Ukubuka Konke Kokunciphisa I-Chrome Emanzini Angcolile Okusebenzisa Ugesi Ezimbonini
I-Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) iyinto engcolile kakhulu enqubweni yokufakelwa kwe-electroplating yezimboni. Ingeniswa ikakhulukazi ngamabhati e-chromic acid kanye nezinyathelo zokuqeda ubuso ezisekelwe ku-chromate. Amanzi angcolile aphumayo angase aqukathe amazinga e-Cr(VI) asukela kumashumi kuya kumakhulu ama-milligram ngelitha, okuyi-oda elikhulu ngaphezu kwemingcele yokukhishwa ebekwe emhlabeni wonke.
I-Cr(VI) iyancibilika kakhulu, ihlala isikhathi eside ezindaweni zasemanzini, futhi ihlukaniswa njenge-carcinogen yeQembu 1. Izingozi zempilo yabantu zihlanganisa ukuzwela kwesikhumba, izilonda zezilonda, izinkinga zokuphefumula, ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo, kanye nokwanda kwamathuba omdlavuza. Ngokwemvelo, i-Cr(VI) iphazamisa umsebenzi wama-enzyme ezitshalweni futhi inobuthi ezintweni eziphilayo zasemanzini ngamanani aphansi njengo-0.05 mg/L. Ukuhamba kwayo kwenza kube lula ukuthuthela enhlabathini nasemanzini angaphansi komhlaba, okuholela ekungcoleni okuqhubekayo nokusabalele.
Njengoba ubuthi be-Cr(VI) kanye nokuqina kokulawula, inqubo yokunciphisa i-chrome iyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekufakweni kwe-electroplating water waste treatment. Le nqubo ihilela ukuguqula i-Cr(VI) enobuthi ngamakhemikhali ibe yi-trivalent chromium (Cr(III)), engeyona ingozi kakhulu futhi ingasuswa ngokuphepha. Isixazululo se-sodium bisulfite siyindlela yokunciphisa esetshenziswa njalo, lapho ukuhlushwa kwayo okusebenzayo kubhekwa khona ukuze kusebenze kahle kakhulu. Ukulinganisa ngokunemba kufezwa ngokulinganisa ubuningi be-sodium bisulfite obuwuketshezi; ukulinganisa ubuningi obungaphakathi, kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obufana namamitha okuqina ajikelezayo, kuqinisekisa ukulawulwa kwenqubo okunembile futhi kunciphisa imfucuza yamakhemikhali.
Ukuthobela imithetho yemvelo yezikhungo zokufaka ama-electroplating kudinga ukwehliswa okuqhubekayo kwe-chromium ene-hexavalent kube ngaphansi kwemingcele esemthethweni ngaphambi kokukhishwa kwamanzi amdaka. Imithethonqubo evela e-US EPA kanye ne-EU ivame ukuvimbela amazinga avumelekile e-Cr(VI) abe ngaphansi kuka-0.05 mg/L emanzini angcolile. Ukunamathela kulezi zindinganiso kudinga ukuqapha i-chromium ion ngesikhathi sangempela, ukulinganisa ubuningi obuzenzakalelayo, kanye nokusebenza okuqinile kokwelashwa. Ukulinganisa ubuningi obuqhubekayo obungaphakathi kwemigqa yamasekethe okufaka ama-electroplating kubalulekile, njengoba ukugxila okungafanele kwe-bisulfite noma ukunciphisa okungaphelele kushiya amazinga e-Cr(VI) ngaphezu kwemingcele yokuthobela imithetho, okuholela ekuzibophezeleni kwemvelo kanye nezinhlawulo zomthetho ezingaba khona.
Imikhuba yokuphatha imfucuza nge-electroplating ifaka phakathi imishini yokuqapha evela kubakhiqizi abanjengoLonnmeter, abangochwepheshe bamamitha obuningi angaphakathi. Lawa madivayisi ahlinzeka ngedatha yesikhathi sangempela, ezenzakalelayo yokuqapha ukuhlushwa kwe-sodium bisulfite futhi asize ukulawula okusebenzayo kwenqubo yokunciphisa i-chrome.ukujiyafuthiukuminyanaUkuqapha kunciphisa ubungozi, kuthuthukisa ukuphepha kokusebenza, futhi kufeza ukuthobela okuqinile kokukhishwa kwamanzi amdaka. Lokhu kuyisisekelo sokulawulwa kokungcola kwe-chromium yesimanje kanye nokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka e-chromium ezimweni zezimboni.
Ukwelashwa Kwamanzi Angcolile Okufakwa Nge-Chrome Plating
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Ukuguqulwa Kwamakhemikhali: I-Hexavalent kuya ku-Trivalent Chromium
Indlela kanye neKhemistri
Ukuguqula i-hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) ibe yi-trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile enkambisweni yokunciphisa i-chrome yenqubo yokufakelwa kwe-electroplating yezimboni kanye nokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka nge-electroplating. Isixazululo se-sodium bisulfite kanye ne-liquid sodium bisulfite kuyizinto ezijwayelekile zokunciphisa ezisetshenziswa ukususa i-hexavalent chromium, enobuthi obukhulu, encibilikayo, futhi ehambayo, emanzini amdaka enqubo. Ukuncipha kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwezimo ze-acidic, kanye nokusebenza kahle kakhulu ku-pH ephansi (<4).
I-sodium bisulfite ithandwa kakhulu kune-sulfur dioxide ngoba kulula ukuyiphatha, ayidingi izinhlelo ezicindezelwe, futhi ifaneleka kakhulu ekulawulweni komthamo omncane. I-Sulfur dioxide iyasebenza njenge-ejenti yokunciphisa; noma kunjalo, iveza izinselele zokusingatha ngenxa yesimo sayo segesi kanye nobuthi. Ezifundweni zelebhu nezezimboni, i-sodium bisulfite ifinyelela ekususweni kwe-Cr(VI) okuqhubekayo nokusebenza kahle, uma kunikezwa i-pH enembile kanye nokulawulwa komthamo, kanti i-sulfur dioxide inganikeza amazinga okunciphisa afanayo kodwa ngezidingo ezengeziwe zokusebenza nokuphepha.
