Ukulinganisa ubuningi obuqhubekayo kunikeza idatha yesikhathi sangempela, enesinqumo esiphezulu mayelana nobuningi boketshezi embonini yokucubungula ama-hydrocarbon. Le ndlela ibalulekile ekuhlanzeni uphethiloli okuthuthukisiwe, lapho ukulinganisa okusemgqeni kuqhuba ikhwalithi kanye nokusebenza kahle ezinqubweni ezifana nokuxuba, ukuhlukanisa, kanye nokuhwamuka. Njengoba abahlanzi bezama ukuthola imininingwane eqinile yomkhiqizo kanye nokuguquguquka kwenqubo, ukulandelela ubuningi obungaphazamiseki sekuyindlela ejwayelekile esekela ukulawula nokusebenza okunembile kanye nokuphepha.
Ukulinganisa ubuningi obuqhubekayo okuthembekile kubalulekile emisebenzini ebalulekile yokucwenga. Ezinqubweni zokuxuba, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihilelekile kumasu okwenza ngcono ukuxubana kwe-hydrocarbon, idatha yobuningi ivumela ukudalwa kwemikhiqizo yokugcina ecacisiwe ngokuvumela ukulungiswa okuqhubekayo, okuzenzakalelayo kwezilinganiso zezingxenye. Ukufundwa kobuningi okungalungile kungaholela ekuxubeni kabusha okubizayo, ukwehliswa komkhiqizo, noma ukuthunyelwa okungaphandle kwe-spec. Ukucwengisiswa komoya ekuhlanzeni uwoyela kanye nezicelo zokucwengisiswa kwe-vacuum kuncike kakhulu kumaphrofayili obuningi besikhathi sangempela ukunquma amaphuzu okusika komkhiqizo nokukhulisa isivuno. Isibonelo, ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokucwengisiswa busebenzisa amamitha obuningi obungaphakathi ukuze kuqashwe izingxenyana ezihlukanisiwe, kuqinisekiswe ukubuyiselwa okuhle kweziphetho zokukhanya nezisindayo ngokungcola okuncane phakathi kwemifudlana.
Indawo Yokuhlanza Uphethiloli
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Ukulinganiswa kobuningi nakho kuthuthukisa izinqubo zokuhlukanisa kanye nokuhwamuka. Enqubweni yokuqhekeka koketshezi (i-FCC) kanye nezindlela zokuhlukaniswa kwe-hydrocracking, ulwazi oluqhubekayo lobuningi lwenza opharetha bakwazi ukulawula ngokuguquguqukayo imingcele yokusebenza efana nokushisa, ingcindezi, kanye namazinga okuphakelayo. Lokhu kugeleza kwedatha okuvamile kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kweyunithi yokucwenga ngokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla nokuvimbela imikhiqizo engacacisiwe. Ngokufanayo, amasu okuhwamuka kwezimboni ekucwengisiseni athembele ekulawulweni kobuningi benqubo ukuze kufezwe ukususwa okunembile kwezinto eziguquguqukayo, okubalulekile kokubili ekuphepheni nasekusebenzeni kwezomnotho emisebenzini efana nokubuka konke kwenqubo yokucwenga okulibazisekile.
Izidingo ezithile zamasu okulinganisa i-hydrocarbon ewuketshezi ezindaweni zanamuhla zokucwenga zibalulekile. Amayunithi amaningi asebenza ngaphansi kokucindezela okuphezulu kanye nokushisa, okuletha amaphutha okulinganisa angaba khona ngenxa yokwakheka komhwamuko, ukuguquka kwesigaba, noma ukungcola. Kunesidingo semiklamo yemitha yobuningi eqondile neqinile—njengaleyo ekhiqizwe yiLonnmeter—emelana nezimo ezinamandla ngaphandle kokulungiswa kabusha noma ukukhukhuleka njalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa ekucutshungulweni kwe-hydrocarbon kubeka isisindo esisemthethweni nesezentengiselwano ekulinganisweni kobuningi: ukunemba kubalulekile ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa kokugcinwa, ngoba ngisho nokuphambuka okuncane kuthinta ukukhokha, intela, kanye nokuhambisana nesivumelwano. Izindlela zokulinganisa zokudluliselwa kokugcinwa okunembile kumele zibhekane namagesi afakiwe kanye nokugeleza kwezigaba eziningi ukuqinisekisa inani elithembekile lokudluliselwa.
Ubuchwepheshe bokuthola i-liquid interface buyisisekelo futhi ezinqubweni zokuhlukaniswa kwe-hydrocarbon kanye nokusebenza kweyunithi yokuguqula. Izinzwa zokuthola i-interface zoketshezi, ezivame ukuhlanganiswa namamitha obuningi obuphakathi, zikhomba imingcele yesigaba futhi zivimbele ukuxubana kwemifudlana elula nesindayo—isihluthulelo sekhwalithi nesikhathi sokusebenza. Izixhumi zokuxubana emathangini noma emapayipini kumele zitholakale ngokushesha futhi zilawulwe ukuze kugwenywe ukungcoliswa okuwela noma ukulahlekelwa yisivuno.
Imikhawulo yesimanje yezindawo zokucwenga—izinhlayiya zomkhiqizo eziyinkimbinkimbi, izinguquko ezivamile zebanga, kanye nokuqapha okuphakeme kwemvelo—kugcizelela isidingo sokulinganisa okuqhubekayo kobuningi emifudlaneni kawoyela negesi. Isimo samanje sobuchwepheshe sisebenzisa izinsimbi ezithuthukisiwe zokusebenza okungaphazanyiswa, ngamamitha angaphakathi ahlala ebalulekile ekuqineni kwenqubo kanye nenzuzo. Ngaphandle kokufundwa kobuningi besikhathi sangempela, ingozi yokuphazamiseka kwenqubo, isigameko sokuphepha, noma ukwephulwa komthetho iyanda kakhulu, okugqamisa indima ebalulekile yokulinganisa kusuka kuyunithi yokucwilisa eluhlaza ngokusebenzisa ukuxubana kwe-hydrocarbon okungezansi.
Ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwalawa matheknoloji kudinga izixazululo ezinikeza ukunemba okuqhubekayo, ezimelana nezimo ezinzima, futhi ezihlanganiswa kalula nezakhiwo zezitshalo ezikhona. Lokhu kuhlangana kwesidingo sokusebenza, ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa, kanye nokulawulwa kwenqubo yilapho amamitha okuqina angaphakathi asekela khona ukusebenza okuthuthukile kwemboni yokucubungula ama-hydrocarbon yanamuhla.
