I-Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) idlala indima ebalulekile enqubweni yokuhlikihla igesi yomoya ongcolile esetshenziswa ekwenzeni insimbi yesithando somoya-mpilo esiyisisekelo. Kulezi zinhlelo, i-NaOH isebenza njengegesi emunca futhi eqeda ngempumelelo amagesi e-asidi njenge-sulfur dioxide (SO₂), i-nitrogen oxides (NOx), kanye ne-carbon dioxide (CO₂). Igcina ukuhlushwa kwe-NaOH okuhle kakhulu ku-uketshezi lokuhlikihlakubalulekile ezindleleni zokwelapha igesi yomoya ongcolile futhi kuyisisekelo sobuchwepheshe bokuhlanza igesi yomoya ongcolile obusetshenziswa ezitshalweni zensimbi.
Ukulinganisa okunembile nokulawula ukuhlushwa kwe-NaOH kuthinta ngqo kokubili ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo kanye nokulawulwa kokukhishwa komoya. Uma umthamo we-caustic uphansi kakhulu, amazinga okususwa kwegesi ye-asidi ayancipha, okubeka engcupheni ukuhambisana nomthetho kanye nokwandisa ukuhlushwa komoya. I-NaOH eyeqile ayichithi nje kuphela amakhemikhali kodwa ikhiqiza imikhiqizo engadingekile, iphakamisa kokubili izindleko kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo wokuphathwa kwemvelo. Izifundo zokusebenza zibonise ukuthi, isibonelo, isixazululo se-NaOH esingu-5% emibhoshongweni yokufafaza enezigaba ezimbili sifinyelela ekususweni kwe-SO₂ okungafika ku-92%, kuyilapho ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubo njengokwengezwa kwe-sodium hypochlorite kuthuthukisa amazinga okubanjwa kokungcola.
Inqubo Eyisisekelo Yokwenza Insimbi Yesithando Somoya-mpilo: Izinyathelo Nomongo
Ukubuka Konke Kwenqubo Yesithando Somoya Esiyisisekelo (i-BOF)
Inqubo eyisisekelo yokwenza insimbi yesithando somoya-mpilo ihilela ukuguqulwa okusheshayo kwensimbi yengulube encibilikisiwe kanye nensimbi eqoshiwe ibe yinsimbi yekhwalithi ephezulu. Inqubo iqala ngokushaja isitsha se-BOF ngensimbi yengulube eqoshiwe—ekhiqizwa esithandweni somlilo ngokuncibilikisa insimbi kusetshenziswa i-coke kanye ne-limestone—kanye nensimbi eqoshiwe efika ku-30% ngesisindo. Insimbi eqoshiwe isiza ekulawuleni izinga lokushisa kanye nokuvuselela kabusha ngaphakathi kwesistimu.
Ukwenza Insimbi Okuyisisekelo Komoya-mpilo
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Umkhonto opholiswe ngamanzi ufaka i-oxygen ehlanzekile kakhulu ensimbini eshisayo. Lo moya usabela ngqo ne-carbon kanye nokunye ukungcola, okwenza kube yi-oxidizing. Ukusabela okukhulu kufaka phakathi i-C + O₂ eyakha i-CO kanye ne-CO₂, i-Si + O₂ eyakha i-SiO₂, i-Mn + O₂ ekhiqiza i-MnO, kanye ne-P + O₂ ekhiqiza i-P₂O₅. Ama-fluxes e-lime noma e-dolomite ayengezwa ukuze kubanjwe lawa ma-oxide, okudala i-slag eyisisekelo. I-slag intanta ngaphezu kwensimbi encibilikisiwe, okwenza kube lula ukuhlukaniswa nokususwa kokungcola.
Isigaba sokufutha sishisa ishaja ngokushesha; izingcezu ziyancibilika futhi zixubane kahle, okuqinisekisa ukwakheka okufanayo. Ngokuvamile, le nqubo ithatha imizuzu engama-30-45, ikhiqiza amathani afinyelela ku-350 ensimbi ngebhetshi ngayinye ezakhiweni zesimanje.
Ngemva kokuphehla, ukulungiswa kwe-chemistry yensimbi kuvame ukwenzeka kumayunithi okucwenga okwesibili ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nemininingwane eqondile. Insimbi bese ithululelwa emishinini yokubumba eqhubekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-slab, ama-billet, noma ama-blooms. Ukugoqa okulandelayo okushisayo nokubandayo kwakheka le mikhiqizo ukuze isetshenziswe emikhakheni efana nezimoto nokwakha. Umkhiqizo ohambisanayo ophawulekayo yi-slag, esetshenziswa kusimende kanye nengqalasizinda.
Imiphumela Yemvelo kanye Nokukhishwa Kwegesi
Ukwenza insimbi kwe-BOF kudinga amandla amaningi futhi kukhiqiza inani elikhulu lamagesi aphumayo kanye nezinhlayiya. Ukukhishwa okukhulu kuvela ekushiseni kwekhabhoni (CO₂), ukushukuma komshini, kanye nokuhwamuka kwezinto ngesikhathi sokuvunguza komoya-mpilo.
I-CO₂yigesi eyinhloko ekhiqiza ukushisa ekhiqizwayo, eqhutshwa ukusabela kokubola kwekhabhoni. Inani le-CO₂ elikhishwayo lincike kokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni yensimbi eshisayo, isilinganiso sezingcezu ezengeziwe, kanye nokushisa kokusebenza. Ukusebenzisa izingcezu ezisetshenziswe kabusha kakhulu kunganciphisa ukuphuma kwe-CO₂ kodwa kungadinga ukulungiswa ukuze kugcinwe ikhwalithi yensimbi kanye nebhalansi yokushisa kwenqubo.
Ukukhishwa kwezinhlayiyakufaka phakathi ama-oxide ensimbi amahle, izinsalela ze-flux, kanye nothuli oluvela emisebenzini yokushaja noma yokuthepha. Lezi zinhlayiya zingaphansi kokulawulwa okuqinile kwemithetho okudinga ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha okuqhubekayo kanye nokunciphisa.
