonnmeter, zithembele ekushintsheni kwemvamisa ye-resonance njengoba uketshezi ludlula noma luxhumana nento edlidlizayo. Emishinini yokulungisa ifoloko, ama-prong amabili asethelwe ukuthi anyakaze; ubuningi boketshezi buthinta imvamisa yabo yemvelo. Izindawo ezinokugeleza okuzinzile, njengemipayipi ezitsheni ze-ethylene cracker, ziyazuza kula mathuluzi ngenxa yokuqina okuphezulu kanye nokusabela okusheshayo. Amadivayisi asekelwe ku-Cantilever anikeza izimiso ezifanayo, ngokuzwela okufanele kokubili uketshezi lwe-Newtonian nolwe-non-Newtonian. Lawa asebenza kahle kakhulu ekulawuleni okuqhubekayo ekuxubeni, ekuguquleni, nasekuqapheni ukuphuma kwamandla, kanye nesinxephezelo sokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa kanye nengcindezi okuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekile ezimweni ezinzima ze-petrochemical.
Izinzwa Zomsindo:
Izinzwa ze-acoustic zilinganisa ijubane lomsindo ngoketshezi, oluhlukahluka ngobuningi boketshezi kanye nokwakheka kwalo. Ngokuthumela i-pulse ye-ultrasonic endleleni echaziwe futhi ibambe isikhathi sayo sokuhamba, inzwa ibala ubuningi ngqo. Amadivayisi e-acoustic awusizo emifudlaneni equkethe izingxube zezigaba eziningi—njenge-feedstock eqhekekile—lapho izinguquko zesigaba esisheshayo zivame khona. I-Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) kanye nama-fiber optic arrays anika amandla imephu eningiliziwe yezindlela zokugeleza kanye nokwehluka kobuningi ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwenqubo. Lezi zinhlelo zihamba phambili ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezidinga ukuphazamiseka okuncane kwesampula, okuhlala ku-throughput ephezulu kanye nezilinganiso zesigaba ezihlukahlukayo.
Izindlela Zokucindezela kanye Ne-Diaphragm:
Izinsimbi ezisekelwe ku-pressure diaphragm zisebenzisa ingcindezi ehlukile kuyo yonke i-geometry eyaziwayo ukuze kubalwe ubuningi. Ezindaweni ezimbi kakhulu, njenge-visbreaking noma ezinye i-naphtha units ezishisa kakhulu, izivalo ze-diaphragm zivikela izingxenye ezibucayi ngenkathi zidlulisela izinguquko ezinembile zengcindezi kuma-transmitter akude noma angaphakathi. Izinto ezikhethekile njengensimbi engagqwali kanye noketshezi lokugcwalisa lokushisa eliphezulu zigcina ukusebenza kwensimbi ngaphansi kwezimo ezingaphezu kuka-400°C kanye nokucindezeleka okuphezulu, ngokulinganiswa okuhlanganisiwe okuqinisekisa ukulandeleka nokuthembeka kokulinganisa. Ukugcinwa njalo (isb., amachweba okuhlanza) kugcina ukunemba ezinqubweni ezidinga ukungcola okujwayelekile emifudlaneni yokudla okusele.
Amadivayisi Asekelwe Ensimini Kamagnetic:
Ama-densimeter kamagnetic asebenzisa ukusebenzisana koketshezi nensimu kamagnetic—kungaba ngokujikisa kwemagnet ngaphakathi kwepayipi lokubhekisela noma ngezinzwa ze-Hall effect—lapho izinguquko emandleni okudambisa zihlobene nobuningi boketshezi. Lokhu kunenzuzo kumasampula angaqhubi noma abhubhisayo; noma kunjalo, adinga isinxephezelo esicophelelayo lapho esetshenziswa emifudlaneni enezinhlanganisela eziguquguqukayo noma ama-gradient okushisa aphezulu.
Izindlela Zokumunca I-X-ray:
Ezindaweni zocwaningo kanye nezinqubo ezikhethekile ezifuna ukunemba okuphezulu kakhulu emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kanye nezingcindezi, ukumuncwa kwe-x-ray kunikeza ikhambi eliqinile, elingangenisi umswakama. Ama-x-ray anamandla aphezulu adlula esampula, futhi ukuncishiswa kuyalinganiswa; izinga lokumuncwa lihlobene ngqo nobukhulu besampula kanye nobukhulu bayo. Uma ihlanganiswa namaseli e-anvil edayimane ashiswa yi-laser, le ndlela ivumela ukulinganiswa kwezingcindezi ezingaphezu kwama-20 GPa kanye namazinga okushisa angaphezu kwama-2000 K—izimo ezihlangatshezwa ocwaningweni lwezinto ezithuthukisiwe kanye nezifundo ze-petrochemical ezikhethiwe ezinengcindezi ephezulu. Le ndlela iveza ukungaqiniseki okuphansi njengo-0.01%, okuhlanganisa izigaba eziqinile neziwuketshezi ngesikhathi sangempela nangaphansi kokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa eliguquguqukayo.
Izici Zokusebenza Eziqhathaniswayo
Ubuchwepheshe besimanje bokulinganisa ubuningi bulungiselelwe ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwenqubo. Amathuluzi okulinganisa angaphakathi kanye namathuluzi afana nalawo anikezwa yiLonnmeter aletha izinzuzo eziningana uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zendabuko:
- Ukulinganisa okuqhubekayo, kwesikhathi sangempelaivumela impendulo eqondile yokulungiswa kwenqubo okuzenzakalelayo kuma-ethylene cracker furnaces noma imisebenzi yokuxuba i-naphtha.
