Ukuqonda Uketshezi Olujiyile Ekucutshungulweni Kwamafutha Negesi
Ukuchaza Uketshezi Olujiyile kanye Noketshezi Lwegesi
Ama-condensate ku-umkhakha kawoyela negesiyi-hydrocarbon eshintsha isuka esimweni segesi iye esimweni soketshezi lapho izinga lokushisa kanye nengcindezi kwehla ngaphansi kwezimo zamanzi. Lezi ziphuzo ezihlanganisiwe zivame ukwakhiwa ngama-hydrocarbon alula—ikakhulukazi ama-alkanes aqondile avela ku-ethane (C2) aye ku-hexane (C6+) futhi anzima, anengxenye encane yamakhemikhali anuka kamnandi kanye ne-heteroatomic. Ukuba khona kwama-condensate, imvelaphi yawo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo okungezansi kunemiphumela ebalulekile ezinqubweni zokuhlukaniswa kwama-hydrocarbon kanye nenani lemakethe.
Kukhona umehluko ocacile phakathi kwama-gas condensate nama-distillates. Ama-gas condensate awuketshezi oluvela ngokwemvelo olwakhiwe ngokujiya okuvela emifudlaneni yegesi yemvelo, ngokuvamile lapho ifika ezimweni eziphezulu noma eziseduze nobuso. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ama-distillates awuketshezi lwe-hydrocarbon oludalwa ngokujiya ngamabomu—ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokucwenga noma ukucubungula igesi. Indawo yokuhlukanisa kanye nendlela yokusebenza ngokomzimba (ukujiya uma kuqhathaniswa nokujiya) kunquma ukuthi umfudlana uhlukaniswa njenge-condensate noma i-distillate.
Inqubo Yokuhluzwa Kwengxenye Yephethiloli
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Kuvela okunye ukungafani phakathi kokuqashisa kanye nokuncibilika kwezitshalo. Ukuncibilika kwezitshalo kubanjwa ekhanda lomthombo noma eduze kwawo, kuhlukaniswe nesigaba segesi ekucindezelweni komoya kusetshenziswa abahlukanisi bensimu. Ngokuvamile kufakwa emgudwini kawoyela ongahluziwe ukuze kulinganiswe futhi kusetshenziswe, okubonisa amandla adonsela phansi e-API ngokuvamile asukela ku-45 kuya ku-75. Ukubuyiselwa kokuncibilika kwezitshalo kwenzeka ezansi komfula ezitshalweni zokucubungula igesi, lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwenzeka khona ekucindezelweni okuphezulu kanye namazinga okushisa aphansi. Umehluko uthinta ukubalwa kwezimali, ukubika, kanye nokuhlolwa kwemakethe. Ukuncibilika kwezitshalo ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengengxenye kawoyela ongahluziwe, kuyilapho ukuncibilika kwezitshalo kuvame ukuhlanganiswa noketshezi lwezitshalo zegesi yemvelo (NGPL). Izindlela ezahlukene zokulawula kanye nemikhuba yemakethe yesifunda kwenza kube nzima ukuhlukaniswa, kuthinte ukubika kanye nokulawula ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.
Uketshezi olujiyile ludlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlukaniseni nasekucwengisiseni ama-hydrocarbon. Lusebenza njengezinto zokudla zezindawo zokucwenga—ezinenani ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwazo okucebile ezingxenyaneni ze-hydrocarbon ezilula njengophethiloli, i-naphtha, kanye ne-LPG—kanye nezinciphisi zokunciphisaukujiya kwamafutha aluhlaza asindayoukuthuthwa kwamapayipi. Ukuguquguquka kwawo okuphezulu kanye nokuqukethwe okuphansi kokungcola, uma kuqhathaniswa namafutha aluhlaza asindayo, kwenza kube lula ukucubungula nokuxubana ngesikhathi sokuhluzwa kwephethiloli, kusekela ukuguquguquka kwefektri kanye nokwenza ngcono i-slate yomkhiqizo.
Izakhiwo Zamakhemikhali Nezomzimba Ezibalulekile Ekuhlukaniseni
Ukuziphatha kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwama-condensate ekusebenzeni kukawoyela negesi kulawulwa yi-suite yezakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali. Phakathi kwalokhu, amandla adonsela phansi e-API anikeza isilinganiso sobuningi boketshezi maqondana namanzi. Ama-condensate, anamandla adonsela phansi e-API ngokuvamile aphakathi kuka-45 no-75, alula kakhulu kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-crudes, okukhuthaza ukuhlukaniswa okusheshayo ngesikhathi sokucubungula uwoyela negesi. Ubuningi, obuhlobene ngqo ne-API, bubalulekile ekwakhiweni kwamapayipi, ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa, kanye nokulawulwa kwenqubo. Izinsimbi zokulinganisa ubuningi obuphakathi, njengalezo ezikhiqizwe yiI-Lonnmeter, zisetshenziswa ukuqapha nokuqinisekisa ukulawulwa okunembile kwamapharamitha enqubo, ikakhulukazi lapho kuhlanganiswa noma kuhlungwa imifudlana yokukhanya.