I-Sulphur dioxide (SO₂)ivela kakhulu esibabuleni ensimbini yengulube encibilikisiwe. Izixazululo zokulawula kumele zibhekane nokusebenza kahle kokususa okulinganiselwe ezigabeni zenqubo yokuqala kanye nokwakheka okungenzeka kwemvula ene-asidi uma ikhishwa ingalashwa.
Imisebenzi yesimanje ye-BOF isebenzisa izixazululo zokulawula ukukhishwa okuhlanganisiwe:
- Izinhlelo zokuhlanza igesi yoketshezi (isb., ukushiswa kwe-limestone emanzi, ukomisa i-lime spray okomile kancane) zihlose ukususwa kwe-SO₂ futhi zivumele ukuguqulwa kube yimikhiqizo ewusizo efana ne-gypsum.
- Ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokuhlanza igesi yoketshezi, izihlungi zendwangu, kanye nomjovo owomile we-sorbent kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwezinhlayiya.
- Izinketho zokubamba i-CO₂ kanye nokwebiwa kwempahla ziyacatshangelwa kakhulu, kanti ubuchwepheshe—njengokuhlafuna ama-amine kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwe-membrane—buhlolwa ukuze kutholakale ukuthi busebenza kahle kangakanani.
Izindlela zokwelapha igesi yoketshezi eziphumelelayo zincike ekuqapheni ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nokulungiswa kwenqubo. Ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi okuqapha ukuhlushwa kwe-alkali ku-inthanethi, okuhlanganisaamamitha okuhlushwa kwe-caustic sodakanye namamitha okuhlushwa aku-inthanethi njengeLonnmeter, kuqinisekisa ukuhlanzwa kwegesi yomoya ongcolile okuphumelelayo kanye nokuhambisana nezindinganiso zokukhishwa kwegesi. Ngokusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe, izitshalo ze-BOF zingafinyelela ukwehla okungaphezu kuka-69% ku-SO₂ kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi okungcolile, okusekela ukuthobela imithetho kanye nokuphathwa kwemvelo.
Ukuhlafuna igesi ye-Flue enqubweni eyisisekelo ye-oksijini
Inhloso kanye Nezisekelo Zokuhlafuna Igesi Yomsele
Ukuhlafuna igesi ye-flue kubhekisela ezinhlelweni namasu aklanyelwe ukususa i-sulfur dioxide (SO₂) nezinye izingxenye ze-acidic kumagesi okukhipha umoya akhiqizwa ngesikhathi sezinyathelo zenqubo yokwenza insimbi ye-oxygen furnace (BOF). Inhloso eyinhloko ukunciphisa ukungcola komoya nokuhlangabezana nemikhawulo yokulawula ye-sulfur nokunye ukukhishwa kwegesi. Ekukhiqizweni kwensimbi, lezi zinqubo zokuhlafuna zisiza ukunciphisa umthelela wemvelo wezinto ezingcolisa umoya ezikhishwa ngesikhathi sokushiswa kwensimbi encibilikisiwe kanye nokushintshashintsha okuhlukahlukene.
Umgomo wamakhemikhali ngemuva kokuhlafuna igesi ephuma emanzini ukuguqulwa kwe-SO₂ yegesi ibe yizinhlanganisela ezingengozi noma ezilawulekayo ngokusabela igesi ngama-sorbents e-alkaline ezigabeni zamanzi noma eziqinile. Ukusabela okuyinhloko ekuhlafuneni okumanzi okusekelwe ku-NaOH yilokhu:
- I-SO₂ (igesi) iyancibilika emanzini ukuze yakhe i-asidi yesulfurous (H₂SO₃).
- I-asidi ye-sulfurous bese isabela ne-sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ikhiphe i-sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃) namanzi.
- SO₂ (g) + H₂O → H₂SO₃ (aq)
- H₂SO₃ (aq) + 2 NaOH (aq) → Na₂SO₃ (aq) + 2 H₂O
Lokhu kungathathi hlangothi okusheshayo nokunamandla kakhulu kunikeza izinhlelo ze-NaOH ukusebenza kahle kwazo kokususa okuphezulu. Ekuhlanzeni okusekelwe ku-limestone noma ku-lime, okulandelayo kuyaphumelela:
- I-CaCO₃ noma i-Ca(OH)₂ isabela ne-SO₂, yakha i-calcium sulfite, futhi uma i-oxidation iphoqelelwe, i-calcium sulfate (i-gypsum).
- I-CaCO₃ + SO₂ → I-CaSO₃
- I-CaSO₃ + ½O₂ + 2H₂O → CaSO₄·2H₂O
Ukusebenza kahle kwalezi zindlela zokuhlikihla kuncike ekugxilweni kwe-sorbent, ukuthintana kwegesi noketshezi, izinga lokushisa, kanye nezici ezithile zomfudlana wegesi we-BOF flue.
Izinhlobo Zamasu Okuhlafuna Igesi Emanzi Ekwenzeni Insimbi
Izinhlelo zokuhlanza ngamanzi ezisebenzisa i-caustic soda (NaOH) kanye ne-limestone/lime slurry yizona zindlela zokwelapha igesi ye-BOF flue. I-NaOH iyathandwa ngenxa ye-alkalinity yayo enamandla kanye ne-kinetics yokusabela okusheshayo, ifinyelela ukususwa kwe-SO₂ okuphelele ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo. Kodwa-ke, kuyabiza uma kuqhathaniswa ne-lime noma i-limestone. Lezi zinhlelo zendabuko ezisekelwe ku-calcium zihlala zijwayelekile, ngokuvamile zifinyelela ukusebenza kahle okungu-90–98% lapho imingcele yenqubo ilungiswa.