Ukuhlanganiswa Kokulinganiswa Kobuningi Okuqhubekayo Kuwo Wonke Amayunithi Okucwenga
Ukuhluzwa Kwesimo Sezulu Ne-Vacuum
Ukulinganisa ubuningi obuqhubekayo kubalulekile ezinqubweni zokuhlanza umoya kanye ne-vacuum ekuhlanzeni uphethiloli. Ukuqapha ubuningi boketshezi ngesikhathi sangempela kuvumela abaqhubi ukuthi bahlukanise uwoyela ongahluziwe ube yizingxenyana ze-hydrocarbon ezihlukile ngokunemba okukhulu. Amamitha obuningi obungaphakathi, njengalawo avela eLonnmeter, anikeza impendulo esheshayo emifudlaneni yenqubo, okuvumela ukulawula okuqinile kwemininingwane yomkhiqizo kanye nekhwalithi yokuxuba.
Izingxenyana ezingahluziwe ekuhlikihlizweni komoya—kufaka phakathi i-naphtha, i-kerosene, kanye nedizili—zinamaphrofayili ahlukile obuningi. Ukufundwa kobuningi besikhathi sangempela kuqinisekisa ukuthi izingxenyana zihlangabezana nezidingo eziqinile zokwenza ngcono ukuhlanganiswa kwe-hydrocarbon. Ekuhlikihlizweni kwe-vacuum, ukulinganisa ubuningi okuqhubekayo kubalulekile ekuphatheni izingxenyana zamaphuzu abilayo aphezulu eziyinselele. Uhlobo oluqinile noluqinile lwezinsalela ze-vacuum lwenza ukulinganisa okunembile kube nzima ngezindlela zendabuko ezingaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi, ezivame ukuba nezinkinga zokungalingani kwesampula kanye nezikhathi zokuphendula ezisheshayo.
Ukwamukelwa kwamasu athuthukile, njengokuxuba i-solvent (toluene), kushintshe ukuhlaziywa kobuningi bezingxenyana ezisindayo neziqinile. Ngokuxuba izinsalela ngaphambi kokulinganisa, abaqhubi bathola ukuphindaphindeka okuphezulu nokuthembeka, besusa amaphutha abangelwa ukuphathwa kwesampula kanye nemiphumela ye-viscosity. Ucwaningo lokuhlola lubonisa ukuthuthuka okukhulu kwekhwalithi yedatha yobuningi bezinsalela ze-vacuum kanye nezingxenyana kusetshenziswa le ndlela, okusekela ukuhlukaniswa okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokunamathela njalo ezicacisweni zomkhiqizo.
Ngamamitha okulinganisa ubuningi obuhlanganisiwe, imibhoshongo yokuhluza izuza ekuxwayisweni nasekulungisweni kwesikhathi sangempela. Lokhu kusekela ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zemvelo, kunciphisa ukungasebenzi kahle kokusebenza, futhi kuhlangabezana nezidingo zobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokuhluza.
Ukuqhekeka Kwe-Fluid Catalytic (FCC) kanye ne-Hydrocracking Fractionation
Ngesikhathi sokuqhekeka koketshezi kanye nokuqhekeka kwamanzi, kusetshenziswa ukulinganisa ubuningi obuqondile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yengxenye futhi kufezwe ukusebenza kahle ekusetshenzisweni kwe-catalyst. Amamitha obuningi obungaphakathi avumela ukutholakala okusheshayo kokushintsha kokwakheka kwe-hydrocarbon, okwenza kube lula ukulawula ukusabela kokuqhekeka kanye ne-slate yomkhiqizo. Le datha yesikhathi sangempela inciphisa ukuguquguquka kwenqubo futhi ithuthukise ukuqhekeka kwamanzi okukhethayo kwama-molecule asindayo.
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi okuqhubekayo kuthinta ngqo inqubo yokuhlukaniswa kwama-hydrocarbon, kuqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo elula nesindayo ihlukaniswe kahle, okubalulekile ekwandiseni umkhiqizo kanye nenani lezomnotho. Abaqhubi basebenzisa ukufundwa kobuningi ukulungisa izindawo zokusika nokugcina ikhwalithi kumafutha egesi, kumafutha omjikelezo, kanye nemikhiqizo eqhekekile elula. Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwandisa imbuyiselo ekutshalweni kwezimali ngokwenza ngcono amasu okulinganisa ama-hydrocarbon aketshezi kanye nokugcina ukudluliselwa okuqinile kokugcinwa ekucutshungulweni kwama-hydrocarbon.
Idatha yobuningi iphinde inikeze ukuqonda ngamazinga okuvala ukusebenza kwe-catalyst kanye nokungcola, okusiza ekuhlinzekeni ngokulungiswa kokusebenza okusheshayo kanye nokusebenza. Ukulinganisa okuqondile kuvumela izinqubo zokuxuba ekuhlanzeni ama-hydrocarbon ukuthi ziphathwe ngokunembile, kuncishiswe ukukhiqizwa komkhiqizo ongekho ku-spec futhi kuncishiswe isikhathi sokungasebenzi.
Amayunithi Okupheka Nokulungisa Abambezelekile
Kumayunithi okupheka aphuzile, ukulinganisa ubuningi kubalulekile ekuguqulweni okuphumelelayo kwamafutha asele asindayo abe imikhiqizo elula kanye ne-coke. Izinzwa ezingaphakathi zihlukanisa njalo imifudlana yomkhiqizo, zithuthukisa ukubikezela isivuno futhi zinikeze isiqinisekiso sekhwalithi yomkhiqizo esiqinile. Idatha enembile ihlukanisa phakathi kwamafutha agesi asindayo, uwoyela wegesi olula, kanye nemikhiqizo ephakathi. Lokhu kuthuthukisa amasu okuhwamuka kwezimboni ekucwengisiseni futhi kusekela ukulawulwa kwenqubo yokupheka.
Kumayunithi okuguqula, ukufundwa kobuningi kulandelela ukushintsha kokwakheka kwamakhemikhali njengoba izitsha zokudla ziguqulwa ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-hydrocarbon ane-octane ephezulu. Idatha eqhubekayo isekela izinqubo zokuhlukanisa ama-hydrocarbon futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi imininingwane yomkhiqizo yemifudlana eguquguqukayo kanye ne-hydrogen ecebile iyahlangatshezwa njalo. Ulwazi lobuningi besikhathi sangempela lulola ukwenziwa ngcono kokusebenza kwamayunithi ngokuvumela opharetha ukuthi baphendule ngokushesha ekushintsheni kwenqubo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kokulinganiswa okuqhubekayo kobuningi obungaphakathi komugqa kuyo yonke i-distillation yomoya, i-vacuum distillation, i-FCC, i-hydrocracking, i-delayed coking, kanye namayunithi okulungisa kuphakamisa ukucaca kwezitshalo, ukulawulwa kwenqubo, kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Umphumela uba ukusebenza kahle kanye nokusakazwa komkhiqizo okwenziwe ngcono kuyo yonke imboni yokucubungula ama-hydrocarbon.
