Iinqubo yokushiswa kwesikhumbaiguqula izikhumba zezilwane ezingavuthiwe zibe isikhumba esiqinile nesiguquguqukayo, umsebenzi wobuciko ohlaziywe emakhulwini eminyaka kodwa oqhubeka nokuguquka ngobuchwepheshe besimanje. Okubalulekile kule nqubo, ikakhulukazi ekwamukelweni kabanziinqubo yokushiswa kwesikhumba se-chromium, ukuphathwa okunembile kwamakhemikhali, njengokuthii-sodium sulfate, ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yesikhumba ephezulu kanye nokuhambisana nemvelo. Ukuphambuka kulokhu kugxila kungalimaza izakhiwo zomzimba zesikhumba futhi kwandise izindleko zokukhiqiza, kuyilapho izindlela zokuqapha zendabuko zivame ukwehluleka ekubhekaneni nezinselele zemidiya ebolile kanye nezidingo zesikhathi sangempela. Lesi sihloko sihlola indima ebalulekile yalokhuukuhlushwa kwe-sodium sulfateekushiseni nge-chrome, ubunzima benqubo, ukulinganiselwa kokuqapha okuvamile, kanye nezinzuzo zokuguqula amamitha okuhlushwa asezingeni eliphezulu, njenge-Lonnmeter, ekufinyeleleni ukunemba nokusebenza kahle.
Ukuhlushwa kwe-Chrome: Itshe Lesisekelo Lekhwalithi Yesikhumba
I-Chromium, ikakhulukazi ngesimo se-chromium sulfate (BCS) eyisisekelo, iyisizinda sokushiswa kwesikhumba sesimanje, ebanga u-80-90% wokukhiqizwa kwesikhumba emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yekhono layo lokukhiqiza isikhumba esinokuqina okumangalisayo kwe-hydrothermal, ukuguquguquka, kanye nezici zokudaya. Ukuhlushwa kwe-chromium otshwaleni lokushiswa kwesikhumba kuthinta ngqo izinga lokushisa lokuncishiswa kwesikhumba (Ts), amandla okuthamba, kanye nobumnene. Isibonelo, ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukwanda okungu-10.8% kokuqukethwe kwe-Cr₂O₃ esikhumbeni kungathuthukisa ukusatshalaliswa kwe-collagen fiber kanye nezakhiwo zemishini. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kahle kokulungiswa kwe-chromium kuncike kumakhemikhali asekelayo, ikakhulukazii-sodium sulfate, okuqinisa i-pH yebhavu lokushiswa kwesikhumba futhi kusiza ekungeneni kwe-chromium.ukuhlushwa kwe-sodium sulfatekungaphazamisa lokhu kulinganisela okubucayi, okuholela ekushintsheni kwesikhumba ngokungalingani, ukumuncwa kabi kwe-chromium, kanye nekhwalithi yesikhumba ebucayi. Ngakho-ke ukugcina amazinga aphezulu akuyona nje imfuneko yobuchwepheshe kodwa kuyinto ebalulekile enquma ukuqina komkhiqizo wokugcina kanye nokukhanga kobuhle.
IInqubo Yokushiswa Kwesikhumba
Iinqubo yokushiswa kwesikhumbaluchungechunge oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezinyathelo zamakhemikhali nezemishini eziklanyelwe ukuguqula izikhumba ezibolayo zibe isikhumba esizinzile nesiguquguqukayo. Luqala ngemisebenzi ye-beamhouse—ukwelapha, ukucwilisa, ukunquma uboya, ukususa izinwele, ukususa uboya, ukukhuhla—ukulungiselela isikhumba ukushiswa ngokukhipha izinwele, amafutha, namaprotheni ngenkathi kulungiswa i-pH yaso. Isigaba sokushiswa silandela, lapho imicu ye-collagen yesikhumba ishintshwa khona ngamakhemikhali ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqina nokumelana nokubola. Izinqubo zangemva kokushiswa, okuhlanganisa ukushiswa kabusha, ukudaya, kanye nokushiswa, zithuthukisa ukubukeka kwesikhumba kanye nokuthungwa kwaso. Phakathi kwezindlela zokushiswa,inqubo yokushiswa kwesikhumba se-chromiumiyabusa ngenxa yejubane layo kanye nekhono layo lokukhiqiza isikhumba esilula, sekhwalithi ephezulu esifanele ukusetshenziswa njengezikhwama zezandla, izingubo, kanye nempahla yokuhlobisa.