Ukuvaleka kwe-viscosity kuphinde kulawule ukusebenza kahle. Ama-condensate ngokuvamile abonisa ukuvaleka okuphansi, okuvumela ukugeleza okusebenzayo, ukuhlukaniswa okulula ezinhlelweni zezigaba eziningi, kanye nokufakwa kwamandla okuncishisiwe ngesikhathi sokuxuba nokupompa. Ukuvaleka kwe-viscosity kuhlobene kakhulu nokushisa, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, kanye nokuziphatha kwesigaba; ukulinganisa kwayo okunembile kubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono umkhiqizo kanye nokunciphisa ukuvinjelwa kwamapayipi.
Ukwakheka kwe-hydrocarbon—ikakhulukazi ingxenye yama-paraffin akhanyayo, ama-aromatics, kanye nokungcola okumbalwa—kuchaza ukuziphatha kwesigaba kanye nenani lokucwenga. Ukubusa kokukhanya (ama-butane, ama-pentane, ama-hexanes) kuthuthukisa ukuguquguquka, kodwa futhi kungaletha izingozi ngesikhathi sokuphathwa ngenxa yokucindezela okuphezulu komhwamuko. Izinto ezincane, njenge-asphaltenes, ama-resin, nama-waxes, zinemiphumela emikhulu kakhulu; zingaba yizinto eziqinile emazingeni okushisa aphansi, okuholela ekubekweni kwe-wax kanye nezinkinga zokusebenza emapayipini nasezitimeleni zokuhlukanisa. Isibonelo, amasimu afana ne-Astrakhan ne-Altyguyi abhale phansi ukuna kwe-paraffin emazingeni okushisa ahlobene nenqubo, okudinga ukuhlaziywa kokwakheka okucophelelayo kanye namasu okwengeza ukuvimbela izinselele zokuqinisekisa ukugeleza.
Ukubaluleka kokulinganiswa kwempahla kudlulela ngale kokusebenza kahle—kuthonya ngqo ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nenani lezentengiselwano. Idatha yobuningi obuthembekile kanye ne-viscosity isekela ukuhluzwa kwephethiloli kanye nokusebenza kokucubungula i-condensate, okusekela ukuhlukaniswa okunembile kwezingxenyana ze-hydrocarbon, njengoba kudingeka enkambisweni yokuhluzwa kwephethiloli. Amasu okulinganisa ubuningi besimanje manje ayingxenye ebalulekile yokuqapha inqubo, ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zokudlulisa ukugcinwa kanye nokwenza kube lula ukwenza ngcono isitoreji kanye nokuxuba kokubili imisebenzi ephezulu kanye neyezansi.
Ukwakheka kwama-molecule kulawula nokulingana komoya-uketshezi kanye nokuziphatha kwesigaba, ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni ze-hydrocarbon ezilula. Ngaphansi kwezimo zenqubo ezishintshashintshayo, umehluko omncane esisindweni noma esakhiweni sama-molecule ungabangela ushintsho olukhulu esilinganisweni segesi kuya koketshezi, okunomthelela oqondile womklamo wokuhlukanisa kanye nowokuzinzisa, kanye nokulinganisela kwesisindo sesitshalo sonke. Ukuhlaziywa okuvamile kokuziphatha kwe-phase envelope kwenza abahlanzi bakwazi ukukhetha izindlela ezifanele kakhulu zokuhlanza uphethiloli ezikhulisa ukululama ngenkathi zinciphisa izindleko zamandla kanye nokulahlekelwa yikhwalithi.
Ukubhekana nalezi zici—ubukhulu be-API, ukuminyana okungokwenyama, i-viscosity, kanye nokwakheka—kwakha isisekelo sokuhlukaniswa okuphumelelayo kanye nokuhluzwa kwama-condensate kanye nemifudlana ye-hydrocarbon elula. Ukulinganiswa okuqhubekayo nokunembile kwalezi zakhiwo zoketshezi oluhlanganisiwe kuqhuba ukulawulwa kwenqubo, kusekela ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi ye-hydrocarbon condensate, futhi kusekela ezomnotho zeketanga lenani likawoyela negesi.
Amasu Okulinganisa Ubuningi Boketshezi Obuncishisiwe
Amasu Athuthukisiwe Okuthuthukisa Ukunemba
Ukuze kuxazululwe izinselele ezihambisana nokulinganisa ubuningi be-condensate ye-hydrocarbon elula nesindayo, izindlela zokuxuba ziye zathola ukuvelela. Izingxenyana ezisindayo zivame ukuxutshwa nezinyibilikisi ezifana ne-toluene, ukunciphisa i-viscosity nokunciphisa ukuzwela kokushisa. Lo mkhuba uvumela ukunqunywa kobuningi okunembe kakhudlwana, njengoba ukulingana kwesampula kuthuthuka futhi amaphutha enqubo ekuphatheni uketshezi olunamathelayo encishiswa. Indlela yokuxuba i-solvent ibaluleke kakhulu ekuchazeni imikhiqizo eyinkimbinkimbi yokucwilisa i-petroleum kanye nezingxube zesitoko esindayo, lapho kudingeka khona ubuningi ukuze kwenziwe ngcono inqubo kanye nokucaciswa komkhiqizo.
