Ukubuka konke kwe-I-BayerInqubo Ekukhiqizweni Kwe-Alumina
II-BayerInqubo yokukhiqizwa kwe-alumina iguqula i-ore ye-bauxite ibe yi-alumina emsulwa ngokulandelana kwezinyathelo ezibalulekile zobunjiniyela. Isigaba ngasinye sisebenzisa izinto ezinembile kanye nezilawuli zokusebenza ukuze kwandiswe isivuno kanye nobumsulwa.
I-Bauxite iqala ichotshozwe bese igaywa ukuze kwandiswe indawo yayo engaphezulu ukuze kusetshenziswe amakhemikhali. Ubukhulu bezinhlayiya ezincane ezitholakala ngama-mineral crushers bubalulekile ekungeneni kahle kwe-sodium hydroxide ngesikhathi sokugaya. Izinto ezingaphansi komhlabathi zibe seziphakelwa ohlelweni lokugaya.
Ngesikhathi senqubo yokugaya i-bauxite, i-bauxite echotshoziwe ixutshwa nesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide esishisayo, esigxilile ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okuphezulu kanye namazinga okushisa aphakathi kuka-140°C no-280°C. Kulesi simo, i-sodium hydroxide incibilikisa ngokukhetha amaminerali aqukethe i-aluminium (i-gibbsite, i-boehmite, i-diaspore) ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo ze-amphoteric, iguqula i-alumina ibe yisisombululo se-sodium aluminate. Ukusabela okuvamile kufaka phakathi:
- Al(OH)₃(ama) + NaOH(aq) → NaAlO₂(aq) + 2H₂O(l)
Ukungcola okufana ne-iron oxides, i-silica, ne-titanium dioxide akukancibiliki kakhulu futhi kwakha udaka olubomvu. Ukuhlushwa kwe-sodium hydroxide okulungiselelwe ukugaya i-bauxite kubalulekile—kuncane kakhulu kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-alumina, kuyilapho okweqile kwandisa izindleko kanye nezidingo zokujikeleza kwe-caustic ezansi.
Izixazululo Zokuhlanza I-Alumina
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Ukuhlukaniswa koketshezi oluqinile enqubweni yeBayer kulandela ngokushesha ukugaya. Amayunithi okucacisa—asebenzisa amathangi okuhlanza noma izinhlelo zokuhlunga—avumela ukuhlukaniswa okusheshayo kodaka olubomvu (izinsalela ezinganyibiliki) kusuka ku-sodium aluminate liquor. Ukulinganisa ubuningi be-slurry okuphumelelayo kwenqubo yeBayer kusetshenziswa amathuluzi afana namamitha obuningi beLonnmeter kuqinisekisa ukuthi imishini iphakelwa ubuningi be-pulp obuhambisanayo, okubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kokuhlukanisa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo.
Ukukhiqizwa kodaka olubomvu kungumkhiqizo ongenakugwenywa kulesi sigaba. Kuqukethe ikakhulukazi ama-iron oxides, i-silica, i-trace alumina, kanye nama-sodium compounds. Ukuphathwa kodaka olubomvu kugxile ekugcinweni okuphephile, ukuncishiswa, futhi ngokuqhubekayo, ekulinganisweni kokungcola ngokubuyiselwa kwensimbi, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto zokwakha, kanye nokuhlunga okuthuthukisiwe kusetshenziswa i-slag yensimbi kanye nesimende kusiza ukunciphisa umswakama kanye nomthamo.
Ngemva kokucaciswa, uketshezi lwe-sodium aluminate lungena esinyathelweni sokwena. I-aluminium hydroxide iqiniswa ngaphandle kwesisombululo—ngokuvamile ibangelwa ukuhlwanyelwa ngamakristalu akhiwe ngaphambilini, ukupholisa, kanye nokuxutshwa. Lesi sinyathelo siveza i-Al(OH)₃ precipitate ngenkathi kuvuselelwa i-sodium hydroxide ukuze isetshenziswe kabusha enkambisweni ngokusebenzisa:
- NaAlO₂(aq) + 2H₂O(l) → Al(OH)₃(ama) + NaOH(aq)
I-Al(OH)₃ eqoqiwe ibe isigezwa futhi i-calcination. Ama-kiln asebenza ngaphezu kuka-1000°C abolisa i-hydroxide, akhiqize i-alumina eyomile, engenamanzi (Al₂O₃) efanele ukuhluzwa ibe yi-aluminium yensimbi.
Isigaba ngasinye—ukuchoboza, ukugaya, ukucacisa, imvula, kanye nokubala—kudinga ukwenziwa ngcono ngokucophelela. Isibonelo, ukulawula ukuminyana kwe-slurry ohlelweni lokuphakelwa kwe-bauxite digester kuthinta ngqo isivuno se-alumina kanye nokusebenza kokuhlukaniswa. Ukuphathwa kwesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide esifanele kunciphisa ukulahlekelwa yi-caustic futhi kuthuthukisa ukuphinda kusetshenziswe. Imishini yenqubo yokucwenga i-alumina ethuthukisiwe manje isihambisana nokusungula izinto ezintsha ekugayweni kwe-electroreductive kanye ne-oxidative, okuvumela ukubuyiselwa kwe-alumina okuphezulu, ikakhulukazi kuma-bauxite aphansi noma acebile nge-chlorite.
Izindlela zokulahla udaka olubomvu ezisebenza kahle kanye nobuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa akugcini nje ngokunciphisa ubungozi bemvelo kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa ukusimama kwenqubo ye-bauxite Bayer. Amayunithi ezimboni manje ahlanganisa ukulawulwa kobuningi be-slurry ekucutshungulweni kwamaminerali futhi asebenzisa amathuluzi okulinganisa ngesikhathi sangempela, kanyeImitha yobuningi beLonnmeterkuvame ukubhekiselwa kukho ngokunemba okuqinile emifudlaneni yenqubo ye-alumina yaseBayer. Ukufeza i-alumina ehlanzekile kakhulu nokunciphisa ukuthambekela kwemvelo okuncike ekulawulweni okucolisisiwe kwezinyathelo, ukulinganisa amakhemikhali okunesu, kanye nokuphathwa komkhiqizo ohlakaniphile kuzo zonke izinyathelo zenqubo yokukhipha i-alumina.
