I. Ukusetshenziswa Okuhlelekile Ezinqubweni Ze-Wax Ye-Paraffin Encibilikisiwe
1.1 Ukuqapha Ukujiya Kwesikhathi Sangempela: Umongo Wokulawula Inqubo
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-paraffin wax kuhilela ukuphatha isimo somzimba sengxube eyinkimbinkimbi yezingxenyana ze-hydrocarbon ezigcwele. Inselele ebalulekile ukulawula ukuguquka kusuka esimweni esincibilikisiwe kuya esimweni esiqinile, esibonakala ngokuqala kwe-crystallization njengoba izinga lokushisa loketshezi lehla ngaphansi kwephuzu lalo lamafu. Ukuqina kusebenza njengesibonakaliso esibucayi, sesikhathi sangempela salolu shintsho futhi kuyisilinganiso esiqondile kakhulu sesimo soketshezi kanye nokuvumelana.
Ukuqapha i-viscosity ngesikhathi sangempela ngeI-viscometer ye-Lonnmeterinikeza izinzuzo ezibalulekile kunezindlela zendabuko zokuthatha amasampula ngesandla. Ukuthatha amasampula ngesandla kunikeza isithombe esimfushane senqubo kuphela futhi kwethula ukubambezeleka okukhulu kwesikhathi, amaphutha abantu, kanye nezingozi zokuphepha lapho kubhekene noketshezi olushisayo nolucindezelwe. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-viscometer ye-Lonnmeter inikeza ukugeleza kwedatha okuqhubekayo, okuvumela indlela yokulawula esebenzayo neqondile.
Isicelo esiyinhloko yi-ukunqunywa kwephuzu lokuphela kokusabela. Ezinqubweni ze-polymerization noma zokuxuba, i-viscosity yengxube iyanda njengoba amaketanga ama-molecule ekhula ngobude kanye ne-cross-link. Ngokuqapha iphrofayili ye-viscosity ngesikhathi sangempela, i-viscometer ye-Lonnmeter ingathola isikhathi esiqondile lapho i-viscosity eqondiwe ifinyelelwa khona, okubonisa ukuphela kokusabela. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ehambisanayo kusuka ku-batch kuya ku-batch futhi kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukusabela okungapheli noma ukuqina okungafuneki komkhiqizo ngaphakathi kwe-reactor.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-viscometer ye-Lonnmeter ibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwempilo.ukulawula ukwakheka kwamakristalu. Izakhiwo ze-rheological ze-paraffin encibilikisiwe zizwela kakhulu ekushiseni. Ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa elingu-1°C kuphela kungashintsha i-viscosity ngamaphesenti afinyelela ku-10. Ukuze kulungiswe lokhu, i-viscometer ye-Lonnmeter ifaka inzwa yokushisa eyakhelwe ngaphakathi. Lesi sici sibaluleke kakhulu njengoba sivumela uhlelo lokulawula ukuthola ukufundwa kwe-viscosity okukhokhelwa izinga lokushisa. Uhlelo lungahlukanisa phakathi koshintsho ku-viscosity olubangelwa ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa okulula kanye noshintsho lwangempela esimweni sama-molecule e-paraffin, njengokwakheka kokuqala kwamakristalu e-wax. Lo mehluko ubalulekile ohlelweni lokulawula ukwenza izinqumo ezihlakaniphile, njengokushintsha izinga lokupholisa ukuze kugcinwe uketshezi ngaphezu nje kwephuzu lalo lamafu ngaphandle kokubangela ukuqina nokufakwa ezindongeni zamapayipi.
1.2 Ukuqapha Ubuningi Bemifudlana Esizayo: Isiqinisekiso "Soketshezi Oluyi-Binary"
Nakuba i-LONNMETER600-4 densimeter ikwazi ngobuchwepheshe ukulinganisa ubuningi banoma yiluphi uketshezi, ukusetshenziswa kwayo ekukhiqizweni kwe-paraffin wax encibilikisiwe kubaluleke kakhulu futhi kufanelekile ezinqubweni ezithile ezisizayo. Isihluthulelo salokhu kusetshenziswa kwamasu ukusetshenziswa kwayo ezimweni lapho ubuningi buhlinzeka ngesilinganiso esiqondile nesicacile senqubo eyodwa ebucayi.
I-viscosity ephansi kakhulu ye-densimeter engu-2000 cP isho ukuthi ayilona ithuluzi elifanele umugqa wenqubo ye-paraffin oyinhloko one-viscosity ephezulu, kodwa lokhu kulinganiselwa yikho kanye okwenza ifaneleke kwezinye izifufula ezingaxinekile kakhulu.