Ekuhlanzeni okumanzi nge-limestone noma i-lime, uhlelo luvame ukuhilela igesi egeleza phezulu ngemibhoshongo epakishiwe noma efafazwayo ngenkathi kujikeleziswa i-slurry ukuqinisekisa ukuthintana okwanele kwegesi noketshezi. I-sulfite noma i-sulfate ephumayo iyasuswa enkambisweni, bese i-gypsum iwumkhiqizo oyinhloko ezinhlelweni ze-lime/limestone.
Ukuhlikihla okomile ngokufutha kusebenzisa amaconsi e-slurry noma i-dry sorbent injection (DSI) ukwelapha amagesi ngqo ezimweni ezomile kancane. I-Trona, i-lime emanzi, kanye ne-limestone yizona ezivame ukusetshenziswa njenge-sorbents. I-Trona ifinyelela izinga eliphezulu lokususa i-SO₂ phakathi kwalezi (kufika ku-94%), kodwa i-lime kanye ne-limestone zinikeza ezinye izindlela ezithembekile nezingabizi kakhulu zezitshalo eziningi zensimbi. Izinhlelo zokomisa ngokufutha ziphawulwa ngokusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuphansi, ukulungiswa okulula, kanye nokuguquguquka kokususwa kwezinto ezingcolisa kakhulu okuhlanganisa izinhlayiya kanye ne-mercury.
Ngokwemishini, ukuhlikihla okusekelwe ku-NaOH kusebenza nge-chemistry yesigaba soketshezi, kugwema ukukhiqizwa komkhiqizo oqinile futhi kusiza ukwelashwa kokungcola okulula kakhulu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinhlelo ze-lime/limestone zithembele ekumuncweni kwe-slurry, okuveza i-gypsum edinga ukuphathwa noma ukulahlwa okwengeziwe. Ukuhlikihla okomile ngokufutha kuhlanganisa ukumuncwa kwesigaba segesi kanye nesigaba soketshezi, kanye nemikhiqizo yokusabela eyomile eqoqwe njengezinto eziqinile ezincane.
Ngokuqhathanisa, i-NaOH inikeza:
- Ukusabela okuphezulu kanye nokulawula inqubo.
- Akukho udoti oqinile, okwenza kube lula ukuphathwa kwemvelo.
- Izindleko eziphezulu ze-reagent, okwenza ingakhangi kangako izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinkulu, kodwa ilungele lapho kudingeka khona ukususwa okukhulu kwe-SO₂ noma ukulahlwa komkhiqizo oqinile kuyinkinga.
Izindlela ze-limestone/lime:
- Izindleko ze-reagent eziphansi.
- Ukusebenza kahle, ukuhlanganiswa okulula nokuqinisekiswa kwe-gypsum.
- Kudinga izinhlelo zokuphatha udaka oluqinile kanye nomkhiqizo olandelanayo.
Izinhlelo ze-sorbent zokomisa ngokufutha nangokumisa:
- Ukuguquguquka kokusebenza.
- Ukusebenza kahle okungenzeka kube phezulu nge-trona, yize izindleko kanye nokuhlinzekwa kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-NaOH Scrubbing ku-BOF Operations
Amayunithi okuhlafuna e-NaOH ahlanganiswe phansi kwezindawo zokuqala zokuqoqwa kwe-BOF ngaphandle kwegesi, ngokuvamile alandela izigaba zokuqala zokususa uthuli njengezinto zokushisa ezisebenzisa ugesi noma izindawo zokugcina izimpahla. Igesi yomoya ipholiswa ngaphambi kokungena embhoshongweni wokuhlafuna, lapho ixhumana khona nesisombululo se-NaOH esijikelezayo. Ukungcola kubhekwa njalo ukuze kutholakale ukugcwala kwe-alkali, kusetshenziswa amathuluzi afana nemitha yokuhluza eku-inthanethi, imitha yokuhluza ye-caustic soda, kanye nezinhlelo ezenzelwe ukuqapha ukugcwala kwe-alkali eku-inthanethi—isibonelo, i-Lonnmeter—ukuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-reagent okuhle kakhulu kanye nokusebenza kahle kokubamba i-SO₂.
Ukubekwa kwe-NaOH scrubbing kubalulekile; umbhoshongo wokuhlafuna kumele ubekwe ukuze uphathe ukugeleza kwegesi okuphezulu futhi ugcine isikhathi esanele sokuxhumana. Ukungcola okuvela ku-scrubber kuvame ukuthunyelwa ohlelweni lokungashintshi noma lokubuyisa, kunciphisa izikweletu zemvelo futhi kusiza ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwamanzi okungenzeka.
Ukuhlanganisa ukuhlafuna i-NaOH enqubweni eyisisekelo yesithando somoya-mpilo kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo ngoku:
- Kunciphisa kakhulu ukukhishwa kwe-SO₂.
- Ukususa imfucuza eqinile ekuhlanzweni kwegesi yomoya ongcolile, ukwenza kube lula ukuthobela ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanza igesi yomoya ongcolile kanye nemithetho emisha.
- Ukuvumela ukulungiswa kwenqubo yesikhathi sangempela ngokulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwe-NaOH ku-inthanethi, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo igcina izindawo ezibekiwe zokususwa kwe-SO₂.
Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kusekela inqubo ephelele yokususa igesi yomoya-mpilo. Kuxazulula izinselele zokukhishwa kwegesi ezitholakala ekwenziweni kwensimbi eyisisekelo yesithando somoya-mpilo ngokunikeza izindlela zokwelapha igesi yomoya-mpilo ezinokwethenjelwa neziguquguqukayo ezifanela kahle izidingo zesimanje zokulawula nokusebenza. Ukwamukelwa kokuqapha okuthuthukisiwe kokuhlushwa kwe-alkali ku-inthanethi kuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-NaOH, kuvimbela ukulinganisa ngokweqile kwamakhemikhali, futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo lokulawula ukukhishwa kwegesi lusebenza ngaphakathi kwemingcele eqinile ebekiwe.