Ukusebenza kahle kokunciphisa kuncike kakhulu ku-pH. I-pH ebangeni lika-2-3 ingcono kakhulu ukukhulisa izinga kanye nokuphelela kokuguqulwa kwe-Cr(VI) nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-bisulfite kanye nokwakheka kwe-sulfate yesibili. Njengoba i-pH ikhuphuka ngaphezu kuka-4, izinga lokusabela kanye nokusebenza kahle kwehla kakhulu, okuholela ekunciphiseni okungaphelele kanye nezindleko zamakhemikhali eziphezulu. Ngakho-ke, ukulinganisa ubuningi obungaphakathi kanye nobuchwepheshe bemitha yobuningi obujikelezayo, njengokwenziwe yi-Lonnmeter, kusetshenziswa kakhulu ekuqapheni ubuningi bezixazululo ze-sodium bisulfite ngesikhathi sangempela, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlushwa kwe-reagent efanele kuyangezwa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezinhloso zokususa i-chromium ene-hexavalent ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa izindleko futhi kunciphisa imfucuza.
Ukuqapha ukuhlushwa kwe-sodium bisulfite kuvumela nokulungiswa kwesilinganiso sokudla futhi kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile, okubaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni ukuhambisana nokukhishwa kwamanzi amdaka nokunciphisa umthwalo wemifudlana yokungcola ecebile nge-sulfate.
Ukuna Nokususwa
Uma i-hexavalent chromium isincishisiwe ngamakhemikhali ibe yi-trivalent chromium, isinyathelo esilandelayo imvula. I-Cr(III) yakha i-chromium hydroxide enganyibiliki lapho i-pH yesisombululo iphakanyiswa, ngokuvamile ngokufaka i-alkali njenge-sodium hydroxide.
Ukuna okuphumelelayo kudinga ukulawulwa ngokucophelela kwe-pH. I-pH efanele kakhulu yokuna kwe-chromium hydroxide ngokuvamile ingaphakathi kuka-7.5 kuya ku-9.0. Uma i-pH iphansi kakhulu, i-hydroxide ngeke yakheke noma izophinde incibilike; uma i-pH iphezulu kakhulu, kungase kwenzeke ukuncibilika kwe-amphoteric, okuholela ekwandeni kwe-chromium esixazululweni. Ukuhlushwa kwe-chromium ye-trivalent nakho kuthinta ukwakheka kwezinhlayiya kanye nokuzinza; ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kwe-Cr(III) kukhuthaza ukukhula kwezinhlayiya okuqinile, kuthuthukise izakhiwo zodaka kanye nokulula kokuhlukana.
Ukuze kuphathwe kahle udaka ekuphathweni kwemfucuza nge-electroplating, ukuhlukanisa i-chromium hydroxide precipitate ngempumelelo kubalulekile. Amasu anjengokudonswa kwamandla adonsela phansi, ukucaciswa, kanye nokuhlunga ayasetshenziswa. Imikhuba emihle kakhulu ihilela ukugcina i-pH ehambisanayo, ukwenza ngcono ukufakwa kwe-flocculant, kanye nokusebenzisa ukulinganisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuqapha ukuhambisana kodaka, okuhlanganisa ukuhambisana nokuqina kwenqubo ekuphathweni kwamanzi amdaka e-chromium.
Ukulinganisa ubuningi obuqondile bokubumbana nge-electroplating, kusetshenziswa amathuluzi anjengeamamitha obuningi obujikelezayo(isimiso sokujikisa kwemitha yobuningi), sinikeza opharetha impendulo yesikhathi sangempela ngokuqukethwe kwezinto eziqinile futhi kusiza ekulungisweni kwenqubo ukuqinisekisa ukususwa kodaka okuphumelelayo ngaphandle kwamanzi amaningi noma ama-ion e-chromium angancishisiwe. Ukuhlukaniswa okufanele kanye nokuphathwa kwe-precipitate kunciphisa ukungcola kwesibili futhi kusiza ekufinyeleleni ukuthobela ngokuqinile imvelo yezikhungo ze-electroplating.
Ngamafuphi, inhlanganisela yokusetshenziswa okunembile kwe-sodium bisulfite ekufakweni kwe-electroplating, ukulawulwa kwe-pH okuqinile, kanye nokuqapha inqubo ngesikhathi sangempela—okwenziwa lula ngamathuluzi athuthukile njengalawo avela eLonnmeter—yakha umgogodla wamasu esimanje okunciphisa i-chromium ekufakweni kwe-electroplating futhi iqinisekisa imisebenzi yokwelapha amanzi amdaka ephephile futhi ehambisanayo.
Ukulawulwa Kwenqubo Nokusetshenziswa Kwezinsimbi
Amapharamitha Okuqapha Okubalulekile
Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kokunciphisa i-chromium ye-hexavalent kubalulekile ekuhambisaneni nenqubo ye-electroplating yezimboni kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Amapharamitha abalulekile okusebenza afaka i-pH, amandla okunciphisa i-oxidation (ORP), kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-chromium ion. Ukugcina i-pH ngaphakathi kobubanzi obufanele obungu-2.0–3.0 kukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokunciphisa kwe-chromium ye-hexavalent futhi kuvumela ukulawula okunembile kokushintshela ku-chromium ye-trivalent, kunciphisa izingozi zokungcola kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nomthetho ekuhambisaneni nokukhishwa kwamanzi amdaka.