Izindlela ezintsha, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisebenzisa amamitha obuningi obusekelwe ekudlidlizeni (njengeAmadivayisi e-Lonnmeter), inqoba imikhawulo yezinsimbi ezivamile. Lezi zinsimbi zenza ngokuzenzakalelayo ukulawulwa kokushisa kwesampula, ukutholwa kwamabhamuza, kanye nokubuyiselwa kwe-viscosity, okubalulekile ekuhambisaneni kokuqapha i-condensate kawoyela negesi. Amamitha azenzakalelayo avumela nokuhlanganiswa kwamapayipi ezimboni ukuze kulinganiswe njalo, kusekela ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi ye-hydrocarbon condensate ngaphandle kokumisa ukugeleza kwenqubo.
Ukuhlaziywa kokuqhathanisa kukhombisa ukuthi amathuluzi endabuko elabhorethri kanye nemishini yensimu yesandla avame ukuveza ukunqunywa kobuningi ngamamajini amaphutha angamukeleki ekucwengisiseni ama-hydrocarbon alula kanye nezindlela zokuhluza uphethiloli ezidinga imingcele eqinile yokwakheka. Ngokuphambene nalokho, amamitha azenzakalelayo angaphakathi awagcini nje ngokunciphisa ukuguquguquka kokusebenza, kodwa futhi anikeza umkhiqizo wedijithali olandelekayo, obalulekile ekuhambisaneni nomthetho, ukubika, kanye nokuhlukaniswa okuthuthukile kwezingxenyana zama-hydrocarbon.
Izingxenyana ze-hydrocarbon ezilula zibangela ubunzima bazo bokulinganisa ngenxa yokuguquguquka kanye nokuxinana okuphansi. Ukulahlekelwa ngumhwamuko, ukuhwamuka kwesampula, kanye nokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa okuncane kungaphazamisa imiphumela yokuxinana. Amamitha athuthukile anciphisa le miphumela ngokugcina izindawo zokulinganisa ezivaliwe kanye nokuphathwa kokushisa okunembile. Izingxenyana ezisindayo, okwamanje, zizuza kakhulu ekwelashweni kwe-solvent kanye nokubuyiselwa kwe-viscosity okuhlanganiswe nokulinganisa kwedijithali.
Ukuhlanganiswa Kwamathuluzi Okuhlaziya Ekuhlolweni Kobuningi
Ukuhlaziywa kokwakheka kujulisa ukulinganiswa kobuningi obuqondile. I-Gas chromatography (GC), i-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), kanye ne-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) zembula amaphrofayili e-hydrocarbon, zikhomba izingxenyana ezikhanyayo nezisindayo ngaphakathi kokuhluzwa kwamafutha aluhlaza kanye nemisebenzi yokukhipha i-condensate. Amathuluzi anjalo okuhlaziya avumela ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kobuningi obulinganisiwe kanye nezimfanelo zokwakheka, athuthukisa ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi ye-hydrocarbon condensate futhi asekele ukukhethwa kwemifudlana ehlanganisiwe yokucwenga noma ukuguqulwa kwe-petrochemical.
Idatha ye-chromatographic ehlanganiswe nokulinganiswa kobuningi kwenza kube lula ukunqunywa kwezakhiwo zoketshezi oluhlanganisiwe kuma-hydrocarbon, okubalulekile ekuhleleni kahle inqubo yokuhluza uphethiloli kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezingxenyana zama-hydrocarbon. Isibonelo, izigxivizo zeminwe ze-GCMS ezichaza ubudlelwano phakathi kobuningi kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwesisindo sama-molecule kuma-condensate acwengisisiwe, okusiza onjiniyela bezinqubo ekwenzeni ngcono ukuhlukaniswa komkhiqizo noma ukuxuba.
Ukushisa-ivolumu-yokucindezela (i-PVT)Ukuhlaziywa kusetshenziswa ukubikezela ubuningi kanye nokuziphatha kwesigaba sama-condensate ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza. Izifundo ze-PVT zihlanganisa ubuningi obulinganisiwe nezibikezelo zempahla yokulingana, zithuthukisa ukwakheka kwenqubo kanye nokusekela izinhlelo zokusebenza ekuhlukaniseni izingxenyana zama-hydrocarbon kanye nokucwenga ama-hydrocarbon akhanyayo.