- Ukuphathwa kwesampula okuncishisiwefuthiizikhathi zokuphendula okusheshayoukunciphisa ingozi yokungcola nokuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwenqubo.
- Ama-algorithms okunxephezela nokulinganisa edijithalinciphisa ukuguquguquka okuncike kumqhubi, kuthuthukisa ukuhambisana komkhiqizo kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi.
- Ukumelana nokungcola, izinga lokushisa, kanye nokucindezelekakumadivayisi esimanje kuqinisekisa ukulinganiswa okuzinzile ngisho noma kukhona ukugeleza kwe-feedstock ephukile, izingxube ze-hydrocarbon eziyinkimbinkimbi, noma izindawo zokugunda eziphakeme.
Izindlela zelabhorethri ezivamile zihlala ziyindinganiso yokubhekisela ngezinjongo zokulinganisa, ikakhulukazi lapho kudingeka ukungaqiniseki kokulinganisa okuphelele noma ukulandeleka kwamayunithi e-SI. Kodwa-ke, ukuze kuqashwe njalo, ngokuvama okuphezulu kwemifudlana yenqubo, imishini yokulinganisa ubungako obungaphakathi imelela indinganiso yemboni.
Izici Zokusebenza kanye Nezici Zokusebenza
Ukuthembeka kokulinganisa ezindaweni zezimboni kuncike kumapharamitha amaningana. Umthamo wesampula uthinta kokubili ukumelwa kanye nesivinini sokuphendula kokufundwa kobuningi. Amathuluzi asebenza ngamanani aphansi esampula kumele agcine ukulawula okuqinile kobuqotho bokulinganisa ukuqinisekisa idatha enengqondo, ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni okuqondile njengemishini yokulinganisa ubuningi beLonnmeter. Ukuzwela nakho kubalulekile—ikhono lokubona izinguquko ezicashile ezakhiweni libaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni ukuhambisana komkhiqizo kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga zenqubo ezinqolobaneni zokudla eziqhekekile noma izinqubo zokukhiqiza i-naphtha.
Ibanga lokushisa lidlala indima ebalulekile kokubili ekukhetheni amathuluzi kanye nokuzinza kokulinganisa. Amathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi bezinto eziwuketshezi kumele asebenze kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezahlukene, kusukela ekushiseni okujwayelekile kuya ekushiseni okukhulu kwesithando ekusebenzeni kwe-ethylene cracker. Isibonelo, ukulinganisa okunembile ku->800°C, njengoba kuhlangatshezwana nakho kuma-ethylene cracker furnaces, kuveza izithiyo ezifaka phakathi ukuwohloka kwezinto ze-sensor, ukukhukhuleka, kanye nemijikelezo yokulinganisa emfushane. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu okusebenza asheshisa ukugqwala, abangele ukukhathala komshini, futhi aphoqe ukwamukelwa kwezingubo ezikhethekile ze-sensor noma izindlu zezinsimbi eziqinile ukuze kwandiswe impilo yesevisi futhi kugcinwe ukunemba.
Ukunemba ngokwako kuwumsebenzi womklamo wezinsimbi kanye nephrothokholi yokusebenza. Amasu okulinganisa ubuningi besimanje koketshezi ancike ekuqinisekisweni okuvamile ngokumelene nezindinganiso zokubhekisela eziqinisekisiwe. Ngezicelo ze-feedstock eziqhekekile, ukungalingani okuncane ekutholakaleni kobuningi kusakazeka kube ukulungiswa kwenqubo okungalungile, kunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokukhiqiza. Ukunamathela ngokuqinile emikhubeni yokulinganisa kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezindawo zokuhlola eziqhubekayo kusekela ukulinganiswa kobuningi boketshezi olunembile kakhulu ezindaweni zokuhlanza.
Ukulinganisa ubuningi bezitsha zokudla eziqhekekile ezimweni ezinzima kuletha izinselele eziyingqayizivele. Ukugeleza kwenqubo ezitsheni ze-ethylene cracker kanye nezitshalo ze-naphtha kuvame ukuqukatha izinhlayiya, ukugeleza kwezigaba eziningi, kanye nama-hydrocarbon asabela kakhulu. Amamitha okuqina kwe-Lonnmeter aklanyelwe ukumelana nalezi zindawo ezinolaka ngokwakhiwa okuqinisiwe kanye nezinto ezimelana nokucindezeleka kwamakhemikhali nokushisa. Naphezu kwalokhu kuthuthuka, inhlanganisela yejubane eliphezulu, izinguquko zesigaba esisheshayo, kanye nokushisa okwedlulele kwendawo ngaphakathi kwama-coil enqubo kungaletha iphutha lokulinganisa ukushisa nokwemishini, okudinga izinqubo zokuphatha isampula eziqinile kanye nokufakwa.
