Ukulinganisa ukuhlushwa okuqondile kubalulekile ekulawuleni izinqubo kanye nokwenza ngcono ekukhiqizweni kwe-butadiene. Lawa masu avumela ukulandelela okuqhubekayo kwamazinga omkhiqizo kanye ne-solvent ngesikhathi sezinyathelo ezibalulekile njengokukhipha okwesibili, ukuhluzwa, kanye nokuhlanzwa. Ezimbonini zenqubo zesimanje, idatha yesikhathi sangempela evela kumathuluzi aqondile idluliselwa ngqo ezinhlelweni zokulawula, isekela ukulingisa inqubo eguquguqukayo kanye nokulungiswa kweziguquguquki zokusebenza njengokushisa, ingcindezi, ukwengeza i-solvent, kanye nebhalansi yamanzi. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa okuqinile kuthuthukisa ukuthembeka kokukhipha futhi kunciphisa ukwakheka "kwama-polymer e-popcorn" angafuneki noma amanye ama-agent e-polymeric fouling.
Isingeniso seNqubo Yokukhiqiza i-Butadiene
I-1,3-Butadiene iyisakhiwo esibalulekile embonini yerabha yokwenziwa yomhlaba wonke, ikakhulukazi ekukhiqizweni kwerabha ye-butadiene (BR) kanye nerabha ye-styrene-butadiene (SBR), okubalwa ndawonye izigidi zamathani okusetshenziswa minyaka yonke. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kufinyelela emathayini ezimoto, izimpahla zezimboni, kanye nama-polymers okwakha, lapho isidingo sigxile ezifundeni ezifana ne-Asia-Pacific ngenxa yokukhula kwemikhakha yokukhiqiza kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezimoto.
Ukukhishwa kwe-Butadiene
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Inqubo yokukhiqiza iqala ngokukhethwa kwezitoko zokudla ezifanele. Ngokwesiko, izinto zokusetshenziswa ze-petrochemical ezifana ne-naphtha ne-butane zisetshenziswa kakhulu. Lawa ma-hydrocarbon anikeza isivuno esikhulu ezinqubweni ezivamile futhi azuza emigqeni yokuhlinzeka esunguliwe. Kodwa-ke, ukugxila okukhulayo ekusimeni kuye kwashukumisa isithakazelo kwezinye izitoko zokudla, njenge-bioethanol etholakala emithonjeni evuselelekayo kanye ne-biomass engeyona yokudla. Ubuchwepheshe bokuguqulwa kwe-catalytic ye-ethanol ibe yi-butadiene buthola amandla okunciphisa ukunyathela kwekhabhoni nokwehlukanisa okokufaka kwemithombo, yize kusekhona ukwanda okukhulu kanye nezithiyo zomnotho.
Indlela eyinhloko yezimboni yokwenza i-butadiene ukuqhekeka komusi. Le nqubo ibeka i-naphtha noma amanye ama-hydrocarbon alula emazingeni okushisa aphezulu (cishe ama-750–900°C) lapho kukhona umusi. Izimo zokushisa zihlukanisa ama-molecule amakhulu abe ama-olefin amancane nama-diolefin, kanye ne-butadiene ekhiqizwa kanye ne-ethylene, i-propylene, kanye neminye imikhiqizo ebalulekile. Ngemva kokuqhekeka, ukucima okusheshayo kuvimbela ukusabela okungathandeki kwesibili, kulandelwe ukulandelana okuyinkimbinkimbi kokuhlukaniswa kwegesi. I-Butadiene ivame ukukhishwa kusetshenziswa i-extractive distillation, esebenzisa izinyibilikisi ze-polar ezifana ne-DMF noma i-NMP ukuhlukanisa i-butadiene kuma-hydrocarbon afanayo e-C4. Amakholomu odonga oluhlukanisayo noma ukucindezela komphunga kungasetshenziswa ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla nokunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza.
Izindlela ezintsha "ezihlosiwe", njengokuguqulwa kwe-ethanol kuma-reactor amaningi noma ama-fluidized bed, zimelela ezinye izindlela eziqhubekayo esikhundleni sokuqhekeka komusi. Lezi zinqubo zisebenzisa ama-catalyst ahlukene aklanyelwe ukukhetha okuphezulu nokuzinza. Ukucushwa kwe-Catalyst kanye ne-reactor kubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono amazinga okuguqulwa nokunciphisa imikhiqizo engafuneki.
Ukugeleza kwenqubo iyonke yokukhiqizwa kwe-butadiene kuqala ngokulungiswa kwe-feedstock, kuqhubeke ngokuqhekeka (noma ukuguqulwa kwe-catalytic), futhi kuqhubeke nokucinywa komkhiqizo, ukuhlukaniswa kwegesi, kanye nokuhluzwa kokugcina kokukhipha ukuze kutholakale i-butadiene ehlanziwe. Kuyo yonke le nqubo, ukuqapha okuqinile—njengokulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwe-butadiene okuqhubekayo—kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula ezithuthukisiwe kubalulekile ekukhuliseni ubumsulwa bomkhiqizo, isivuno, kanye nokuphepha emsebenzini. Ukungcola kwemishini yakudala, ukuwohloka kwe-solvent, kanye nokuphazamiseka kwenqubo kulawulwa ngokungenelela kobunjiniyela kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokuhlanzwa kwe-solvent—ukuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-butadiene okuthembekile nokuphumelelayo kuzo zonke izikhungo zesimanje ze-petrochemical.