Ukuqapha i-ORP kunikeza impendulo esheshayo ngesimo se-redox, okusebenza njengesibonakaliso sokuqala sokususwa kwe-chromium engaphelele ye-hexavalent. Ama-electrode egolide, athandwa ngenxa yokungangeni kwawo kwamakhemikhali nokuqina, ahlinzeka ngokusebenza okuphezulu kuma-matrices amanzi amdaka adingekayo. Ngokungafani nezinye izinsimbi, igolide liyamelana nokungcola futhi ligcina izimpawu ze-ORP ezinembile, ikakhulukazi lapho ukugcwala okuphezulu kwe-chloride, izinsimbi ezisindayo, noma ukungcola kwemvelo bekungalimaza ezinye izinto ze-electrode. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi sezinqubo zokunciphisa i-chrome ephezulu, ama-electrode egolide agcina ukulinganiswa phakathi nokusebenza okude futhi alethe imiphumela ephindaphindwayo ngisho nangaphansi kwemithwalo yamakhemikhali eguquguqukayo.
Ukuqapha ama-ion e-Chromium, okwenziwa ngabahlaziyi besikhathi sangempela, kulinganisa inqubekela phambili yokunciphisa futhi kuqinisekisa ukuguqulwa okuphelele. Lesi sinyathelo sibaluleke kakhulu njengoba i-chromium ene-hexavalent ehlala isikhathi eside ibeka izingozi ezinkulu zempilo kanye nokuhambisana nomthetho ekuphathweni nasekuphathweni kwamanzi amdaka nge-electroplating.
Amathuluzi Okulinganisa Angaphakathi Nawo Azenzakalelayo
Ukuqapha okunembile kokuhlushwa kwe-sodium bisulfite kubalulekile ekulawuleni inqubo yokunciphisa, njengoba i-sodium bisulfite ivame ukusetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokunciphisa ukususwa kwe-chromium ene-hexavalent. Ukulinganisa i-sodium bisulfite ewuketshezi kumele kuhambisane nomthwalo ongcolile, okwenza ukulinganisa ubuningi obungaphakathi kubaluleke kakhulu ekuphathweni kwamanzi angcolile ezimbonini.
Imitha yobuningi ejikelezayo inikeza ukulinganisa okuzenzakalelayo, okuqondile ngokunquma ubuningi besisombululo ngokusebenzisa isimiso sokuguquguquka kwemitha yobuningi. Njengoba ukuhlushwa kwesisombululo se-sodium bisulfite kuhambisana ngqo nobuningi, lawa mathuluzi ahlinzeka ngokulinganisa okuqhubekayo, okungaphazamisi. Isibonelo, amamitha obuningi e-Lonnmeter ajikelezayo ngempumeleloizinguquko zobuningi bethrekhi, okwenza kube lula ukulungiswa okusheshayo komthamo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium bisulfite ezimweni zokufaka i-electroplating.
Amamitha obuningi besimanje, kufaka phakathi lawo avela eLonnmeter, akhipha isignali ejwayelekile engu-4-20 mA, okuvumela ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo nezinhlelo zokulawula izinqubo ezenzakalelayo. Uma zihlanganiswa namadivayisi e-pH kanye ne-ORP angaphakathi, zakha indlela yokuphendula evaliwe. Lolu hlelo lulungisa izilinganiso zamakhemikhali kanye namapharamitha okusebenza ngesikhathi sangempela, luvimbela ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile, ukungalingani, noma ukwephulwa kwemithetho ezinqubweni zokunciphisa i-chrome. Idatha evela kulezi zinsimbi isetshenziselwa futhi ukubhala okuqhubekayo kanye nokubika ezikhulwini zokulawula.
Izinqubo zokulinganisa nokulungisa zibalulekile ekulinganisweni okuthembekile. Amathuluzi okulinganisa ubungako obungaphakathi adinga ukulinganiswa okuvamile kwe-zero kanye ne-span kusetshenziswa amazinga aziwayo esisombululo se-sodium bisulfite noma amanzi angenawo amaminerali. Amamitha e-ORP kumele aqinisekiswe ngama-buffer e-redox aqinisekisiwe, kanye namadivayisi e-pH alinganiswe ngezixazululo ze-pH ezilandelekayo ze-NIST ngaphambi kokushintsha ngakunye kokusebenza, ikakhulukazi ekwelashweni kwamanzi angcolile e-chromium.
Ukuze kulandelwe kahle imvelo yokulawula ukungcola kwe-chromium nge-electroplating kanye ne-hexavalent, lawa madivayisi okulinganisa asekela:
- Ukulinganisa ubuningi okuzenzakalelayo ukuqinisekisa ukulinganisa kwamakhemikhali okuhambisanayo
- Ukuqapha ubuningi besikhathi sangempela sokulungiswa kwenqubo okuqinile
- Impendulo eqondile ezinhlelweni ze-PLC noma ze-SCADA usebenzisa umphumela ongu-4–20 mA
Izinqubo zincoma ukuhlolwa kokulinganisa kwansuku zonke, ukuhlanzwa kwezinzwa kwanyanga zonke, kanye nokuqinisekiswa njalo ngezikhathi ezithile ngokumelene nezindlela zokulinganisa i-laboratory ukuze kulondolozwe ukunemba nokunciphisa ukukhukhuleka. Le ndlela eqinile yenzelwe ukugcina ukuzinza kwenqubo, ukuvikela ukuhambisana, kanye nokwenza ngcono amasu okunciphisa i-chromium ezindaweni zamanzi angcolile ezisebenzisa i-electroplating.