Izicelo Emisebenzini Yokuhlanza Izihluthulelo
Ukuthuthukisa Ukuhlanganisa
Ukufinyelela ukulawula okunembile kwezinqubo zokuxuba ekuhlanzeni i-hydrocarbon kudinga ukulinganiswa kobuningi okunembile nokuqhubekayo. Amamitha obuningi obungaphakathi, njengalawo akhiqizwa yi-Lonnmeter, aletha idatha yesikhathi sangempela ebalulekile ekushintsheni ukuxubana kwezingxenyana ezahlukene ze-petroleum. Njengoba ubuningi be-feedstock ngayinye buthinta kokubili izilinganiso zokuxuba kanye nezimfanelo eziqondiwe njenge-API gravity kanye nenombolo ye-octane, ngisho nokushintshashintsha okuncane kungaholela emikhiqizweni engeyona i-spec.
Abaqhubi basebenzisa ukufundwa kobuningi obuqhubekayo ukulungisa ngokushesha amazinga okugeleza kanye nezilinganiso phakathi kwezingxenye, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ingxube ihlangabezana njalo nezilinganiso. Lokhu kunciphisa inani lokulungiswa kabusha noma umkhiqizo owehlisiwe futhi kunciphisa ingozi yokuphambuka ezindinganisweni zomthetho. Isibonelo, kuyunithi yokuxuba uphethiloli, idatha yobuningi obuqhubekayo ivumela uhlelo ukuthi luphendule ngokuzenzakalelayo uma umfudlana owodwa wokufaka uhluka ngobuningi—ukulungisa izilinganiso ngaphandle kokungenelela ngesandla. Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi lezi zindlela zinciphisa izehlakalo zokwehluleka kokuxuba futhi zithuthukise ukulandeleka kwamaqoqo emikhiqizo ye-hydrocarbon, zisekela ngqo izibopho zemboni nezenkontileka.
Isiqinisekiso Sokudluliselwa Kokugcinwa Kwabantwana
Ukudluliselwa okunembile kokugcinwa embonini yokucubungula ama-hydrocarbon kuncike kumasu okulinganisa ama-hydrocarbon acwebezelayo futhi alandelekayo. Ngesikhathi sokunyakaza komkhiqizo phakathi kwezinkampani, njengokusuka endaweni yokucwenga kuya endaweni yokugcina noma ipayipi, amaphutha okulinganisa angadala imiphumela ebalulekile yezezimali kanye nezingxabano. Amamitha obuningi aqhubekayo avela eLonnmeter aqinisekisa ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwevolumu kuya ku-mass kunembile phakathi nalokhu kudluliselwa, okusekela kokubili ukuthobela imithetho kanye nokunciphisa ubungozi bezezimali.
Imisebenzi yokuhlanza isebenzisa lawa madivayisi okulinganisa ubuningi obungaphakathi ukuze ihlole izibalo zokuthengiselana ngokumelene nemigomo yesivumelwano. Ukunamathela ngokuqinile ezindinganisweni, njengalezo ezibekwe yi-API ne-ASTM, kugcina ukwethembeka kwamarekhodi okudluliselwa kokugcinwa futhi kunciphisa amathuba ezingxabano ezibizayo. Kubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokuhluza, ukuqinisekiswa kokuvumelana kobuningi kuthinta ngqo ukukhokhisa, ukulawulwa kwempahla, kanye nokuhlolwa kwemithetho.
Ukutholwa Kwesixhumi Esihlanganisiwe Soketshezi
Ukuhlonza izindawo zokuxhumanisa uketshezi kubalulekile ngesikhathi sokushintsha umkhiqizo, ukugcinwa kwawo, kanye nokudluliselwa kwawo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcoliswa kwawo futhi kugcinwe ubuqotho bomkhiqizo. Amamitha obuningi obungaphakathi asetshenziswa njengezinzwa zokubona indawo yokuxhumana koketshezi asheshe abone imingcele yesigaba, njengokushintsha kusuka kuphethiloli kuya kudizili noma kusuka ku-hydrocarbon kuya emanzini, ngokuqapha izinguquko ezisheshayo kumanani obuningi.
Abaqhubi bathembele kulezi zibalo ukuze baqalise izenzo zenqubo—njengokuphambukisa ukugeleza, ukushintsha amathangi, noma ukuqala ukushanela—ukuvikela ikhwalithi nokuphepha. Isibonelo, ekugcinweni kukawoyela ongahluziwe, ubuchwepheshe obunembile bokuthola isikhombimsebenzisi buvimbela ukuxubana kwamazinga angahambisani, okusekela izinqubo ezisebenzayo zokuhlukaniswa kwama-hydrocarbon futhi kuvikele imishini engezansi. Ukulinganiswa kobuningi obungaphakathi ku-oyela negesi nakho kuthuthukisa impendulo yabaqhubi ngesikhathi semicimbi engavamile, kunciphisa izingozi ezihlobene nohambo loketshezi oluvuthayo noma oluyingozi.
Ithebula Elifingqiwe: Ukusetshenziswa Okubalulekile Kokulinganisa Ubuningi Okuqhubekayo
| Isicelo | Ukuguquguquka Kokulawula | Umphumela Oyinhloko | Ubuchwepheshe Obuyinhloko |
| Ukuthuthukisa Ukuhlanganisa | Isilinganiso sokuxuba, ubuningi | Kunciphisa umkhiqizo ongekho ku-spec | Imitha yobuningi obuphakathi |
| Isiqinisekiso Sokudluliselwa Kokugcinwa Kwabantwana | Ubuningi, isisindo | Ukunemba kwemithetho kanye nezezimali | Imitha yobuningi obuphakathi |
| Ukutholwa Kwesixhumi Esihlanganisiwe Soketshezi | Ukushintsha kobuningi | Ubuqotho bomkhiqizo nokuphepha | Inzwa yokuthola isikhombimsebenzisi |
Ukuqapha njalo nokunembile kobuningi ngamadivayisi angaphakathi e-Lonnmeter kubalulekile emasu okwenza ngcono ukuxuba ama-hydrocarbon, izindlela ezinembile zokulinganisa ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuthola isikhombimsebenzisi soketshezi, okusekela imisebenzi yokuhlanza ephephile, esebenza kahle, futhi ehambisanayo kuzo zonke izinhlanganisela zenqubo ebalulekile.