Ukugaya i-Bauxite: Imiqondo Eyisisekelo kanye Nokuguquguquka Kwenqubo
Ukugaya i-bauxite kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekile enkambisweni ye-Bayer yokukhiqizwa kwe-alumina, eyenzelwe ukukhipha i-alumina ngokukhetha kusuka kuma-ore e-bauxite kusetshenziswa isisombululo se-caustic sodium hydroxide. Inhloso eyinhloko ukuguqula amaminerali aphethe i-aluminium—ikakhulukazi i-gibbsite, i-boehmite, noma i-diaspore—abe yi-sodium aluminate encibilikayo, okushiya ukungcola ukuze kususwe kamuva.
Ukusabela Okuyinhloko Kwamakhemikhali kuI-BayerIsigaba Sokugaya
Ngesikhathi senqubo yokugaya i-bauxite, isixazululo se-sodium hydroxide sisebenza njenge-reactant kanye ne-solvent. Endabeni yama-bauxite acebile nge-gibbsite, ukusabela kuqhubeka kahle emazingeni okushisa aphakathi (140–150°C):
- Ukugaya i-gibbsite:
Al(OH)₃ (s) + NaOH (aq) → NaAlO₂ (aq) + 2H₂O
Kumaminerali e-boehmite kanye ne-diaspore, amazinga okushisa aphezulu (220–280°C) ayadingeka ngenxa ye-kinetics yokuncibilika ehamba kancane:
- Ukugaya ukudla kwe-Boehmite:
U-AlO(OH) (s) + NaOH (aq) → NaAlO₂ (aq) + H₂O
Amaminerali e-silica afana ne-quartz ne-kaolinite nawo asebenzisana ne-caustic, ngezinye izikhathi okuholela ekwakhekeni kwe-sodium-silicate okungafuneki, okudinga ukunciphisa ngokulawula inqubo kanye nokufakwa kwe-lime okungenzeka. Ukuphatha ukugcwala kwe-sodium hydroxide kubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono isivuno se-alumina nokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwe-caustic odakeni olubomvu.
Uhlelo Lokuphakela Lokugaya: Ukwakheka kanye Nokuhlanganiswa Kwazo
Ukugaya i-bauxite enqubweni ye-alumina Bayer kuqala ngokulungiselela i-slurry efanayo—ingxube eyenziwe kahle ye-bauxite egayiwe kahle kanye notshwala obunamandla. Izinyathelo ezibalulekile ekulungiseleleni uhlelo lokuphakelwa kwe-digester yilezi:
- Ukugaya i-bauxite ukwandisa indawo engaphezulu nokukhuthaza ukusabela okusheshayo.
- Ukuxuba notshwala be-sodium hydroxide obusetshenzisiwe ngezilinganiso ezilawulwayo ukuze uthole ukuhlushwa okuhle kakhulu kwe-reactant.
- Ukwengeza amanzi okuzenzela noma ilayisi njengoba kudingeka ukuze kulungiswe ubuningi be-slurry kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-caustic.
Imishini yesimanje yokucubungula i-alumina isebenzisa izinhlelo zokuxuba ezithuthukisiwe. Ukuguquguquka koketshezi lwekhompyutha kanye nokuhlaziywa kwesikhathi sokuhlala kugqamise ukubaluleka kokufana kokudla: ukwakheka kwe-impeller, ukubekwa kwe-baffle, kanye nokucushwa kokungena/ukuphuma kudlala indima ebalulekile ekugayweni kokudla kanye nokusebenza kahle kokukhipha. Ukwakheka kwe-slurry efanayo kusekela ukukhishwa kwe-alumina okuqhubekayo, kwenza kube lula ukuhlukaniswa koketshezi oluqinile enqubweni yeBayer, futhi kwenza kube lula ukuphathwa kodaka olubomvu olungezansi.
Umthelela Wokuguquguquka Kokudla, Ukwakheka Kodaka, kanye Nokushisa Ekusebenzeni Kokugaya
I-mineralogy yokudla kanye nokwakheka kwe-slurry kunquma ukusebenza kahle kokugaya enkambisweni ye-bauxite ye-Bayer. Ukuguquguquka kwe-bauxite—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuvela ekumbeni, ekuxubeni kwe-stockpile, noma umehluko we-geological—kuthinta ngqo isilinganiso se-gibbsite, i-boehmite, izigaba ze-silica, kanye ne-iron oxides. Lokhu kungafani kuthinta izinga lokushisa lokugaya elidingekayo, isikhathi sokuhlala, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-sodium hydroxide.
Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-silica noma insimbi kunganciphisa isivuno se-alumina futhi kwandise ukulahlekelwa kwe-caustic odakeni olubomvu. Ukulinganisa ubuningi be-slurry ngesikhathi sangempela senqubo ye-Bayer kusetshenziswa amathuluzi afana ne-Lonnmeter density meter kubalulekile, okuvumela ukulungiswa okusheshayo kwamazinga okuphakelayo kanye nemithamo ye-reactant.
Ukuphathwa kwezinga lokushisa kungenye into ebalulekile—ama-gibbsite digesters asebenza kahle emazingeni okushisa aphakathi nendawo, kanti ama-boehmitic nama-diasporic bauxite angadinga amazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nesikhathi eside sokuhlala. Ukumodela kwe-CFD kanye nokwenza ngcono izinhloso eziningi ekulungiseleleni ukudla kusiza ukwembula ukuthi izinguquko ekubunjweni kwe-slurry, ukushukuma, noma izinga lokushisa zithinta kanjani ukubuyiselwa kwe-alumina kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla ezindaweni zezimboni.
Ukuguqula Inqubo Yokugaya I-Bauxite Ukuze Ithole Ama-Ore Ahlukahlukene
Ukusingatha ukuhlukahluka kwe-ore kuyinselele eqhubekayo enqubweni ye-alumina yaseBayer. Ama-bauxite acebile nge-gibbsite ayathandeka, adinga amandla amancane nezimo ezithambile, kuyilapho ama-bauxite e-boehmitic ne-diasporic edinga ukuzivumelanisa nezimo okuqinile:
- Ukugaya kahleivame ukusetshenziswa kuma-ore aqinile, okwandisa ukusebenza kwawo futhi kuthuthukiswe amazinga okubuyisa i-alumina.
- Ukuxuba i-ore kanye "nokwenza kube mnandi"— ukwengeza izingxenyana ezigaywa kalula—lungisa ukushaja kwe-bauxite futhi usekele ukusetshenziswa kahle kwesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide.