Ukulinganiswa Kokuhlushwa kwe-NaOH: Ukubaluleka Nezindlela
Indima Ebalulekile Yokuqapha Ukuhlushwa kwe-NaOH
KunembileUkulinganiswa kokuhlushwa kwe-NaOHKubalulekile enkambisweni ye-basic oxygen furnace (BOF), ikakhulukazi enkambisweni yokuhlafuna igesi ephumayo. Ukulawulwa okuphumelelayo komthamo we-NaOH kuthinta ngqo ukusebenza kahle kokususwa kwe-SO₂. Uma isisombululo se-caustic soda sibuthakathaka kakhulu, ukubanjwa kwe-SO₂ kuyehla, okuholela ekukhishweni okuphezulu kwe-stack futhi kubeke engcupheni yokungalandeli imithethonqubo yemvelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umthamo we-NaOH oweqile ukhulisa izindleko ze-reagent futhi udala imfucuza yokusebenza, okwengeza umthwalo wokuphathwa kokungcola kanye nokuphathwa kwezinto.
Ukuhlushwa kwe-NaOH okungalungile kuphazamisa yonke inqubo yokuhlanza igesi yomoya. Ukuhlushwa okunganele kubangela izehlakalo zokuqhuma, lapho i-SO₂ idlula khona emshinini wokuhlikihla ongalungiswanga. Ukuhlushwa ngokweqile kulahla izinsiza futhi kukhiqize imikhiqizo engaba khona ye-sodium sulfate kanye ne-carbonate, okwenza kube nzima ukwelashwa kwemfucuza engezansi. Zombili lezi zimo zingaphazamisa ukuhambisana nemikhawulo yekhwalithi yomoya futhi kwandise izindleko zokusebenza kwesitshalo sensimbi.
Ubuchwepheshe be-Concentration Meter ku-inthanethi
Amamitha okuhlushwa aku-inthanethi, kufaka phakathi imitha yokuhlushwa kwe-caustic soda e-Lonnmeter, aguqula izindlela zokwelapha igesi yomoya ngokuletha ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, ngesikhathi sangempela. Lawa mathuluzi asebenza ngokulinganisa i-pH, ukuhanjiswa kwamandla, noma kokubili; indlela ngayinye inikeza izinzuzo ezihlukile.
Izinzwa eziku-inthanethi zifakwa ngqo emigqeni yotshwala ejikelezayo noma emathangini. Amaphuzu abalulekile okuhlanganisa afaka:
- ama-electrode e-pH (ingilazi noma isimo esiqinile) ukuze kulandelwe i-alkalinity ngqo.
- Ama-probe okuqhuba (insimbi engagqwali noma ama-electrode e-alloy amelana nokugqwala) ukuze kulinganiswe okuqukethwe kwe-ionic okubanzi.
- Ukuxhumanisa izintambo noma ukuxhumana kwenethiwekhi ukuze kuhlanganiswe ohlelweni lokulawula olusatshalaliswayo lwesitshalo, okuvumela ukukala okuzenzakalelayo.
Izinzuzo zokulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwe-NaOH ku-inthanethi zifaka:
- Ukutholwa kwedatha okuqhubekayo, okunganqamuki.
- Ukutholwa ngokushesha kokuncipha noma ukweqisa kwe-NaOH.
- Ukuncipha kwemvamisa yokuthatha amasampula ngesandla kanye nomsebenzi.
- Ukulawulwa kwenqubo okuthuthukisiwe, njengoba idatha yesikhathi sangempela ivumela ukulungiswa okuguquguqukayo ekulinganisweni kwe-caustic ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zangempela.
Umkhuba wezimboni ukhombisa ukuthi ukuhlanganisa izinhlobo zombili zezinzwa ngaphakathi kweLonnmeter noma amapulatifomu afanayo ezinzwa eziningi kwandisa ukuqina kokuqapha kokuhlushwa kwe-alkali ku-inthanethi. Le ndlela ehlanganisiwe manje iyisisekelo sobuchwepheshe besimanje bokuhlanza igesi yomoya, ikakhulukazi emisebenzini emikhulu neguquguqukayo ephezulu njengenqubo yokwenza insimbi yesithando somoya-mpilo esiyisisekelo.
Imikhuba Emihle Yokuqapha Nokugcina Ukuhlushwa kwe-NaOH
Ukulinganiswa okufanele kanye nokugcinwa kubalulekile ekulinganisweni okunembile kwe-inthanethi. Izinzwa zidinga ukulinganiswa okuvamile—amamitha e-pH kufanele alinganiswe ezindaweni ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zokubhekisela kusetshenziswa izixazululo ze-buffer eziqinisekisiwe ezihlanganisa ububanzi be-pH obulindelekile. Amamitha okuqhuba kumele alinganiswe ngokumelene nezixazululo ezijwayelekile ezinamandla e-ionic aziwayo.
Uhlelo lokulungisa olusebenzayo luhlanganisa:
- Ukuhlola okubonakalayo njalo nokuhlanza ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcola noma imvula evela ku-sodium carbonate noma i-sulfate.
- Ukuqinisekiswa kwempendulo ye-elekthronikhi kanye nokulungiswa kabusha ngemva kwanoma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka kwamakhemikhali noma ngokomzimba.
- Ukushintshaniswa kwezinto zenzwa okuhleliwe ngezikhathi ezinconywe ngumkhiqizi, kuphawulwe ukuguguleka okuvamile okuvela endaweni enobungozi obukhulu.
Ukuxazulula izinkinga ezivamile:
- Ukuzulazula kwezinzwa kuvame ukubangelwa ukungcola okuhlanganayo noma ukuwohloka okuhlobene nobudala; ukulinganisa kabusha ngokuvamile kungabuyisela ukunemba.
- Ukungcola okuvela emikhiqizweni engaphansi kwenqubo efana ne-sodium sulfate kudinga ukuhlanzwa ngamakhemikhali noma ukususwa ngomshini.
- Ukuphazamiseka okuvela kwamanye usawoti oncibilikisiwe, okungaphakamisa ukuguquguquka komoya ngamanga, kulawulwa ukuhlolwa okwenziwa njalo kwelebhu kanye nokukhetha ama-algorithms okunciphisa umswakama afanele ngaphakathi kwemitha.
Ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi ye-reagent ehambisanayo kusho ukuqapha i-NaOH engenayo ukuze kutholakale ubumsulwa kanye nezimo zokugcina ukuze kuvinjelwe ukumuncwa kwe-CO₂ (okwakha i-sodium carbonate futhi kwehlise amandla e-caustic asebenzayo). Ukuhlolwa njalo kokunikezwa kanye nemibhalo kuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo isebenzisa njalo ama-reagent ngaphakathi kwencazelo, okusekela kokubili ukusebenza kwenqubo kanye nokuhambisana nomthetho.
Lezi zindlela zisekela ukulinganiswa kokuhlushwa kwe-NaOH okuthembekile kanye nokusebenza okuqhubekayo ezinqubweni zokususa i-flue gas ezidingakalayo eziyinhloko yezinyathelo eziyisisekelo zokwenza insimbi yesithando somoya-mpilo.
Isithando Somoya-mpilo Esiyisisekelo
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Ukuthuthukisa i-Flue Gas Scrubbing nge-NaOH ekwenzeni insimbi
Amasu Okulawula Inqubo
Izinqubo zokuhlanza igesi yoketshezi yezimboni ekwenzeni insimbi yesithando somoya-mpilo eyisisekelo zincike ekulinganisweni okunembile kwe-NaOH ukuze kususwe kahle i-sulfur dioxide (SO₂) kanye ne-nitrogen oxides (NOₓ). Izinhlelo zokulinganisa ezizenzakalelayo zihlanganisa idatha yesikhathi sangempela kusuka kumamitha okuhlushwa aku-inthanethi njenge-Lonnmeter, okuvumela ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kokuhlushwa kwe-alkali. Lezi zinhlelo zilungisa amazinga okujova kwe-NaOH ngokushesha, zigcina ukuhlushwa okuqondiwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuncishiswa kwegesi futhi kuncishiswe ukuchithwa kwamakhemikhali.
Izinzuzo Zemvelo
Ukuhlafuna ngamanzi nge-NaOH, uma kulawulwa ngokuqinile, kufinyelela ekususweni kwe-SOx okungafika ku-92% ngesisombululo se-NaOH esingu-5%, njengoba kuboniswe ezifundweni zokuqhathanisa zezitshalo. Lobu buchwepheshe buvame ukuhlanganiswa ne-NaOCl, okuphakamisa amazinga okususa ukungcola okuningi, kanti ezinye izinhlelo zifinyelela ukusebenza kahle okungu-99.6% kwe-SOx kanye nokuncipha okukhulu kwe-NOx. Ukusebenza okunjalo kuhambisana nezibopho zesimo sezulu zomkhakha wensimbi ngaphansi kwezinhloso zeSivumelwano saseParis, okusiza ukuqinisekiswa komuntu wesithathu kanye nesitifiketi sokuthobela imithetho kubakhiqizi bensimbi. Ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela kanye nokulinganisa okuzenzakalelayo nakho kusekela ukutholwa okusheshayo nokulungiswa kokwelashwa kwegesi okungeyona i-spec, ukuvimbela ukwephulwa kwemithetho kanye nezinhlawulo ezibizayo.
Izindleko Nokusebenza Kahle
Ukulinganisa okunembile kokuhlushwa kwe-NaOH kusetshenziswa amadivayisi okuqapha ukuhlushwa kwe-alkali aku-inthanethi, njenge-Lonnmeter caustic soda concentration metres, kuqhuba izindleko ezinkulu kanye nokusebenza kahle enqubweni eyisisekelo yesithando somoya-mpilo. Izinhlelo zokulinganisa ezizenzakalelayo zilungisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-reagent, zinciphisa ngqo izindleko zamakhemikhali ngokugwema ukukala ngokweqile noma ngaphansi. Izifundo zamacala embonini zibonisa njalo ukonga kwamakhemikhali okungaphezu kuka-45% lapho ukukala kulungiswa ngezilinganiso zesikhathi sangempela.
Lawa maqhinga okusebenza anciphisa nokuguguleka kwemishini futhi anciphise isikhathi sokungasebenzi. Ukugcinwa okubikezelayo okuvunyelwe ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kunikeza isixwayiso kusenesikhathi sokuphambuka kanye nokungahambi kahle kwenqubo, okuvumela imisebenzi yokulungisa ukuthi ihlelwe ngaphambi kokuba imishini ihluleke. Amasu afana nokuhlolwa kwe-thermographic kanye nokuhlaziywa kokudlidliza andisa isikhathi sokuphila kwemishini. Izitshalo zibika ukonga kwezindleko zokulungisa okungu-8-12% kunezindlela zokuvimbela, kanye nokulungiswa okufika ku-40%. Ngenxa yalokho, izinyathelo eziyisisekelo zokwenza insimbi ye-oxygen furnace ziba zizinzile, ngengozi encishisiwe yokuvalwa okungahleliwe, ukuphepha okuthuthukisiwe, kanye nokuhambisana nomthetho okuthembekile. Ukusebenzisa lezi zindlela zokulawula inqubo kanye nokwelashwa kwegesi yomoya kwenza abenzi bensimbi bakwazi ukulinganisela imigomo yezemvelo kanye nezomnotho ngempumelelo.
Izinselele Ezivamile Nezixazululo Ekulinganisweni Kokuhlushwa kwe-NaOH
Ukulinganisa okunembile kokuhlushwa kwe-NaOH enqubweni eyisisekelo yesithando somoya-mpilo kubalulekile ekuhlanzeni igesi yomoya-mpilo ngempumelelo, ukulawula inqubo, kanye nokunamathela ezindinganisweni zekhwalithi yensimbi. Izinselele ezintathu eziqhubekayo ukuphazamiseka kwamanye amakhemikhali, ukungcola kwezinzwa, kanye nesidingo sokunciphisa imisebenzi yokuthatha amasampula ngesandla.