Ekuhlanzweni kwe-petroleum yesimanje kanye nokucutshungulwa kwe-condensate, ukuhlanganisa lawa masu kunikeza uhlaka oluqinile lokuhlukanisa imifudlana ye-hydrocarbon, ukulinganisa ubuningi be-hydrocarbon condensates, kanye nokwenza ngcono inqubo yokuhlukanisa ngokulawulwa kwekhwalithi okulinganiselwe kuzo zonke izigaba. Le ndlela ehlanganisiwe—ukuhlanganisa amathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi obuqondile be-condensate, njengamadivayisi aqinile e-Lonnmeter, nokuhlaziywa kokwakheka okuthuthukisiwe—kuqinisa ukumelwa kanye nokuthembeka kokuhlolwa kwezakhiwo zoketshezi oluhlanganisiwe emisebenzini yezimboni.
Ukubaluleka Kokulinganisa Ubuningi Boketshezi Obuncishisiwe Ngokunembile
Umthelela Ekuhlukanisweni Kwe-Hydrocarbon kanye Nezinqubo Zokucwilisa
Okufingqiwe okunembileukulinganiswa kobuningi boketsheziKuyisisekelo ezinqubweni zokuhlukanisa ama-hydrocarbon, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuhluzwa kwamafutha angahluziwe kanye nokukhishwa kwe-condensate. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezingxenyana zama-hydrocarbon kuncike ekwehlukeni kobuningi ukuze kuqondiswe ukuhlukaniswa, okuthinta ukusebenza kahle kwekholomu kanye nokulawulwa kwephuzu lokusika. Kuzo zombili izindlela zokuhluzwa kwe-petroleum kanye nezindlela zokuhluzwa kwephethiloli, ubuningi buthonya ngqo ukulingana komswakama-uketshezi (VLE). Ukushintsha kobuningi kushintsha ama-curve ebanga lokubila, okuholela ekuhlukeni kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nomphumela ophelele.
Ukufundwa kobuningi besikhathi sangempela okunembile kusetshenziselwa ukubala izici zokulungisa izinga lokushisa kanye nengcindezi, ezithinta ukuguqulwa kusuka ekugelezeni kwevolumu kuya ekujuleni kobuningi. Lokhu kubalulekile ekulinganisweni okunembile kwemifudlana ye-condensate kawoyela negesi njengoba ihamba ngamakholomu okuhluzwa. Ukulungiswa okuqhutshwa ubuningi kusiza opharetha ekwenzeni ngcono izimo zokusebenza ngokuvumela ukulawula okunembile kwamaphrofayili okushisa, izilinganiso ze-reflux, kanye namazinga okudonsa kwethreyi ngayinye noma umfudlana oseceleni. Ukusebenzisa amathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi bekhwalithi ye-condensate, njengalawo akhiqizwe yi-Lonnmeter, kuvumela impendulo eqhubekayo, edingekayo ekulungiseni amapharamitha enqubo ukuze aphendule ekuguqukeni kwe-feedstock noma ekushintsheni kwesidingo.
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi nakho kubalulekile ekukhetheni imishini kulo lonke uchungechunge lokucubungula uphethiloli kanye ne-condensate. Kukwazisa ngobukhulu bezinto zangaphakathi zekholomu, ama-heat exchanger, namaphampu, kanye nokuqondisa ukukhethwa kwezinto ezifanele izindawo ezigqwalisayo noma ezinomfutho ophezulu. Isibonelo, i-condensate yokucubungula ikholomu enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-paraffinic idinga isikhala esihlukile sethreyi noma uhlobo lokupakisha, oluzobonakala kuphela ngokuhlaziywa okunembile kobuningi kanye nokukhanya kwezingxenye ze-hydrocarbon.
Ukubikezela kwesivuno kanye nokuhambisana nemininingwane ngesikhathi sokuhlanza ama-hydrocarbon akhanyayo kuncike kudatha yobuningi. Abaqhubi basebenzisa ubuningi njengereferensi yokugcina imininingwane edingekayo yemikhiqizo efana ne-naphtha, uphethiloli, noma uphethiloli wejethi, ngayinye echazwa ngamafasitela obuningi kanye nokuguquguquka okuhlukile. Ukuphambuka okuncane ekulinganisweni kobuningi kungasakazeka ukuze kukhiqizwe izinto ezingaphandle kwemininingwane, okuholela ekwehleni kokuxuba noma ekucutshungulweni okubizayo. Lokhu kugcizelela indima ehlelekile yobuningi ekusetshenzisweni kwengxenye ye-hydrocarbon ekhanyayo kanye nokuhlukaniswa okubanzi kwezingxenye ze-hydrocarbon.
Ukubaluleka Kokuhlukaniswa Kwezindawo Zokugcina Imfucuza Nokuqapha Ukukhiqizwa
Ubuningi bokulinganisa ama-hydrocarbon condensate busekela izindlela ezithuthukisiwe zokuhlukaniswa kwama-reservoir. Ukufundwa kobuningi, uma kuhlanganiswa nedatha yokwakheka kanye nobunjiniyela, kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukunemba kwamamodeli e-geological kanye nezibikezelo zokukhiqiza. Emasimini akhiqiza i-gas condensate, ukuhlukahluka okuncane kobuningi boketshezi oluhlanganisiwe kungabonisa izinguquko ekuxhumekeni kwe-reservoir, ukuxhumana koketshezi, noma ukusebenza kahle kwemisebenzi yesibili yokutakula.