Ubunzima Bokuhlanza Nokuthuthukiswa Kokulawulwa Kwezinqubo
Ukuhlanganiswa kokulinganiswa kobuningi obuqhubekayo kusetshenziswa izinzwa eziqondile njengalezo ezikhiqizwe yiLonnmeter kushintshe ukuphathwa kobunzima emisebenzini yokucwenga. Embonini yokucubungula ama-hydrocarbon, idatha yesikhathi sangempela evela kumamitha obuningi obuqondile manje isebenza njengokuguquguquka okubalulekile ekuhleleni imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi yokucwenga komoya, ukucwenga nge-vacuum, ukuxuba, ukuqhekeka kwe-fluid catalytic (FCC), ukuhlukaniswa kwe-hydrocracking, kanye nokucola okulibazisekile. Ukulinganiswa kobuningi obuqhubekayo ku-oyili negesi kuvumela ukuhlonza okusheshayo kokuphambuka kwekhwalithi ye-feedstock kanye nemithombo yomkhiqizo. Lokhu akusekeli nje kuphela ukulungiswa kwenqubo okusheshayo kodwa futhi kuvumela ukulawula inqubo okuguquguqukayo nokuhlakaniphile kuwo wonke amayunithi okucwenga.
Idatha yobuningi besikhathi sangempela ifaka ngqo ekubalweni kwezinkomba zobunzima befektri. Lezi zinkomba zifaka kokubili izakhiwo zomzimba kanye nemingcele yokusebenza yendawo, futhi zibalulekile ekulinganisweni, ekwenzeni izinqumo zomnotho, kanye nokuhlela amasu. Ukubuyekezwa okuqhubekayo okuvela kumamitha obuningi be-inline kuqinisekisa ukuthi lezi zinkomba zimele ngokwethembeka ukusebenza kwangempela, kunokuba kube okujwayelekile, kwenqubo—ikakhulukazi njengoba izimfanelo ezingavuthiwe, amavolumu acutshunguliwe, kanye nemikhiqizo kungashintsha ngokushesha ngokulethwa ngakunye noma ukulungiswa kokusebenza.
Izindlela zesimanje zokulinganisa inqubo zithembele kule datha evame kakhulu ukuthuthukisa ukunemba. Isibonelo, ezinqubweni zokuxuba zokucwengisisa ama-hydrocarbon, ukulandelela ubuningi ezindaweni ezibalulekile kuvumela ukulungiswa kwesilinganiso okunembile ukuze kufezwe imininingwane yomkhiqizo. Ekuhluzweni komoya kanye ne-vacuum, ukulinganisa ubuningi okuqhubekayo kuxwayisa opharetha ngokushintsha kokwakheka kokudonsa amakholomu, okusekela ukulungiswa okusheshayo nokuvikela ukunqunywa komkhiqizo. Lezi zindlela zokulinganisa uketshezi oluthuthukisiwe nazo zengeza ukuqina okukhulu ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa kokugcinwa ekucutshungulweni kwama-hydrocarbon, ukuthuthukisa ukulandelelwa kanye nokuhambisana nomthetho ngokusebenzisa imizila yedatha eqinile neqinisekisiwe.
Amasu okwenza ngcono ngokwezinga eliphezulu athole indawo njengoba izindawo zokuhluza zikhula zibe yinkimbinkimbi. Lawa masu asebenzisa amamodeli enqubo ahlelwe ngezendlalelo—kusukela ekusebenzeni kweyunithi ngayinye kuya ekuhleleni indawo yonke. I-Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP), ikilasi lokwenza ngcono elisekelwa ukulinganisa kwesikhathi sangempela, lisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhleleni kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ekugcineni kanye nokwabiwa kwezinsiza. Isibonelo, amamodeli e-MILP ahlanganisa njalo idatha yobuningi obubukhoma ukuze acwenge ukuhlela kweslate eluhlaza, azivumelanise nemicimbi ye-stochastic (njengokufika kwempahla), futhi athuthukise ukusatshalaliswa komkhiqizo ku-supply chain. Lokhu kulawulwa kwezinga eliphezulu kuvumela izindawo zokuhluza ukuthi zivumelanise ukuphathwa kokudla, ukuhluza, ukuxuba, kanye nokuthunyelwa komkhiqizo ngesikhathi sangempela esingenamthungo, kuncishiswe izithiyo futhi kukhuliswe umkhiqizo odlulayo.
Ukulinganisa ubuningi obuqhubekayo kusekela amawele edijithali kanye nezinhlaka zokulawula okubikezelayo ngokunikeza ulwazi olusha lwesimo senqubo yokulingisa kanye nokuhlaziywa kwesimo. Ezinqubweni zokuhlukaniswa kwama-hydrocarbon, izinzwa zobuningi eziqondile ezivela eLonnmeter ziletha impendulo ebalulekile, zigcina amamodeli enqubo anembile asekela ubuchwepheshe bokuhluza obuthuthukisiwe kanye nezihibe zokulawula zesikhathi sangempela. Lobu buchwepheshe buphinde buthuthukise ukuthembeka kobuchwepheshe bokuthola uketshezi, busize ekunqumeni amaphuzu okushintsha phakathi kwemikhiqizo noma amaqoqo, futhi busize izinzwa zokuthola uketshezi ngesikhathi sokushintshana kwebanga noma ukushintshana kwethangi.
Ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinhlelo zokulinganisa kusekela indlela entsha yokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwenqubo. Isibonelo, amaphrofayili obuningi bemboni yokucwenga avumela ukulungiswa kokubikezela ukulawula amapharamitha ngesikhathi samasu okuhwamuka kwezimboni, noma njengedatha yokufaka yokubuyisana komkhiqizo wokugcina ekusebenzeni kweyunithi okuguqulayo. Ukulinganiswa kobuningi okulinganiswe kahle kuba yisisekelo sezindlela zokulinganisa zokudluliselwa kokugcinwa okunembile—isidingo esibalulekile kokubili kwezentengiselwano zama-hydrocarbon zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe.