Ukuphatha Ukuphazamiseka Okuvela Kwamanye Amakhemikhali Kugesi Wokukhukhuleka
Inqubo yokuhlafuna igesi yoketshezi ivame ukusebenzisa i-NaOH ekunciphiseni ukungcola okune-asidi. Kodwa-ke, ukuba khona kwamanye ama-ion—njenge-sulfate, ama-chloride, nama-carbonate—kungashintsha izakhiwo zomzimba zotshwala bokuhlanza futhi kwenze kube nzima ukunqunywa kokuhlushwa.
- Ukuphazamiseka ngokomzimba:Lezi zingcolisi ze-ionic zingashintsha ubuningi noma i-viscosity yesisombululo, okuthinta ngqo izilinganiso ezivela kumamitha okuhlushwa asekelwe ku-density njenge-Lonnmeter. Isibonelo, amazinga aphezulu e-SO₂ encibilikisiwe angase asabele ekukhiqizeni i-sodium sulfite, okuphambukisa ukufundwa kobuningi be-NaOH ngaphandle kokuthi amamitha alinganiswe noma anxeshezelwe izixazululo zezingxenye eziningi.
- Isixazululo:Amadivayisi esimanje e-Lonnmeter afaka phakathi ama-algorithms asezingeni eliphezulu okuhlukaniswa kobuningi kanye nesinxephezelo sokushisa, okunciphisa amaphutha ngenxa yokuba khona kwezinto eziphazamisayo. Ukulinganiswa okuvamile ngokumelene nezindinganiso ezaziwayo ezinamaphrofayili okungcola afanayo kuthuthukisa ukunemba kokulinganisa kwezinyathelo zenqubo ye-BOF ezibandakanya imifudlana yegesi yoketshezi eyinkimbinkimbi yamakhemikhali. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinzwa eziningi zamakhemikhali kusiza futhi ukuhlukanisa ukufundwa kwe-NaOH ukuze kulawulwe kahle ama-reagent.
Ukubhekana Nokungcoliswa Kwezinzwa Nokugcina Ukunemba Kokulinganisa
Ukungcola kwenzeka lapho izinhlayiya, ukusha, noma imikhiqizo yokusabela iqoqana ezindaweni zezinzwa. Ezimweni ezinzima zokuhlanza igesi yomoya ye-BOF, izinzwa zivezwa ezintweni ezinhlayiya, ukukala okuvela kusawoti, kanye nezinsalela ezinamathelayo—ngasinye sibangela ukufundwa okungalungile kanye nezinkinga zokugcinwa.
- Imithombo evamile yokungcola:Izimvula ezifana ne-calcium carbonate kanye ne-iron oxides zingamboza isici esidlidlizayo senzwa, zinciphise impendulo yayo yokuzwakala futhi ziholele ekufundweni okuphansi noma okukhukhulekayo. Ukwakheka kodaka olunamathelayo olunamandla kuphazamisa kakhulu ukuzinza kwesignali.
- Isixazululo:Amamitha okuhlushwa eLonnmeter aklanywe ngezindawo ezibushelelezi, ezingagqwali kanye nezinqubo zokuhlanza ezingasetshenziswa njengokuhlanza ngaphakathi kanye nokushukunyiswa kwe-ultrasonic ukuvimbela ukwakheka. Imijikelezo yokuhlanza ehleliwe ezenzakalelayo ingahlelwa kusetshenziswa i-logic yesistimu yokulawula, ithuthukise kakhulu impilo yenzwa futhi iqinisekise ukunemba okuqhubekayo. Ukuxilongwa okwakhelwe ngaphakathi kuxwayisa opharetha ngokushelela kokulinganisa noma ukungcola, okubangela ukulungiswa okusheshayo ngaphandle kokudinga ukuhlolwa okuvamile ngesandla.
Ukunciphisa Ukuthatha Amasampula Nokuhlaziya Ngesandla
Ukulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwe-NaOH kwendabuko kuvame ukuncika ekuthathweni kwesampula ngesandla kanye nokulinganisa kwelebhu. Le ndlela idla isikhathi, isengozini yokwenza amaphutha, futhi iletha ukubambezeleka kokubika okuphazamisa ukulungiswa kwenqubo yesikhathi sangempela okudingekayo ngesikhathi sezinyathelo ezibalulekile zokwenza insimbi.
- Izingqinamba zokuthatha amasampula ngesandla:Imikhankaso yokuthatha amasampula iphazamisa ukuhamba komsebenzi, ibeka engcupheni amakhemikhali ayingozi, futhi ihlinzeka ngedatha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi okukhulu, okuphazamisa ukulawulwa okuqinile kwezindlela zokwelapha igesi yomoya.
- Isixazululo:Ukuhlanganiswa kokuqapha ukuhlushwa kwe-alkali okuku-inthanethi kwe-Lonnmeter ngqo kuma-PLC noma izinhlelo zokulawula ezisatshalaliswa (i-DCS) kwenza impendulo yesikhathi sangempela yokulinganisa okuzenzakalelayo kwe-reagent kanye nokutholwa kwe-endpoint. Lawa mamitha okuhlushwa kwe-caustic soda aqhubeka nokudlulisa izingodo zedatha egumbini lokulawula, aqede umsebenzi ojwayelekile futhi enze opharetha bakwazi ukugxila ekuqapheni okunesu. Imibhalo yenqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo ezinjalo zamamitha okuhlushwa eziku-inthanethi zinciphisa umsebenzi wokuthatha amasampula ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-80, ngenkathi zisekela ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanza igesi yomoya ukuze kugcinwe ukuhambisana kanye nokufana komkhiqizo.
Izinjini zensimbi zangempela ezisebenzisa imisebenzi yesimanje ye-BOF manje zincike ezixazululweni zokulinganisa ezithuthukisiwe okuhlanganisa namadivayisi e-Lonnmeter ukubhekana nalezi zinselele, ukusekela ukukhishwa kwegesi yomoya okuqinile kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusetshenziswa kwe-alkali.