Ukuqinisekisa Ukususwa Okusebenzayo Kwe-Chromium Ene-Hexavalent kanye Nokuhambisana Nemvelo
Izinhlelo zokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka ezenziwe ngogesi zenzelwe ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zokukhishwa eziqinile zokuhlushwa kwe-chromium (Cr(VI)). Ukuhamba komsebenzi ngokuvamile kuqala ngokuhlukaniswa kwemifudlana ephethe i-chromium futhi kulandela inqubo yokunciphisa nokuqapha enezigaba eziningi.
Uchungechunge lokwelashwa olujwayelekile luqala ngokulungisa i-pH yamanzi angcolile, bese kungezwa i-reducing agent efana nesisombululo se-sodium bisulfite esiwuketshezi. Isinyathelo sokunciphisa siguqula i-chromium enobuthi ene-hexavalent ibe yi-trivalent chromium (Cr(III)), engenobuthi kakhulu futhi engabangelwa yi-hydroxide. Ukuqapha ukugcwala kwe-sodium bisulfite kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukwehla okwanele nokugwema ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile, okuholela ezindleleni ze-reagent ezingadingekile kanye nokungcola kwesibili.
Ukulawulwa kwenqubo okuthuthukisiwe kuncike ekulinganisweni kobuningi obungaphakathi komugqa, okuhlinzekwa ubuchwepheshe obufana namamitha obuningi obujikelezayo avela eLonnmeter. Ukuguquguquka kwemitha yobuningi kulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwe-sodium bisulfite ewuketshezi ngesikhathi sangempela, kuqinisekisa ukukala okufanele ngesikhathi senqubo yokunciphisa i-chrome. Ukulinganiswa kobuningi obungaphakathi komugqa wokufaka i-electroplating kwenza kube lula ukulandelela okuzenzakalelayo nokuqhubekayo kwamandla e-reagent, kunciphisa ukungenelela komqhubi kanye nephutha.
Ngemva kokunciphisa, ukucaciswa okulandelayo kanye nokuhlunga kususa i-chromium ye-trivalent evuvukele. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukungcola kuyahlangabezana nezindinganiso ezilawulwayo zokuhlushwa kwe-chromium ion, izinqubo zokuhambisana nokukhishwa kwamanzi amdaka zidinga ukuqapha okunembile kokuhlaziya. I-Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) iyindlela ejwayelekile yokuthola amazinga okulandelela kokubili i-Cr(VI) kanye ne-chromium iyonke; ukucaciswa kwayo kusekela ukubika okuthembekile kokulawula. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-colorimetric, okusekelwe ekuphenduleni kwe-diphenylcarbazide, kunikeza ithuluzi lokuhlola okusheshayo le-chromium ye-hexavalent esele, okuvumela ukuqapha okuvamile, endaweni ngokuzwela okuphezulu.
Ukugcina ukuthobela imithetho yemvelo yokusebenza kwe-electroplating kuncike ekhonweni lokuqapha nokulawula njalo izinhlobo ze-chromium kulo lonke ukwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka ukuze kusebenze i-chromium. Ukulinganiswa kobuningi okuzenzakalelayo kunikeza impendulo esheshayo yokusetshenziswa kwe-sodium bisulfite ekufakweni kwe-electroplating, kusekela ukulawula okuphendulayo kwamazinga okulinganisa. Imiphumela yokuqapha evela ku-AAS kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-colorimetric kubhekiselwa kumingcele yokulawula—ngokuvamile ≤0.1 mg/L ye-Cr(VI)—ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kokulawula ukungcola kanye nokubhala phansi ukuthobela imithetho kweziphathimandla.
Uma inqubo yokwelapha ithola amazinga aphezulu e-chromium ye-hexavalent esele, amasu okuguquguquka njengokwengeza i-reagent ekhuphukayo, ukulungiswa kabusha kwe-pH, noma izikhathi zokugcina ezengeziwe ziyaqaliswa. Lokhu kulungiswa okunamandla, kuhlanganiswe nokuqapha okuthembekile kobuningi be-inline ngamamitha e-Lonnmeter, kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kokususwa kwe-chromium ye-hexavalent. Ngokuhlanganisa lezi zinto, inqubo yokunciphisa i-chrome ihambisana namazinga okukhipha ashintshayo futhi inciphisa izingozi zempilo zemvelo nezomsebenzi ezihlobene nokuvezwa kwe-chromium ye-hexavalent.
Amasu Okuthuthukisa Emisebenzi Yezimboni
Ukuqapha ukuhlushwa kwe-sodium bisulfite okunembile kubalulekile ekunciphiseni ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali kanye nezindleko enkambisweni yokunciphisa i-chrome ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka nge-electroplating. Isixazululo se-sodium bisulfite sisebenza njenge-reagent ebalulekile ngokuguqula ama-ion anobuthi e-hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) abe yi-trivalent chromium (Cr(III) ephephe kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela kuvumela ukuhambisana nemithethonqubo yokukhishwa kwemvelo.
Ukulinganisa ubuningi obuphakathi—ukusebenzisa amathuluzi afana namamitha okuqina ajikelezayo—kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuqapheni nasekulawuleni amazinga e-sodium bisulfite. Imitha yobukhulu obuphakathi e-Lonnmeter iqhubeka nokulandelela ubuningi besisombululo, ihlinzeka ngempendulo yesikhathi sangempela opharetha abangayisebenzisa ukunquma ukuhlushwa okunembile kwe-sodium bisulfite ewuketshezi emfudlaneni wenqubo. Le datha eqondile ivumela ukulungiswa kokulinganisa ngesikhathi, ukunciphisa imfucuza ye-reagent kanye nokunciphisa izindleko zamakhemikhali. Ukulinganisa okulungiselelwe akugcini nje ngokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-sodium bisulfite kodwa futhi kunciphisa ingozi yokunciphisa i-chromium ion engaphelele, okungaholela ekwephulweni kwemithetho noma isidingo sokuhoxiswa okubizayo.