Ukubuka konke kwe-Inqubo Yokushiswa Kwesikhumba Se-Chromium
Iinqubo yokushiswa kwesikhumba se-chromiumkuyindlela elula nephumelelayo evame ukuqeda ukushiswa kwesikhumba ngaphansi kosuku, umehluko omkhulu emavikini noma ezinyangeni ezidingekayo zokushiswa kwesikhumba kwemifino. Ihilela izinyathelo eziningana ezibalulekile:
- Ukucwilisa kanye nokuLima: Izikhumba zicwiliswa emanzini ukuze ziphinde zimanzise futhi zisuse usawoti ekuqineni, kulandele ukuncibilikisa i-calcium hydroxide kanye ne-sodium sulfide ukuze kukhululeke izinwele futhi kulungiswe i-collagen matrix.
- Ukukhahlela: Izikhumba zicwiliswa esixazululweni esine-asidi equkethe i-sodium chloride (6-8% ngesisindo) kanye ne-sulfuric noma i-formic acid ukuze kwehliswe i-pH ibe ngu-2.5-3.0, kuvikelwe i-collagen ekuvuvukeni kwe-asidi futhi kube lula ukungena kwe-chromium.
- Ukushiswa kwesikhumba: I-chromium sulfate eyisisekelo (6-8% ngesisindo sesikhumba, equkethe ~25% Cr₂O₃) ifakwa, ingena esikhumbeni ukuze yakhe ama-complexes ane-collagen. I-pH bese iphakanyiswa ibe ngu-3.8-4.0 kusetshenziswa i-sodium bicarbonate esinyathelweni sokuqinisa ukuze kukhuthazwe ukuxhumanisa, okuholela esikhumbeni "esimanzi esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" esibonakala ngombala waso ompunga-oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
- Ngemva kokushiswa kwesikhumba: Ukushintsha umbala wesikhumba, ukudaya, kanye nokufaka amafutha kuthuthukisa izakhiwo zesikhumba,i-sodium sulfateukudlala indima ebalulekile ekuqiniseni izixazululo nokusiza ekuqiniseni ama-agent okushiswa kwesikhumba.
I-Sodium Sulfateekwelashweni ngemuva kokushiswa kwesikhumba
I-sodium sulfatekubalulekile ekushiseni isikhumba ngemva kokushiswa kwesikhumba, ikakhulukazi ekususeni usawoti kanye nokulungisa i-agent yokushiswa kwesikhumba, ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yesikhumba ehambisanayo kanye nokuhambisana nemvelo.
- Inqubo Yokususa Usawoti: Ukugxila kukasawoti okuphezulu okuvela ekuqoqweni kwe-pickling, ikakhulukazi i-sodium chloride, kunegalelo ekukhuleni kwama-total dissolved solids (TDS) emfucumfucwini, okudala izinselele zemvelo.I-sodium sulfateisetshenziswa ekususeni usawoti ukuze kwehliswe amazinga e-chloride, ithathe indawo efinyelela ku-80% we-sodium chloride kwezinye izinqubo. Lokhu kushintsha kwehlisa i-TDS, ngezifundo ezibonisa ukwehla okufika ku-97% ezinhlelweni zokushuba ezivikela imvelo, okunciphisa usawoti wamanzi angcolile akhishwa ezindaweni zokulahla indle zomphakathi.
- Inqubo Yokulungisa I-Agent Yokuthambisa Isikhumba:I-sodium sulfatekumisa i-pH yebhavu lokutha i-tanning futhi kuthuthukisa ukumuncwa kwe-chromium ngokulinganisela ukusabela kwe-collagen kanye ne-chromium complexes. Kuvimbela ukutha i-tanning ebusweni ngokushesha, kuqinisekisa ukungena okufanayo. Isibonelo, ukugcina ukuhambisanaukuhlushwa kwe-sodium sulfateingathuthukisa ukumuncwa kwe-chrome ngo-28.5%, inciphise i-chromium esele emanzini angcolile kusukela ku-2000-5000 mg/L iye ngaphansi kuka-300 mg/L, ihambisana nemithethonqubo eqinile yezemvelo.