Amathiphu Okuhlanganisa Okulawula Inqubo Engenamthungo Nokuphathwa Kwedatha
Ukulinganisa okuphumelelayo kokuhlushwa kwe-NaOH ku-inthanethi kuncike ekuhlanganisweni okuqinile nezilawuli zenqubo. Xhuma amamitha okuhlushwa ezinhlelweni ze-DCS, PLC, noma ze-SCADA ukuze kuqashwe futhi kulawulwe okuphakathi. Qinisekisa ukuthi izimpawu zenzwa zilinganiswe kahle futhi ziqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa ezenzakalelayo zenqubo noma ekuphathweni kwe-alamu. Lungiselela ama-alamu okuhlushwa aphezulu/aphansi ukuze ushukumise isenzo somsebenzisi ngesikhathi sokuphambuka ekulinganisweni kwe-caustic soda kobuchwepheshe bokuhlanza igesi yomoya.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwedatha:
- Sebenzisa izindlela zokulinganisa ngezikhathi ezithile usebenzisa izixazululo zezinkomba eziqinisekisiwe.
- Sebenzisa ukuloga kwedatha okuzenzakalelayo ukuze kuhlaziywe izitayela kanye nokubuyekezwa kwemithetho.
- Sebenzisa ukuphindaphinda lapho inqubo ibaluleke kakhulu; sebenzisa izinzwa zokusekelayo noma iziteshi zesignali ezimbili.
- Idatha yenethiwekhi kusuka kumitha yokuhlushwa eku-inthanethi ngqo iye ezinhlelweni zomlando wezinqubo ukuze kuvunyelwe ukubuyekezwa okujulile ngesikhathi sokuxazulula izinkinga noma ukuhlolwa kwezinqubo.
Ukuze kusebenze kahle kakhulu, hlanganisa izindlela zokuhlanganisa ukuze kulinganiswe isikali sesitshalo—ukuthembela ku-DCS ukuze kusebenze i-BOF eningi kakhulu, eqhubekayo; noma i-PLC/SCADA yezinhlelo ze-modular noma ze-pilot ezidinga ukulungiswa kabusha okusheshayo. Ngesikhathi sokuhlela ukuhlanganiswa, faka amaqembu obunjiniyela ekuhlolweni kwe-interface kanye nokuqinisekiswa ukuze ugweme amaphutha okuxhumana kanye nokulahleka kwedatha.
Isiphetho
Ukulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwe-NaOH okuphumelelayo kubalulekile ekusebenzeni nasekuthembekeni kwenqubo yokuhlafuna igesi yomoya-mpilo ekwenzeni insimbi yesithando somoya-mpilo esiyisisekelo. Ukuqapha okunembile, ngesikhathi sangempela kwe-NaOH kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-SO₂ ne-NOx zisuswa kahle, okusekela ngqo kokubili ukusebenza kahle kanye nezidingo zokuthobela imithetho eqinile. Ukugcina ukuhlushwa kwe-NaOH okufanele kuvumela ukusebenza kahle kokuhlafuna, kunciphisa ukwakheka komkhiqizo ophumayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-reagent okungadingekile, ngenkathi futhi kugwenywa izinkinga zokusebenza ezifana nokukhula nokugqwala ohlelweni.
Ukufakwa kwezinhlelo zokuqapha ukuhlushwa kwe-alkali eziku-inthanethi ezithuthukisiwe—njengalezo ezisebenzisa ukuhanjiswa kwe-multi-parameter, usawoti, kanye nokutholwa kwe-alkali—sekuyisilinganiso semboni. Ngokwamukela ubuchwepheshe obuqinile njengemitha yokuhlushwa eku-inthanethi kanye namamitha okuhlushwa e-caustic soda azinikele, opharetha bathola ukuqonda okuqhubekayo ngezimo zenqubo. Lezi zinhlelo zenza kube lula ukulawula inqubo enamandla futhi zivumela ukulungiswa kokulungisa ekuphenduleni kokushintsha komthwalo noma ukwakheka kwegesi, okuvumela izikhungo ukuthi zivumelanise izinyathelo zazo eziyisisekelo zokwenza insimbi ye-oxygen furnace ngokunemba.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubo kuqiniswa ngokuhlanganisa amathuluzi okulinganisa anembile namasu okulawula impendulo, okuvumela ukulungiswa kokulinganisa kwe-NaOH okusebenzayo. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokugcina ukusebenza kahle kokususa okuphezulu enkambisweni yokuhlafuna igesi yomoya kodwa futhi kunciphisa izindleko zemvelo nezezimali ezihlobene nokulinganisa ngokweqile noma ngaphansi. Ukuqapha kwe-NaOH okuthembekile kuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo eyisisekelo yesithando somoya-mpilo ihlangabezana njalo nezinhloso zokukhishwa okuphansi kakhulu manje ezivame kakhulu emithethweni yezimboni futhi kuhambisana nezindlela zokwelapha igesi yomoya-mpilo ezitholakalayo kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuhlanza.
Esimweni sokulawula esidinga ukulawulwa okuqinile kokukhishwa kwegesi, ingqalasizinda yokulinganisa eqinile akuyona nje imfuneko yobuchwepheshe kodwa iyimfuneko yebhizinisi. Ukwamukelwa kwamamitha okuhlushwa—njengalawo anikezwa yiLonnmeter—kunika amandla izitshalo zensimbi ukufeza imigomo yokungcola egunyazwe abalawuli ngokuzethemba, okusekela kokubili izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa inqubo eqhubekayo kanye nezidingo zokubhala ukuhambisana nomthetho. Lokhu kubeka ukulinganiswa okunembile kokuhlushwa kwe-NaOH enhliziyweni yobunjiniyela bezinqubo ezisebenzayo kanye nemisebenzi eqhubekayo ekukhiqizeni insimbi.
imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
Kuyini ukuhlafuna igesi yomoya-mpilo futhi kungani kudingeka enqubweni eyisisekelo yesithando somoya-mpilo?