Ukuhlolwa kwamaphutha ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo ezimbi kakhulu kudinga izindlela ezahlukene zokuhlaziya kanye nezokuthwebula izithombe. Izindlela zendabuko zokuthamba kanye ne-pycnometry ziveza imiphumela ethembekile ezindaweni ezilawulwayo kodwa azisebenzi kahle emazingeni okushisa aphezulu ngenxa yokwanda kokushisa, ukufiphaza komngcele, kanye nokushelela kokulinganisa. Izindlela ezithuthukisiwe, kufaka phakathi i-UV kanye nokuthwebula izithombe ezishisayo, zithuthukisa ukunemba ngokunciphisa izinto zomsebe kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuqhathanisa endaweni yokulinganisa. Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi ukwenza ngcono izimo zokuthwebula izithombe—njengokususa ngemuva kanye nokulingana kwe-elliptical—kunganciphisa imingcele yokungaqiniseki ngesigamu ngisho nalapho kusebenza ngaphezu kuka-3000 K. Ishadi 1 libonisa imithombo eyinhloko yamaphutha kanye nomthelela wawo ekuqondeni:
Ukuqinisekiswa kokunemba kwethuluzi kuhilela imijikelezo yokulinganisa ephindaphindwayo kusetshenziswa amasampula okubhekisela aqinisekisiwe. Ezisetshenzisweni ze-feedstock eziqhekekile, ukulinganiswa akufanele kufake imiphumela ye-viscosity yesampula kanye nephutha elibangelwa ukushisa kuphela kodwa futhi nokuzulazula kwenzwa yesikhathi eside. Izifundo zecala ezishicilelwe zichaza ukuthi ukulinganiswa kabusha kwendawo kusetshenziswa uketshezi lokubhekisela olulandelekayo kungaphinda kabili impilo yesevisi yethuluzi, kunciphise imvamisa yokulinganisa kabusha, futhi kugcine amazinga amaphutha engaphansi kuka-1% ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima eziqhubekayo. Ukuqinisekiswa okuvamile—okukhuliswe ukuxilongwa okufakiwe—kusabalulekile ekusebenzeni okuqhubekayo kwenqubo kanye nokuphepha ezindaweni ze-petrochemical.
Amathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi obusebenza kahle kakhulu, njengalawo aklanywe yiLonnmeter, ahlanganisa ama-sensor arrays, izindlela zokuhlanza ezenzakalelayo, kanye nokuhlolwa kokulinganisa okukude ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthembeka kokusebenza. Emishinini yokuhlola ubuningi boketshezi, ukuhlolwa kwamaphutha okusheshayo kanye nokulinganisa okuguquguqukayo kuyindinganiso yokuhambisana, ukulawula inqubo, kanye nokusebenzisana kwemakethe. Ekugcineni, ukulinganisa ubuningi okuthembekile ezindaweni ezibucayi kuncike ekwakhiweni kwemishini eqinile, ukulinganisa okuphelele, kanye nokuqapha amaphutha okuhlelekile—izinsika eziyisisekelo kuzo zonke izindlela zokulinganisa ubuningi boketshezi embonini ye-petrochemical.
Ukusetshenziswa Kokulinganiswa Kobuningi Ezinqubweni Ze-Petrochemical
Imishini yokulinganisa ubuningi obungaphakathi, njenge-vibrating tube densitometers, ibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwe-naphtha kanye nokusebenza kwezitofu ze-ethylene cracker. Njengoba zifakwe ngqo ngaphakathi kwamapayipi enqubo, la mathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi ahlinzeka ngokuqapha okuqhubekayo, ngesikhathi sangempela kobuningi boketshezi—ipharamitha ebalulekile yokulawula ikhwalithi yezinto zokusetshenziswa nokusabela ngokushesha ezimweni zokucubungula. Isibonelo, ama-vibrating tube densitometers anquma ubuningi ngokulinganisa ukushintsha kwemvamisa ye-resonance yepayipi egcwele uketshezi lwenqubo; njengoba ubuningi bushintsha, kanjalo nemvamisa ye-resonance, enikeza idatha esheshayo neqondile ngisho nangaphansi kwamazinga okushisa ahlukahlukene kanye nezingcindezi, kufaka phakathi izimo ze-cryogenic ezihlobene nezigaba zokupholisa ze-feedstock eziqhekekile. Ukulinganisa ngama-hydrocarbon afana ne-methane ne-ethane kuqinisekisa ukuthi la mathuluzi ahlala enembile kuketshezi oluhlukahlukene lwe-petrochemical.
Enqubweni yokukhiqiza i-naphtha, amamitha okulinganisa ubuningi angaphakathi avumela abaqhubi ukuthi baqaphe ubuqotho be-feedstock kanye namazinga okungcola ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kokuthatha amasampula ngesandla. Imishini yokulinganisa ubuningi ithola izinguquko ezincane ezihlobene nokuphambuka kwenqubo noma ukuba khona kokungcola okungafuneki—njengosawoti nezinsimbi—okungabangela ukungcola kumashubhu esithando se-ethylene cracker. Ukufundwa kobuningi besikhathi sangempela kuvumela ukulungiswa kwamazinga okuhlunga kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlanza izitsha, kusiza ukunciphisa ukwakheka kwe-coke kanye nokwandisa izikhathi zokusebenza kwesithando ngenkathi kunciphisa izindleko zokulungisa ezingahleliwe. Ngokugcina ikhwalithi yezitsha zokudla ehambisanayo, ithuluzi lokulinganisa ubuningi bezinto eziwuketshezi liphinde lithuthukise ukuthembeka kokusebenza kanye nemiphumela yemvelo, njengoba kubhaliwe ezifundweni eziningi kanye nemibiko yokuhweba.