Izinyathelo Ezibalulekile Enqubweni Yokukhipha I-Butadiene
Ukulungiswa Kokuqhekeka Nokudliwa Kokushisa
Ukuqhekeka kokushisa kwakha isisekelo senqubo yokukhiqiza i-butadiene. Izitsha zokudla ezifana ne-naphtha, i-butane, ne-ethane zivame ukusetshenziswa; ngayinye inikeza amaphrofayili esivuno ahlukile. I-Naphtha, etholakala kabanzi, ikhiqiza izingxenyana ze-C4 ezibanzi kanye nesivuno esimaphakathi se-butadiene, kuyilapho i-butane ne-ethane ngokuvamile zinikeza ukukhetha okuphezulu emikhiqizweni oyifunayo.
Izimo zokusebenza ezithandweni eziqhekekayo zibalulekile. Amazinga okushisa kumele alawulwe ngokucophelela phakathi kuka-750° no-900°C, kube nomoya ongasebenzi kahle ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcoliswa okungafunwa. Ubude besikhathi sokuhlala bubalulekile: izikhathi zokuhlala ezimfushane kakhulu kanye nokucima okusheshayo kuvimbela ukusabela kwesibili okwehlisa ukukhetha kwe-butadiene futhi kubangele ukwakheka komkhiqizo olandelanayo. Isibonelo, ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa ngaphakathi kwalolu hlu kungakhuphula isivuno kodwa futhi kukhuphule ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokusabela okungafuneki eceleni. Ngakho-ke, ukucubungula okuhle kumele kulinganise izinga lokushisa, izinga lokugeleza kokudla, kanye nesivinini sokucima ukuze kukhishwe i-butadiene ephezulu.
Ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kwe-feedstock, ikakhulukazi kwe-feedstock ehlukile noma evuselelekayo njenge-bioethanol noma i-1,3-butanediol, kuhilela izindlela ze-hydrolysis noma zokubilisa. Amasu anjengokuqhuma komusi noma ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kwe-liquid hot water asetshenziswa kwi-biomass, okudala i-substrate evundiswayo nokuthuthukisa amazinga okuguqulwa jikelele. Ukwakheka kwe-reactor kuthonya lezi zinyathelo: ama-reactor amaningi asekela ukushisa nokudluliselwa kwesisindo, kanti izinhlelo ze-adiabatic eziningi zisiza ukukhulisa inqubo kanye nokukhetha.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwegesi, Ukukhishwa Okuyinhloko Nokwesibili
Uma ukuqhekeka sekuqediwe, umfudlana wegesi ongahluziwe ungena ochungechungeni lwezinyathelo zokuhlukanisa. Ukuhlukaniswa kwegesi kuqala ngokucisha kanye nokuhlukaniswa okuyinhloko ukuze kususwe ama-hydrocarbon asindayo, bese amayunithi okucindezela ehlisa ivolumu futhi aphakamise ingcindezi ukuze kube lula ukuwaphatha. Ukomisa kususa umswakama, okungaphazamisa ukusebenza kwe-solvent engezansi kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
Ukukhishwa okuyinhloko kusebenzisa izinto ezimuncayo noma izinyibilikisi ezikhethiwe emibhoshongweni yokucindezela okuphezulu. Lapha, i-butadiene ihlukaniswa nezinye izinhlanganisela ze-C4 ngokusekelwe ekwehlukeni kokuncibilika. Izinyibilikisi ezifana ne-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), i-dimethylformamide (DMF), noma ezinye izindlela ezintsha eziqhubekayo njenge-1,2-propylene carbonate (PC) zikhethwa ngenxa yokuqina kwazo kwe-butadiene, ukuzinza, kanye nephrofayili yokuphepha. Isinyibilikisi sincibilikisa i-butadiene ngokukhetha, bese sisuswa ku-solvent ngomusi noma ngengcindezi encishisiwe.
Ukukhishwa kwesibili kwenziwa ukuze kukhuliswe ukubuyiswa, kuthathwe i-butadiene esele kusukela esigabeni samanzi noma se-solvent esilahlekile ngesikhathi sesigaba sokuqala. Le nqubo ingase ihilele ukuxhumana okwengeziwe kwe-solvent noma imisebenzi yekholomu eqinile. Ukuze kutholakale i-butadiene ethuthukisiwe (kufika ku-98%) kanye nobumsulwa (okusondela ku-99.5%), amapharamitha afana nesilinganiso se-solvent-to-feed (ngokuvamile i-1.5:1) kanye nesilinganiso se-reflux (ngokuvamile esiseduze no-4.2:1) alungiswa kahle. Ukwandisa inani lezigaba zekholomu yethiyori kukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukanisa ngamandla amancane engeziwe. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamanethiwekhi okubuyisa ukushisa phakathi kwezingxenye zekholomu kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwenqubo ephelele cishe ngo-12%.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinyathelo zokuhlanza—ukomisa, ukususa imikhiqizo engaphansi kwe-solvent efana ne-acetylenes kanye nama-saturated—kubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe ukusebenza kahle kwe-solvent kanye nokucaciswa komkhiqizo. Imiklamo yenqubo ethuthukisiwe, njengokuhlukanisa amakholomu odonga noma ama-reboilers aphakathi nendawo ngamaphampu okushisa, kuboniswe ukuthi kunciphisa isidingo samandla (kufika ku-55%) futhi kunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza zizonke ngenkathi kukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokubuyisa i-butadiene.