Enye yezicelo ezinjalo yi-ukuhlolwa kobumsulwa bezinto zokusetshenziswaNgaphambi kokuba ukudla kwe-parafini kungene ku-reactor eyinhloko, i-LONNMETER600-4 ingasetshenziswa ukuqapha ubuningi bayo. Ukuphambuka ekubuneni okulindelekile kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kungabonisa ukuthi kukhona ukungcola noma ukungahambisani kokudla, okuvumela onjiniyela bezinqubo ukuthi bathathe isinyathelo sokulungisa ngaphambi kokuba kucutshungulwe inqwaba embi.
Isicelo sesibili, esisebenza kahle kakhulu sise-ukuxuba okungeziweIzinqubo ze-parafini zivame ukudinga ukufakwa kwezithasiselo zamakhemikhali, njenge-pour point depressants (PPD) kanye nezinciphisi ze-viscosity, ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwekristalu nokuthuthukisa izici zokugeleza. Lezi zithasiselo zivame ukunikezwa ku-solvent, zakha uhlelo olulula noluchazwe kahle lwe-binary liquid. Kulesi simo esithile, ubuningi bengxube buhambisana ngqo nokuhlushwa kwesithasiselo.I-LONNMETERimitha yobuningi emugqeniUkunemba okuphezulu kuka-±0.003 g/cm³ kuvumela ukuqapha okunembile, ngesikhathi sangempela kwalokhu kuhlushwa. Lokhu kwenza uhlelo lokulawula oluzenzakalelayo lulawule ukugeleza kwesithasiselo ngokwethembeka okuphezulu, okuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo wokugcina unezakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezidingekayo ngqo ngaphandle kokuchitha izinto ezibizayo. Lolu hlelo lokusebenza oluqondiwe lubonisa ukuqonda okujulile kwamandla obuchwepheshe kanye nendima yalo njengethuluzi eliyisu lokulawula ikhwalithi endaweni yokukhiqiza eyinkimbinkimbi.
Ukulungiswa kwe-Emulsions ye-Paraffin Wax
IIIzimiso Eziyisisekelo Zokulinganisa Uketshezi Oludlidlizayo
2.1 Ifiziksi yeI-LonnmeterI-Viscometry Edlidlizayo
I-viscometer eku-inthanethi ye-Lonnmeter LONN-ND isebenza ngesimiso sokudlidliza i-viscometry, indlela eqinile kakhulu nethembekile yokuhlaziywa koketshezi ngesikhathi sangempela. Ingqikithi yalobu buchwepheshe ihilela isakhi sokuzwa esiqinile, esimise okwenduku esenzelwe ukujikisa i-axial ngemvamisa eqondile. Uma lesi sakhi sicwiliswe oketshezini, ukunyakaza kwaso kukhiqiza amandla okugunda endaweni ezungezile. Lesi senzo sokugunda sidala ukuhudula okuqinile, okususa amandla avela ku-vibrating element. Ubukhulu balokhu kulahlekelwa kwamandla buhambisana ngqo nokujiya kanye nobuningi boketshezi.
Uhlelo lweLonnmeter luhlonyiswe ngesekethe kagesi eyinkimbinkimbi eqapha njalo amandla alahlekela uketshezi. Ukuze kugcinwe i-amplitude yokudlidliza engaguquki, uhlelo kumele lukhokhele lokhu kuhlakazeka kwamandla ngokunikeza inani elilinganayo lamandla. Amandla adingekayo ukusekela le amplitude engaguquki alinganiswa yi-microprocessor, ehumusha isignali eluhlaza ibe ukufundwa kwe-viscosity. Ubudlelwano bulula encwadini njengo-μ=λδ, lapho i-μ iyi-viscosity yoketshezi, i-λ iyi-coefficient yethuluzi engenakulinganiswa etholakala ekulinganisweni, kanti i-δ imelela i-vibration decay coefficient. Nokho, le fomula imelela imodeli elula. Amandla angempela ethuluzi kanye nokunemba kwalo, okuchazwe ku-±2% kuya ku-±5%, kuvela kuma-algorithms alo okucubungula isignali yangaphakathi kanye ne-curve yokulinganisa eyinkimbinkimbi, engeyona eqondile. Lokhu kucubungula isignali okuthuthukisiwe kwenza idivayisi ikwazi ukunikeza izilinganiso ezinembile ngisho noketshezi olungewona u-Newtonian, olubonisa izinguquko ze-viscosity ngokusekelwe esilinganisweni sokushefa. Ubulula obungokwemvelo bomklamo—ukuntuleka kwezingxenye ezihambayo, izivalo, noma amabheringi—kwenza ufaneleke kakhulu ezindaweni zezimboni ezidinga ukushisa okuphezulu, umfutho ophezulu, kanye nethuba lokuthi uketshezi luqine noma luqukathe ukungcola.