- Ukulawulwa okuqinile kobuningi be-slurry kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-sodium hydroxidekunciphisa izinkinga ezivela ekuguqukeni kwezimbiwa, njengokuvinjelwa kwezihlungi kanye nemvula engadingeki.
Ukumodela inqubo kusiza ekucwengisiseni amapharamitha okusebenza ezinhlobo ezithile ze-ore, kuyilapho ukulawulwa okuqhubekayo kobuningi be-slurry ekucutshungulweni kwamaminerali kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukudla kokugaya kuhlala ngaphakathi kwebanga elifanele lokukhipha nokuhlukaniswa okungezansi.
Izifundo zezibonelo zibonisa ukuthi izitshalo zezimboni ezisebenzisa ukuphathwa kokudla okuguquguqukayo—njengamasu okuxuba kanye nokuthola i-ore ekhethiwe—zithola ukusebenza okungcono, ngisho nangokufakwa kwe-bauxite okuyinselele. Lokhu kuguqulwa kuyingxenye ebalulekile ekukhishweni kwe-alumina okusimeme, okukhiqiza kakhulu futhi kusekela izindlela zokulahla udaka olubomvu ezisebenzayo.
Ngakho-ke ukuphatha ama-ore ahlukahlukene e-bauxite esigabeni sokugaya kudinga indlela ehlelekile: ukuhlukaniswa kwezakhi zomhlabathi, ukulinganiswa kobuningi be-slurry ngesikhathi sangempela, ukwenziwa ngcono kwemishini, kanye nokulawulwa okuqhubekayo kwenqubo yokukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokugaya kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-alumina ngenkathi kunciphisa ukulahleka kwe-caustic, isidingo samandla, kanye nomthelela emvelweni.
Indima Ebalulekile Yokulinganisa Ubuningi Be-Slurry kanye ne-Pulp
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi be-bauxite pulp ngesikhathi sangempela kubalulekile ekulawuleni inqubo enqubweni ye-Bayer yokukhiqizwa kwe-alumina. Ukulawulwa okunembile kobuningi be-slurry ohlelweni lokuphakelwa kwe-digester kugcina ibhalansi efanele phakathi kwezinto eziqinile kanye nesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide senqubo ye-Bayer, kuthuthukisa i-kinetics yokuncibilika kanye nesivuno ngesikhathi sokugaya i-bauxite. Impendulo esheshayo evela ku-amamitha okuminyananjengeLonnmeter iqinisekisa izenzo zokulungisa ngokushesha, inciphisa ukuphambuka futhi igcine izindawo ezibekiwe zokugaya ukudla kahle.
Ubuningi be-slurry buthinta ngqo izinga kanye nokuphelela kwezinyathelo zenqubo yokukhipha i-alumina. Ama-slurry aphezulu angaphazamisa ukuxubana kanye nokudluliselwa kokushisa, anciphise ukusebenza kwe-bauxite ne-caustic soda futhi anciphise ukubuyiselwa kwe-alumina iyonke. Ama-slurry aphansi, ngokuphambene nalokho, anganciphisa ukugxila kwe-caustic futhi anciphise ukusabela, okuholela ekusetshenzisweni okungaphansi kwamakhemikhali kanye nokwanda kokukhiqizwa kodaka olubomvu. Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi ukulawula ubuningi ngaphakathi kwamazinga afanele kuholela ekulinganisweni kwe-caustic okuqhubekayo, ukuhlukaniswa okusebenzayo koketshezi oluqinile enqubweni ye-Bayer, kanye nesivuno esiphezulu se-alumina—kufaka phakathi ukuphathwa kokungcola okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokusetshenziswa okuncishisiwe kwe-reagent.
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi kanye nokulawula nakho kuthinta ukusebenza kwemishini. Isibonelo, i-slurry ejiyile kakhulu ithwala amaphampu, ama-agitator, kanye nengqalasizinda yamapayipi, ikhulisa ukuguguleka, iphakamisa imvamisa yokulungisa, kanye nokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngesikhathi sokuxuba, ukushisa, ukwakheka kwekristalu, kanye nokwakheka kwe-calcination ekukhiqizweni kwe-alumina. Ubuningi obulawulwa njalo bufeza ukucindezeleka okuphansi komshini kanye nemithwalo yamandla ebikezelwayo. Ukuvumelana kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo, njengokusatshalaliswa kosayizi wezinhlayiya kanye nokuqukethwe komswakama, kuncike ngqo ekulawulweni kokuqina okuzinzile kuzo zonke izingxenye zemishini yenqubo yokucwenga i-alumina.
Ukuqapha ubuningi be-pulp kuhlanganiswe kuyo yonke inqubo ebanzi ye-alumina Bayer, hhayi nje ekugayweni. Amaphuzu abalulekile okuxhumana afaka phakathi ukugaya, ukudla kokugaya, amasekethe okuwasha, kanye nokuphathwa kokugcina kwezinsalela zokuphathwa nokulahla udaka olubomvu. Ukuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo ze-SCADA kwenza ukubonakala kwedatha okuphakathi kanye nokulawula ngesikhathi sangempela amazinga okugeleza abalulekile kanye nokugxila okuqinile. Ngokuphakela idatha yobuningi kusukela kumathuluzi anjengemitha yobuningi be-Lonnmeter ibe yizihibe zenqubo ezenzakalelayo, izindawo zokuhlanza zigcina imininingwane yomkhiqizo, zilungise izinqolobane zamakhemikhali, futhi zinciphise ukukhishwa kwemfucuza.
Ekugcineni, ukulawulwa kobuningi be-slurry akuhlukanisiwe—kubumba imiphumela yokusebenza, yezomnotho, kanye neyemvelo yenqubo yonke ye-bauxite Bayer. Ukulinganisa okunembile, impendulo esheshayo, kanye nokuhlanganiswa okuqhubekayo nengqalasizinda yokulawula kusekela ukwenziwa ngcono kwenqubo kusukela ekuphathweni kwe-ore eluhlaza ngokuqedela umkhiqizo we-alumina.
Amasu Okulinganisa Ubuningi Be-Slurry kanye ne-Bauxite Pulp
Ukulawula ukuminyana kwe-slurry kanye ne-bauxite pulp kubalulekile enqubweni yeBayer yokukhiqizwa kwe-alumina. Kusetshenziswa amasu amaningana okulinganisa, ngalinye linamandla kanye nemikhawulo.