Ukuhluzwa Kokukhiqizwa Komkhiqizo Nokuhlanzwa Komkhiqizo
Ukuhluzwa kokukhipha kuyindlela eyinhloko yokuhlukanisa i-butadiene ehlanzekile kakhulu kusuka kuma-hydrocarbon fraction e-C4. Kulesi sinyathelo, i-solvent ekhethiwe idlala indima ebalulekile ngokwandisa kakhulu umehluko wokuguquguquka phakathi kwe-butadiene nokungcola kwayo okubilayo, okwenza kube lula ukuhlukaniswa kwayo okuphumelelayo.
Ukukhethwa kwe-solvent kunqunywa yizindlela eziningana: ukukhetha kwe-butadiene, ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali nokushisa, izinga lokutakula, izinkinga zemvelo nezokuphepha, kanye nezindleko. I-NMP ne-DMF bezilokhu zibusa ngokomlando kodwa manje sezithathelwa indawo yi-solvents eluhlaza njenge-1,2-propylene carbonate, enikeza ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukanisa okufanayo, ukungabi nobuthi, kanye nokwamukelwa kokulawula. I-solvents ejulile ye-eutectic (DES) nayo ikhombisa ithemba, inikeza ukusimama kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha okugcwele ngenkathi igcina ukusebenza okuphezulu kokukhipha.
Izinyibilikisi ziyatholwa futhi ziphinde zisetshenziswe ngezinhlelo zokuhluza kanye nokuhlunga ulwelwesi, ezisusa i-tar kanye nama-foulants futhi zandise impilo yesinyibilikisi. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamamojula olwelwesi lokususa i-tar kunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi futhi kusekela ukusebenza kwe-closed-loop.
Ukuhlanzwa komkhiqizo kusebenzisa ukuhluzwa okwengeziwe kanye nokulandelana kokukhipha okuxubile kanye nokuhluzwa. Amasu okuhlanza athuthukisiwe, njengokuhlukaniswa kwezigaba eziningi noma amakholomu okuhluzwa okucascading, aqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlanzeka komkhiqizo we-butadiene kuhlangana noma kudlule u-99.5%. Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo—ngokuvamile ngamathuluzi okulinganisa ukuhluzwa okuqondile, njengemitha yobuningi kanye ne-viscosity evela eLonnmeter—kusiza ukulandelela okuqukethwe kwe-butadiene emifudlaneni futhi kwenze ngcono izilawuli zenqubo. Lawa madivayisi okulinganisa ukuhluzwa okuqondile ahlinzeka ngedatha yesikhathi sangempela yokwenza ngcono ukukhiqizwa kwe-butadiene, okuvumela opharetha ukuthi balondoloze ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu komkhiqizo okuhambisanayo futhi banciphise amazinga okungcola.
Inhlanganisela ephumelelayo yokukhetha i-solvent, ukuhlanganiswa kwenqubo, kanye nokulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwe-butadiene okuqhubekayo kunikeza inqubo eqinile yokukhiqiza i-butadiene ekwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zekhwalithi eqinile kanye nokusimama.
Ukulinganisa Ukugxila Okuqondile: Izimiso Nokubaluleka
Ukulinganisa ukuhlushwa okuqondile enkambisweni yokukhiqiza i-butadiene kuwukunqunywa kwesikhathi sangempela, okuqhubekayo kwezinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali ngqo ngaphakathi komfudlana wenqubo. Le ndlela iyisisekelo sokulawula nokwenza ngcono yonke inqubo yokukhipha i-butadiene, ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kanye nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kuzo zonke izigaba ezibalulekile.
Kuyini Okulinganiswayo?
Inqubo yokukhipha i-butadiene idinga ukulinganiswa okunembile kwezinto eziningana. Izinhloso eziyinhloko zifaka phakathi i-butadiene uqobo, amazinga ayo okuhlanzeka kumele afinyelele noma adlule ama-97%, kanye nezinyibilikisi ezifana ne-furfural kanye ne-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, eziyingxenye yezinyathelo zokukhipha uketshezi-uketshezi kanye nokukhipha okwesibili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amadivayisi okulinganisa ukuhlushwa okuqondile kwe-butadiene asetshenziswa ukuhlonza nokulandelela ukungcola okufana nezinye izinhlanganisela eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo kanye nemikhiqizo eyingozi—ngokuvamile kufaka phakathi iminonjana etholakala emifudlaneni ye-propylene, noma ekukhishweni okuvela kumakholomu okubuyisa i-solvent. Ukuqapha kokubili ukuhlushwa komkhiqizo nokungcola kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nokugcina ukusebenza okuhle.