Isibonelo: Ohlelweni lokulungisa amanzi angcolile olusebenzisa i-electroplating, ukuhlanganisa i-density meter oscillation yokuqapha i-bisulfite ngesikhathi sangempela kuvumele ukwehla kwe-reagent okufika ku-15% ngenkathi kugcinwa amazinga e-chromium ane-hexavalent ngaphansi kwemingcele esemthethweni. Ukuqapha i-real-time density kusekela ukuzinza kokusebenza ngokuthola ukushintshashintsha kwenqubo okungalindelekile kusenesikhathi, njengokushintsha okungazelelwe kokwakheka kokungcola noma ivolumu yodaka. Lokhu kusabela kunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi esibizayo futhi kunciphisa izingozi zokuthobela imvelo.
Ukuphatha i-sludge oxidation kanye nekhwalithi yokungcola nakho kuthinta ngqo ukusebenza kanye nezindleko. Ukususwa kwe-hexavalent chromium kusuka emfucumfucwini yenqubo ye-electroplating yezimboni kukhiqiza i-sludge, okungathi uma i-oxidized ngokweqile, ingavimbela ukuthuthwa kwe-chromium trivalent okulandelayo kanye nokuhlunga. Ukuqapha okuphumelelayo—ukusebenzisa ukulinganisa ubuningi be-inline kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-electroplating kanye nokuhlaziywa okuqondiwe—kuqinisekisa ukuthi izici zomzimba ze-sludge zihlala zilungele ukuphathwa nokulahlwa. Ukulawulwa okufanele kwezimo ze-oxidation kanye nokwakheka kwe-sludge kungasiza ekunciphiseni imithwalo yamanzi ngemuva kwenqubo, kunciphise izindleko zokulahla, futhi kunciphise ingozi yokudlula imingcele yokuthobela ukukhishwa kwamanzi amdaka.
Ukuqapha i-ion ye-chromium, kuhlanganiswe nokulinganisa ubuningi obungaphakathi, kunikeza ukuqonda okusebenzayo kokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza. Isibonelo, ukubeka amanani obuningi eshadini kanye namazinga okunciphisa i-chromium kuvumela amaqembu ukuthi axhumanise ngokushesha izinguquko zokulinganisa nemiphumela yangempela yenqubo. Ijika lokususa i-kinetic libonisa ukuthi ukugcina ukugcwala kwe-sodium bisulfite kumkhawulo ofanele kusheshisa ukuguqulwa kwe-Cr(VI) ngo-35%, uma kuqhathaniswa nokucubungula kwe-batch ngaphandle kwempendulo eqhubekayo:
-- ...
| Isikhathi (iminithi) | Ukususwa kwe-Cr(VI) (%) | Ubuningi (g/cm³) |
|------------|---------------------|-------------------|
| 0 | 0 | 1.02 |
| 15 | 60 | 1.06 |
| 30 | 90 | 1.10 |
| 45 | 98 | 1.13 |
-- ...
Idatha yenqubo kanye nokuhlaziya kuthuthukisa kakhulu amasu okunciphisa i-chrome ekufakeni i-electroplating ngokuvumela ukuqagela kokulinganisa kanye nokulungiswa kokuphambuka kwangaphambi kwesikhathi. Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwezakhiwo zesisombululo—njengobuningi ngokusebenzisa amamitha okuqina ajikelezayo—kusekela ukutholakala okusheshayo kokungalingani kwamakhemikhali. Ukuhlaziya kwenqubo okuthuthukisiwe kusebenzisa lezi zilinganiso zesikhathi sangempela ukuqondisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium bisulfite ekufakeni i-electroplating, ukunciphisa kokubili izindleko ze-reagent kanye nokwakheka komkhiqizo olandelanayo, okwenza kube lula ukuphathwa kwemfucuza ye-electroplating futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwesistimu iyonke.
Ukulinganisa okuthembekile kobuningi be-inline kwe-electroplating akugcini nje ngokusekela ukulawulwa kokungcoliswa kwe-chromium ene-hexavalent, kodwa futhi kuqinisa ukuthobela imvelo kwemisebenzi ye-electroplating. Ngobuchwepheshe be-Lonnmeter obuhlanganiswe ezindaweni ezibalulekile emgudwini wenqubo, izikhungo zingagcina ngokuzethemba amazinga e-chromium, zihlangabezane nezindinganiso zomthetho, futhi zisekele imisebenzi yezimboni ezinzile ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwamakhemikhali noma ingozi yemvelo.
Ukuxazulula Izinkinga Nokunakekelwa
Izinselele Ezivamile: Ubuthi Bezinzwa, Ukungasebenzi Kahle Kwe-Reagent, Ukushintsha Kwezinsimbi
Ekwelashweni kwamanzi amdaka enqubweni yokunciphisa i-chrome, ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kokuhlushwa kwe-sodium bisulfite kanye nokunciphisa i-chromium ion kuncike ezinzwa ezivezwe ezindaweni ezinolaka kakhulu. Ubuthi bezinzwa, obuvame ukubangelwa ukufakwa kwe-chromium ene-hexavalent, i-chromium ene-trivalent, nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo, kuphazamisa ukulinganiswa okunembile kobuningi be-inline kanye nokuqapha isixazululo se-sodium bisulfite. Amadiphozithi akheka kuma-probe nama-electrode, okuholela ekunciphiseni ukuzwela, ukufundwa okungaguquki, noma ukulahlekelwa umsebenzi ngokuphelele. Ama-ion ensimbi esindayo kanye nezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe zingavimba izindawo zezinzwa, kuyilapho izimo ze-acidic noma ze-oxidative zingase zigqwalise izingxenye zezinzwa, zisheshise ukukhukhuleka kwezinsimbi kanye nokungazinzi kwesignali.