Idatha yobuningi obumele ihlanganiswa nokutholakele kokuhlaziywa okuyinhloko, izimpendulo zelogi, kanye namamodeli e-petrophysical, okunikeza amamephu anesinqumo esiphezulu sokusatshalaliswa koketshezi lwamatshe. Isibonelo, ukuhlelwa kwe-density-porosity crossplotting kanye ne-PVT modeling eqhutshwa ukufunda komshini kusebenzisa izitayela zobuningi ukuchaza ukungafani koketshezi. Lokhu kuvumela opharetha ukuthi babikezele kangcono izitayela zokukhiqiza, bathuthukise ukubekwa kwemithombo, futhi bathuthukise amasu okuqeda ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukubuyiselwa kwe-hydrocarbon.
Amasu okulinganisa ubuningi be-condensate adlala indima ekuqapheni ngesikhathi sangempela, okuvumela ukulungiswa kwamaqhinga okusebenzisa ngokuphendula ekushintsheni kokwakheka. La maphuzu edatha aveza izinguquko zokuziphatha kwesigaba, ezibalulekile ekugcineni amasu okucindezela kanye nokudonsa, kanye nokuhlonza ukuncipha kwedamu noma izingozi zesikhathi sokungasebenzi. Ekugcineni, ukulinganisa okunembile kuqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa okuphelele nobunjiniyela bedamu kanye namamodeli e-geological, okuhambisana ngqo nenani lempahla kanye nokusebenza kokusebenza.
Ukuhlolwa Kwezitsha Zokudla Zokulawula Ikhwalithi Nokuhlanza
Ukukhethwa kwe-feedstock kanye nokuhlolwa kwengxube kuncike kakhulu kwikhwalithi yemifudlana ye-condensate kawoyela negesi, ebonakala ngedatha yobuningi kanye nokwakheka. Kumongo wokulawulwa kwekhwalithi ye-hydrocarbon condensate, ubuningi busetshenziswa njengokuhlola okusheshayo kokuhambisana kwengxube kanye nesibonakaliso esisekelayo se-sulfur, izinsimbi, kanye nokuqukethwe okunuka kamnandi. Ukufundwa okunembile, kwesikhathi sangempela okuvela kumathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi obungaphakathi kwe-condensate kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukuxubana okungahambisani, okungalimaza amayunithi okuhlanza noma konakalise ukusebenza kwe-catalyst.
Ukuthobela izincazelo zomkhiqizo ochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa kwemishini yokuhluza kuphoqelelwa ngokuqapha ubuningi obuqinile kuzo zombili izindlela zokuthatha amasampula ezivamile kanye nezama-batch. Imiphumela kumele ihambisane nemikhawulo edingekayo yezingxenyana ezingathengiswa—njengezingqimba zobuningi ezibekiwe ze-naphtha noma i-parafini—ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezindinganiso zomthetho nezentengiselwano. Ukuthuthuka kokuhlaziya, okuhlanganisa ukuhlehla kwesikhathi sangempela kanye nokuhlaziywa kokwakheka, kuvumela ukutholakala okubucayi kakhulu kwezitayela ezingekho ku-spec ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa kwe-feedstock kanye nokuphazamiseka kwenqubo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuhlanganisa ukufundwa kobuningi nokuhlaziywa kwe-chromatographic kanye ne-elemental, izindawo zokucwenga zibikezela isivuno senqubo kanye nokuqhekeka kwezingxube zamafutha zendabuko nezivuselelekayo. Le ndlela ivumela ukulawulwa kwenqubo okulungiselelwe, ukuqondiswa kwesivuno okuthuthukisiwe, kanye nokunciphisa ingozi yokusebenza ngokulindela ukungcola, ukubilisa, kanye nokuphazamiseka kwamayunithi. Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo eziqondile zoketshezi oluhlanganisiwe kuma-hydrocarbon zisekela ukuncintisana kwendawo yokucwenga futhi ziqinisekisa ukuvumelana kuzo zonke izinyathelo zokucwenga uphethiloli kanye nokusebenza kokucubungula i-condensate.
Leli shadi elinesitayela libonisa ukuthi isivuno esihle kakhulu somkhiqizo ekucutshungulweni kwengxenye ye-hydrocarbon ekhanyayo senzeka ngaphakathi kwama-tight density bands, okubonisa isidingo sokulawula ubuningi obunembile kuyo yonke inqubo yokuhlukanisa. Ukuphambuka, ngisho nangama-kg/m³ ambalwa, kuholela ekulahlekelweni kokusebenza kahle kanye nemiphumela engaba khona engaphandle kwe-spec.
Ukulinganisa okunembile kobuningi boketshezi oluhlanganisiwe kuyisisekelo sezinqubo zokuhlukanisa ama-hydrocarbon ekuhlanzweni kwephethiloli, kusukela ekubumbeni amadamu okugcina amanzi kuya ekuthuthukisweni kwenqubo yangaphakathi kwesitshalo, ukuhlolwa kwe-feedstock, kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi, okubonisa indima yayo ebalulekile kokubili ekusebenzeni kahle kanye nempumelelo yezentengiselwano.