Idatha yenzwa yobuningi ibalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono inqubo eguquguqukayo kuma-cracker e-ethylene. Ihlanganiswe ngaphakathi kwe-Distributed Control Systems (DCS), amamitha obuningi angaphakathi kwe-Lonnmeter anikeza idatha eqhubekayo kubalawuli benqubo, okwazisa izinga lokushisa kwesithando kanye nokulungiswa kwesilinganiso sokugeleza kwe-feedstock. Isibonelo, ukuphambuka kokufundwa kobuningi kungabonisa ushintsho ekwakhiweni kwenqubo noma ukuqala kokungcola; opharetha bangaphendula ngokulungisa kahle iphrofayili yokushisa kwesithando noma ukuguqula umkhiqizo odlulayo, ngaleyo ndlela benze ngcono isivuno somkhiqizo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ukuhlaziywa kwezimboni kugqamisa izinzuzo ezingalinganiswa: umkhiqizo odlulayo othuthukisiwe, izikhathi zokungasebenzi ezincishisiwe, kanye nokonga amandla, kanye nembuyiselo ekutshalweni kwezimali kwemishini yokulinganisa ubuningi evame ukutholakala zingakapheli izinyanga ezimbalwa ngenxa yokusebenza kahle okuthuthukisiwe.
Ngokuphathelene nokuphepha, ukuqapha ubuningi obuqhubekayo kunikeza isixwayiso kusenesikhathi mayelana nokungahambi kahle okungalimaza ubuqotho bemishini ezithandweni ze-ethylene cracker. Ubufakazi obushicilelwe bugcizelela ukuthi ukulinganiswa kobuningi ngesikhathi sangempela kusekela amasu okulungisa okuvimbelayo; abaqhubi bangangenelela ngaphambi kokuba ukungcola noma ukwakheka kwe-coke kukhuphuke kube ukwehluleka okubizayo noma izingozi zokuphepha. Lokhu kusebenza akugcini nje ngokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphephile kodwa futhi kunciphisa umthelela jikelele wemvelo ngokulawula ukukhishwa okuhlobene nokusha okungasebenzi kahle kanye nokudluliselwa kokushisa.
Izibonelo ezivela ezitshalweni ze-petrochemical ezisebenzayo zembula ukuthi ukusebenzisa imishini yokuhlola ubuningi boketshezi ethuthukisiwe kuholela ekusebenzeni kwesithando esizinzile, ikhwalithi ephezulu yomkhiqizo, kanye nokuhambisana nezindinganiso zomthetho eziqinile. Amasu okulinganisa ubuningi boketshezi—kufaka phakathi ithubhu elidlidlizayo, izindlela ze-vibronic, kanye ne-Coriolis—aletha ukunemba okudingekayo kulezi zindawo ezidinga kakhulu, ngokuvamile kufinyelela ukunemba okungu-±0.1 kg/m³ noma okungcono ezilungiselelweni zokucindezela okuphezulu, zokushisa okuphezulu. Ukuphambuka kumaphrofayili obuningi obulindelekile kuvumela ukuhlonza okusheshayo ukuphazamiseka kwenqubo, kusekela kokubili ukwenza ngcono kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi kuyo yonke i-naphtha yokukhiqiza kanye namayunithi okuqhekeka kwe-ethylene.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwamathuluzi okulinganisa ubungako beLonnmeter kulezi zinqubo kubonisa indlela idatha yesikhathi sangempela evumela ngayo imboni yamakhemikhali ukuthi ishintshe kusukela ekuhlolweni okwenziwa ngesandla ngezikhathi ezithile iye ekulawulweni okuzenzakalelayo nokuguquguqukayo. Njengoba imisebenzi ye-petrochemical iba yinkimbinkimbi futhi ilawulwa, amathuluzi okulinganisa ubungako amiswa njengabalulekile kokubili ekusebenzeni kwezomnotho nokuphepha.
Imikhawulo kanye nezixazululo
Amathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi bendabuko afana nama-pycnometer, ama-hydrometer, kanye namadivayisi e-U-tube asebenza ngesandla asebenze emkhakheni we-petrochemical amashumi eminyaka. Kodwa-ke, izindawo zokukhiqiza i-petrochemical—njengezitofu ze-ethylene cracker kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza i-naphtha—ziletha izinselele ezivame ukwedlula amakhono azo. Ukuphathwa kwamasampula kwalezi zindlela kudinga umsebenzi omningi futhi kuthambekele ekungaguquguquki. Izinguquko zokushisa ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa zingashintsha imiphumela, kuyilapho izinkinga ezifana nokubanjwa kwama-bubble emoyeni zivame ukuphazamisa ukunemba. Isibonelo, ukulinganisa ubuningi be-feedstock ephukile noma imifudlana ye-naphtha ejikelezayo kudinga ukulawulwa okunembile kwezimo kanye nobumsulwa besampula, izimo ezingaphindaphindeki kalula endaweni yelebhu, ikakhulukazi ngamasampula aqinile noma anezigaba eziningi.