Umthelela ubonakala kahle ngokuhlola imisebenzi ejwayelekile yokuhlanza. Ngaphambi kokuhlanganiswa kokulinganisa okuqhubekayo, kwesikhathi sangempela, ukuphathwa kobunzima kuncike kakhulu ekulinganisweni kochwepheshe babantu kanye nokulinganisa okuvamile kwelebhu, okuvame ukuholela ekubambezelekeni kokusebenza kanye nokungasebenzi kahle. Ukwethulwa kokusakaza kobuningi besikhathi sangempela kwenza ukulinganiswa kabusha okunamandla kwezinkomba zobunzima kanye namamodeli enqubo. Ishadi elingezansi libonisa lolu shintsho:
Lolu chungechunge lwesikhathi lubonisa kokubili amashejuli okusebenza abushelelezi kanye nokuguquguquka okukhulu ekuphenduleni izinguquko ezingavuthiwe ngemva kokusetshenziswa kokulinganisa ubuningi okuqhubekayo. I-anomaly ngayinye noma ukuguquka kwenqubo okuboniswe kuhambisana nokuphambuka kobuningi, kubangela ukulinganiswa kabusha kwemodeli ngokushesha, futhi kuqhube izinqumo zokwenza ngcono ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lwesitshalo. Ngenxa yalokho, amasu okwenza ngcono ukuxubana kwama-hydrocarbon ayathuthukiswa, imfucuza yenqubo incishisiwe, kanye nokucaciswa kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo kufezwa ngokuzethemba okuphezulu.
Ngamafuphi, ukulinganisa ubuningi obuqhubekayo akugcini nje ngokuba yisisusa esibalulekile sokulawula inqubo enembile ekucwengisisweni kwesimanje, kodwa manje sekuyisingqalasizinda esibalulekile sokuphathwa kobunzima, ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwamayunithi, kanye nokusebenza komnotho okusimeme embonini yokucubungula ama-hydrocarbon.
Izindlela kanye nobuchwepheshe ekulinganisweni kobuningi obuqhubekayo
Ukulinganisa ubuningi obuqhubekayo kwakha umgogodla wemisebenzi ebalulekile embonini yokucubungula ama-hydrocarbon, kusukela ekudluliselweni kokugcinwa kukawoyela negesi kuya ezinqubweni zokuxuba emayunithi okuhlanza. Izinhlobo zamathuluzi eziyinhloko yileziAma-flowmeter e-Coriolis, ama-densitometer eshubhu elidlidlizayo, kanye nama-nuclear density gauges—ngalinye linamandla akhethekile kanye nezindlela zokukhetha ezifanele ukusetshenziswa okuthile kusukela ekuhluzweni komoya kuya ekuqhekekeni kwe-fluid catalytic (FCC) kanye nokuqhekeka kwamanzi.
Ama-flowmeter e-Coriolis ahlinzeka ngokulinganisa okuqondile, kwesikhathi sangempela kokubili ukugeleza kobuningi kanye nobuningi ngokuqapha imvamisa yokudlidliza kwamashubhu agcwele uketshezi. Njengoba imvamisa yokuzwakala iguqulwa yi-density yomsinga wenqubo, lawa mamitha angalinganisa ngokunembile ubuningi bube ngaphakathi kwe-±0.001 g/cm³, ngaphandle kokwakheka koketshezi. Lokhu kuwenza abe nezimo eziningi kakhulu ekusebenzeni kokuxuba, ukulinganisa ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa, kanye nokulawula inqubo yesikhathi sangempela kumayunithi okuhluzwa kanye nokulungisa. Ukuqina kwawo ngokumelene nokushisa okuhlukahlukene, ingcindezi, kanye namaphrofayili e-viscosity kuqinisekisa ukunemba okuqhubekayo kuzo zonke izimo zokucwenga ezahlukahlukene. Abaluleke kakhulu kubuchwepheshe bokuthola i-liquid interface kanye nokuphathwa kwamafutha e-slop, lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba okucacile kubalulekile khona ekhwalithini yomkhiqizo kanye nokunciphisa ukungcola. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwawo kungakhawulelwa kumapayipi amakhulu noma lapho kukhona okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwegesi eqediwe, okudinga ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela kwamapharamitha okusebenza kanye, ngezinye izikhathi, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinqubo zokulinganisa ezithuthukisiwe kakhulu.
Ama-densitometer eshubhu elidlidlizayo, njengalezo ezisetshenziswa ezingxenyeni eziningi zenqubo yokuhlukanisa ama-hydrocarbon, zisebenza ngezimiso ezifanayo zemvamisa yokudlidliza kodwa ngesigaba seshubhu esiqinile noma esinyakazayo. Ubuningi boketshezi bushintsha izici zokudlidliza, eziqashwa ngogesi ukuze kulinganiswe ngokuqhubekayo. Lawa ma-densitometer anikeza ukuzwela okuphezulu kanye nokuqina, okwenza abe afaneleke kakhulu ezindaweni zelebhu kanye nezitshalo zokuhlola kanye nokulinganisa okuqondile emifudlaneni lapho ukuhlukahluka kokwakheka kuncane noma kuphawulwe kahle. Umklamo wawo omncane ufanelana nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinemikhawulo yesikhala, njengakuma-skid noma ama-loop amancane epayipi.
Amageyiji obuningi be-nuclear asebenzisa ukuncishiswa kwemisebe ye-gamma kulo lonke umfudlana wenqubo. Izinga lokumuncwa kwesignali lihambisana nokuxinana kwemidiya egelezayo, okwenza la mageyiji abe usizo ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezinoketshezi oluqinile noma olunezigaba eziningi lapho amamitha omshini angase ahluleke noma adinge ukulungiswa ngokweqile. Nakuba enikeza imiphumela ethembekile yezingxube eziyinkimbinkimbi, izidingo zomthetho, izinqubo zokuphepha, kanye nezindinganiso zokulahla ama-radioisotopes kwandisa izindleko zokusebenza kanye nobunzima.
Ukukhetha phakathi kwalawa matheknoloji kuncike ezidingweni zokusebenza, ukuhambisana komkhiqizo, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko. Ama-flowmeter e-Coriolis afinyelela ibhalansi engcono kakhulu yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibanzi ekulinganisweni okuqhubekayo kobuningi ku-oyili negesi, kufaka phakathi izindlela ezinembile zokulinganisa ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa kanye namasu okuthuthukisa ukuxubana kwe-hydrocarbon. Ngezinqubo ze-hydrocracking ezinengcindezi ephezulu noma izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-vacuum distillation, ama-vibrating tube densitometers angase akhethwe ngenxa yokuqina kwawo kanye nekhono lokunikeza ukufundwa okuzinzile ezimweni zenqubo ezimbi kakhulu. Ama-nuclear density gauges agcinelwe ama-slurries aqinile kakhulu, imisebenzi yokubuka yonke inqubo ye-coking ebambezelekile, noma ezinye izindawo eziyinselele lapho ukulinganisa okungathintani kuyimpoqo.