1.2 Isimiso Esivumelanayo Sokulinganisa I-Tuning Fork Densitometry:I-LONNMETER600-4
I-densimeter ye-LONNMETER isebenzisa isimiso sefoloko yokuthungela edlidlizayo ukuze inqume ubuningi boketshezi. Le divayisi iqukethe isici sefoloko yokuthungela esinamacala amabili esiqhutshwa yi-resonance yikristalu ye-piezoelectric. Lapho ifoloko yokuthungela idlidliza ku-vacuum noma emoyeni, yenza kanjalo ngemvamisa yayo yemvelo yokuthungela. Kodwa-ke, uma icwiliswa kuketshezi, indawo ezungezile ifaka ubuningi obengeziwe ohlelweni. Lesi simo, esaziwa ngokuthi ubuningi obengeziwe, sibangela ukwehla kwemvamisa yokuthungela yefoloko. Ukushintsha kwemvamisa kuwumsebenzi oqondile wobuningi boketshezi oluzungeze ifoloko.
Uhlelo lweLonnmeter lulinganisa ngokunembile lokhu kushintsha kwemvamisa, okube sekuhlanganiswa nobuningi boketshezi ngobudlelwano obulinganisiwe. Ikhono lenzwa lokunikeza isilinganiso sokunemba okuphezulu, ngokunemba okungu-±0.003 g/cm³, liwumphumela oqondile walokhu kutholwa kwemvamisa eguquguqukayo. Ngenkathi isimiso somzimba sokulungisa ama-densimeter efoloko sivumela izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi, okuhlanganisa ukulinganisa ubuningi be-slurries namagesi, umbuzo womsebenzisi uqokomisa uhlelo oluthile lwesistimu "ye-binary liquid kuphela". Lokhu kuphikisana okubonakalayo phakathi kwamandla obuchwepheshe kanye nokusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe kuyisici esibalulekile. I-tuning fork densimeter ayikhawulelwe ngokomzimba kuma-binary liquids. Kunalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwayo okusebenzayo enkambisweni eyinkimbinkimbi, enezingxenye eziningi njengokukhiqizwa kwe-paraffin wax encibilikisiwe kwenziwa ngcono lapho inani elilodwa lobuningi lingahlotshaniswa ngokuthembekile nokuguquguquka kwenqubo eyodwa, ebalulekile. Lokhu kuvame ukuba njalo ohlelweni olulula lwe-binary lapho ubuningi busebenza njengommeleli wokuhlushwa. Ngengxube ye-hydrocarbon eyinkimbinkimbi njenge-paraffin encibilikisiwe, ukufundwa kobuningi obulodwa kunosizo olulinganiselwe, okwenza i-Lonnmeter LONN-ND viscometer ibe ithuluzi elifaneleka kakhulu lokusakaza kwenqubo eyinhloko. I-densimeter, ngokuphambene, ithola inani layo eliphakeme kakhulu nelifaneleka kakhulu emifudlaneni eyisizayo neyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
1.3 Imininingwane Yethuluzi kanye Nemingcele Yokusebenza: Ukuhlaziywa Kokuqhathanisa
Ukuqhathaniswa okuphelele kwe-Lonnmeter LONN-ND viscometer kanye ne-LONN600-4 densimeter kwembula izivikelo zazo zokusebenza ezihlukile futhi kugcizelela izindima zazo ezihambisanayo endaweni yokukhiqiza eyinkimbinkimbi. Ithebula elilandelayo lihlanganisa imininingwane ebalulekile yobuchwepheshe, lisuselwa kumadokhumenti anikeziwe.