Ukulinganisa Okuphakathi Komugqa vs. Okungaxhunyiwe Ku-inthanethi: Imithelela Yokusebenza
Ukukhetha phakathi kwamasu okulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwe-butadiene okusemgqeni nokungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi kunemiphumela ebalulekile yokusebenza. Amadivayisi angaphakathi—njenge-spectrometer, izinzwa, namamitha—afakwa ngqo emifudlaneni yenqubo, ehlinzeka njalo ngedatha esebenzisekayo. Lokhu kusabela kwesikhathi sangempela kwenza izenzo zokulungisa ngokushesha, ukulawulwa okuqinile kokuhlushwa kwe-butadiene, kanye nokulungiswa kahle kokugeleza kwe-solvent kanye nemingcele yokukhipha. Uma kuqhathaniswa, ukulinganisa okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi kudinga ukusampula ngesandla, ukucutshungulwa kwelabhorethri, kanye nemiphumela ebambezelekile. Izikhathi ezinjalo zokulibala zingandisa izingozi zomkhiqizo ongacacisiwe, ukungasebenzi kahle kwenqubo, kanye nokuchitha, njengoba ukulungiswa kusabela esikhundleni sokusebenza.
Ukulinganisa okuqondile ngesikhathi sangempela, kusetshenziswa amathuluzi afana namamitha okuqina aqondile noma amamitha e-viscosity aqondile avela eLonnmeter, kusekela imikhuba emihle kakhulu ekuqapheni okuqhubekayo kokuhlushwa kwe-butadiene. Lezi zindlela zinciphisa kakhulu ingozi yamaphutha abantu kanye nokungcola kwesampula, futhi futhi zenza kube lula ukulawula inqubo ezenzakalelayo okubalulekile ezindaweni ze-petrochemical ezinomthamo omkhulu. Isibonelo, amasu okulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwegesi aqondile abonakale ebalulekile ekufakweni kwe-hydrogenation ekhethiwe, lapho impendulo esheshayo isiza ukuguqula ukusabela ukuze kuncishiswe imikhiqizo elandelanayo futhi kugcinwe ubumsulwa.
Abahlaziyi bokuhlushwa okuqondile baletha idatha ngemizuzwana, okuvumela ukulawula okusebenzayo. Ukusampula okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi kunokulibaziseka kwesikhathi okungokwemvelo, okubeka engcupheni ukungasebenzi kahle kwenqubo.
Isimiso kanye Nendima Ekulawuleni Inqubo
Isibonelo, amamodeli okulingisa aqinile aqinisekiswe ngedatha yobuningi obuphakathi kanye ne-viscosity avumela onjiniyela ukuthi bathuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo—ukukhulisa isivuno se-butadiene ngenkathi kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye ne-solvent. Ukulinganisa okuphakathi kusekela nokuhambisana nomthetho ngokuqapha njalo ukuphuma komoya kanye nokungcola kwezinto ezingcolisayo, indlela eqinisekiswe amanethiwekhi ezinzwa axazululwe ngokwendawo kanye nokutholakele kwakamuva okubuyekezwe ontanga.
Ngamafuphi, amathuluzi okulinganisa ukuhlushwa okuqondile kwama-hydrocarbon—kufaka phakathi lawo akhelwe ngqo i-butadiene—akwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuphendula okusheshayo kokusebenza okudingekayo ukuze kutholakale isivuno esikhulu, imfucuza ephansi, kanye nomthelela omncane wemvelo. Lokhu kugeleza kwedatha okuqondile, okungaphazanyiswa manje kubhekwa njengokubalulekile enkambisweni yokukhiqiza i-butadiene, okusekela lonke uhlaka lokwenza ngcono ukukhishwa nokulawulwa.
Amadivayisi Okulinganisa Ukuhlushwa kanye Nezinsimbi Zokusebenza Ekukhishweni Kwe-Butadiene
Ukuqaliswa Kokukhishwa Kwe-Butadiene Yezimboni
Enqubweni yokukhipha i-butadiene, amathuluzi abekwa ezindaweni zokuthatha amasampula ukuze kulandelwe ukugeleza kwezinto kanye nokuguqulwa kwazo. Amaphuzu ajwayelekile okuhlanganisa afaka phakathi izindawo zokukhipha iyunithi, izindawo zokungena kanye nezindawo ezingezansi zamakholomu okuhluzwa, kanye namathangi okugcina umkhiqizo. Ukubekwa kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zenqubo, njengokwakheka kokudla noma ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukanisa, zitholakala ngokushesha.
Amanethiwekhi okuthola idatha adlulisela imiphumela ezinhlelweni zokulawula ezisatshalaliswa (i-DCS) noma abalawuli be-logic abahlelekayo (i-PLC), okuvumela onjiniyela bezinqubo ukuthi babheke izinkomba zokusebenza ezibalulekile kanye nemingcele ye-alamu. Amamitha e-Lonnmeter inline density kanye ne-viscosity ahlanganiswa kulezi zinhlaka ngokusebenzisa amaphrothokholi ajwayelekile ezimboni (i-Modbus, i-Ethernet/IP), asekela ukuloga kwedatha okuzenzakalelayo kanye nokuthambekela.