Ukweqisa umthamo we-reagent, ikakhulukazi nge-sodium bisulfite ewuketshezi, kwenza kube nzima ukulawula inqubo. Ukweqisa umthamo kungabangela ukwehla okungaphelele kwe-chromium ene-hexavalent, okubangela ukungahambisani nemithethonqubo yokukhishwa kwamanzi amdaka. Ukweqisa umthamo kwandisa izindleko zamakhemikhali futhi kungase kungenise ukungcola okungadingekile. Ukushintshashintsha kwezinsimbi—kushintsha impendulo eyisisekelo ngenxa yobudala bezinzwa, ukungcola, noma ukuwohloka kwezinto—kuphumela ekuqaphelweni kokuhlushwa kwe-sodium bisulfite okungathembekile futhi kudinga ukulinganiswa kabusha njalo ukuze kugwenywe amaphutha ekulinganisweni okuzenzakalelayo noma ezinhlelweni zokuphendula. Lezi zinselele zenza ukulinganisa okuqinile nokuqhubekayo kokuguqulwa kwe-chromium kube yinto ebalulekile ekuhambisaneni kwemvelo ezindaweni zenqubo ye-electroplating yezimboni.
Izincomo Zokulungisa Ama-Probes, Ama-Electrode, kanye nama-Density Meters
Ukugcinwa njalo kubalulekile ekunciphiseni imiphumela yobuthi bezinzwa kanye nokukhukhuleka kwemishini. Ama-probe nama-electrode kufanele ahlolwe njalo ukuze kutholakale ukungcola okubonakalayo, ukushintsha kombala, noma umonakalo ongokwenyama. Izinqubo zokuhlanza zincike ohlotsheni lwezinzwa kanye nezimo zenqubo. Ukuhlanza ngomshini (isb., amabhulashi athambile noma ama-wiper) kungasusa izinto ezincane kanye namafilimu angaphezulu. Ukuhlanza okuzenzakalelayo kwe-ultrasonic okuhlanganiswe ne-probe kusiza ukukhipha ama-deposit ngesikhathi sangempela ngaphandle kokudinga isikhathi sokungasebenzi kwenqubo.
Imikhuba yokuhlanza ngamakhemikhali—ukusebenzisa ama-asidi ancibilikisiwe, izisekelo, noma izinyibilikisi ezikhethekile—kususa isikali esiqhubekayo, izendlalelo ze-metal oxide, kanye nokungcola okungokwemvelo. Ngemva kokuhlanza, izinzwa kumele zihlanzwe kahle ngamanzi acwengekile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcola kwesibili. Ama-probe nama-electrode akhiwe nge-PTFE, i-platinum, noma ezinye izinto ezingagqwali ngokuvamile abonisa ukumelana okuthuthukisiwe nokungcola futhi adinga ukuhlanzwa okuncane.
Amamitha okulinganisa ubuningi, njengalawo akhiqizwe yiLonnmeter, kufanele alinganiswe kusetshenziswa uketshezi oluqinisekisiwe ngezikhathi ezithile oluchazwe ukuzinza kwenqubo kanye nezincomo zomkhiqizi. Ukuqinisekiswa okwenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhukhuleka noma ukungcola akuthinti ukunemba kokulinganisa ubuningi obungaphakathi, okubalulekile ekulawulweni kokuhlushwa kwe-sodium bisulfite ngesikhathi sokususwa kwe-chromium ene-hexavalent. Noma yiziphi izimpawu zomsindo noma ukungazinzi esignalini yokulinganisa ukuguquguquka kwemitha yobuningi zingase zibonise ukungcola noma ukonakala kwehadiwe futhi kufanele kushukumise ukuhlolwa nokuhlanzwa ngokushesha.
Shintsha ama-gasket, izivalo, kanye nezingxenye ezimanzi ezihambisanayo ngezikhathi ezinconywayo ukuze uvimbele ukuvuza futhi uqinisekise ukuthi izinzwa zihlala isikhathi eside emifudlaneni yamanzi amdaka adinga amakhemikhali. Gcina irekhodi lesevisi elinemininingwane eliqopha izenzo zokulungisa, izehlakalo zokulungisa kabusha, amaphutha angalindelekile, kanye nezikhathi zokuphendula ukusiza ekuboneni izinkinga eziphindaphindayo nokuthuthukisa ukulungiswa kwesikhathi esizayo.
Ukucushwa kwe-alamu kanye nokuphepha okuphephile
Izinhlelo ze-alamu kanye nezinhlelo eziphephile ziyisisekelo sokugcina ukuhambisana nomthetho kanye nokuvimbela ukuphazamiseka kwenqubo ekuphathweni kwamanzi amdaka nge-electroplating. Imingcele ebalulekile—kufaka phakathi ukugcwala kwe-sodium bisulfite, ukuminyana okungaphakathi, amandla okunciphisa, kanye namazinga okugeleza acutshungulwayo—kufanele kube nemingcele ye-alamu ehlelwe ezinhlelweni zokulawula inqubo zesitshalo. Ama-alamu abaluleke kakhulu kumele aqale uma ukulinganiswa kokuqina okungaphakathi kubonisa ukuphambuka kusuka ezindaweni ezibekiwe zesisombululo se-sodium bisulfite noma uma imigomo yokunciphisa i-chromium ion ingafinyelelwanga.
Oxhumana nabo be-alamu abavela ezinzwa ezibalulekile, njengemitha yobuningi be-Lonnmeter, kufanele baxhunywe ngqo ezinkingeni zokuxhumanisa ezimisa amaphampu okulinganisa noma ziqondise amanzi angcolile angahambisani nemithetho ematangini okugcina. I-logic engaphephile kumele iqinisekise ukuthi, uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka kwezinzwa (njengokuqhubeka kwesignali ye-zero noma ukufundwa okungaphandle kwebanga), uhlelo lubuyela kwimodi yokusebenza ephephile kakhulu—isibonelo, ukumisa ukulinganisa kokunciphisa i-chromium noma ukuhlukanisa imigqa yokwelapha ethintekile.