Amasu Okulinganisa Ubuningi Obuvamile
Izindlela zendabuko zithembele ekuthathweni kwamasampula ngesandla kanye nokuhlaziywa kwelabhorethri. Abaqhubi bezitshalo badonsa amasampula ahleliwe e-slurry emifudlaneni yenqubo—ngokuvamile ezindaweni zokudla kokugaya noma endaweni yokukhipha ukugaya. Ubuningi bunqunywa kusetshenziswa izilinganiso ze-gravimetric, ama-pycnometer, noma ukufundwa kwe-hydrometer.
Lezi zindlela zibhekene nezinselele eziningana:
- Impendulo Yokushiyeka:Isikhathi esiphakathi kokuqoqwa kwamasampula nemiphumela yelebhu singabangela ukubambezeleka kwenqubo futhi sinciphise ukuphendula.
- Ukuthembela Komqhubi:Iphutha lomuntu ekuthatheni amasampula noma ekulinganisweni lingabangela ukungahambisani.
- Ukumbozwa Okulinganiselwe:Kukalwa amaphuzu ahlukene kuphela enkambisweni ye-bauxite ye-Bayer, okungekho ukushintshashintsha kwenqubo.
Izindlela Zokulinganisa Ubuningi Ezithuthukisiwe Eziku-inthanethi Neziku-inthanethi
Ukuze kunqotshwe lezi zithiyo, izitshalo zisebenzisa izinhlelo zokulinganisa ubuningi obungaphakathi kanye nobaku-inthanethi zokugaya i-bauxite kanye nokuhlukaniswa koketshezi oluqinile enqubweni yeBayer.
Lezi zinhlelo zinikeza:
- Ukuqapha Okuqhubekayo:Ukufundwa kobuningi kubuyekezwa ngesikhathi sangempela, okunikeza opharetha ulwazi olubukhoma lwesistimu yokuphakelwa kwe-digester kanye nokulawula isekethe yokucacisa.
- Impendulo Yenqubo:Ivumela ukulungiswa okusheshayo, okuzenzakalelayo kokuhlushwa kwe-sodium hydroxide ukuze kugaywe i-bauxite kanye namazinga okugeleza komfudlana.
Izibonelo zifaka phakathi izinzwa ezisebenza nge-loop, amamitha okugeleza e-coriolis, kanye namamitha okuminyana kwe-nuclear. Iningi lidinga ukuhlanganiswa namaphaneli okulawula kanye nokulinganiswa okuvamile.
Imitha Yobuningi beLonnmeter: Isimiso kanye Nezinzuzo
Imitha yobuningi beLonnmeter yenzelwe ngqo ukusetshenziswa okuqinile, okuxhunyiwe futhi okudlalwayo emishinini yokucubungula i-alumina.
Isimiso Sokusebenza:
- Imitha isebenzisa izimiso zokudlidliza noma zokudlulisa ezivame kakhulu ukuze ibone izinguquko ku-slurry mass ngevolumu yeyunithi ngayinye.
- Izimpawu zesikhathi sangempela, njenge-4–20 mA noma i-RS485, zithunyelwa ezinhlelweni zokulawula, zinikeza idatha eqhubekayo yokwenza ngokuzenzakalela kwenqubo.
Izinzuzo ngaphezu Kwezindlela Ezivamile:
- Idatha Esheshayo, Yesikhathi Sangempela:Akukho ukulinda imiphumela yelebhu. Abasebenzi bathola impendulo yenqubo ngokushesha, okubalulekile ezigabeni zenqubo eziguqukayo njengokugaya kanye nokwakheka kwekristalu ekukhiqizweni kwe-alumina.
- Ukunemba Okuthuthukisiwe Nokungaguquguquki:Ukuzenzakalela akubandakanyi ukuhlukahluka kwabantu, kugcina ukulawulwa kobuningi okuthembekile ekugayweni kwe-bauxite kanye nokulawulwa kobuningi be-slurry kuukucubungula amaminerali.
- Ukusebenza Okungenazo Izinsizakalo Zokulungisa:I-Lonnmeter idinga ukulinganiswa okuncane futhi imelana nesimo senqubo ye-alumina esinzima saseBayer—ukusampula nokuhlanza njalo akudingeki.
- Ukuhlanganiswa Okungenamthungo:Ixhuma kalula ezinhlelweni ze-DCS/SCADA zesitshalo ukuze kulungiswe inqubo ezenzakalelayo, ivumelane namasu okulawula ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Amaphuzu Okufaka Isicelo kuI-BayerInqubo:
- Uhlelo Lokudla Lokugaya:Amamitha e-Inline Lonnmeter aqinisekisa ubuningi be-bauxite pulp engena kuma-digesters. Aqinisekisa ukulayisha okufanele kwezinto eziqinile kanye nokulinganisa i-sodium hydroxide ukuze kuthathwe izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zenqubo yokukhipha i-alumina.
- Indawo Yokugaya Ukudla:Ukuqapha ubuningi kwenza kube lula ukulawula ukuguqulwa kokusabela, kuthuthukisa isivuno se-alumina futhi kunciphise ukwakheka kodaka olubomvu.
- Amasekethe Okucacisa:Amamitha e-Lonnmeter asiza ukugcina ubuningi bezinhloso ukuze kuhlukaniswe kahle uketshezi oluqinile enqubweni ye-Bayer, okuthuthukisa ukuphuma kwamandla kanye nokunciphisa izindleko zokulahla udaka olubomvu.
Ukuhlanganiswa Nezinhlelo Zokulawula Izitshalo kanye Nomthelela Ekuzenzekeleni
Amamitha obuningi beLonnmeter ahlangana ngqo namanethiwekhi ezenzakalelayo esitshalo sonke.
Imiqondo ebalulekile yokuhlanganisa:
- Umphumela Wesignali:I-analog ejwayelekile (4–20 mA) noma i-digital (RS485) output isekela ukushintshaniswa kwedatha ngesikhathi sangempela.
- Ama-Loop Okulawula Inqubo:Ukufundwa kobuningi kulungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ukukala kwe-reagent, isivinini sephampu, kanye nemishini yokuhlukanisa eqinile nge-Distributed Control Systems (DCS).
- Ukuguquguquka Okuncishisiwe:Impendulo ezenzakalelayo inciphisa ukungenelela ngesandla, iqinisa ukusebenza kwe-digester kanye nezinqubo zokuhlukanisa ezingezansi.
- Izinzuzo Zokusebenza:Ukuqina kwenqubo okubangelwa yilokhu kunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza, kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokugcina ye-alumina, futhi kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kakhulu ngokukristala kanye ne-calcination ekukhiqizweni kwe-alumina.