Ngaphansi kwezimo zenqubo—izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, umfutho ophezulu, noma lapho kukhona amakhemikhali anolaka noma angcolile—amathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi bendabuko awohloka ngokushesha noma ahluleke ukuveza imiphumela ephindaphindwayo. Lawa madivayisi ngokuvamile awakwazi ukulandelela izinguquko zenqubo ngesikhathi sangempela, ngakho-ke amaqembu okusebenza awanawo idatha esheshayo nesebenzayo. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokulinganisa ubuningi boketshezi lwe-feedstock esithandweni se-ethylene cracker, izindlela eziphelelwe yisikhathi zidinga ukusampula ngesandla, okuletha ukubambezeleka okuvimbela ukwenziwa ngcono kwenqubo eguquguqukayo. Lokhu kuntuleka kwempendulo ngesikhathi kungaholela ezinqumweni zobunzima bokuqhekeka ezingafanele futhi kunciphise isivuno somkhiqizo.
Ukuthembela ekulinganisweni ngesandla nakho kunciphisa ukuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo zezitshalo ezenzakalelayo. Iningi lamathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi bezinto eziwuketshezi awenzi idatha eqhubekayo futhi adinga ukungenelela okukhulu komqhubi ukuze kulinganiswe futhi kugcinwe. Ukulungiswa kabusha njalo kanye nokuthambekela ekukhukhulekeni kunegalelo ekungaqiniseki kokusebenza kanye nokusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwezinsizakusebenza. Ezitshalweni zanamuhla zamakhemikhali ezibeka phambili umkhiqizo kanye nokuphepha, lokhu kubambezeleka kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kuhumusha ukwanda kwezindleko kanye nokuvezwa kwengozi.
Amathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi boketshezi olungaphakathi kwemigqa athuthukisiwe, njengalawo akhiqizwe yiLonnmeter, abhekana nalezi mikhawulo ngokuletha ukuhlaziywa okuqhubekayo, okungaphakathi kwesakhiwo ngokunakekelwa okuncane. Lawa mathuluzi aklanywe ngokukhethekile ukubekezelela izindawo zenqubo ezinzima—amazinga okushisa aphezulu, umehluko omkhulu wokucindezela, kanye nezindlela ezahlukene zokugeleza ezitholakala emishinini ye-petrochemical. Isibonelo, ama-densitometer e-inline vibrating tube kanye namamitha obuningi bomsindo athuthukisiwe angafakwa ngqo enkambisweni noma emigqeni yokudlulisa, kususwe amaphutha okuphatha amasampula kanye nezimo ezingafani phakathi kwemifudlana yelebhu kanye nenqubo. Impendulo yawo esheshayo iletha idatha yesikhathi sangempela, ivumela impendulo esheshayo kanye nokulungiswa kokulawula inqubo, okubalulekile enkambisweni yokukhiqiza i-naphtha kanye nokwenza ngcono izakhiwo ze-feedstock kuma-oven e-ethylene cracker.
Ukukhethwa kwamathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi afanele akuyona into evamile; kumele kubhekele izidingo zenqubo kanye nezici zomzimba zesitoko sokudla. Isibonelo, ukukhetha indlela yokulinganisa ubuningi boketshezi enqubweni ye-naphtha kudinga ithuluzi elinokunemba, ukuphindaphindeka, kanye nokuhambisana kwamakhemikhali kulo lonke izinga lokushisa nengcindezi ebanzi. Amamitha eshubhu adlidlizayo angaphakathi ayathandwa emifudlaneni yoketshezi ehlanzekile yesigaba esisodwa ngenxa yokunemba kwawo okuphezulu, kuyilapho izinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe ze-acoustic noma ze-multi-sensor hybrid zifaneleka kangcono ekulinganiseni ubuningi kokuphakelayo okuqhekekile okuqukethe igesi noma izinhlayiya ezifakiwe. Kuye ngezinto eziza kuqala enqubweni—ukuphuma, ukuthembeka, noma ukulula kokugcinwa—onjiniyela kumele bahlole izidingo zokulinganisa imishini yokulinganisa ubuningi, ubunzima bokuhlanganiswa, kanye nezidingo zokusekela eziqhubekayo.
Ngamafuphi, ukuthembeka okwandayo kwemishini yokuhlola ubuningi boketshezi esetshenziswa ezindaweni ze-petrochemical kuncike ekukhetheni izixazululo eziqinile ezihambisana nenqubo kanye namaqiniso e-feedstock. Amathuluzi anamuhla angaphakathi avala igebe phakathi kokunemba kwelabhorethri kanye nezidingo zenqubo yangempela, okwenza kube nokusebenza okunembile, okusebenzayo, nokuphephile kulo lonke uchungechunge lwenani le-petrochemical, kusukela ekuhlaziyweni kwe-feedstock ephukile kuya ekuqinisekisweni kwekhwalithi yokugcina ye-naphtha.
Izindlela Ezinhle Zokukhetha Nokusebenzisa Imishini Yokulinganisa Ubuningi
Ukukhetha ithuluzi lokulinganisa ubuningi elifanele lokusebenza kwe-petrochemical njenge-ethylene cracker furnaces noma inqubo yokukhiqiza i-naphtha kudinga ukuvumelanisa ngokucophelela amakhono ethuluzi nezidingo zenqubo kanye nezidingo zomthetho. Abasebenzi kumele bacabangele ukuhambisana kwamakhemikhali, isimiso sokulinganisa, izimo zokufaka, izidingo zokunemba, kanye nezindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila okulindelekile lapho bekhetha imishini yokuhlola ubuningi boketshezi—kufaka phakathi ama-densitometer angaphakathi njengalawo akhiqizwe yi-Lonnmeter.