| Ipharamitha | I-Viscometer LONN-ND | I-Densimeter LONN600-4 |
| Isimiso Sokulinganisa | Induku Edlidlizayo (Ukudambisa Okubangelwa Yisheya) | Umsindo we-Tuning Fork |
| Ibanga Lokulinganisa | 1-1,000,000 cP | 0-2 g/cm³ |
| Ukunemba | ±2% kuya ku-±5% | ±0.003 g/cm³ |
| Ukuqina Okuphezulu | Akukho (Iphatha ukujiya okuphezulu) | <2000 cP |
| Izinga Lokushisa Lokusebenza | 0-120°C (Okuvamile) / 130-350°C (Izinga Lokushisa Eliphezulu) | -10-120°C |
| Ingcindezi Yokusebenza | <4.0 MPa | <1.0 MPa |
| Izinto Ezimanzi | 316, Teflon, Hastelloy | 316, Teflon, Hastelloy |
| Isignali Yokukhipha | 4-20mADC, RS485 Modbus RTU | 4-20mADC |
| Isilinganiso Esivikela Ukuqhuma | I-Ex dIIBT6 | I-Ex dIIBT6 |
Idatha engenhla iqokomisa umehluko obalulekile wobuchwepheshe olawula ukusetshenziswa kwesu kwethuluzi ngalinye. Amandla e-viscometer ye-LONN-ND okusebenza emazingeni okushisa aphezulu nokusingatha ukuthambekela okuphezulu kakhulu kwenza kube ukukhetha okuqondile komugqa wenqubo ye-paraffin wax encibilikisiwe eyinhloko. Le mininingwane yobuchwepheshe iqinisa isinqumo sesu sokusebenzisa i-densimeter kuphela emifudlaneni esekelayo, ene-viscosity ephansi.
III. Ukuhlanganiswa Okungenamthungo Nezinhlelo Zokulawula Izimboni
3.1 I-Lonnmeter Data Interfaces: 4-20mA kanye ne-RS485 Modbus
Ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo kwamathuluzi e-Lonnmeter ezinhlelweni zokulawula zezimboni zesimanje kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile esulweni eliphumelelayo lokuzenzakalela kwenqubo. Zombili i-LONNIMITAI-viscometer ye-ND kanye ne-LONNIMITAI-densimeter engu-600-4 inikeza izixhumi ezimbili zokuxhumana kwedatha eziyinhloko: umkhiqizo we-analog wendabuko ongu-4-20mADC kanye nephrothokholi yedijithali ye-RS485 Modbus RTU ethuthukisiwe kakhulu.
Isignali engu-4-20mADC iyindinganiso eqinile neqondakala kahle embonini. Ilungele ukuxhumana ngqo nesilawuli se-PID noma imojuli yokufaka ye-analog ye-PLC. Umkhawulo wayo oyinhloko ukuthi ingadlulisela inani lenqubo elilodwa kuphela, njenge-viscosity noma ubuningi, ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lokhu kulula kunenzuzo kuma-loop okulawula aqondile kodwa kunciphisa ukuceba kokusakaza kwedatha.
I-interface ye-RS485 Modbus RTU inikeza ikhambi elibanzi kakhulu. Amabhukwana e-Lonnmeter achaza iphrothokholi ye-Modbus. Le phrothokholi yedijithali ivumela ithuluzi elilodwa ukuthi linikeze amaphuzu amaningi edatha ngesikhathi esisodwa, njengokufundwa kwe-viscosity okukhokhelwa izinga lokushisa kanye nokushisa koketshezi, kusuka kudivayisi eyodwa.
3.2 Izindlela Ezinhle Kakhulu Zokuhlanganiswa kwe-DCS, SCADA, kanye ne-MES
Ukuhlanganisa amathuluzi e-Lonnmeter ohlelweni lokulawula olusatshalaliswa (i-DCS), ukulawula nokuthola idatha (i-SCADA), noma uhlelo lokukhiqiza (i-MES) kudinga indlela ehlelekile, enezingqimba eziningi.
Isendlalelo Sehadiwe:Ukuxhumana okungokoqobo kumele kube okuqinile futhi okuphephile. Amabhukwana e-Lonnmeter ancoma ukusebenzisa izintambo ezivikelwe nokuqinisekisa ukuthi isisekelo siqinile ukuze kuncishiswe ukuphazamiseka kwesignali, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziseduze nama-motor anamandla amakhulu noma ama-frequency converter.
Isendlalelo Se-Logic:Ku-PLC noma ku-DCS, idatha yesenzwa eluhlaza kumele ihlelwe ukuze icubungule iziguquguquki. Ukuze uthole isignali engu-4-20mA, lokhu kuhilela ukukhulisa okokufaka kwe-analog kumayunithi obunjiniyela afanele. Ku-Modbus, kudinga ukumisa imojuli yokuxhumana ye-serial ye-PLC ukuze ithumele amakhodi omsebenzi afanele kumakheli okubhalisa acacisiwe, ithole idatha eluhlaza, bese iyiguqulela kufomethi efanele yephuzu elintantayo. Lolu ngqimba lunesibopho sokuqinisekiswa kwedatha, ukutholwa kwangaphandle, kanye ne-logic yokulawula eyisisekelo.