Ukusetshenziswa okuthuthukisiwe kwalezi zinsimbi kusekela ngokwengeziwe ukubonakala kokuziphatha kwenqubo kanye nokunciphisa ubungozi bokusebenza. Isibonelo, idatha yobuningi besikhathi sangempela evela ku-Coriolis flowmeter ehlanganiswe nokulawulwa kwenqubo ivumela opharetha ukuthi babone ukushintsha kwezakhi ekuhlanzeni komoya noma ngesikhathi sobuchwepheshe bokuhwamuka kwezimboni. Lokhu kuvumela impendulo esheshayo kokungalungi, ukuthuthukisa ukwenziwa ngcono kokusebenza kweyunithi kanye nokunciphisa ukukhiqizwa okubizayo okungahleliwe. Ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa kokugcinwa, ukulinganiswa kobuningi okuqhubekayo ngaphakathi komugqa kuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zezentengiselwano futhi kuvimbela izingxabano, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokulinganisa imali.
Ukulinganisa ubuningi obuqhubekayo obunembile, obusebenza ngesikhathi sangempela ngobuchwepheshe obufana namamitha obuningi angaphakathi e-Lonnmeter kusekela amasu okulinganisa uketshezi lwe-hydrocarbon aphephile, asebenzayo, futhi ahambisana nemithetho kuzo zonke izigaba zefektri yesimanje, okuthuthukisa kokubili ukuqonda kwenqubo kanye nobuqotho bezezimali embonini yokucubungula i-hydrocarbon.
Izinselele Nezixazululo Ekusebenziseni Ukulinganisa Ubuningi Okuqhubekayo
Ukusebenzisa ukulinganisa okuqhubekayo kobuningi embonini yokucubungula ama-hydrocarbon kuletha izinselele ezihlukile ngenxa yohlobo oluhluke kakhulu lwamayunithi enqubo kanye nobunzima bemisebenzi yokucwenga. Izithiyo zokuhlanganisa zivame ukuvela njengoba izindawo zokucwenga zivame ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokulawula ezindala ezingahambisani namamitha okuqina aphezulu anamuhla njengalawo akhiqizwe yiLonnmeter. Iyunithi ngayinye yenqubo—kusukela ekucwengisweni komoya kanye nokucwengisiswa kwe-vacuum okuthuthukisiwe kuya ku-FCC kanye nokucwengisiswa okulibazisekile—inezidingo ezithile zokusebenza, ngokuhlukahluka kokwakheka kwamakhemikhali, izinga lokushisa, kanye nengcindezi okwenza kube nzima ukuthunyelwa kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinzwa.
Ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe kuzo zonke lezi zingxenye ezihlukene kudinga ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela ukwakheka kwesistimu. Amamitha okuqina kwe-inline kumele axhumane kalula namapulatifomu okulawula izinqubo ukusekela izinqumo zokusebenza zesikhathi sangempela. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu emisebenzini enenani eliphezulu njengokudluliselwa kokugcinwa ekucutshungulweni kwe-hydrocarbon, ukulungiswa kokuhlanganiswa kwe-hydrocarbon, kanye nezinqubo zokuhlukaniswa, lapho ukunemba kokulinganisa kuthinta ngqo inzuzo. Ukufeza ukuhlanganiswa okuphumelelayo kuvame ukuhilela izixazululo ze-middleware ezinwebekayo kanye ne-interfacing ezikwazi ukuhlanganisa ukusakazwa kwedatha okuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukuhamba komsebenzi okukhona.
Ukugcina ukulinganiswa, ukunemba kwedatha, kanye nokuthembeka kuyinselele eqhubekayo. Amamitha obuningi angase angcoliswe, akhukhuleke, futhi aguquguquke izimo zemvelo. Isibonelo, ukuqongelela kwezinsalela ezindaweni zezinzwa ngesikhathi sobuchwepheshe bokuhwamuka kwezimboni noma ukuhlukaniswa kwe-hydrocracking kungonakalisa ukunemba kokulinganisa. Ukuze kuxazululwe lokhu, izinqubo zokulungisa ezivamile—njengokuhlanza nokulinganisa izinzwa okuhleliwe—zibalulekile. Amamodeli okubikezela asekelwe kudatha yokusebenza angasetshenziswa ukubikezela izidingo zokulinganisa nokuthuthukisa amashejuli okulungisa, ukunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi ngenkathi kwandiswa ukuthembeka kokulinganisa. Ukuqinisekiswa okuphambene, kusetshenziswa izinzwa eziningi emifudlaneni ebalulekile, kuthuthukisa ubuqotho bokulinganisa ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa futhi kusekela ukwenziwa ngcono kwenqubo yokuqhekeka koketshezi.
Ukunemba kokulinganiswa kobuningi okuqhubekayo kuncike emasu okulinganisa aqinile. Amamitha obuningi angaphakathi kwe-Lonnmeter, isibonelo, adinga ukulinganiswa ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze alwe nokukhukhuleka kwenzwa kanye nokushintshashintsha kwemvelo. Amashejuli okulinganisa kufanele avumelane nezimo, asekelwe yidatha yomlando kanye nezitayela zezimo zenqubo. Ukuqinisekiswa okuqinile ngesikhathi sokuhluzwa komoya kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwama-hydrocarbon kuqinisekisa ukuthi amasu okulinganisa ama-hydrocarbon oketshezi ahlala enembile, ngisho nangaphansi kwezidingo zokusebenza eziguquguqukayo.
Ukuphathwa nokuchazwa kwedatha kuveza ubunzima obengeziwe. Ukutholwa kwedatha yokulinganisa ubungako ngesikhathi sangempela kudala amasethi edatha amakhulu, angafani adinga ukuhlaziywa okuthuthukisiwe ukuze kutholakale ukuqonda okusebenzayo. Ukuhlunga okungavamile—njengalokho okubangelwa izehlakalo zenqubo yesikhashana noma amaphutha ezinzwa—kudinga ama-algorithms okuqinisekisa idatha ayinkimbinkimbi. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuxuba izinqubo ekuhlanzeni ama-hydrocarbon, lapho ukufundwa kobungako obungalungile kungaphazamisa imizamo yokwenza ngcono kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
Ukuphathwa kwedatha okuphumelelayo kudlulela ezinzwa zokuthola isikhombimsebenzisi, ukuqapha izikhombimsebenzisi zoketshezi ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kanye nokusebenza kokuxuba. Ukutholwa kwesikhombimsebenzisi okunembile kusekela izindlela zokulinganisa ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa okunembile. Ukusebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwezinga lezimboni kusiza onjiniyela bezinqubo ukuhumusha idatha engenayo, ukuhlonza ukuphambuka, kanye nokwenza kube lula ukungenelela kokulungisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwepharamitha yenqubo kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kweyunithi.