Imiphumela Yokuphambuka Kokugxila Enqubweni Nasekhwalithini
Ukuphambuka kuukuhlushwa kwe-sodium sulfatekungathinta kakhuluinqubo yokushiswa kwesikhumbakanye nomkhiqizo ophumayo. Ukugxila okuphezulu kakhulu kungaholela ekufakweni kukasawoti ngokweqile, okubangela ukuvuvukala kwe-collagen, okusanhlamvu okuqinile, kanye nokuthamba okunciphile, kuyilapho ukugxila okunganele kungabangela ukuqina kwe-chromium okunganele, okuholela ekushintsheni kwesikhumba okungalingani kanye nesikhumba esibuthakathaka. Ukungahambisani okunjalo kwandisa amazinga okuncipha—izifundo zibika ukukhuphuka kusuka ku-1.3% kuya ku-5.2% ngokuphathwa kosawoti okungafanele—futhi kuphakamisa amazinga e-chromium angcolile, okwandisa ukungcola kwemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-TDS ephezulu evela ekususweni kukasawoti okungafanele ithinta izinhlelo zokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka, ikhulisa izindleko zokusebenza. Inembileukuqapha ukuhlushwa kwesisombululo sokushiswa kwesikhumbaNgakho-ke kubalulekile ukugcina ikhwalithi yesikhumba nokuhambisana nezindinganiso zemvelo, njengomkhawulo we-chromium ophelele ongu-20 mg/L wokukhishwa kokungcola.
Izinselele kuUkuqapha Ukugxila Kwesixazululo Sokushiswa Kwelanga
Ukuqaphaukuhlushwa kwe-sodium sulfatekuinqubo yokushiswa kwesikhumba se-chromiumkuveza izithiyo ezinkulu ngenxa yezimo ezinzima kanye nokulinganiselwa kwezindlela zendabuko.
- Izithiyo Ekulinganisweni KwendabukoIzindlela ezivamile, njengokuhlaziywa kwe-titration noma i-gravimetric, zidinga umsebenzi omningi, zidla isikhathi, futhi zithambekele ekuphazamisweni komuntu. Lezi zindlela ezingaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi zidinga ukusampula kanye nokuhlaziywa kwelebhu, ukubambezela ukulungiswa kwenqubo kanye nokubeka engcupheni ukuphambuka kwekhwalithi.
- Imidiya Eyonakalisayo: Utshwala bokushiswa kwesikhumba, obune-pH ephansi (2.5-4.0) kanye nokugcwala okuphezulu kwama-asidi, usawoti, kanye ne-chromium, buyalimaza kakhulu, bulimaza izinzwa zendabuko futhi budinga ukulungiswa noma ukushintshwa njalo.
- Izidingo Zokuqapha Okuqhubekayo: Indlela eguquguqukayo yokushiswa kwesikhumba idinga idatha yesikhathi sangempela ukuze kulungiswe okokufaka kwamakhemikhali ngokushesha. Ukuthatha amasampula eqembu kwehluleka ukuthola izinguquko ezisheshayo kuukuhlushwa kwe-sodium sulfate, okuholela ekushintsheni kwesikhumba okungaguquki kanye nokwanda kokuchitha.
- Ukulinganisa Nokunemba: Izinsimbi zendabuko zivame ukuba nenkinga yokulinganisa lapho kukhona ama-ion amaningi, okuholela ekufundweni okungalungile kanye nokulawulwa kwenqubo okungathembekile.
- Ukuthobela Imithetho Yezemvelo: Imithetho eqinile, njengaleyo ekhawulela i-TDS kanye ne-chromium ekungcoleni, idinga ukuqapha okunembile ukuze kugwenywe izinhlawulo ezibizayo futhi kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okusimeme.