Ukulibaziseka kwe-alamu kanye nama-deadband kunciphisa ama-alamu aphazamisayo abangelwa ukushintshashintsha okuncane kwenqubo, kodwa izindawo zokusetha i-alamu kumele zibonise imikhawulo yokukhishwa kwe-chromium nezinye izinto eziyingozi. Ekufakweni okuqinisekisiwe, ukuphindaphinda—ukusebenzisa izinzwa ezihambisanayo noma amamitha obuningi bokusekela—kungavikela ekulahlekelweni kwedatha okuvela ebubini bezinzwa noma ukwehluleka kwemishini. Ukuhlolwa okuvamile kokusebenza kwama-alamu kanye nama-interlock, okuqinisekiswe ngokumelene nohambo lwangempela lwenqubo, kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa isikhathi sokuphendula komqhubi nokuvimbela ukwephulwa komthetho ekukhishweni kwamanzi amdaka ezimbonini.
Ukugcinwa okuhlelekile, ukumiswa kwe-alamu ngesikhathi, kanye nokusabela okuqinile okuvikela ukwehluleka kwakha isisekelo sokuqapha okuthembekile kokuhlushwa kwe-sodium bisulfite, ukulawulwa kokungcola kwe-chromium ene-hexavalent, kanye nokuphathwa kwemfucuza ye-electroplating okuqhubekayo.
Ukunciphisa i-chrome okusebenzayo enkambisweni ye-electroplating yezimboni kuncike endleleni ehlelekile yokulawula amakhemikhali, ukuqapha, kanye nokuhambisana nemvelo. Ingqikithi yokususwa kwe-chromium ye-hexavalent ethembekile ukugcina izimo ze-asidi ezifanele—ngokuvamile ku-pH 3—ukusetshenziswa okuhle kwe-sodium bisulfite, ukuqinisekisa ukuguqulwa okuphelele kwe-chromium ye-hexavalent eyingozi (Cr(VI)) ibe yi-chromium ye-trivalent ephephile (Cr(III)) njengoba kunconywe yizikhungo ezilawulayo futhi kusekelwa yimikhuba yezimboni. Ukugcina isixazululo se-sodium bisulfite esilinganiswe ngokuphindwe ka-3-5 kokuqukethwe kwe-molar Cr(VI) kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukunciphisa okusheshayo, okuphelele kanye nokuna kwe-chromium okubikezelwayo phakathi nezigaba zokwelapha ezilandelayo.
Ukuqapha ukuhlushwa kwe-sodium bisulfite ngesikhathi sangempela kubalulekile ekugcineni ukunemba kokusebenza. Ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa ubuningi obungaphakathi, njengalezo ezisekelwe ezimisweni zamamitha okuqina okuguquguqukayo, kunikeza opharetha izindlela zokulandelela njalo amandla nokuqina kokudla kwe-sodium bisulfite okuwuketshezi. Ukuhlanganisa amamitha okuqina okuzenzakalelayo enkambisweni kwenza kube nokulungiswa okunembile kakhulu komthamo, kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwamakhemikhali, futhi kuthola ngokushesha noma yikuphi ukuphambuka ezimweni ezifanele zokudla. Leli zinga eliphakeme lokulawula lisekela i-kinetics yokunciphisa i-chromium eqhubekayo kanye nokuhambisana nezindinganiso zokukhipha zangaphakathi kanye nezibopho zomthetho zokuthobela ukukhishwa kwamanzi amdaka.
Ukuqapha okunembile kwe-chromium ion kusekela nokuhambisana okuqinile kwemvelo kwezikhungo zokufaka i-electroplating. Ukulinganisa ubuningi obuqondile bokufaka i-electroplating akugcini nje ngokulandelela ukuphakelwa kwe-agent okunciphisayo kodwa futhi kwazisa amanye amaphuzu okulawula abalulekile ekwelashweni kwamanzi amdaka e-chromium, kusiza opharetha ukuthi bafinyelele amazinga okususa ukungcola okuthembekile futhi banciphise izingozi zokulawula ukungcola kwe-chromium ene-hexavalent. Ukusebenzisa ukuqapha ubuningi okuzenzakalelayo, kwesikhathi sangempela kuyo yonke inqubo yokunciphisa i-chrome kunciphisa iphutha lopharetha futhi kunciphisa ukuthembela ekuthathweni kwesampula ngesandla okuthatha isikhathi, kusekela kokubili ukusebenza kahle kanye nokunamathela emithethweni yemvelo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe, okubandakanya izinsimbi ezithuthukisiwe ezifanaukuminyana okungaphakathi komugqafuthiamamitha e-viscositykusuka ezinkampanini ezifana neLonnmeter, kuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokunciphisa i-chrome ihlala ithembekile futhi isebenza kahle kuzo zonke izinkathi kanye nemithwalo yamanzi amdaka ahlukahlukene. Ukulinganisa okuthembekile kuvumela onjiniyela bezinqubo ukuthi baphendule ngokushesha ezinguqukweni, bahlangabezane namasu okunciphisa i-chromium emikhubeni emihle kakhulu yokubeka i-electroplating, futhi bavumelanise amasu okulinganisa njengoba kudingeka ukuze kulandelwe imvelo. Le ndlela isekela ukuphathwa kwemfucuza ye-electroplating okuqhubekayo futhi ivumela ukuhlangana okuphindaphindwayo kwemikhawulo yokukhipha ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali okungadingekile noma ingozi yemvelo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kokuqapha okunembile kokuhlushwa kwe-sodium bisulfite, ukulinganisa ubuningi obungaphakathi, kanye nokulawula inqubo okuphelele kwakha isisekelo somkhuba wesimanje, ohambisana nomthetho, futhi ophumelelayo wokususa i-chromium. Ukuqapha okuqinile kanye nokuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe akuzona nje izithuthukisi—manje seziyizidingo ezibalulekile ekufezeni ukusebenza okuphumelelayo, okusobala, kanye nokunakekela imvelo.
imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
Isixazululo se-sodium bisulfite sisiza kanjani ukususwa kwe-chromium ene-hexavalent emanzini angcolile asebenzisa i-electroplating?