Izindlela Zokukhetha Amathuluzi Okulinganisa Ubuningi
Ngezinqubo ezihilela ukudla okuqhekekile noma ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela ubuningi boketshezi ezindaweni zokucwenga, izinto ezibalulekile okufanele uzicabangele yilezi:
Isimiso Sokulinganisa: Khetha amadivayisi ngokusekelwe ezicini zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zesampula. Ama-densitometer e-U-tube ajikelezayo, alandela i-ASTM D4052, anikeza ukunemba okuphezulu nokulinganisa okuphindaphindwayo, ikakhulukazi kuma-hydrocarbons aketshezi. Amamitha e-Radiometric (gamma) ahlinzeka ngezixazululo eziqinile zezimo zokushisa okuphezulu noma ukucindezela okuphezulu ezitholakala ezindaweni zokukhipha i-ethylene cracker furnace kanye neminye imifudlana yenqubo ye-naphtha, njengoba engaphazamisi futhi engathinteki yizimo ezibucayi zenqubo.
Ukuhambisana kwesampula: Qondanisa izinto ezimanziswe yithuluzi nemidiya—qinisekisa ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nesilinganiso sokucindezela ezindaweni ezinzima. Ukufakwa okuqondile (ngokuqondile ekugelezeni kwenqubo) kungcono kakhulu ekulinganisweni okuqhubekayo kobuningi, kuyilapho izinketho zokudlula zikhonza izidingo zokuthatha amasampula oketshezi olunzima.
Ukunemba Nokuthembeka: Ukukhetha ithuluzi kuncike ekuqondeni okudingekayo. Izindawo zokudlulisa impahla zingadinga ukunemba okungu-±0.001 g/cm³, kuyilapho ukuqapha inqubo ejwayelekile yoketshezi olukhiqiziwe kubekezelela ukucaciswa okubanzi.
Izidingo Zenqubo Yezemvelo: Hlola izilinganiso zedivayisi ngokusebenza okuqhubekayo ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu, ukujikeleza okusheshayo kokushisa, kanye namakhemikhali anolaka ajwayelekile emifudlaneni ye-cracker kanye ne-refinery. Amadivayisi kumele abekezelele ukungcola futhi alondoloze ukulinganiswa ngesikhathi sokushintshashintsha kwenqubo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kanye Nokuzenzakalela: Amathuluzi kufanele avumele ukuhlanganiswa kwedijithali kokulawula inqubo okungenamthungo, ukunciphisa ukungenelela ngesandla kanye nokunciphisa amaphutha omqhubi.
Amathiphu Okufaka Ukulinganisa Ubuningi Obunembile
Ukufakwa okufanele kubalulekile ekulinganisweni kobuningi obuthembekile ezindaweni ezifana nama-reformer anomfutho ophezulu noma imigqa yokudla okuketshezi kuma-cracker:
Ukubekwa kanye Nokuqondiswa: Ama-Densitometer kumele afakwe lapho uketshezi lwenqubo lufana khona—gwema izindawo ezivame ukubhajwa emoyeni noma ukwakheka kwendle. Kumamodeli angaphakathi, qiniseka ukuthi ubude bokugeleza kwamapayipi buyanele phezulu nangezansi komfula ukuze unciphise ukuphazamiseka kokugeleza. Ekufakweni okuqondile, qinisekisa ukuthi isici senzwa sihlala sicwiliswe ngokuphelele ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwezimo Ezishisayo Nezemishini: Vimbela inqubo yokufaka amapayipi ukuze ugcine izinga lokushisa lesampula kodwa ugweme ukumboza izinto zikagesi zethuluzi ukuze uvimbele ukushisa ngokweqile. Beka izinzwa kude nemithombo eqondile yokushisa okukhanyayo noma ukudlidliza, okungadala ukuzulazula kwesignali.
Ukuhlanganiswa Kwesistimu: Sebenzisa ama-piping tees alinganisiwe kanye nezisekelo ezenzelwe izimo zokucindezela kanye nokushisa kwemigqa yokuvuselela i-cracker furnace noma amayunithi okwelapha nge-naphtha hydrotreating. Qinisekisa ukuthi zonke izixhumanisi zemishini ziyahlangabezana namakhodi esayithi ukuze kuvinjwe amandla kanye nokuvuza.
Ukufinyelela Kokulungisa: Hlela ukufakwa okunokufinyelela okucacile kokuhlolwa njalo, ukuhlanza, kanye nokulinganisa ukuze kulondolozwe ubuqotho bedatha yobuningi phakathi nesikhathi sokusebenza kwemishini.
Ukugcinwa Kokusebenza Kwesikhathi Eside
Ukuhlolwa okuvamile kanye nokulungiswa okulinganisiwe kuqinisekisa ukunemba nokuthembeka kwemishini yokulinganisa ubuningi ezindaweni ezisebenza kakhulu ze-petrochemical:
Ukuhlolwa Nokuhlanza: Hlola njalo izindawo zezinzwa ukuze ubone ukuthi zinqwabelene yini—ikakhulukazi ezivame kakhulu ngoketshezi oluqinile noma ukudla okuqhekekile okungcolile. Hlanza njengoba kudingeka ukuze uvimbele iphutha lokulinganisa.