Isendlalelo Sokubona:Uhlelo lwe-SCADA noma lwe-MES lusebenza njengesixhumi esibonakalayo somuntu nomshini (i-HMI), olunikeza opharetha ulwazi olusebenzayo. Lokhu kuhilela ukudala izikrini ezibonisa idatha yesensa yesikhathi sangempela, idatha yomlando ethandwayo, kanye nokulungiselela ama-alamu amapharamitha enqubo ebalulekile. Idatha yesikhathi sangempela evela kumathuluzi e-Lonnmeter iguqula umbono wopharetha kusukela embonweni osabelayo, womlando uye kowokusebenza, wesikhathi sangempela, okubenza bakwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi oluthe xaxa futhi baphendule ekuphazamisekeni kwenqubo ngokushelela okukhulu.
Inselele enkulu ekuhlanganisweni yileumsindo kagesi, okungathinta ubuqotho besiginali. Incwadi yemiyalelo yeLonnmeter ixwayisa ngokusobala ngalokhu futhi iphakamisa ukusebenzisa izintambo ezivikelwe. Enye inselele yilena
ukubambezeleka kwedathakumanethiwekhi e-Modbus ayinkimbinkimbi. Nakuba isikhathi sokuphendula se-Lonnmeter sishesha, ithrafikhi yenethiwekhi ingaletha ukubambezeleka. Ukubeka phambili amaphakethe edatha abalulekile kunethiwekhi kunganciphisa le nkinga futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi izihibe zokulawula ezithinta isikhathi zithola idatha ngokushesha.
3.3 Ubuqotho Bedatha Nokutholakala Kwangempela
Incazelo yokubaluleka kobuchwepheshe bokuqapha obuku-inthanethi beLonnmeter ihlobene ngokuyisisekelo nobuqotho kanye nokutholakala kokusakaza kwayo kwedatha. Ukusampula ngesandla kwendabuko kunikeza uchungechunge lwezithombe ezimile nezingokomlando zesimo senqubo. Lokhu kubambezeleka kwesikhathi okukhona kwenza kube nzima ukulawula inqubo eguquguqukayo ngokunemba futhi kuvame ukuholela ekhwalithini yomkhiqizo engaguquki, ezindaweni zokuphela kokusabela ezingaphumeleli, kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kokusebenza.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ikhono le-viscometer ye-Lonnmeter lokuhlinzeka ngokusakazwa kwedatha okuqhubekayo, kwesikhathi sangempela liguqula indlela yokulawula kusuka ekuphenduleni kuya ekuqaliseni. Isikhathi sokuphendula okusheshayo sethuluzi siyivumela ukuthi ibambe izinguquko eziguquguqukayo ezakhiweni eziwuketshezi njengoba zenzeka. Le "movie" eqhubekayo yesimo senqubo, kunokuba kube uchungechunge "lwezithombe" ezingahlangene, iyisidingo esiyisisekelo sokusebenzisa amasu okulawula athuthukile. Ngaphandle kwale datha yokwethembeka okuphezulu, ephansi, imiqondo efana nokulawula okubikezelayo noma i-PID autotuning ibingeke ifezeke ngokobuchwepheshe. Ngakho-ke, uhlelo lwe-Lonnmeter alusebenzi nje njengedivayisi yokulinganisa kodwa njengomhlinzeki wedatha obalulekile ophakamisa yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza iye ezingeni elisha lokuzenzakalela nokulawula.
IV. Ukusebenzisa Idatha Yesikhathi Sangempela Yokulawula Inqubo Ethuthukisiwe
4.1 Ukuthuthukisa Ukulawula i-PID ngeDatha Yesikhathi Sangempela
Ukusetshenziswa kwedatha ye-Lonnmeter's real-time density kanye ne-viscosity kungenza ngcono kakhulu ama-conventional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control loops. Abalawuli be-PID bayisisekelo sokwenza okuzenzakalelayo kwezimboni, abasebenza ngokubala njalo inani lephutha njengomehluko phakathi kwe-setpoint efiselekayo kanye ne-method variable elinganisiwe. Isilawuli sibe sesisebenzisa ukulungiswa okusekelwe kumagama alinganayo, ahlanganisiwe, kanye nalawo atholakalayo ukuze kuncishiswe leli phutha.