Izinto Ezibalulekile Nezindlela Ezinhle Zokusebenza
Amasu Okuthatha Amasampula Okulinganisa Okuthembekile
Ukusampula okumelelayo kuyisisekelo sokuhlaziywa okunembile koketshezi oluhlanganisiwe, ikakhulukazi emifudlaneni ye-condensate kawoyela negesi lapho amaphutha angakhulisa khona umfula. Ukuze kuhlolwe izakhiwo zoketshezi oluhlanganisiwe kuma-hydrocarbon noma kwenziwe ukuhlaziywa kwezingxenyana ze-hydrocarbon ezilula, isampula kumele ifane nezimo zenqubo eduze ngangokunokwenzeka. Lokhu kubalulekile ukulandelela ukushintsha kwezakhi ezithintwa izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwesigaba kuzo zonke izinqubo zokuhlukanisa ama-hydrocarbon ekuhlanzweni kwephethiloli.
Indawo yokuqoqa isampula kumele ibekwe lapho uketshezi luhlala luxubene kahle futhi ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke noma yikuphi ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba. Isibonelo, ukufaka isampula yokuhlola emgqeni ongaphezulu kwezingxenye zokuhlukanisa isigaba kunikeza ingxenye eqondile yoketshezi olucutshunguliwe. Yonke imigqa yesampula kanye nemikhumbi yokuqoqa kufanele kulungiswe kusengaphambili futhi kuhlanjululwe ngomfudlana womkhiqizo ukuze kuncishiswe ukungcola okuvela ezinsaleleni futhi kugwenywe ukungeniswa komoya, okuphazamisa ubuningi kanye nokuhlaziywa kokwakheka.
Ukuqina kwezinga lokushisa kanye nokucindezela kubalulekile ngesikhathi sokuthatha isampula. Uma ingcindezi yehliswa ngokushesha kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuhluzwa kwamafutha aluhlaza kanye nokukhishwa kwe-condensate, izingxenye ezikhanyayo zingase zikhanye, zishintshe ukwakheka kwengxenye ye-hydrocarbon yokukhanya futhi ziveze imiphumela engathembekile yamasu okulinganisa ubuningi be-condensate. Izinhlelo zokuqoqa ezivaliwe zinciphisa ukuvezwa komoya kanye nokulahlekelwa okuguqukayo, zisekela ukuhlangana okunembile phakathi kwedatha elinganisiwe kanye nezimo zensimu yangempela.
Ukuhlanza okuvamile, ukudluliselwa ngokushesha ekuhlaziyweni, kanye nokuvalwa okuvaliwe kunciphisa ingozi yephutha kanye nokungcola. Ukuze kudluliselwe ukugcinwa noma kulawulwe ikhwalithi ngokusemthethweni, ukwenza lezi zinqubo zibe zijwayelekile kuqinisekisa ukuvumelana kanye nokulandelela ekulinganiseni ubuningi be-hydrocarbon condensate kanye nemikhuba yokulawula ikhwalithi ye-hydrocarbon condensate.
Ukuphathwa Kwedatha Nokuhlanganiswa Namapharamitha Obunjiniyela
Kuthathwe idatha yobuningi kanye nokwakheka okuvela kumathuluzi angaphakathi njengezinsimbi zokulinganisa ubuningi zeLonnmeter zokondla i-condensate ngqo kumamodeli okulingisa kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula izinqubo, okusekela ukuhluzwa kwe-petroleum okuphumelelayo kanye nokucutshungulwa kwe-condensate. Ukulinganiswa kwesinqumo esiphezulu kubalulekile ekubukeni nasekuthuthukiseni inqubo yokuhluzwa kwe-petroleum, ikakhulukazi lapho kuhlungwa ama-hydrocarbon alula futhi kulawulwa ukuhlukaniswa kwezingxenyana ze-hydrocarbon.
Ukuze kusetshenziswe idatha yobuningi bokumodela inqubo, onjiniyela bahlobanisa ukufundwa kwelebhu noma kwethuluzi lesikhathi sangempela namapharamitha obunjiniyela abalulekile. Ubukhulu be-API, isibonelo, bubalwa ngokuqondile kusukela kubukhulu obulinganisiwe futhi buyindlela ebalulekile yezinqumo zokusebenza, ukuxuba, kanye nokwabiwa komkhiqizo. Ukuhlolwa okunembile kobukhulu be-API kuqhuba ukulungiswa ezindleleni zokucwilisa uphethiloli ukuze kwandiswe ukubuyiswa kanye nekhwalithi yezicelo zengxenye ye-hydrocarbon elula.