Amathuluzi okulinganisa ukuhlushwa aqinisekisiwe futhi alinganisiwe adlala indima ebalulekile ekuqapheni inqubo. Ukulinganisa okuvamile ngokumelene nezindinganiso zokubhekisela eziqinisekisiwe noma izindlela zelabhorethri ezihlobene, njenge-chromatography ye-gel permeation engaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi, kuqinisekisa ukunemba kokulinganisa, okuqinisekisa ukuthembeka ezinqumweni zokulawula inqubo.
Ukuxhumana okuqondile kwamasu okulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwe-butadiene okuqondile namapulatifomu e-automation kuveza izinzuzo ezibonakalayo. Ukuvumelana kokukhiqiza kuyathuthuka njengoba ukuphambuka kutholwa ngokushesha, ukukhiqizwa komkhiqizo odoti kanye nomkhiqizo ongacacisiwe kunciphisa, futhi isivuno senqubo senziwa ngcono ngokunika amandla izenzo zokulungisa ngesikhathi esifanele. Le ndlela isekela kokubili imisebenzi ejwayelekile kanye nokwenza ngcono inqubo, ukubeka izikhungo zokukhipha i-butadiene ukuze kube nokusebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nokuphepha.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwenqubo Ukusebenzisa Ukulinganisa Ukugxila Okusemgqeni
Ukulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwe-inline ngesikhathi sangempela kwakha umgogodla wokwenziwa ngcono kwenqubo enqubweni yokukhiqiza i-butadiene. Ngokubamba nokudlulisa idatha eqhubekayo kumazinga e-butadiene kanye ne-solvent, amathuluzi afana ne-Lonnmeter inline density kanye ne-viscosity metres anikeza okokufaka okubalulekile kokwenziwa ngcono okusekelwe kumodeli kanye namasu okulawula athuthukile. Ukuhlanganiswa kwale mithombo yedatha kumapulatifomu okulingisa kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi kanye nokulungiswa kahle kwamapharamitha okukhipha, kunciphisa kokubili ukuphazamiseka kwenqubo kanye nokuguquguquka.
Uma amaphrofayili okuhlushwa anembile, esikhathi sangempela efakwa kuma-control loops—ikakhulukazi enqubweni yokukhipha i-butadiene kanye nenqubo yokukhipha yesibili—amamodeli aguquguqukayo angalungisa izilinganiso ze-solvent-to-feed, amazinga e-reflux, kanye nokusebenza kwekholomu ngokunemba okukhulu kakhulu. Isibonelo, izifundo zokulingisa ziqinisekisa ukuthi isivuno se-butadiene siyanda ngokuvumela ukulungiswa kwempendulo kokugeleza kwe-solvent kanye nokushisa kokukhipha ngokushesha nje lapho kutholakala ukuphambuka, kunokuba kube ngemva kwezikhawu zesampula ze-batch ngezikhathi ezithile. Lokhu kuvumela amakholomu okukhipha ukuthi asebenze eduze nokulingana kwesigaba esifanele, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ubumsulwa bomkhiqizo oqondiwe budlula njalo u-99%—ukuthuthuka okukhulu kunezindlela ezenziwe ngesandla noma ezingaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi.
Leli zinga eliphakeme lokulawula inqubo linciphisa ngqo ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ikhono lokubamba isigaba ngasinye sokuhluza noma sokukhipha “endaweni yaso emnandi”—eliqondiswa ukuhluza okulinganisiwe kanye nezakhiwo zomzimba—livimbela kokubili ukusebenza ngokweqile (okuchitha umusi namandla kagesi) kanye nokusebenza okungaphansi (okuholela ekuhlukaniseni okungaphelele, imijikelezo yokucubungula kabusha, kanye nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-solvent). Amacala ashicilelwe aqopha ukonga kwamandla okusukela ku-12% kuya ku-30% lapho ukulawulwa okuqhutshwa ukuhluza okuqondile kuhlanganiswa nokuhlanganiswa kwepompo yokushisa noma amasu okushisa aphakathi nendawo. Isibonelo, umsebenzi wokuphinda ubhoyile uphansi kakhulu uboniswe kumakholomu okuhluza akhipha i-butadiene, okunikeza ukonga okukhulu kwezindleko kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO₂.
Ukuthuthukisa ukubuyiswa kwe-solvent kungenye inzuzo enkulu. Amathuluzi okulinganisa ukuhlushwa okuqondile kwama-hydrocarbon avumela ukuqapha okuqhubekayo komthwalo we-solvent ezinzulwini nasemifuleni ephezulu. Ngokubona ukuhlushwa okumbalwa kwe-solvent, abaqhubi bangalungisa ngokuguquguqukayo ukubuya nokuhlanza ukugeleza, bathole i-solvent eyengeziwe ngaphambi kokuba ilahleke ibe yimfucuza noma ukukhishwa. Izindlela ezihlanganisiwe ezisebenzisa amakholomu odonga ahlukanisayo kanye nokuhlukaniswa okusizwa yi-membrane, okulandelwa ngesikhathi sangempela ngamathuluzi okulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwegesi okuqondile, kuholele ezidingweni zokushisa zangaphandle eziphansi kufika ku-80% kanye nokwanda kokusebenza kahle kokubuyiselwa.