Amanethiwekhi ezinzwa angenantambo asetshenziswa kabanzi ukuze kwandiswe ukumbozwa kokulinganisa kanye nokuguquguquka, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokuhlanza okunzima ukuzifinyelela noma eziyingozi. Lokhu kuvumela ukudluliswa kwedatha ngesikhathi sangempela, kusekela ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kuyo yonke imibhoshongo yokuhluza emoyeni kanye nokusebenza kwamayunithi okuguqula. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlanganisa amanethiwekhi angenantambo nezinhlelo zokulawula ezikhona kuletha izinselele ezengeziwe, njengokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwenethiwekhi kanye nokugcina izinqubo zokuphepha kwe-cyber eziqinile ukuze kuvikelwe ubuqotho bedatha yenqubo ebalulekile.
Ukuqaliswa kokulinganiswa kobuningi okuqhubekayo yiLonnmeter kudinga indlela ehlelekile yokunqoba lezi zithiyo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuhlanganisa izinzwa kumapulatifomu amadala, ukwamukela imikhuba eqinile yokulinganisa nokulungisa, kanye nokusebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwedatha okuthuthukisiwe ukuze kuhunyushwe futhi kwenziwe ngcono. Lezi zixazululo zisekela ndawonye ukulinganiswa okunembile kwama-hydrocarbon aketshezi, zisekela ubuchwepheshe bokuhluza obuthuthukisiwe, futhi ziqhube ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kuzo zonke izinqubo zokuhlukaniswa kwama-hydrocarbon, imizamo yokuhlanganisa nokwenza ngcono, kanye nemisebenzi yokuhlanza iyonke.
Intuthuko Ezinhlelweni Zokwenza I-Refinery Isebenze Kahle: Ukusabalala, Ukulawula Isikhathi Sangempela, kanye Nokuphathwa Kobunzima
Izinhlaka zokulungisa ukuhluzwa ezisebenza kahle manje zidlula ukuhlela ngesandla ngokusebenzisa amamodeli ezibalo angalinganiswa, njenge-Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) kanye ne-Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP), ukuze kunikezwe izixazululo ezisheshayo nezisebenzayo zemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi. Lezi zinhlaka zingaxazulula izinkinga ezincane zokuhlela ukuhluzwa ezisebenzayo—kufaka phakathi ukuphathwa kwamathangi, ukuxuba, kanye nokuthutha—ngaphansi komzuzu owodwa, zivule ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ngesikhathi sangempela okubalulekile embonini yokucubungula ama-hydrocarbon kanye nezindawo zokukhiqiza ezihamba ngokushesha.
Ukulawula kwesikhathi sangempela kubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono indawo yokucwenga ethuthukisiwe. Lapho ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe njengokulinganiswa kobuningi okuqhubekayo yiLonnmeter kuhlanganiswa, lezi zinhlaka zithola impendulo ebalulekile, ebukhoma yenqubo, zisekela amasu okulinganisa i-hydrocarbon ewuketshezi kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kweyunithi yokucwenga. Le ndlela eqhutshwa idatha isheshisa ukubuyisela imali futhi iphakamisa ukuthembeka kokusebenza, njengoba ukuphazamiseka kwenqubo noma ukushintsha kwemakethe kungaqashelwa futhi kuxazululwe ngokushesha. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwamamitha obuningi angaphakathi kuthuthukisa ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa ekucutshungulweni kwe-hydrocarbon, ukunemba kokucwenga kumasu okwenza ngcono ukuxuba i-hydrocarbon kanye nokulawulwa kwenqubo ye-fluid catalytic cracking (FCC).
Ukulinganiswa kobunzima bezindawo zokuhlanza sekuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Izinhlaka zesimanje zivame ukusebenzisa isakhiwo esihlelekile, zibamba imininingwane eyinkimbinkimbi yamayunithi okukhiqiza—njengokuhluzwa komoya ekuhlanzeni uwoyela, izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuhluzwa nge-vacuum, kanye nezindlela zokuhlukaniswa kwe-hydrocracking. Izinkomba zobunzima ziyabalwa ukuqinisekisa ukudlula kahle kanye nokulinganisela umthwalo wemishini. Ngokubonisa ngokucacile izinto zokuthutha, kufaka phakathi amanethiwekhi omgwaqo, izinhlaka zikhulisa ukumelwa, ziletha ukuvumelana okuseduze phakathi kwemodeli kanye nezimo zokusebenza zangempela.
Amanethiwekhi okuhlela ayinkimbinkimbi asebenzisa i-nonconvex MINLP avumela ukwenziwa kabusha okuguquguqukayo noma nini lapho kuvela ukuphambuka, okuthuthukisa ukuguquguquka kuzo zonke izindlela zokuhwamuka kwezimboni ekucwengisiseni nasekubukeni kwenqubo yokubilisa okulibazisekile. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokwandisa izinqubo zokuhlukaniswa kwama-hydrocarbon kanye nokusebenza kobuchwepheshe bokuhluza okuthuthukisiwe kodwa futhi kusekela imigomo ehlanganisiwe yezemvelo. Ukusetshenziswa kwamuva kwalezi zinhlobo kudlula ukwenziwa ngcono kwezomnotho, kufaka phakathi ukukhishwa kwegesi, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, kanye nokusimama—okubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokuqina kwemithethonqubo kanye nokuguquguquka kwemakethe.
Izinhlaka ezihlanganisiwe manje zidlulela ngale kwezindawo zokucwenga ezilodwa kuya ekuthuthukisweni kwebhizinisi lonke, okuhlanganisa imisebenzi ehlobene ezitshalweni ze-ethylene ne-aromatics. Ngokuhlanganisa imodeli engeyona eqondile yamayunithi enqubo nezinzwa ezithuthukisiwe—njengobuchwepheshe bokuthola uketshezi lwe-interface ye-Lonnmeter kanye nezinzwa zokuthola uketshezi—izindawo zokucwenga azithuthukisi nje kuphela izindlela zokulinganisa ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa okunembile kodwa futhi zifinyelela ukwandiswa okusheshayo ezinqubweni zezokuthutha nezokuxuba.