Ukulinganisa: Sebenzisa uketshezi oluqinisekisiwe lokulinganisa okungaphakathi noma okunamaphuzu amabili kulo lonke uhla lokusebenza. Ukulinganisa okuguquguqukayo ngoketshezi lwenqubo yangempela kungcono kakhulu kumamodeli angaphakathi. Bhala phansi yonke imisebenzi yokulinganisa ngokweziqondiso zomhlaba wonke eziqashelwayo ukuze kugcinwe ukulandeleka.
Ukuqapha Idatha: Landela njalo imiphumela yokulinganisa ukuze ubone izimpawu zokukhukhuleka. Sebenzisa ukuhlaziya okuthrendayo ukuze ubone izinkinga ezivelayo ngaphambi kokuba zithinte ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi noma ukuthembeka kokudluliselwa kwengane.
Ukuqeqeshwa Kwabasebenzi: Qinisekisa ukuthi abasebenzi baqeqeshwe kokubili ekusebenzeni kwemishini kanye nezinqubo eziphuthumayo, ikakhulukazi lapho besingatha ukusetshenziswa komfutho ophezulu kumayunithi okukhiqiza i-ethylene cracker noma i-naphtha.
Izinto Okufanele Uzicabangele Ngokuphepha Ezimweni Zokushisa Okuphezulu/Ukucindezeleka Okuphezulu
Ukuphepha kubalulekile ekufakweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwamathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi ezindaweni ezifana nemigqa yokudlulisa i-oven yesithando somlilo:
Ukucaciswa Kwezinto Ezibalulekile: Khetha imishini enezilinganiso zokucindezela nokushisa eziqinisekisiwe. Sebenzisa ama-valve aqinisekisiwe, ama-flange, kanye nemizimba yezinzwa evikela ukukhukhuleka, ukugqwala, kanye nokushaqeka kokushisa.
Ukuthunywa Okuqinile: Hlola ukuvuza kwazo zonke izixhumanisi bese ulandela amakhodi okwakha afanele. Qinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zokuphatha izinga lokushisa zikhona ukuze ugweme ukushisa ngokweqile kanye nomonakalo wemishini.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwenqubo kanye ne-PPE: Sebenzisa ama-valve okuvala ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi unciphise ukufinyelela ngesikhathi sokulungisa. Thobela ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu futhi uqinisekise ukuthi umoya ungena kahle uma kwenzeka ubhekene nemifudlana eshisayo necindezelekile.
Ukubekwa Kwezinzwa: Beka amadivayisi kude nemithombo yokushisa okukhulu futhi uqinisekise ukuthi avulekile ngokwanele ukuze kuphume isimo esiphuthumayo. Uma kungenzeka, sebenzisa ukufakwa okukude ezindaweni ezibucayi, njengengxenye ekhanyayo yesithando se-ethylene cracker.
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi boketshezi okunembile, okuphephile, nokuthembekile ezitshalweni ze-petrochemical kuncike ekukhetheni amathuluzi afanele—njengalawo anikezwa yi-Lonnmeter—afakwe futhi agcinwe ngokwemikhuba emihle kakhulu. Ukunamathela kulezi zimiso kuqinisekisa ukulawulwa kwenqubo okuhle kakhulu, ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, kanye nokuphepha kwabasebenzi ezicelweni ezifunwa kakhulu.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Ungalinganisa kanjani ubuningi boketshezi esithandweni se-ethylene cracker noma inqubo ye-naphtha?
Ubuningi boketshezi esithandweni se-ethylene cracker noma ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza i-naphtha bungalinganiswa kusetshenziswa amathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi obungaphakathi kwemigqa ngokusekelwe ezimisweni ezifana nokuzwa kokudlidliza, i-acoustic, noma ingcindezi. Ama-densitometer e-U-tube ajikelezayo asetshenziswa kabanzi ekuqapheni ubuningi besikhathi sangempela ezindaweni ezinzima zenqubo, elinganisa ngqo ukushintsha kwemvamisa ye-resonant okubangelwa izinguquko kubuningi boketshezi. Izinzwa ze-Tuning fork kanye ne-acoustic zisebenza ngendlela efanayo ngokuhlaziya amaphethini okudlidliza ukuze kunqunywe ubuningi. Lobu buchwepheshe buklanyelwe ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nezingcindezi zokuqhekeka kwe-ethylene futhi bufakwe emgqeni ukuze kuqaphelwe njalo imifudlana yoketshezi, kunikezwe impendulo esheshayo yokulawula inqubo. Ukuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo zokulawula zesimanje kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukufundwa okunembile nokuzinzile ngisho nangesikhathi sokushintshashintsha okusheshayo kwezimo zenqubo. Isibonelo, imitha yokudlidliza engaphakathi kwemigqa ye-Lonnmeter ingaletha idatha ethembekile evela ku-naphtha feed ngqo egumbini lokulawula isithando somlilo.
Iyini indima yokulinganisa ubuningi ekwenzeni ngcono ukukhiqizwa kwe-ethylene kusuka ku-naphtha feedstock?