Ukukhulisa isivuno kanye nokunciphisa ukungcola kuncike ekuphenduleni okuqinile okuvunyelwe ukulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwe-butadiene okusemgqeni. Ukuze kwenziwe ngcono ukukhiqizwa kwe-butadiene, zonke izigaba kusukela ekulungiseleleni ukudla kuya ekuhlukanisweni komkhiqizo wokugcina ziyathinteka. Idatha elinganisiwe ivumela ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kokuhlushwa kwe-butadiene, ngakho-ke kungenziwa ukulungiswa kokucubungula amapharamitha ukuze kuthandwe izimo zokusabela noma zokuhlukanisa ezikhethiwe kakhulu. Isibonelo, ukwenza ngcono ukuhlushwa kokukhipha kusetshenziswa idatha evela kumadivayisi okulinganisa ukuhlushwa okusemgqeni we-butadiene kusekele icala elishicilelwe lapho ukubuyiselwa kwe-butadiene okungu-98% kanye nobumsulwa obungu-99.5% kufinyelelwe ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza eziguquguqukayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulinganisa ukuhlushwa okuqondile kunomthelela ophawulekayo ezindleleni zokusebenza kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Ngokunciphisa imvamisa yokuthatha amasampula ngesandla kanye nezehlakalo zokukhiqiza ezingacacisiwe, izikhungo zonga abasebenzi, izinto zokusetshenziswa, kanye nokulahlwa kwemfucuza. Ukulawulwa kwempendulo eqinile kunciphisa inani lokuphazamiseka kwenqubo kanye nezehlakalo zesikhathi sokungasebenzi. Ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo izuza ngokwakheka okuhambisanayo kanye namazinga okungcola ancishisiwe, okuthuthukisa ukuzethemba kwamakhasimende kanye nokuhambisana nemithetho. Ukulandelela ukuhlushwa kwe-hydrocarbon okunembile kunciphisa ngqo ukuguquguquka kwebanga, okuholela ekwenqatshweni okuncane kwe-batch kanye nokuthengiseka okuthuthukisiwe.
Ezinqubweni ezisebenzisa amandla amaningi njengokukhiqiza i-butadiene, konke ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo ekulawuleni kuveza inzuzo enkulu kakhulu. Amasu okulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwe-butadiene okuqondile ahlala ebalulekile ekufinyeleleni ibhalansi efanele phakathi kokuvunwa, amandla, kanye nezindleko. Amathuluzi e-Lonnmeter, agxile ekutholakaleni kobuningi kanye nokuthambekela, adlala indima ebalulekile kuleli cebo lokuthuthukisa eliqhubekayo lokukhulisa ukuvunwa kwe-butadiene, ukubuyiselwa kwe-solvent, kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo, ngenkathi kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokungcola.
Izinto Ezicatshangelwayo Zokuqinisekisa Ikhwalithi Nokuzinza
Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kokuhlushwa kwe-butadiene emgqeni kusekela ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi enqubweni yokukhipha i-butadiene. Amathuluzi okulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwegesi emgqeni ahlanganiswe ngqo emgudwini wenqubo—njengalawo ahambisana ne-ASTM D2593-23—aletha idatha yesikhathi sangempela ebalulekile ekugcineni ubumsulwa bomkhiqizo oqondiwe kanye nokuhambisana nomthetho. Ngokunikeza isilinganiso esingaphazanyiswa, lezi zinhlelo zivikela ukunamathela ezinhlotsheni eziqinile zobumsulwa kanye nokungcola ezichazwe ku-polymerization-grade 1,3-butadiene.
Isibonelo, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kunikeza ukulinganiswa okusheshayo kokungcola kwe-butadiene kanye ne-hydrocarbon, kuthwebula ukushintshashintsha kwenqubo okusheshayo okungaphuthelwa ukuhlaziywa okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi okuvamile. Lokhu kuvumela isenzo sokulungisa okusheshayo, kunciphisa izehlakalo ezingacacisiwe zomkhiqizo kanye nokwephulwa komthetho. Ukuhlanganiswa nezinqubo zokulawula inqubo yezibalo (i-SPC) kuguqula ukulinganisa kwesikhathi sangempela kube ubuhlakani obusebenzayo, kunciphisa ukuhlukahluka kanye nokugcina ukuvumelana kweqembu ngalinye kokubili inqubo yokukhipha eyinhloko neyesibili ekukhiqizweni kwe-butadiene.
Ngokombono wokuzinza, amathuluzi okulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwe-butadiene ngaphakathi nawo adlala indima ebalulekile ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa kwegesi kanye nokulahlekelwa yi-solvent. Enqubweni yokukhiqiza i-butadiene, amayunithi okukhipha asekelwe ku-solvent athambekele ekulahlekelweni ngokuhwamuka kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi okubalekayo, okuhlukaniswe njengama-VOC. Ukulinganisa okungaphakathi kuvumela ukulungiswa okusheshayo kumapharamitha okusebenza, kunciphisa ithuba lokukhipha ngokweqile noma ukuchithwa kwe-solvent. Isibonelo, ukulinganisa okuqhubekayo kobuningi ngamadivayisi afana nalawo akhiqizwa yi-Lonnmeter kwenza kube lula ukuthola ngokunembile ukuhlushwa kwe-solvent kanye nemingcele yesigaba senqubo. Idatha yobuningi esheshayo nenembile iqhuba ukwenziwa ngcono kwesikhathi sangempela kokuvuselelwa kwe-solvent, kunciphisa ngqo umthelela wemvelo kanye nokuvumelanisa imisebenzi nezindinganiso zokukhishwa kwe-VOC ezishintshayo.