Njengoba i-viscosity yesikhathi sangempela iyi-real-time variable, i-PID loop ingalawula ngokunembile izinga lokupholisa enqubweni ye-paraffin encibilikisiwe. Njengoba uketshezi luqala ukupholisa futhi i-viscosity yalo ikhuphuka, isilawuli singalawula ukugeleza kwamanzi okupholisa ukuze sigcine i-viscosity endaweni ebekiwe kusengaphambili, ngaleyo ndlela sivimbele ukwakheka kwekristalu okungalawulwa kanye nokuqina ngaphakathi kwamapayipi.7Ngokufanayo, enkambisweni yokuhlanganisa okusizayo, iluphu ye-PID ingasebenzisa idatha yobuningi besikhathi sangempela ukulawula izinga lokugeleza kwesithasiselo, iqinisekisa ukuhlushwa okunembile nokungaguquguquki.
Uhlelo lokusebenza oluthuthukisiwe kakhulu luhilelaUkulungisa ngokuzenzakalela kwe-PID. Ukugeleza kwedatha okuqhubekayo kweLonnmeter kuvumela isilawuli ukuthi senze ukuzilinganisa, noma ukuhlolwa kwesinyathelo, enkambisweni. Ngokwenza ushintsho oluncane, olulawulwayo ekuphumeni (isb., ukugeleza kwamanzi okupholisa) nokuhlaziya impendulo yenqubo (isb., ushintsho ekubonakaleni kanye nokubambezeleka kwesikhathi), i-PID autotuner ingakwazi ukubala ngokuzenzakalelayo izinzuzo ze-P, I, kanye ne-D ezifanele zaleso simo senqubo ethile. Leli khono lisusa isidingo sokulungisa ngesandla, okuthatha isikhathi "ukuqagela nokuhlola", okwenza i-control loop ibe namandla futhi iphendule ekuphazamisekeni kwenqubo.
4.2 Ukulawula Okubikezelayo Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimo Kokuzinzisa Inqubo
Ngale kokulawula i-PID engaguquki, idatha yobuningi besikhathi sangempela kanye ne-viscosity ingasetshenziswa ukusebenzisa amasu okulawula ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, njengokulawula okuguquguqukayo nokubikezela.
Ukulawula okuguquguqukayokuyindlela yokulawula elungisa ngokuguquguqukayo amapharamitha okulawula (isb., izinzuzo ze-PID) ngesikhathi sangempela ukuze kunxeshezelwe izinguquko ekushintsheni kwenqubo. Enqubweni ye-paraffin encibilikisiwe, izakhiwo ze-rheological zoketshezi zishintsha kakhulu ngokushisa, ukwakheka, kanye nesilinganiso sokucheba. Isilawuli esiguquguqukayo, esinikezwa idatha eqhubekayo ye-Lonnmeter, singabona lezi zinguquko futhi silungise ngokuzenzakalelayo izinzuzo zaso ukuze silondoloze ukulawula okuzinzile kulo lonke i-batch, kusukela esimweni sokuqala esishisayo, esiphansi kwe-viscosity kuya kumkhiqizo wokugcina opholile, one-viscosity ephezulu.
Ukulawulwa Kokubikezela Kwemodeli (i-MPC)imele ushintsho kusuka ekulawuleni okusabelayo kuya ekulawuleni okusebenzayo. Uhlelo lwe-MPC lusebenzisa imodeli yezibalo yenqubo ukubikezela ukuziphatha kwesikhathi esizayo kwesistimu phezu "komkhathi wokubikezela" onikeziwe. Isebenzisa idatha yesikhathi sangempela evela ku-viscometer ye-Lonnmeter kanye ne-densimeter (i-viscosity, izinga lokushisa, kanye nobuningi), i-MPC ingabikezela imiphumela yezenzo zokulawula ezahlukahlukene. Isibonelo, ingabikezela ukuqala kwe-crystallization ngokusekelwe esilinganisweni sokupholisa kanye nomkhuba wamanje we-viscosity. Isilawuli singabe sesilungisa iziguquguquko eziningi, njengokugeleza kwamanzi okupholisa, izinga lokushisa lejakethi, kanye nesivinini se-agitator, ukuze kugcinwe ijika lokupholisa eliqondile, ngaleyo ndlela kuvinjelwe ukuqina komkhiqizo noma kuqinisekiswe isakhiwo esithile se-crystalline kumkhiqizo wokugcina. Lokhu kususa i-paradigm yokulawula ekuphenduleni eziphazanyisweni iye ekuzilindeleni nasekuziphatheni ngenkuthalo.