Izilinganiso zikaphethiloli nowoyela, ezitholakala ngokulinganisa ubuningi obuhlanganisiwe kanye nokwakheka, zazisa kokubili ukumodelwa kwedamu elingaphezulu kanye nokulungiswa okuqhubekayo kokusebenza. Isibonelo, uma ukufundwa kobuningi kubonisa ukushintsha ngenxa yokwanda kokudluliselwa kwengxenye yokukhanya, opharetha bangase balungise izindawo zokusika ze-distillation ukuze bathuthukise ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba futhi baqinisekise ukuthi imininingwane yomkhiqizo iyahlangatshezwa.
Ukuhlanganisa imifudlana yedatha eqhubekayo kuqinisekisa ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi okuguquguqukayo. Okokufaka kobuningi okuzenzakalelayo—kusuka kumamitha angaphakathi e-Lonnmeter—kungena kahle ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo zokulawula ezisatshalalisiwe, okunikeza isisombululo kanye nokuthembeka kwesikhathi okudingekayo ukulawula izihlukanisi zokugeleza, ama-reboiler, kanye nama-stabilizer. Lokhu kunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwenqubo, kunciphisa ukungenelela kokuthatha amasampula, futhi kuqinisa amafasitela okucaciswa komkhiqizo, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni kokulawulwa kwekhwalithi ye-hydrocarbon condensate ngempendulo yesikhathi sangempela.
Ngamafuphi, imikhuba emihle kakhulu esebenzayo igxile kumasu okusampula aqinile kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwedatha okunembile. Lokhu kuyisisekelo sokuhlaziywa kwezingxenyana ze-hydrocarbon ezikhanyayo ezinembile, ukuphendula okusebenzayo ezinqubweni zokuhlukaniswa kwe-hydrocarbon, kanye nokuphathwa kwekhwalithi okuphumelelayo kuwo wonke amapayipi okucubungula uphethiloli kanye ne-condensate—ikakhulukazi lapho kusetshenziswa amathuluzi athuthukisiwe aklanyelwe ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso ezishintshayo zomsebenzi we-condensate kawoyela negesi.
imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
Ziyini izinto ezihlanganisiwe futhi kungani zibalulekile ekucutshungulweni kwe-condensate kawoyela negesi?
Uketshezi olujiyile yi-hydrocarbon eshintsha kusuka kugesi iye koketshezi njengoba izinga lokushisa kanye nokucindezela kwehla ngaphansi kwephuzu lawo lamazolo ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwegesi yemvelo. Lezi ziphuzo zilula futhi aziqinile kakhulu kunowoyela ongahluziwe, ngokuvamile zihlukaniswa ngephuzu lokuqoqa—kungaba njenge-condensate yokuqasha ekhanda lomthombo noma njenge-condensate yesitshalo esivela ezitshalweni zokucubungula. Zombili izinhlobo zihlukile koketshezi lwegesi yemvelo (ama-NGL) ngokwakheka kanye nezakhiwo zomzimba. Ukubaluleka kwazo kusekubalulekeni kwazo okuphezulu emakethe, indima yazo njengendawo yokuhluza kanye nezindawo zokudla zamakhemikhali, kanye nomthelela wazo emasu okusebenza okusebenzisa, ukucubungula, kanye nokuthumela kwamanye amazwe. Ngenxa yokuthi uketshezi olujiyile luyashintshashintsha futhi luyavutha, izinqubo zokusebenza eziqinile ziyaphoqelelwa ekuphatheni, ekuthuthweni, nasekuphepheni kwemvelo. Izici zazo zomzimba, ikakhulukazi ubuningi kanye nesisindo sama-molecule, zithinta ngqo ukusebenza kahle, amazinga okubuyisa, kanye nokudalwa kwenani eliphansi ekusebenzeni kwe-condensate kawoyela negesi.
Ubuningi boketshezi oluhlanganisiwe bulinganiswa kanjani ngesikhathi sezinqubo zokuhlukaniswa kwama-hydrocarbon?
Ukulinganisa ubuningi boketshezi olujiyile kubalulekile ekulawuleni inqubo kanye nokucaciswa komkhiqizo. Izindlela zokulinganisa ezivame kakhulu zifaka phakathi ama-hydrometer, asebenzisa ama-calibrated floats ukunikeza ubuningi obuqondile noma ukufundwa kwamandla adonsela phansi kwe-API, kanye nama-pycnometer, anquma ubuningi ngokusekelwe kusisindo esaziwayo kanye nomthamo wesampula yoketshezi. Izindlela zokuhlaziya ezithuthukisiwe nazo zingasebenza, ngokuvamile zisebenzisa izinyibilikisi ukuze kuhlolwe ngokunembe kakhudlwana. Amamodeli okubikezela afana ne-Hankinson-Thomson (HT) kanye nezindlela ze-Hankinson-Brobst-Thomson (HBT) alinganisa ubuningi boketshezi lwe-hydrocarbon olugcwele nolucindezelwe kuzo zonke izimo zokusebenza. Ensimini, izinsimbi zokubhekisela ezifana namamitha obuningi be-Lonnmeter asetshenziswa kabanzi ekuqapheni ubuningi okuqhubekayo nokunembile, okusekela ukulungiswa kwenqubo yesikhathi sangempela. Zonke lezi zindlela zakha umgogodla wamasu okulinganisa ubuningi be-condensate, okuqinisekisa ukuthi izidingo zomthetho nezentengiselwano zezinqubo zokuhlukanisa i-hydrocarbon ekuhlanzeni i-petroleum ziyahlangatshezwa.