Ukugcina ukulawulwa kwenqubo okuhle kakhulu ngedatha yesikhathi sangempela kusekela nemigomo ebanzi yokuthobela imvelo. Amasu okulinganisa ukugcwala kwegesi okuqondile awagcini nje ngokunciphisa ingozi yokukhishwa kwe-VOC ngengozi kodwa futhi aqinisekisa ukunamathela okuqhubekayo emikhawulweni yokuchayeka emsebenzini kanye nezimfuneko zemvume yezemvelo.
Ukuphepha kwenqubo kuqiniswa kakhulu ngokutholakala ngokushesha kwezimo ezingavamile. Isibonelo, ukwanda okungazelelwe kokuhlushwa kwe-butadiene—okubangelwa ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-valve noma ukugqashuka kwe-solvent—kungabonakala ngemizuzwana ngabahlaziyi be-inline, okuvumela impendulo esheshayo yomqhubi. Lokhu kuhluke kakhulu nesaziso esilibazisekile esivela ekuthathweni kwesampula kanye nokuguqulwa kwelabhorethri. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulinganisa okuzenzakalelayo kwe-inline kunciphisa imvamisa kanye nesidingo sokuthatha isampula ngesandla ezindaweni eziyingozi, kunciphisa ukuchayeka ngqo kwabasebenzi kuma-hydrocarbon anobuthi enqubweni yokukhipha i-butadiene.
Amadivayisi okulinganisa ukuhlushwa okuqondile ngesikhathi sangempela e-butadiene awagcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa nokuqinisekisa izinga lomkhiqizo kodwa futhi asebenza ngqo njengezinto ezinhle kakhulu zokulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwe-butadiene ngokusekela imigomo yokusimama, ukuphepha kwenqubo, kanye nokunciphisa umthwalo wemfanelo wemvelo. Njengoba izidingo zomthetho kanye namakhasimende ziba nzima kakhulu, lawa makhono abalulekile ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo kokwenziwa ngcono kokukhiqizwa kwe-butadiene.
imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
Iyini inqubo yokukhipha i-butadiene?
Inqubo yokukhipha i-butadiene igxile ekuhlukaniseni nasekuhlanzeni i-butadiene ezingxubeni ze-hydrocarbon, ezivame ukutholakala ekuqhekekeni kwe-naphtha noma ezinye izitsha zokudla. Ukuhluzwa kokukhipha kanye nokukhipha okusekelwe ku-solvent yizindlela eziyinhloko ezisetshenziswayo. Lezi zindlela zithembele ku-solvents ezifana ne-dimethylformamide (DMF), i-N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), noma, ngokuqhubekayo, i-solvents ekhethwa kakhulu yimvelo njenge-1,2-propylene carbonate (PC), efinyelela ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukanisa okuphezulu ngenkathi isekela imigomo yokusimama. Ukulingisa inqubo ye-thermodynamic kuqondisa ukukhethwa kwezimo ezifanele, kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla futhi kwandise ubumsulwa kanye nesivuno se-butadiene. Izinyathelo zokuhlanza zesibili, kufaka phakathi ukuvuselelwa kwe-solvent esekelwe ku-membrane, kuqinisa ukuthembeka kokusebenza kwesikhathi eside futhi kwandise umjikelezo wokuphila kwe-solvent ngokususa ukungcola okuqongelela ku-loop yokukhipha. Ukusetshenziswa kokwenziwa ngcono kwenqubo esekelwe kumodeli kungaholela ekuvuneni okufika ku-98% kanye nokuhlanzeka komkhiqizo okungaphezu kuka-99.5%, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuncishisiwe ngokuhlanganiswa kokushisa okunesu kanye nokuphathwa kwe-solvent.
Ukulinganisa ukuhlushwa okuqondile kuyizuzisa kanjani inqubo yokukhiqiza i-butadiene?
Ukulinganisa ukuhlushwa okuqondile kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukulawulwa kwenqubo yokukhiqiza i-butadiene. Izinzwa ezifakwe ngqo ekusakazweni kwenqubo zinikeza idatha eqhubekayo, yesikhathi sangempela emazingeni e-butadiene. Lokhu kusheshisa izimpendulo ekuphambukeni kwenqubo, kunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo futhi kuthuthukise isivuno. I-feedback loop esheshayo enikwe amandla ngamadivayisi aqondile ivumela opharetha ukuthi balungise izimo—njengezinga lokushisa, izilinganiso ze-solvent, kanye nemingcele ye-distillation—ngokushesha, kuvikele ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo futhi kunciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ukuqapha okuqondile kunciphisa isidingo sokuthatha amasampula ngesandla kanye nokuhlaziywa kwelabhorethri okubizayo, kusekela ukuhambisana nemikhawulo yokulawula yokuvezwa kwe-butadiene ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa izindawo zokusebenza eziphephile. Leli su libalulekile lapho ukuguquguquka kwemvelo ye-butadiene kanye nesimo esiyingozi sidinga ukuphathwa okunembile nokusheshayo ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi futhi kuhlangatshezwane nezindinganiso zezimboni zokuhlanzeka nokuphepha.