4.3 Ukuthuthukiswa Okuqhutshwa Yidatha
Inani lokusakaza kwedatha yesikhathi sangempela ye-Lonnmeter lidlulela ngale kokusetshenziswa kwayo ngokushesha ezindleleni zokulawula. Le datha esezingeni eliphezulu, eqhubekayo ingaqoqwa futhi ihlaziywe ngokomlando ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqonda okujulile kwezinqubo kanye nokuvula amathuba okwenza ngcono okuqhutshwa idatha.
Idatha ehlanganisiwe ingasetshenziswa ukuqeqeshaamamodeli okufunda komshiningezinhloso zokubikezela. Imodeli ingaqeqeshwa ngedatha ye-viscosity yomlando kanye nezinga lokushisa ukuze kubikezelwe ikhwalithi yokugcina yeqembu, kunciphisa ukuthembela ekuhlolweni kwekhwalithi yangemva kokukhiqiza okubizayo nokuthatha isikhathi. Ngokufanayo, imodeli yokulungisa ebikezelayo ingakhiwa ngokuhlobanisa izitayela zedatha yenzwa nokusebenza kwemishini. Isibonelo, ukwanda kancane kancane kodwa okuqhubekayo kwe-viscosity endaweni ethile yenqubo kungaba yisibonakaliso esihamba phambili sephampu esisondela ekuhlulekeni, okuvumela ukulungiswa okusheshayo ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke ukuvala okubizayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziywa okuqhutshwa idatha kungaholela ekuthuthukisweni okukhulu ekusebenzeni kahle kwenqubo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Ngokuhlaziya idatha evela kumaqoqo amaningi, onjiniyela bezinqubo bangabona ubudlelwano obucashile phakathi kwamapharamitha okulawula kanye nezakhiwo zomkhiqizo wokugcina. Lokhu kubavumela ukuthi balungise ama-setpoints futhi bathuthukise imithamo eyengeziwe, banciphise ukusetshenziswa kwemfucuza kanye namandla ngenkathi beqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ehambisanayo.
V. Imikhuba Emihle Yokufaka, Ukulinganisa, kanye Nokugcinwa Kwesikhathi Eside
5.1 Izinqubo Zokufaka Eziqinile Ezindaweni Eziyinselele
Ukufakwa kahle kwamathuluzi e-Lonnmeter kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni izilinganiso ezinembile nezithembekile endaweni enzima ye-paraffin wax encibilikisiwe. Ukuthambekela koketshezi kokuqina nokunamathela ezindaweni ezishisayo ngaphansi kwefu kudinga indlela ecophelelayo.
Okubalulekile okufanele kucatshangelwe nge-viscometer ye-LONN-ND ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isici sokuzwa esisebenzayo sihlala sicwiliswe ngokuphelele oketshezini oluncibilikisiwe ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kuma-reactor kanye nemikhumbi emikhulu, izinketho ze-probe ezinde ze-Lonnmeter, ezisukela ku-550mm kuya ku-2000mm, zenzelwe ngqo ukuhlangabezana nale mfuneko, okuvumela ukuthi i-sensor tip ibekwe ngaphakathi koketshezi, kude namazinga oketshezi ashintshashintshayo. Indawo yokufaka kufanele ibe yindawo enokuhamba koketshezi okufanayo, igweme izindawo ezimile noma izindawo lapho amabhamuza omoya angase angene khona, njengoba lezi zimo zingaholela ekufundweni okungalungile. Ekufakweni kwamapayipi, kunconywa ukucushwa kwepayipi elivundlile noma eliqondile, lapho i-sensor probe ibekwe ukuze ilinganise ukugeleza koketshezi oluyinhloko kunoketshezi oluhamba kancane odongeni lwepayipi.
Kuzo zombili izinsimbi, ukusebenzisa izinketho zokufaka i-flange ezinconywayo (DN50 noma DN80) kuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okuphephile, okumelana nokucindezela emikhunjini yenqubo kanye namapayipi.
5.2 Amasu Okulinganisa Ngokunembile Ama-Viscometer Nama-Densitometer
Naphezu komklamo wazo oqinile, ukunemba kwazo zombili izinsimbi kuncike ekulinganisweni okuvamile nokunembile.