Ukulinganisa ubuningi obunembile, besikhathi sangempela kubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono isivuno se-ethylene kusuka ezitshalweni zokudla ze-naphtha. Ukwehluka kobuningi be-feedstock kubonisa ukushintsha kokwakheka, okungathinta i-kinetics yokuqhekeka, ubukhali besithando, kanye nokusatshalaliswa komkhiqizo. Amathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi obuphakathi avumela opharetha ukuthi balungise ngokushesha amapharamitha okusebenza afana nokushisa, izinga lokuphakelayo, kanye nesilinganiso somusi-kuya-hydrocarbon. Lokhu kulungiswa kusiza ukukhulisa umkhiqizo we-ethylene, ukunciphisa ukwakheka komkhiqizo olandelanayo, kanye nokuzinzisa inqubo ngokumelene nokwehluka kwe-feedstock. Isibonelo, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwenza kube lula ukuthola kusenesikhathi ukudla okungaxhunyiwe okungaholela ekusebenzeni okungaphansi noma ukwanda kokungcola, kusekela ukuhambisana kokubili kokukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
Yiziphi izinhlobo eziyinhloko zemishini yokulinganisa ubuningi esetshenziswa ezimbonini ze-petrochemical?
Imisebenzi ye-Petrochemical isebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene okulinganisa ubuningi ukuqapha nokulawula izinqubo zoketshezi. Ama-densitometer eshubhu yokudlidliza emugqeni avamile, anikeza ukunemba okuphezulu kanye nezikhathi zokuphendula okusheshayo ezifanele izindawo eziguquguqukayo. Amamitha obuningi be-acoustic asebenzisa ijubane lomsindo kanye nezilinganiso zokunciphisa, okunikeza ukuqina okwengeziwe kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza. Amadivayisi efoloko lokulungisa ahlaziya ubukhulu bokudlidliza kanye nemvamisa ukuze anqume ubuningi boketshezi, ngokusebenza okuthembekile kulo lonke izinga lokushisa elibanzi kanye nobubanzi bokucindezela. Izinhlelo zokumunca ze-X-ray, nakuba zingavamile kakhulu koketshezi, zisetshenziswa ezindaweni ezikhethekile lapho kudingeka khona ukulinganisa okungaphazamisi. Indlela ethile ekhethiwe incike ezidingweni zenqubo, ukuhambisana kwamakhemikhali, kanye nezidingo zokuhlanganisa. I-Lonnmeter ikhiqiza ama-densitometer okudlidliza aqinile emugqeni, afaneleka kakhulu ekuqapheni ubuningi okuqhubekayo ezinqubweni ze-ethylene cracker kanye ne-naphtha.
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi kuzuzisa kanjani ukuphepha nokusebenza kahle kokucubungula i-naphtha kanye nokuqhekeka kwe-ethylene?
Ukuqapha ubuningi obuqhubekayo kudlala indima ebalulekile yokuphepha nokusebenza kahle ekucubungulweni kwe-naphtha kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-ethylene. Ukuphambuka kobuningi be-naphtha kuvame ukukhombisa izinguquko ekubunjweni, okungathinta ukuziphatha kokusha, kukhuthaze ukwakheka kwe-coke, noma kushintshe izici zokuhlukanisa emishinini engezansi. Idatha yobuningi ngesikhathi esifanele ivumela izinhlelo zokulawula ukuthi zisabele ngokushesha ngokulungisa amapharamitha esithando, ziguqule izithasiselo ezifana nomusi, noma ziqale izenzo zokulungisa ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza okuphephile. Lokhu kunciphisa ingozi yokuphazamiseka kokusebenza, kunciphisa ukuvalwa okungahleliwe, futhi kwandise isikhathi sokusebenza phakathi kwezikhawu zokulungisa. Isibonelo, ukulinganiswa kobuningi besikhathi sangempela kusiza ukuvimbela ukuqhekeka okungaphelele noma ukwakheka kwe-coke kuma-coil esithando—zombili ezithinta isivuno somkhiqizo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla—ngaleyo ndlela zisekela ukukhiqizwa okuqhubekayo nokusebenza kahle.
Yini okufanele icatshangelwe lapho kukhethwa ithuluzi lokulinganisa ubuningi elizosetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni i-naphtha noma izinqubo zesithando se-ethylene cracker?
Ukukhetha ithuluzi lokulinganisa ubungako elifanele lezinqubo ze-petrochemical kuhilela izindlela eziningana. Ithuluzi kumele ligcine ukunemba nokuphindaphindeka ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza ezithile zenqubo—ukushisa okuphezulu, umfutho ophezulu, kanye nokuchayeka kumakhemikhali anolaka. Kumele lihambisane nezici zamakhemikhali ze-naphtha nezinye izitsha zokudla, futhi linikeze imijikelezo yokulinganisa esheshayo ukuze lilethe idatha yesikhathi sangempela esebenzayo. Ububanzi bokulinganisa kufanele bumboze konke ukuguquguquka kwenqubo okulindelekile. Ukulula kokufakwa, ukuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo zokulawula ezisatshalaliswa, kanye nokugcinwa okuqondile kubalulekile ukuze kube nokuthembeka kwesikhathi eside. Ama-densitometer okudlidliza angaphakathi, njengalawo akhiqizwa yi-Lonnmeter, agcwalisa lezi zidingo ngokunikeza ukulinganisa ubungako okunembile, okusheshayo, nokuqinile ngqo emgudwini wenqubo, okuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokulula kokuhlanganiswa kwenqubo. Izinqubo zokulinganisa, ukuvikelwa ekungcoleni, kanye nokuhambisana neziqondiso zokuphepha kwenqubo kumele futhi kufakwe enkambisweni yokukhetha.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 16-2025