Ngamafuphi, izinhlaka zokulawula ezingandiswa, zesikhathi sangempela ezihambisana nokulinganisa okuqhubekayo kanye nokuphathwa okuyinkimbinkimbi ziyisisekelo sokwenza ngcono izindawo zokuhluza zanamuhla. Lezi zindlela ziqinisekiswe ngokobufakazi ukuze zithuthukise umkhiqizo, inzuzo, kanye nokusimama—okuyizinto ezibalulekile embonini yokucubungula ama-hydrocarbon yanamuhla.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi okuqhubekayo kuthuthukisa kanjani ukusebenza kahle embonini yokucubungula ama-hydrocarbon?
Ukulinganisa ubuningi obuqhubekayo kunikeza izindawo zokucwenga ulwazi ngokushesha ngezakhiwo zoketshezi, okubalulekile ekuphatheni izinqubo ezifana nokuxuba, ukuhlukanisa, nokuhwamuka. Idatha yesikhathi sangempela ivumela abaqhubi ukuthi balungise izimo zenqubo ngokushesha—okubalulekile ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwama-hydrocarbon kanye nezigaba zokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali ezivamile ekusebenzeni kwe-fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), hydrocracking, kanye nokulungisa amayunithi. Lokhu kulungiswa okuqhubekayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo ecwengisiwe ihlangabezana nemininingwane eqinile yekhwalithi, kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa okungacacisiwe, futhi kunciphisa imfucuza yezinto ezibonakalayo. Kuphinde kuvumele izikhungo ukuthi zithuthukise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, zithuthukise umkhiqizo futhi zinciphise izindleko zokusebenza ngenkathi zisekela izidingo zomthetho kanye nokuhambisana nemvelo embonini yokucubungula ama-hydrocarbon. Izinzwa zesimanje zobuningi ezifana nalezo ezivela eLonnmeter ziletha lokhu kusebenza njengezilinganiso eziqondile, ezenzakalelayo.
Iyini indima yokulinganisa ubuningi ekudluliselweni kwesiboshwa?
Ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa ekucutshungulweni kwe-hydrocarbon kuhilela izinguquko kubunikazi bomkhiqizo, ngokuvamile okubandakanya izingozi ezinkulu zomnotho. Ukulinganiswa kobuningi obunembile kubalulekile phakathi nalokhu kudluliselwa ngoba inani le-hydrocarbon alisekelwe nje kuphela kuvolumu, kodwa nasebuningini—ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwa amazinga okushisa nokucindezela okushintshashintshayo. Amamitha obuningi obungaphakathi ahlinzeka ngokunemba okudingekayo ukunquma isisindo sangempela se-hydrocarbon ewuketshezi edluliselwayo. Lokhu kunciphisa amathuba ezingxabano zezimali futhi kusekela ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zezentengiselwano nezomthetho, okuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abathintekayo bangazethemba izibalo ezibikiwe zobuningi bomkhiqizo kanye nekhwalithi. Idatha yobuningi nayo igcinwa njalo njengamarekhodi angaqinisekiswa ukuze kuxazululwe ukuthengiselana okusekelwe emuva.
Ukutholwa kwe-liquid interface kutholakala kanjani kusetshenziswa ukulinganisa ubuningi?
Ubuchwepheshe bokuthola i-Liquid interface busebenzisa umehluko ohlukile ekuxineni koketshezi ukuze bubone izendlalelo zokuguquka emapayipini, emathangini okugcina, noma ngesikhathi sokusebenza kweqembu. Uma ushintsha phakathi kwamabanga e-hydrocarbon noma ngesikhathi sokudluliswa kwamapayipi, amamitha okuqina angaphakathi afana nalawo anikezwa yiLonnmeter athola ngokushesha izinguquko ekubunjweni. Le mpendulo esheshayo iqinisekisa ukuthi ushintsho lwesigaba lwenzeka ngokungcola okuncane komkhiqizo. Ukutholwa kwe-interface okunembile, kwesikhathi sangempela kusekela ukuphepha kokusebenza ngokuvimbela ukuxubana okungahlosiwe koketshezi olungahambisani futhi kuvikela ubuqotho bomkhiqizo ngokunika amandla ukulandelana kwe-valve okunembile kanye nesiqondiso sokugeleza ngesikhathi sokuxuba, ukugcina, kanye nokusebenza kokudlulisa ngaphakathi kwefektri.
Kungani ukulinganisa ubuningi obuqhubekayo kubalulekile ekuhlanjululweni komoya kanye ne-vacuum?
Kokubili ukusetshenziswa kokuhluzwa komoya kanye ne-vacuum kuncike ekuhlukanisweni okunembile kwama-hydrocarbon ngephuzu lokubila kanye nesisindo sama-molecule. Ukulinganiswa kobuningi okuqhubekayo ekusebenzeni kukawoyela negesi kunikeza impendulo esheshayo yokulawula inqubo: kwenza kube lula ukulungisa ngesikhathi esifanele okuthuthukisa ukudonsa kwezingxenyana ezithile futhi kusize ukugcina ukulawula okuqinile emifudlaneni yomkhiqizo. Ngokunikeza inkomba ebukhoma yokuthi iyiphi ingxenye etholakala esigabeni ngasinye senqubo, izindawo zokuhluza zingaqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo ihambisana nokucaciswa, kwandise isivuno sonke, futhi kunciphise ukucutshungulwa kabusha. Lokhu futhi kuthuthukisa ukuphendula kokusebenza futhi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kweyunithi yokuhluza iyonke, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokushintsha kwe-feedstock noma ukuphazamiseka kwenqubo.
Yimaphi amatheknoloji avame ukusetshenziswa ekulinganisweni kwe-hydrocarbon ewuketshezi?
Amasu amaningana okulinganisa i-hydrocarbon ewuketshezi asetshenziswa ezindaweni zokucwenga zesimanje. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-flowmeter e-Coriolis, alinganisa ngqo ukugeleza kwesisindo kanye nobuningi; ama-densitometer e-vibrating tube, azwa ubuningi boketshezi ngokushintsha kwemvamisa ye-resonance; kanye nama-nuclear density gauges, anquma ubuningi ngokuthola ukumuncwa kwemisebe ye-gamma. I-Lonnmeter igxile ekukhiqizeni amamitha obuningi angaphakathi kanye namamitha e-viscosity asekela ukuqapha okuqinile nokuqhubekayo ezimweni zenqubo ezidingayo ezivamile embonini yama-hydrocarbon. Lobu buchwepheshe buqinisekisa ukunemba kokulinganisa ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa, ukwenza ngcono ukuhlanganiswa komkhiqizo, ukutholwa kwesixhumi, kanye nokuphathwa kokuhlukaniswa kwenqubo, konke lokhu ngenkathi kunciphisa ukusampula ngesandla kanye namaphutha omuntu.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 15-2025