Yiziphi izinhlobo zamathuluzi okulinganisa ukuhlushwa asetshenziswa ekukhishweni kwe-butadiene?
Amathuluzi okulinganisa ukuhlushwa avamile okukhipha i-butadiene afaka phakathi abahlaziyi be-near-infrared (NIR), ama-mass spectrometer (MS), kanye nama-gas chromatographs (GC). Abahlaziyi be-NIR bavumela ukulinganisa okusheshayo, okungonakalisi kuma-hydrocarbon matrices ayinkimbinkimbi, besebenzisa amamodeli e-chemometric kanye nokulungiselela okuncane kwesampula. Ama-gas chromatographs—avame ukuhlanganiswa ne-mass spectrometry—avumela ukuhlukaniswa okuningiliziwe kanye nokuhlonza i-butadiene ezingxubeni eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo. Lokhu kunikeza ukukhetha okuphezulu kanye nokuzwela, okubalulekile ekuhambisaneni nasekusebenzeni kahle kwenqubo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abahlaziyi be-VOC abazinikele basebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuthola obukhethiwe, njengezibani ze-ultraviolet (UV) ezihlanganiswe namashubhu okuhlunga, ukuze banikeze ukuqapha okuqhubekayo nokumelana nokuphazamiseka kokuhlushwa. Lawa mathuluzi akhethwa ngenxa yokusebenza kwawo okuqinile ngaphansi kwezimo eziguquguqukayo kanye nemiphumela yawo eqhubekayo, ethembekile, esekela kokubili ukuhamba komsebenzi kwezitshalo okuvamile kanye nezidingo zomthetho.
Kungani ukukhipha okwesibili kubalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwe-butadiene?
Ukukhipha okwesibili kubalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwe-butadiene ukuze kwandiswe ukubuyiswa nokunciphisa ukulahleka komkhiqizo. Ngemva kokukhipha kokuqala, imifudlana esele isaqukethe amanani atholakalayo e-butadiene. Ukucubungula lokhu ngezinyathelo ezengeziwe ze-solvent noma ze-distillation kukhulisa isivuno kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinsizakusebenza. Ukumodela okunembile kokubikezela—ukusebenzisa izindlela ezifana ne-NRTL-RK noma i-COSMO-RS—kusiza ekunqumeni inhlanganisela efanele ye-solvent, izinga lokushisa, kanye ne-reflux ratio yokukhipha okwesibili, ukufeza ukuhlanzeka okuqondiwe okudingekayo ezisetshenzisweni zezimboni. Ukusebenzisa ukukhipha okwesibili kokubili kunciphisa imfucuza futhi kunegalelo ekongeni kwenqubo okuhle, kusekela imigomo yokuthobela imithetho kanye nokusimama ngokuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-feedstock kanye ne-solvents ngenkathi kunciphisa izidingo zamandla kanye nezinsizakusebenza.
Yiziphi izinselele ezikhona ekulinganisweni kokuhlushwa kwezinqubo ze-butadiene?
Ukulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwezinqubo ze-butadiene kubhekene nezinselele eziningana zobuchwepheshe nezokusebenza. Ingxube eyinkimbinkimbi yama-hydrocarbon, ehambisana nokuguquguquka kwe-butadiene kanye nokuba yingozi komdlavuza, idinga amathuluzi anokucacisa okuphezulu kanye nokuzwela—ngokuvamile emazingeni angaphansi kwe-ppm. Ukunemba kokulinganisa kumele kugcinwe njengoba izimo zenqubo zishintshashintsha; izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, kanye nokushintsha komswakama kungathinta ukufundwa kwezinzwa kanye nokuqina. Indawo yezimboni iveza amadivayisi okulinganisa ezintweni ezicindezelayo zamakhemikhali nezomzimba ezinzima, ezidinga ukwakheka okuqinile kanye nokuhlolwa okuvamile kokulawula ikhwalithi. Ukubhekana nokuphazamiseka okuvela kumakhemikhali ahlala ndawonye emfudlaneni womusi—njenge-benzene nezinye izinhlobo ze-C4—kubalulekile ekulinganisweni okuthembekile. Imikhuba emihle ifaka phakathi izindlela zokulinganisa ezivamile, ukukhethwa kwezitholi ezinokumelana nokungcola, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamathuluzi okulinganisa angaphakathi angamelana nobunzima bokusebenza ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukunemba noma ubuqotho bokulinganisa. Lezi zixazululo zihlangene zivumela ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kokuhlushwa kwe-butadiene kanye nokwenza ngcono ukukhiqizwa ngenkathi kuqinisekiswa ukuphepha kwabasebenzi kanye nokuhambisana nenqubo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 16-2025