Isixazululo se-sodium bisulfite siyi-ejenti yokunciphisa esetshenziswa enqubweni yokunciphisa i-chrome ukuguqula i-chromium ene-hexavalent (Cr(VI)), into ebangela umdlavuza futhi enobuthi obukhulu, ibe yi-chromium ene-trivalent ephephile (Cr(III)).
Le nqubo yenzeka kahle kakhulu ezimweni ezine-acidic (pH 2-5), lapho i-chromium encishisiwe igcwala njenge-chromium hydroxide lapho kulungiswa i-pH ibe amazinga e-alkaline, okwenza kube lula ukususwa kwayo emanzini angcolile. Le ndlela ivumela izikhungo ukuthi zifinyelele ukuhambisana okuqinile kokukhishwa kwamanzi angcolile ngokunciphisa amazinga e-Cr(VI) ngaphansi kwemingcele yokuthola, kunciphisa izingozi zemvelo nezempilo.
Kuyini ukubaluleka kokulinganiswa kobuningi obungaphakathi kwe-inline enqubweni yokunciphisa i-chrome?
Ukulinganisa ubuningi be-inline kubalulekile ekulawuleni ukukala kwe-sodium bisulfite ewuketshezi ngesikhathi sokunciphisa i-chromium ye-hexavalent ezinqubweni ze-electroplating zezimboni. Amamitha obuningi e-oscillating, njengalawo akhiqizwa yi-Lonnmeter, aletha ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela, okuzenzakalelayo kokuhlushwa kwe-sodium bisulfite. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi isilinganiso esifanele se-reductant siyangezwa, okwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokunciphisa i-Cr(VI) ngenkathi kunciphisa imfucuza ye-reagent. Amaza okuphindaphinda kwala mamitha alingana ngqo nobuningi besisombululo, ahlinzeka ngempendulo esheshayo egcina ukulawulwa kwenqubo okuqhubekayo, enciphisa izindleko zokusebenza, futhi evimbela ukwehluleka kokuthobela imithetho.
Kungani ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwe-chromium ion kubalulekile ekuhambisaneni kwemvelo ekufakweni kwe-electroplating?
Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kokuhlushwa kwama-ion e-chromium—ngokuvamile nge-spectrophotometry noma i-colorimetry—kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi angcolile asebenzisa i-electroplating ahlala ngaphakathi kwemingcele yokukhishwa kwe-chromium ene-hexavalent. Ukulawula okuqinile ku-0.1 mg/L noma ngaphansi kwayo kuvame ukudingwa yiziphathimandla zemvelo ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwe-chromium ene-hexavalent. Ukulinganisa kwesikhathi sangempela kuvumela ukulungiswa kwenqubo okusheshayo, kunciphisa ingozi yokwephulwa kwemithetho, izinhlawulo, kanye nokulimala kwemvelo okuvela ekunciphiseni okungaphelele noma ekuphazamisekeni kwenqubo.
Iyiphi indima edlalwa yi-pH ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa kusuka ku-hexavalent kuya ku-trivalent chromium?
Ukulawula i-pH kubalulekile kokubili ekunciphiseni amakhemikhali kanye nezinyathelo ezilandelayo zokukhipha i-chromium. Izimo ze-asidi (ngokuvamile i-pH 2-5) ziyadingeka ngesikhathi sokusabela kokunciphisa, njengoba zigcina i-chromium ene-hexavalent ezinhlotsheni zayo ze-ionic ezisabela kakhulu. Ngemva kokunciphisa, i-pH yesisombululo iyaphakanyiswa (ngokuvamile >8.5) ukuze ibangele i-Cr(III) njenge-chromium hydroxide. Ukulungiswa kwe-pH okufanele kuqinisekisa ukusabela okusheshayo, kwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokususa, kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali, futhi kwenza kube lula ukuhlukaniswa nokulahla ukungcola.
Amamitha okuqina ajikelezayo angakuthuthukisa kanjani ukuqapha ukuhlushwa kwe-sodium bisulfite?
Amamitha okulinganisa ubuningi asetshenziselwa ukuqapha ukuhlushwa kwe-sodium bisulfite ngoba avumela ukucaciswa okunembile,ukulinganisa okusemgqeningaphandle kwesidingo sokuthatha isampula ngesandla. Umgomo weshubhu elidlidlizayo uhlobana ngqo nokushintsha kwemvamisa yokujikisa kuya ekushintsheni kobuningi besisombululo, okuvumela impendulo ezenzakalelayo yezinhlelo zokulinganisa amakhemikhali. Ukuqapha okunembile kobuningi ngesikhathi sangempela kuvimbela kokubili ukulinganisa ngokweqile, okwandisa izindleko zokusebenza kanye nemikhiqizo engaphansi kwe-sulfate, kanye nokulinganisa okungaphansi, okuyingozi yokuncipha kwe-chromium engaphelele kanye nokungalandeli imithetho. Ngokuhlanganisa amadivayisi e-Lonnmeter, ukuzinza kwenqubo kanye nokulawula ukulinganisa kokusetshenziswa kwe-sodium bisulfite ekufakweni kwe-electroplating kuthuthukiswa kakhulu, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ukunciphisa i-chromate kuhlala kusebenza kahle futhi kuthembekile.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 10-2025