Ukulinganisa kahle ubuningi be-slurry kusetshenziswa amathuluzi esimanje afana ne-Lonnmeter kusekela ukulawula okuthembekile, okuzenzakalelayo ngesigaba ngasinye esibalulekile senqubo ye-bauxite Bayer, kusukela ekugayweni kuya ekucacisweni nangale kwalokho.
Inqubo yeBayer Ekhiqiza i-Alumina evela ku-Bauxite
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Amasu Okuthuthukisa Inqubo Anikwe Amandla Ngokulinganiswa Kobuncane Obunembile
Ukulinganiswa okunembile kobuningi be-bauxite pulp kusekela amasu amaningi okwenza ngcono inqubo enqubweni yeBayer yokukhiqizwa kwe-alumina. Ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela, ikakhulukazi ngamathuluzi afana ne-Lonnmeter density meter, kunikeza impendulo esheshayo evumela ukulawula okunembile kuyo yonke isigaba senqubo.
Ukulungiswa Kwezipharamitha Zokugaya Ngokusekelwe Kumanani Obuningi Be-Slurry Yesikhathi Sangempela
Enqubweni yokugaya i-bauxite, ukusebenza kahle kanye nokukhetha kwesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide senqubo ye-Bayer kuncike kakhulu ekuminyaneni kwe-slurry. Ngokuhlala ulinganisa ubuningi bokudla, abaqhubi bangalungisa ukuhlushwa kwe-sodium hydroxide, izinga lokushisa, kanye nesikhathi sokuhlala ngaphakathi kwemithambo yokugaya. Isibonelo, ukwanda okungazelelwe kobuningi be-pulp kungabonisa ukumuncwa ngokweqile kwe-bauxite, okudinga izinguquko ekuhlushweni kwe-caustic noma izinga lokuxuba ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza kahle kokukhishwa kwe-alumina okufiselekayo futhi kuvimbele ukusabalala ohlelweni lokugaya ukudla.
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi be-slurry ngesikhathi sangempela ohlelweni lokuphakelwa kwe-digester kuzinzisa isilinganiso soketshezi nezinto eziqinile futhi kusekela ukuncibilika okuqhubekayo kwamaminerali e-alumina, kunciphisa amathuba ezinto ezingaphenduliwe kanye nokuphambuka kwenqubo engezansi.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kokusebenza Kahle Kokuhlukanisa Okuqinile Noketshezi kanye Nokunciphisa Ukuthwala Udaka Olubomvu
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto eziqinile kuyinselele eyinhloko enqubweni ye-alumina Bayer, ikakhulukazi ezigabeni ezilandela ukugaya. Ukulawulwa okunembile kobuningi be-slurry kuthinta ngqo ukuthuthwa kwenhlabathi kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuhlunga. Ngokuqapha nokulungisa ubuningi, abaqhubi banganciphisa ukuthuthwa kwezinhlayiya zodaka olubomvu oluncane, banciphise ukulahleka kwe-sodium hydroxide ebalulekile futhi baqinisekise ukuthi utshwala obucacile buyatholakala ngempumelelo.
Ngesikhathi sokujiya nokuwasha, ukulinganiswa kobuningi be-bauxite pulp kwenza kube nezimo ezifanele zokuzinza, kusiza ukulawula ukuminyana kodaka olugeleza ngaphansi, kuvimbele ukuncishiswa ngokweqile, futhi kuphathwe izindlela zokulahla udaka olubomvu. Ubuningi obulinganiselayo bukhuthaza ukwakheka okukhulu kweqoqo, kusheshiswe amazinga okuzinza futhi kuncishiswe umthwalo emishinini yokuhlunga engezansi komfula, kuqiniswe ukuphathwa kodaka olubomvu kanye nokuhlukaniswa koketshezi oluqinile enqubweni yeBayer.
Umthelela Esigabeni Sokwakheka Kwekristalu—Ukulawulwa Kokugcwala Okukhulu kanye Nokuna Kwembewu
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi be-slurry kwenqubo ye-Bayer kuba kubaluleke kakhulu emishinini yenqubo yokucwenga i-alumina ngesikhathi se-crystallization. Ukulawulwa kwe-Supersaturation kunquma i-nucleation kanye ne-dynamics yokukhula kwamakristalu e-alumina hydrate. Izinsimbi ezifana ne-Lonnmeter, noma izinzwa zekristalu ye-quartz, zibona ukushintsha kobuningi be-pulp okubonisa ukuqala kwemvula. Lokhu kusabela kwesikhathi sangempela kwenza ukulungiswa okusheshayo kumaphrofayili okushisa, amazinga okwengeza imbewu, kanye namazinga okugeleza, kuncishiswe i-nucleation engafuneki ezenzakalelayo noma ukuhlanganiswa kwekristalu ngokweqile.
Empeleni, amapulatifomu okulawula edijithali asebenzisa okokufaka kobuningi besikhathi sangempela ukuphatha ibhalansi ebucayi yokuna kwembewu. Isibonelo, uma izilinganiso ze-in-site zibonisa ukwanda kobuningi ngaphezu kwemingcele efanele, umthamo wembewu ungandiswa noma amazinga okuhwamuka ancishiswe ukuze kuzinziswe ukugcwala kanye nokwakheka kwekristalu enkambisweni yokukhiqiza i-alumina.
Igalelo Ekulinganisweni Okuqhubekayo kanye Nekhwalithi Efanele Ye-Alumina Yokugcina
Ubuningi bokudla obufanayo obungena emishinini yokugaya i-calcium bubalulekile ukuze kube nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo ehambisanayo ezinyathelweni zenqubo yokukhipha i-alumina. Udaka olujiyile kakhulu lungabangela ukushisa okungalingani, ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni okungaphelele, noma ukungcola okusele ku-alumina ene-calcium. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukudla okungaphansi kobuncane kuyingozi yokulahlekelwa amandla kanye namazinga okuguqulwa aphansi.
Ngokufaka ukulawulwa okunembile kobuningi be-slurry ekucutshungulweni kwamaminerali kuze kube yilapho kuhlanganiswa i-calcium esigabeni sokukhiqizwa kwe-alumina, abaqhubi bathola ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlayiya ezifanayo kanye nokuqukethwe komswakama, okukhiqiza i-alumina yokwakheka kwesigaba okubikezelwayo kanye nezakhiwo zomzimba. Lokhu kuthembeka kwenqubo kuhumusha amaqoqo ambalwa angekho ku-spec kanye nokusebenza kwemishini okubushelelezi.