Imitha Yokuhlushwa Ethuthukisiwe yeLonnmeter
I-Lonnmeterimitha yokuhlushwa kwamakhemikhaliimele impumelelo kuukuqapha ukuhlushwa kwesisombululo sokushiswa kwesikhumba, eklanyelwe ukubhekana nezinselele zemidiya egqwalisayo kanye nokuqapha okuqhubekayo. Le divayisi ethuthukisiwe emugqeni isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuqinile bezinzwa, obumelana nezimo ze-acidic kanye nosawoti, ukuze inikeze izilinganiso zesikhathi sangempela nezinembile zeukuhlushwa kwe-sodium sulfateNgokungafani nezindlela zendabuko, i-Lonnmeter ihlangana kahle nezigubhu zokushiswa kwesikhumba, ihlinzeka ngedatha eqhubekayo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuthatha amasampula ngesandla. Izinzwa zayo ezinembile kakhulu ziqinisekisa ukulinganiswa okuthembekile, ngisho naseziphuzweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, kuyilapho ukwakheka kwayo okuhlala isikhathi eside kunciphisa ukulungiswa, kunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi kanye nezindleko. Ngokuvumela ukulawulwa okunembile kokufakwa kwamakhemikhali, i-Lonnmeter ithuthukisa ukumuncwa kwe-chromium, inciphisa ukungcola kokungcola, futhi isekela ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zemvelo.
Izinzuzo Zokulinganisa Ukugxila Okuqondile
Ukwamukela ukulinganisa ukuhlushwa okuqondile ngamathuluzi afana ne-Lonnmeter kuguqulainqubo yokushiswa kwesikhumbangokunikeza:
- Ukusebenza Kahle Kwenqubo Okuthuthukisiwe: Ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kuvumela ukulungiswa okusheshayo, ukunciphisa imfucuza yamakhemikhali kanye nokwenza ngcono isikhathi sokushiswa kwesikhumba. Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi izinhlelo eziqondile zinganciphisa isikhathi sokushiswa kwesikhumba kuze kufike kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu ngenkathi zithuthukisa ukumuncwa kwe-chrome ngo-13.8-28.5%.
- Ikhwalithi Yesikhumba Ethuthukisiwe: Okungaguquguqukiukuhlushwa kwe-sodium sulfateIqinisekisa ukungena kwe-chromium efanayo, ithuthukisa amandla okuthamba kwesikhumba, ukumelana nokudabuka, kanye nokuthamba, ngamazinga okuncipha aphansi njengo-1.3%.
- Ukusimama Kwemvelo: Ngokunciphisa i-chromium esele kanye ne-TDS emanzini angcolile, ukuqapha okuqondile kusekela ukushiswa kwesikhumba okunobungani nemvelo, kunciphisa i-BOD, i-COD, kanye ne-TDS ngamaphesenti afinyelela ku-88, 89%, kanye no-97%, ngokulandelana, ezinqubweni ezithuthukisiwe.
- Ukonga Izindleko: Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali okuncishisiwe, izindleko zokwelashwa kokungcola eziphansi, kanye nezindleko zokulungisa ezincishisiwe kuthuthukisa inzuzo yokusebenza.
- Ukuthobela Imithetho: Ukulawula okunembile kuhambisana nemithetho eqinile yezemvelo, kugwema izinhlawulo futhi kusekela ukukhiqizwa kwesikhumba okusimeme.
- Ukwenza Izinqumo Eziqhutshwa Yidatha: Ukuphakelwa kwedatha okuqhubekayo kuvumela ukulungiswa kokubikezela kanye nokwenza ngcono inqubo, okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwesikhumba jikelele.
Ngezindawo zokushuna izikhumba ezifuna ukuphakamisainqubo yokushiswa kwesikhumba se-chromium, i-Lonnmeter Concentration Meter inikeza ikhambi eliqinisekisiwe lokuphumelelaukuhlushwa kwe-sodium sulfatelawula.Xhumana nathi namuhla ukuze ucele isilinganiso (RFQ) se-Lonnmeter futhi uthole ukuthi ukulinganisa ukuhlushwa okuqondile kungaguqula kanjani imisebenzi yakho yokushiswa kwesikhumba. Joyina inhloko yokukhiqiza isikhumba esiqhubekayo ngobuchwepheshe obuletha imiphumela.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-01-2025