Ukuhlafuna igesi eliyimpuphu kuyindlela yokulawula ukukhishwa kwegesi esetshenziswa ukususa amagesi ayingozi njenge-sulfur dioxide (SO₂) emgqonyeni okhiqizwa ngesikhathi senqubo yokwenza insimbi ye-oxygen furnace (BOF). Lokhu kwelashwa kuvikela imvelo ngokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi eliyi-asidi kanye nokukhishwa kwezinhlayiya, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthi izitshalo zensimbi zihambisane nezindinganiso zekhwalithi yomoya kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi. Inqubo ye-BOF ikhipha inani elikhulu le-carbon dioxide, i-carbon monoxide, kanye namagesi aqukethe i-sulfur, okudinga ukwelashwa kwegesi okuqinile ukuze kuncishiswe imiphumela yemvelo kanye neyokulawula.
Isebenza kanjani inqubo yokuklwebha igesi yomoya ekwenzeni insimbi?
Ezitshalweni zensimbi ze-BOF, ukuhlafuna igesi yomoya kuncike ekumuncweni kwamakhemikhali ukuze kususwe amagesi e-asidi ekukhishweni kwenqubo. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kuhilela ukudlulisa amagesi omoya ngomshini wokuxhumana lapho into emunca—ngokuvamile i-sodium hydroxide (NaOH, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-caustic soda) noma i-limestone slurry—isabela ne-sulfur dioxide nezinye izinhlobo ze-asidi. Isibonelo, lapho kusetshenziswa i-NaOH, i-SO₂ isabela ukuze yakhe i-sodium sulfite noma i-sulfate encibilikayo, okwenza igesi ingasebenzi. Isixazululo sokuhlafuna simunca ukungcola, futhi igesi ehlanziwe ikhishwa umoya. Ukuhlafuna kahle kuncike ekulawuleni okunembile kanye nokuqapha amakhemikhali okuhlafuna kulo lonke le nqubo.
Yiziphi izinyathelo zenqubo eyisisekelo yokwenza insimbi yesithando somoya-mpilo?
Inqubo yokwenza insimbi ye-BOF inezinyathelo ezihlukile neziqashwe ngokucophelela:
- Ukushaja isithando somoya-mpilo esiyisisekelo ngensimbi eshisayo, encibilikisiwe (ngokuvamile etholakala ezithandweni zokuqhuma), insimbi elahliwe, kanye nokugeleza okufana ne-limestone.
- Ukuphefumula i-oxygen emsulwa kakhulu ngensimbi encibilikisiwe, kukhipha ngokushesha ukungcola (ikakhulukazi i-carbon, i-silicon, ne-phosphorus) okuphenduka kube amagesi afana ne-CO₂ ne-CO₂.
- Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-slag (equkethe ukungcola oku-oxidized) nensimbi encibilikisiwe efiselekayo.
- Ukucwengisisa okwengeziwe ngokulungisa okuqukethwe yi-alloy nokubumba umkhiqizo wensimbi.
Phakathi nalezi zinyathelo, kukhiqizwa ukukhishwa okukhulu okudinga ukuhlanzwa kwegesi yomoya-mpilo, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuvunguza nokuhluzwa komoya-mpilo.
Kungani imitha yokuhlushwa eku-inthanethi ibalulekile ekulinganisweni kokuhlushwa kwe-NaOH?
Amamitha okuhlushwa aku-inthanethi ahlinzeka ngokulinganisa okuqhubekayo, ngesikhathi sangempela kokuhlushwa kwe-NaOH ezixazululweni zokuhlafuna. Lokhu kubalulekile ekususweni okuphumelelayo kwe-sulfur dioxide, ukunciphisa imfucuza yamakhemikhali, nokugcina ukuzinza kwenqubo—ngaphandle kokungasebenzi kahle kokusampula ngesandla noma ukuhlolwa kwelebhu. Ukuqapha okuzenzakalelayo kwenza impendulo esheshayo ekushintsheni kwenqubo, kuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwemali ngokweqile kumakhemikhali, futhi kunciphisa izingozi zemvelo ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-NaOH. Amathuluzi afana ne-Lonnmeter aletha impendulo eqhubekayo, evumela abaqhubi ukuthi bathuthukise ukusebenza futhi baqinisekise ukuthi imigomo yokukhishwa komoya iyahlangatshezwa, ngomthelela oqondile ezindlekweni nasekuthobeleni imithetho.
Yiziphi izindlela ezisetshenziswayo zokulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwe-NaOH ezinhlelweni zokuhlanza igesi yomoya?
Ukuhlushwa kwe-NaOH kungalinganiswa ngokuthi:
- Uhlu lwezinombolo:Ukusampula ngesandla kanye nokulinganisa kwelebhu nge-hydrochloric acid. Nakuba kunembile, le ndlela inzima kakhulu, ihamba kancane, futhi ithambekele ekubambezelekeni kokulungiswa kwenqubo.
- Amamitha okuhlushwa aku-inthanethi:Izinsimbi ezifana ne-Lonnmeter zisebenzisa izakhiwo zomzimba (isb., ukuhanjiswa kwamandla kagesi, ijubane lomsindo), noma amasu okukhanya athuthukile (njenge-photometry eseduze kwe-infrared), ukuze kulinganiswe ngokushesha, ku-line.
Izinzwa zokuqhuba zisetshenziswa kabanzi kodwa zingathinteka usawoti ophazamisayo. I-NIR multiwave photometry ingagxila ngqo ku-caustic, ngisho nalapho kukhona eminye imikhiqizo yokusabela. Amathuluzi amasha ahlanganisa izimiso ezahlukene zokulinganisa zokuqapha okuqinile, kwesikhathi sangempela ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima ezitholakala ezinhlelweni zokuhlanza izitshalo zensimbi.
Lezi zindlela ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukugcwala kwe-caustic soda kugcinwa ngaphakathi kwemingcele efanele, okusekela ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanza igesi yomoya obusebenzayo nobusebenzayo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-27-2025