Ukunciphisa Udoti kanye Nokubuyiselwa Kwesixazululo Se-Sodium Hydroxide Ngokulawulwa Kobuningi Obunolwazi
Ukulinganisa okusebenzayo kwe-bauxite pulp density kunomthelela ngqo ekunciphiseni imfucuza kanye nokubuyiselwa kwesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide. Ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kwenza ukulungiswa okusheshayo kwemingcele yokuwasha kanye nokuhlunga, kuthuthukisa ukuhlukaniswa kotshwala obubalulekile be-caustic odakeni olubomvu futhi kunciphise ukulahleka kwe-caustic. Lokhu kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa futhi kunciphisa inani lodaka olubomvu lokulahla.
Isibonelo, ukulandelela njalo ukuhlukahluka kobuningi ezigabeni zokugeza kusiza abaqhubi ukuthi balondoloze imijikelezo yokuxuba engcono kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela bandise ukubuyiswa kwe-sodium hydroxide futhi bathuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokulahlwa kodaka olubomvu. Lo mkhuba uphinde usekele ukuphathwa kwamandla ngokunciphisa ukuxuba okungadingekile nokupompa, kunciphisa umthelela jikelele wemvelo wenqubo ye-bauxite Bayer.
Ngamafuphi, ukuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwemitha yobuningi beLonnmeter ekulinganisweni kwe-slurry kwembula idatha esebenzisekayo yesinyathelo ngasinye—kusukela ekugayweni nasekuhlukanisweni kuya ekubunjweni kwekristalu kanye ne-calcination—okuqhuba imisebenzi eqhubekayo, ephumelelayo, neqhubekayo kuyo yonke inqubo ye-Bayer alumina.
Izinselele Ezisebenzayo Nezixazululo Ekusetshenzisweni Kokulinganisa Ubuningi
Ukulinganiswa okunembile kobuningi be-bauxite pulp ngaphakathi kwenqubo yeBayer yokukhiqizwa kwe-alumina kubhekene nezinselele eziningana ezisebenzayo. Ukuqinisekisa ukufundwa okuthembekile kubalulekile hhayi nje ekulawuleni inqubo, kodwa futhi nasekulinganiseni inqwaba, ukwenza ngcono ukudla kwe-digester, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwe-solid-liquid phansi.
Imithombo Ejwayelekile Yephutha Lokulinganisa
Imiphumela Yomoya Eqeqeshwe:
Amabhamuza omoya agxilile ngaphakathi kwemifudlana ye-bauxite slurry angaphazamisa kokubili ubuningi kanye nokufundwa kokugeleza kwevolumu. Lokhu kuphumela ekuminyaneni kwe-slurry okungabhekwanga kahle kanye namazinga okugeleza aphezulu, okuthinta ngqo ibhalansi yezinto kanye nokubalwa kwesivuno senqubo. Ukuphazamiseka komoya okugxilile kuye kwabhalwa ukuthi kuvela ekuqhekekeni kwephampu, ukuguquka kokugeleza okuguquguqukayo, kanye nokuvuza, okuholela ephutheni lokulinganisa ezinzwaneni ezivamile. Izinzwa ze-sonar ezithuthukisiwe, ezikwazi ukuhlukanisa izigaba zoketshezi kanye negesi, zilungisa lokhu kungahambi kahle futhi zingathola umoya ogxilile wehle ufike ku-±0.1% ngevolumu.
Ukuguquguquka Kosayizi Wezinhlayiyana:
Ububanzi kanye nokusatshalaliswa kobukhulu bezinhlayiya kuma-slurries e-bauxite kushintsha i-slurry rheology kanye nama-impact density meter calibration curves. Izinhlayiya ezinkulu ze-bauxite zingase zihlale, zikhuthaze ukuhlukaniswa kanye nokumbozwa kwenzwa engaphelele, kuyilapho izinhlayiya ezincane zihlala zilenga ngokulinganayo. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kungaletha ukubandlulula ekulinganisweni kobuningi obungaphakathi futhi kuthinte ukufundwa kwe-Lonnmeter, okudinga ukulinganiswa ngokucophelela kanye nokubekwa kwenzwa.
Ukungcola Kwemishini:
Inqubo ye-alumina ye-Bayer iveza izinzwa ezindaweni ezibangela ukungcola okukhulu, ezihudulayo, nezisikalayo ngenxa yesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide kanye nezinto eziqinile ezilengayo. Ukungcola kwenzeka ezindaweni zezinzwa—ikakhulukazi endaweni yokukhipha ukungcola kanye nemifudlana yokuzinza kodaka—konakalisa impendulo yezinzwa kanye nokunemba. Izembozo ezivikelayo, amashejuli okuhlanza njalo, kanye nezici zokuzixilonga ngamamitha njenge-Lonnmeter kubalulekile ekunciphiseni ukukhukhuleka okubangelwa ukungcola.
Ukubuka Konke Okuqhathanisayo Kwamaphuzu Okufaka
Ukudla Kokugaya:
Ukufaka amayunithi e-Lonnmeter ekudleni kokugaya kuqinisekisa ukulawulwa okuhle kokuhlushwa kwe-sodium hydroxide kanye nobuningi be-bauxite pulp, okuthinta ukusebenza kahle kokugaya kwe-bauxite. Izinzwa lapha zivezwa ekungcoleni okuncane, kodwa umoya ovalwe ngamathangi okuxuba angaphezulu komfula ungalimaza ukufundwa.
Ngemva Kokugaya:
Ukulinganisa ngemva kokugaya kunikeza idatha ngobuningi bangempela be-slurry obulethwa kumayunithi okuhlukanisa okuzinzile kanye noketshezi oluqinile. Izinselele lapha zifaka phakathi ukuchayeka emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, amazinga e-caustic, kanye nomthwalo osindayo wezinhlayiya, okwandisa ingozi yokungcola kanye nokukhukhuleka kokulinganisa.
Imifudlana Yokuhlukaniswa Kodaka:
Kule migqa, ukufundwa okunembile kobuningi be-bauxite pulp kusekela ukuphathwa kodaka olubomvu kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuhlukanisa. Ukungcola kanye nezinguquko ezisheshayo zobuningi ngenxa yemvula zidinga izici eziqinile zokuzihlanza kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwedatha okuvamile. Ukufakwa kwenzwa kumele kubhekele ukuphazamiseka kwegumbi kanye nezici zokugeleza okuguquguqukayo.
Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele Ngokukhetha Imitha Yobuningi
Uma ukhetha imitha yobuningi bezindawo zenqubo ye-bauxite Bayer, cabanga ngalokhu:
- Ukumelana namakhemikhali:Kumelwe imelane nokuxhumana okuqhubekayo nesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide senqubo yeBayer kanye nezinto eziqinile ezirhabaxa.
- Ukunciphisa Ukungcola:Khetha izinzwa ezinezimbozo ezivimbela ukukhula noma amakhono okuhlanza okuzenzakalelayo (isb., ukuhlanza nge-ultrasonic kwe-Lonnmeter).
- Amandla Okulungisa Umoya:Amathuluzi akwazi ukukhokhela umoya oqeqeshwe, njengezinzwa ezisezingeni eliphezulu ze-sonar noma ezisekelwe ku-array, anikeza izinzuzo ezihlukile zokuqina kokulinganisa.
- Ubukhulu Bezinhlayiya Ukuqina:Amadivayisi kufanele afake ububanzi obukhulu bezinhlayiya ze-bauxite slurry, alondoloze ukunemba ngisho nasekugelezeni okuhlukaniswe ngezigaba.
- Ukuguquguquka kokufakwa:Imitha kumele isebenze ngokuthembekile kuzo zonke izinyathelo zenqubo yokukhipha i-alumina—kusukela ekudleni kokugaya kuya ekususeni amanzi odakeni kanye nemiphumela ye-calcination.
- Ukusekelwa Kokusebenza Nokulinganisa:Umklamo ofinyelelekayo kanye nezinqubo zokulinganisa ezibhalwe phansi zenza kube lula ukusebenza kwesikhathi eside kanye nokuhlanganiswa ngaphakathi kwemishini yenqubo yokucwenga i-alumina ekhona.
Ukukhethwa okuphelele kwezinsimbi kanye nokuqinisekiswa okuqhubekayo kuyizidingo zokulinganisa ubuningi be-bauxite pulp okuthembekile. Ukusebenzisa amamitha athuthukile njengeLonnmeter, ngokulinganisa okukhuthele kanye nokugcinwa okuqinile, kuthuthukisa ukulawulwa kwenqubo, ukubalwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, kanye nokukhiqizwa komkhiqizo kuyo yonke imifudlana yenqubo ye-alumina Bayer.
Ukuxhumana Phakathi Kokulawulwa Kobuningi kanye Nokusebenza Kwemvelo
Ukulinganiswa kobuningi be-bauxite pulp okunembile kuyisisekelo sokusebenza kwemvelo enqubweni yeBayer yokukhiqizwa kwe-alumina. Lapho abaqhubi bezitshalo besebenzisa amamitha obuningi angaphakathi njengeLonnmeter, bathola ubuningi be-slurry obuzinzile nobunembile ohlelweni lokuphakelwa kwe-digester. Lokhu kulawulwa okuqinile kuthinta ngqo indlela okuqinile noketshezi okuhlukanisa ngayo enqubweni yokucwenga i-alumina, okubumba ngokuyisisekelo ukukhiqizwa kwemfucuza kanye nokubuyiselwa kwezinsiza.
Udaka olubomvu luyimfucuza eqinile eyinhloko evela ekugayweni kwe-bauxite. Ukuphathwa kobuningi obungafanele kungabangela ukuhlukaniswa okungaphelele koketshezi oluqinile, okwandisa umthamo wodaka olubomvu okumele ugcinwe noma ulahlwe. Ngokusebenzisa isilinganiso sobuningi be-slurry esiqhubekayo senqubo ye-Bayer, abaqhubi bagcina izimo ezifanele zokuzinza nokuhlunga. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-alumina eningi iyatholakala esigabeni soketshezi futhi kulahleke okuncane ngezinto eziqinile ezilengisiwe, kunciphisa ukuphuma kwemfucuza yodaka olubomvu futhi kunciphisa umthwalo ezinhlelweni zokulahla. Isibonelo, ukuzinzisa ubuningi be-pulp ngaphakathi kuka-±0.001 g/cm³ kunciphisa ukuthwala kwezinto ezibalulekile, kuthuthukisa ukuphathwa kodaka olubomvu kuzo zonke izinyathelo zokucacisa nokuqina.
Isixazululo se-sodium hydroxide senqubo yeBayer sibalulekile ekuncibilikiseni i-alumina evela ku-bauxite. Ngokulawulwa kobuningi be-slurry okuthuthukisiwe, i-sodium hydroxide encane ihlala iboshwe odakeni olubomvu oluqinile futhi okuningi kuvuselelwa kahle ngaphakathi kwesekethe. Lokhu kuphakamisa amazinga okubuyisa i-sodium hydroxide, kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali, futhi kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwemvelo. Njengoba izihlungi nezihlungi zisebenza ezindaweni ezifanele zokubeka ubuningi, ukuhlukaniswa kwesisombululo kuba hlanzekile—lokhu kukhulisa ukubuyiselwa kwe-sodium hydroxide ngaphandle kokuxuba ngokweqile noma ukungcola, kusekela ukusebenza okungabizi kakhulu kanye nezindinganiso zekhwalithi yokungcola eziqinile.
Ukulawulwa kobuningi be-pulp kuqinisa nezimiso zomnotho ojikelezayo kuzo zonke izinyathelo zenqubo yokukhipha i-alumina. Ngokuthuthukisa ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto, ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwenqubo, nokukhulisa ukuvuselelwa kwe-sodium hydroxide, inqubo ye-Bayer alumina isondela emigomweni yokulahla imfucuza. Ukunciphisa umthamo wodaka olubomvu nokukhulisa ukululama ngokulawulwa kobuningi obuqondile kusho ukuthi ukudla okwengeziwe kuguqulwa kube yi-alumina eyigugu, futhi kusetshenziswa i-reagent encane ngethani lomkhiqizo. Ukuqapha ubuningi besikhathi sangempela, okuboniswa ukusetshenziswa kwemitha yobuningi be-Lonnmeter ekulinganisweni kwe-slurry, kusekela le miphumela, okuvumela inqubo ye-bauxite ye-Bayer ukuthi ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwezinto kanye nokusimama.