Ii-viscometerInqubo yokulinganisa, njengoba kuchaziwe encwadini yemiyalelo, ihilela ukusebenzisa uwoyela ojwayelekile we-silicone njengoketshezi lokubhekisela. Inqubo imi kanje:
Ukulungiselela:Khetha indinganiso ye-viscosity eqinisekisiwe emele ububanzi be-viscosity obulindelwe boketshezi.
Ukulawula Izinga Lokushisa:Qinisekisa ukuthi uketshezi olujwayelekile kanye nenzwa kusezingeni lokushisa elizinzile nelilawulwa kahle. Izinga lokushisa liyisici esiyinhloko ekuqineni, ngakho-ke ukulingana kokushisa kubalulekile.
Ukuzinza:Vumela ukufunda kwensimbi ukuthi kuzinze ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uqinisekise ukuthi ayishintshi ngaphezu kwezingxenye ezimbalwa zeshumi zeyunithi, ngaphambi kokuqhubeka.
Ukuqinisekiswa:Qhathanisa ukufundwa kwethuluzi nenani eliqinisekisiwe loketshezi olujwayelekile bese ulungisa izilungiselelo zokulinganisa njengoba kudingeka.
Okwei-densimeter, le ncwadi inikeza ukulinganiswa okulula kwephuzu elingenalutho kusetshenziswa amanzi ahlanzekile. Nakuba lokhu kuyindlela elula yokuhlola endaweni, ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinembe kakhulu, ukulinganiswa kwamaphuzu amaningi kusetshenziswa izinto zokubhekisela eziqinisekisiwe ezinobuningi obuhlanganisa ububanzi bokusebenza obulindelekile kuyindlela eqinile kakhulu.
Endaweni ye-wax encibilikisiwe ye-paraffin, ukwakheka kwe-wax ebusweni benzwa kungangeza isisindo futhi kushintshe izici zokudlidliza, okubangela ukuzulazula kancane kancane ekunembileni kokulinganisa. Lokhu kudinga ukuhlolwa kokulinganisa okuvamile kakhulu kunasendaweni engangcolisi ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho bedatha yesikhathi eside.
5.3 Ukugcinwa Kokuvimbela Nokuxazulula Izinkinga Zokuphila Isikhathi Eside
Umklamo weLonnmeter, ongenazo izingxenye ezihambayo, izivalo, noma amabheringi, unciphisa ukugcinwa kwemishini. Kodwa-ke, izinselele eziyingqayizivele ezibangelwa i-paraffin wax encibilikisiwe zidinga isu lokunakekela elizinikele lokuvimbela.
Ukuhlolwa Okuvamile Nokuhlanza:Umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu wokulungisa ukuhlola nokuhlanza njalo i-sensor probe ukuze kususwe noma iyiphi i-paraffin wax eqongelelekile. Ukwakheka kwe-wax kungaphazamisa kakhulu ukudlidliza kwe-sensor, okuholela ekufundweni okungalungile noma ekungasebenzi kahle kwe-sensor. Kufanele kuthuthukiswe futhi kulandelwe inqubo yokuhlanza esemthethweni ukuqinisekisa ukuthi indawo ye-sensor ayinazo izinsalela.
Ukuxazulula izinkinga:Amabhukwana anikeza isiqondiso ngezinkinga ezivamile. Uma ithuluzi lingenakho ukubonisa noma ukuphuma, izinyathelo eziyinhloko zokuxazulula izinkinga ukuhlola ukunikezwa kwamandla, izintambo, kanye nanoma yimiphi imijikelezo emifushane. Uma ukufundwa kokuphumayo kungazinzile noma kuguquka kakhulu, izimbangela ezingaba khona zifaka phakathi ukwakheka kwe-wax ku-probe, ukuba khona kwamabhamuza amakhulu omoya oketshezini, noma ukudlidliza kwangaphandle okuthinta inzwa. Ilogi yokulungisa ebhalwe kahle, kufaka phakathi konke ukuhlolwa, imisebenzi yokuhlanza, kanye namarekhodi okulinganisa, kubalulekile ekulandeleleni ukusebenza kwethuluzi nokuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zekhwalithi. Ngokuthatha indlela yokulungisa ephuthumayo kanye nokubhekana nezinselele ezithile zendawo ye-wax encibilikisiwe ye-paraffin, amathuluzi e-Lonnmeter anganikeza idatha ethembekile nenembile yeminyaka yokusebenza.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-22-2025