Yimuphi umthelela obangelwa ukuminyana koketshezi oluhlanganisiwe emiphumeleni yenqubo yokucwiliswa kukaphethiloli?
Ubuningi buyisici esiyinhloko esilawula indlela ama-hydrocarbon ahlukana ngayo ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhluza i-petroleum. Ubuningi boketshezi obuhlanganisiwe bunquma ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto phakathi kokunqunywa kwe-distillate njenge-naphtha, uphethiloli, kanye nedizili. Ukwehluka kobuningi kuthinta ukusebenza kahle, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, kanye nokukhiqiza kwengxenye ngayinye yokuhluza, njengoba izitsha zokudla ezilula noma ezixineneyo zidinga izimo ezahlukene ze-reflux kanye nokusebenza. Ukulinganiswa kobuningi okunembile kuvumela ukulungiswa kahle kokusebenza kwe-reflux drum kanye nezinqubo zokuhlukanisa isigaba, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nokuvumelana. Izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi ukugcina ubuningi obuqondiwe esitokweni sokudla kuqinisekisa ukuthi imithombo yomkhiqizo ihlangabezana nemininingwane, kunciphisa imfucuza kanye nokwenza ngcono ezomnotho zefektri yokuhluza. Ukufaka ubuningi bokulinganisa obuthembekile be-hydrocarbon condensates kusekela ukuhlukaniswa okusebenzayo kwezingxenyana ze-hydrocarbon futhi kusekela ukusebenza okulinganayo kuzo zonke izinhlayiya ze-oyili engahluziwe kanye namayunithi okukhipha i-condensate.
Kungani idatha enembile yobuningi ibalulekile ekucwengisiseni izingxenyana ze-hydrocarbon ezikhanyayo?
Izingxenyana ze-hydrocarbon ezilula, ngokuvamile ezibangeni le-C5–C10, zibalulekile ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo enenani eliphezulu njengophethiloli kanye namakhemikhali e-petrochemicals. Idatha enembile yobuningi iyisisekelo sokumodela inqubo, ukulawula ikhwalithi, kanye nokufeza ukuhambisana nemininingwane yomkhiqizo. Ukuhlanza ama-hydrocarbon alula kudinga ukulungiswa okunembile kwamayunithi okuhlukanisa ngokusekelwe kumpendulo yobuningi besikhathi sangempela—evame ukunikezwa yizinsimbi eziqondile njenge-Lonnmeter metres—ukugcina ukusebenza kahle nokugwema ukukhiqizwa okubizayo okungacacisiwe. Amasu okuhlaziya, kufaka phakathi i-gas chromatography ehlanganiswe nokuhlaziywa kobuningi, asetshenziswa kabanzi ukuqapha kokubili ukwakheka kanye nezakhiwo zomzimba. Le ndlela ecophelelayo ivumela ukuguquguquka kwenqubo kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi ekuhlaziyweni kwezingxenyana ze-hydrocarbon ezilula, okuholela ekuphathweni kahle kwamandla kanye nokuphathwa kwamandla kuzo zonke izinqubo zokuhlukanisa ama-hydrocarbon ekuhlanzweni kwe-petroleum.
Yimiphi imikhuba emihle okufanele ilandelwe lapho kuthathwe amasampula oketshezi oluhlanganisiwe ukuze kulinganiswe ubuningi?
Ukusampula uketshezi oluhlanganisiwe kudinga ukunamathela ngokuqinile emikhubeni emihle ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka nokumelela. Amasampula kumele aqoqwe kusetshenziswa imishini ehlanzekile, engenakho ukungcola—ahlanzwe ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa—futhi agcinwe ezitsheni ezingakhiphi noma ezimunca ama-hydrocarbon. Izinqubo zigcizelela ukubamba ingxenye emele yomsinga ogelezayo woketshezi, ukugwema ukulahleka kwesampula ngenxa yokuhwamuka noma ukucima kwe-flash, ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni ezibila kancane. Izitsha zivalwa futhi zilebulwe ngokushesha ukuze kuncishiswe ukuvezwa. Abasebenzi balandela izinqubo zokuphepha eziqinile ngenxa yemvelo evuthayo neguquguqukayo yoketshezi oluhlanganisiwe. Izindinganiso zomthetho, njengalezo ezikhishwe yi-ASTM International, zichaza imikhuba ethile yokulungiselela, ukuphatha, nokulondoloza. Lezi zilawuli eziqinile zibalulekile ekulawulweni kwekhwalithi ye-hydrocarbon condensate esebenzayo futhi zisekela imiphumela enembile, esebenzisekayo evela kumathuluzi okulinganisa ubuningi be-condensate.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 11-2025