Lokhu kuthuthuka ekulawuleni ubuningi be-slurry kusebenza ngokubambisana nezinye izindlela zokwenza ngcono izinqubo—njengokuqiniswa kwe-crystallization kanye ne-calcination ekukhiqizweni kwe-alumina—ukudala ukusebenza okuhlakaniphile nokunomthwalo wemfanelo emvelweni. Ekugcineni, ukulinganisa ubuningi okuqhubekayo kanye nokwenza ngokuzenzakalela kwenqubo kwenza inqubo ye-Bayer yokukhiqizwa kwe-alumina ihlanzeke, iphephe, futhi isebenze kahle ngenkathi isekela imigomo yomkhakha wonke yokuphathwa kwemvelo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza eziyindilinga.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa)
Iyini injongo eyinhloko yokugaya i-bauxite ku-I-Bayerinqubo?
Ukugaywa kwe-Bauxite kuyisinyathelo esiyisisekelo enqubweni ye-Bayer yokukhiqizwa kwe-alumina. Inhloso yayo eyinhloko ukuncibilikisa i-alumina kusuka ku-bauxite ore kusetshenziswa isisombululo se-sodium hydroxide esishisayo. Ngesikhathi sokugaya, amaminerali e-alumina asabela ne-sodium hydroxide, akha i-sodium aluminate encibilikayo. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukuhlukaniswa kwe-alumina nokungcola, njenge-silica, i-iron oxides, kanye namaminerali e-titanium, ahlala engancibiliki njengodaka olubomvu. Ukuncibilika okuphumelelayo kwe-alumina kubeka isiteji sokululama kwayo njenge-alumina hydrate ezinyathelweni zenqubo ezilandelayo.
Ukulinganiswa okunembile kwe-bauxite pulp density kuzuzisa kanjaniI-Bayerinqubo ye-alumina?
Ukugcina ubuningi be-bauxite pulp enembile enqubweni ye-Bayer alumina kuqinisekisa ukuthi izimo zokugaya zihlala zilungile. Uma ubuningi be-pulp bulawulwa ngokunembile:
- Ukusebenza kahle kokuncibilika kwe-alumina kuthuthukiswa kakhulu, okuthuthukisa amazinga okukhipha.
- Isivuno sokuhlukaniswa koketshezi oluqinile siphezulu, kanye nokuncipha kokuhamba kodaka olubomvu.
- Ukulahlekelwa kwenqubo kuncishisiwe, njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwe-reagent kulawulwa kangcono.
- Ikhwalithi yokugcina yomkhiqizo ihlala ifana, isekela ukwakheka kwekristalu kanye ne-calcination ephumelelayo.
Izinguquko noma ukuphambuka ekuminyaneni kwe-pulp kungaholela ekugayweni okungaphelele, ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kodaka olubomvu, kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kwenqubo engezansi. Ukulawulwa kokuqina kokuqina kusekela ukusebenza okuzinzile kanye nokukhishwa kwe-alumina okuthembekile.
Yiziphi izindlela ezivamile zokulinganisa ubuningi be-slurry ku-aluminaI-Bayerinqubo?
Ukulinganisa ubuningi be-slurry kubalulekile ekulawuleni inqubo kanye nokuvikela imishini. Izindlela ezivamile zifaka:
- Ukuhlaziywa kwe-gravimetric:Ukusampula ngokomzimba kanye nokulinganisa udoti, kulandelwe ukubalwa kobuningi, okufanele ukuhlolwa ngezikhathi ezithile noma okuqondile.
- Izikali ze-gamma-ray noma ze-nuclear density:Sebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-radiometric ukukala ubuningi be-slurry ngesikhathi sangempela, unikeze isilinganiso esiqinile sokungathintani ezindaweni ezinzima. Izinhlelo zesimanje ezisebenzisa imithombo ye-radioactivity ephansi (isb., i-Na-22) zithuthukisa ukuphepha kanye nokuhambisana nemithetho.
- Amamitha angaphakathi njengomitha wobuningi beLonnmeter:Lokhu kunikeza ukufundwa okuqhubekayo, kwesikhathi sangempela kobuningi ngqo kubasebenzi kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula, okunikeza impendulo esheshayo yokulungiswa kwenqubo kanye nokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela okuthuthukisiwe.
Kungani isisombululo se-sodium hydroxide sibalulekile ekugayweni kwe-bauxite?
Isixazululo se-sodium hydroxide sibalulekile enkambisweni yokugaya i-bauxite ngoba sisabela ngokukhetha namaminerali aphethe i-alumina, siwaguqule abe yi-sodium aluminate encibilikayo. Lokhu kusabela kubalulekile ekukhululeni i-alumina etsheni ukuze ihlukaniswe nokungcola okungancibiliki. Ukuhlushwa kwe-sodium hydroxide kulawula nesivinini sokusabela, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-reagent, futhi kudinga ukulinganiswa ngokucophelela ukuze kuthuthukiswe isivuno ngaphandle kokukhiqiza amakhemikhali amaningi angafuneki, njengemikhiqizo yokususa i-silica.
Yiziphi izigaba zenqubo ezizuza ngokuqondile ekulinganisweni kobuningi be-bauxite pulp?
Izigaba eziningana ezibalulekile zenqubo yeBayer zincike ekulawuleni ukuminyana kwe-bauxite pulp:
- Ukugaya i-bauxite:Ubuningi obuqondile buqinisekisa ukuncibilika okuphelele kwe-alumina futhi bulawula ukuhamba kwe-reaction kinetics.
- Ukuhlukaniswa koketshezi oluqinile (ukucaciswa):Ubuningi obuhle busekela ukuqina, ukuhlunga okuphumelelayo, futhi kunciphisa ukuthuthwa kodaka olubomvu.
- Ukwenziwa kwekristalu ekukhiqizweni kwe-alumina:Izimo zokudla ezizinzile zisiza ukulawula amazinga okugcwala ngokweqile kanye nokwakheka kwamakristalu.
- Ukwakheka kwe-calcination ekukhiqizweni kwe-alumina:Ubuningi be-pulp obuhlala njalo buvumela ukumuncwa kanye nokubalwa kwe-calcium okubikezelwayo, okuqinisekisa ubumsulwa bomkhiqizo kanye nesivuno.
Kulezi zigaba, ukulawulwa okungekuhle kobuningi kungaphazamisa ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo, kunciphise ikhwalithi yokukhipha, futhi kube nzima ukuphathwa kanye nokulahlwa kodaka olubomvu.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-26-2025
